Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma

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== Neman Ra’ayi kan Sabon Proposal: Inganta Hausa Wikiquote ==

Assalamu alaikum al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia, Ina so na sanar da ku cewa na gabatar da wani proposal a shirin tallafin (Nigeria National Funding Program) domin inganta aikin Hausa Wikiquote wanda yake a Incubator tun a shekarar 2022 amma har yanzu ba a amince da shi a matsayin cikakken Wikimedia project ba.
[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 18:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===


== Buƙatar Sake Amincewa da Ni a Matsayin Admin ==


Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.  

Bayan cikar wa’adin watanni shida na hidimatawa a matsayin Admin na Hausa Wikimedians User Group kamar yadda tsarin ƙungiya ya tanada,  ina miƙa buƙatata ga al’umma domin a sake duba yiwuwar ba ni wannan dama na wani sabon zango.
 
Ina da ƙuduri da niyyar ci gaba da ba da gudummawata domin bunƙasa Hausa Wikipedia tare da kiyaye gaskiya,  adalci da haɗin kai. 
Ina roƙon al’umma da su sake ba ni amincewa domin ci gaba da hidima. 
Na gode da lokacinku da kulawarku.

[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 13:29, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] na amince sosai tare da goyan baya akan wannan kudiri me kyau [[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 20:51, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)


=== Support ===
:@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]]na amince domin kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:03, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
:na amince don ka cigaba da muhimmiyar aiki da ka faro wata shida da suka wuce. Allah ya kara basira da kwarin gwiwa  [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:07, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

*Ina goyon baya sosai, hakan ƙarin ci gaba ne a Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:41, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
* Ina goyon baya sosai akan hakan. Wannan cigaba ne ga Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya 
[[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 13:52, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
* Ina goyon bata dari bisa dari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:56, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
*Ina goyon baya saboda wannan edita ya sake zama admin saboda ya cancanta kuma sake ba shi wannan damar zai ƙara haɓaka maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 20:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa da Neman Goyon Baya ==


Barka da wannan lokaci

Ina fatan kuna lafiya, zanyi amfani da wannan damar domin in sanar daku cewa muna shirin gudanar da campaign mai take &quot;Wikipedia Pages Every Wikipedia should have&quot;, idan Allah ya yarda. Dan haka muke sanar daku tare da neman shawarar ku. Wannan campaign din zai kawo cigaba a ɓangaren ƙirƙira tare da inganta muƙalu da ake buƙata a Hausa Wikipedia. Nagode

[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 05:43, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Allah ya bada nasara ya kuma sa a cimma manufa [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 07:11, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Support Hakan na da Karanci dan haka wannan abu me kyau ne kwarai kuma muna goyon bayan Allah ya bada saa  [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.206.75|105.112.206.75]] 09:18, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
:* support Allah ya bada saa muna goyon baya
:[[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:20, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
:Enah goyan bayanka [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] domin wanan campaign din zai kawo mana cigaba a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:47, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

'''Support''' Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaban al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 07:38, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

'''Support''' hakan yayi kuma yana da kyau, Allah ya bada sa'a da nasara akai [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 08:25, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
[[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]])
Support Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaan al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya mahmud maby (talk) 12:05 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan haka dari bisa dari domin zai kawo ci gaba sosae a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 13:31, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

''' Support'''
Ina goyon bayan yin hakan Allah ya tabbatar da alkhari.
[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:06, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan wannan fatan Allah ya ba da Nasara [[User:Mamman Ali|Mamman Ali]] ([[User talk:Mamman Ali|talk]]) 21:23, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
~~Ina goyan bayan hakan Allah ytabbatar da Alkairi~~

== Hausa Community Streets vox pop campaign==
 Barkan kuda wannan lokacin. 
 Ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa. muna shishirye shiryen kawo muku campaign Wanda zaiyi hira da mutanen arewacin nigeria akan yadda suka san Wikipedia da kuma yadda suma zasu fara gyara a cikinta. inda zaayi vidiyo din interview din a watsa a duniyar yanar gizo domin kowa ya gani kuma ya iya anfani dashi. a matsayina na content creator mai tasowa wannan damace sosai gamu hausawa baki daya. muna goyan bayanku zuwa wannan lokaci. mungode.
 [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 08:04, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
#[[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:36, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Muna goyon bayan wannan kamfe saboda shine na farko a wannan manhaja ta Hausa, hakika zai kawo cigaba ga jama'a. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 07:39, 29 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

Sanarwa da Neman Goyan baya  [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:50, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== WikiAcademics - Fadada Wikimedia a Jami'o'in Arewacin Najeriya ==

Assalamu alaikum,  

Kungiyar Hadaka Open Learning Network tana jagorantar wani aikin tallafi na Wikimedia Community Fund mai taken '''WikiAcademics''': Fadada Wikimedia a Jami’o’in Arewacin Najeriya&quot;.  

Manufar aikin:  
* Ƙarfafa ɗalibai da malaman jami’o’i su shiga aikin Wikipedia.  
* Samar da horo da koyarwa domin bunkasa rubuce-rubuce a Hausa Wikipedia.  

Cikakken bayani da aikace-aikace [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/WikiAcademics:Expanding_Wikimedia_in_Northern_Nigerian_Universities_(ID:_23544402) Na Nan].

Ku shiga, ku bada ra’ayi, ku taimaka wajen bunƙasa ilimi!  

'''Hadaka Open Learning Network'''

== Hausa Vital Articles III – Sabon Shiri don Inganta Hausa Wikipedia ==

Sannunku masu ba da gudunmawa.

Ina farin cikin sanar da al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia cewa, mun miƙa ƙarin wani shiri mai taken &quot;Hausa Vital Articles III&quot; ga Nigeria National Funding Program. 
Wannan shiri ne na cigaba daga inda muka tsaya a ayyukanmu na baya, wanda manufarsa ita ce mu ci gaba da haɓaka da kuma inganta muƙaloli (articles) masu matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin Hausa Wikipedia. Manufarmu ita ce mu tabbatar da cewa Hausa Wikipedia ta samu matsayin da ya kamata ta hanyar samar da ingantattun bayanai ga masu karatu.

[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 11:30, 8 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

=== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ===
Assalamu alaikum yan uwa da abokan arziki editoci na Hausa Wikipedia.
Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku tare da neman goyon baya da shawarwari game da wani Rapid Grant mai taken '''Preserving Bauchi’s History and Culture Through Reliable Knowledge Creation on Wikimedia.''' da nake nema.
Manufar wannan aiki ita ce tattara da rubuta tarihi da al'adu game da abinda ya shafi Bauchi da ta hanyar inganta tsofaffin muƙaloli da ƙirƙirar sabbin, bayanai, da hotuna a kan dandalan Wikimedia. Wannan zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa tarihi da al’adun Bauchi sun samu tsari kuma sun kasance a bude ga kowa a duniya. [[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 06:58, 28 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks  ==

Assalamualaikum Ina maku Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwa editors da kuma shuwagabannin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikimedis tare da fatan kowa yana lafiya amin. Bayan haka, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu shirya wani proposal mai taken:'''Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks''' da fatan zamu samu shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, harda ma gyare-gyaren ku. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 08:19, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

==Hausa Wiktionary Harmonization and Community Initiative Activities==

Barkan mu,ina mai farin cikin gayyatarku zuwa wurin shirin dazamu gudanar na cigaban aikin mu dan habaka Hausa Wiktionary ta hanyar inganta kalmomi wanda ya kunshi daura hoto,daura Audio da wasu sabbin ayyuka ma kamar su Synonym da Anagrams.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 23:20, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] An fidda lokaci da wuri? [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 09:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
::Yanzu hakadai project din yana under review,kome ake ciki zamu sanar daku nan gaba. [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 13:36, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
:::Ok nayi zatan har funding anyi, naji kace &quot;gayyata&quot;. Na fahimta yanzu. Kamar neman goyon baya kenan ko? To Allah ya tabbatar da hakan ina goyon baya. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
::::Ga link din discussion page domin nuna goyon baya:https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grants_talk:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/Hausa_Wiktionary_Harmonization_and_Community_Initiative_Activities_(ID:_23550226)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1. Nagode [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 12:20, 4 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Sanarwa akan biki zagayowar shekara ta wikidata ==

Barkan mu da war haka.

Ina mai farin chikin sanar da jama'ar wannan tafiya ta wikipedia Hausa cewa muna kokarin kaddamar da bukata na neman tallafi don gudanar da wayar da kai akan wikidata a Adamawa da kuma Nasarawa dafatan Allah ya bamu nasara Amin. [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 01:48, 31 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia Voice For All ==
Barkan ku da wannan lokacin. 
Inama editocin Hausa fatan Alkhairi. nazo na sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen kawo muku campaign na mata a Wikipedia Hausa saboda haryanzu mun rasa kwararrun editoci mata a shafin mu, wanda idan muka duba wasu shafin Wikipedia zamuga yadda mata suke taka rawar gani sosai. da fatan wannan taro namu me taken Wikipedia Voice For All zai kawo cigaba ga matan mu editors. nagode [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 22:59, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support'''
Ina goyon bayan wannan shirin saboda karfafa mata akan ayyukan Wikipedia da kuma samun kwararrun editoci mata da masu wakilci ta bangaren mata. Allah ya bada Sa'a.
[[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 21:06, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

'''Support'''
Ina goyon bayan wannan yunƙuri na karfafa muradin mata da bayyana tarihin su a Wikipedia.
Na jima da ganin yadda gudummawar mata ke ƙaranci a cikin babbar kundin ilimi na duniya. Lokaci ya yi da za a gyara hakan.
Allah ya Bada sa'a [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 21:03, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Global discussion on Welcome messages ==

&lt;div lang{{=}}&quot;en&quot; dir{{=}}&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sorry that this message is in English. {{int:please-translate}}. There is a request for comment at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Requests for comment/Welcoming policy]] on a proposal to forbid sending [[:m:welcome messages|welcome messages]] to users who have not made an edit, which is currently in practice at your wiki. Your comment on this matter would be appreciated.&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:38, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for reaching out,  the welcome messags sent by new user have Tutorials on it, for new users it's better for them know how to edit on our Wiki first before practicing it in order to avoid violations.
:Thank you @[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] for reaching out. The welcome messages sent to new users contain tutorials. For new users, it's better for them to learn how to edit on our wiki first before practicing, in order to avoid violations. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:29, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

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== Murnar zagayowar Shakarar Wikidata a Gombe Network ==

Assalamu alaikum

Muna farin cikin sanar da ku cewa Gombe Network zata yi murnar zagayowar shekarar wikidata ta goma sha uku, kuma muna so mu yi amfani da wanna rana don fassara abubuwan wikidata zuwa yaren Hausa. Muna neman fatan alkhairi da kuma shwawarwari daga wannan alummah mai albarka. mun gode [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:00, 15 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Mai sauya uwar garken - Za a karanta wiki-kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani

Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''.

Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. 

Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.&lt;/span&gt; 
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'''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''

*Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|ha}}.
*Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.

''Wasu sakamakon'':

*Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu  dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutuka masu daɗewa
* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.

Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane  da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. 

'''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot; /&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:41, 18 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman Ci Gaba Da Zama Mai Gudanarwa ==

Assalamu alaikum yan’uwa masu bada gudunmawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia.  
Hakika ina daga cikin masu gudanarwa (administrators) a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, kuma ga shi wa'adin gudanarwata yana dab da ƙarewa, hakan ta sanya make fatan ci gaba da wannan aiki domin kula da tsari, tsafta, da kuma kare wannan shafi daga duk wani abin da zai iya kawo cikas ga ci gabansa.  
Saboda haka nake neman goyon bayan ku da amincewar ku domin in ci gaba da zama mai gudanarwa (administrator). Goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare ni da kuma al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya. Na gode. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 22:42, 26 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* :Ina bada goyon baya dari bisa dari [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:35, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
* :'''Support''' Ina mai bayyana goyon bayana a bisa ci gaba da kasancewrsa admin a Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim|A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim]] ([[User talk:A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim|talk]]) 13:40, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' hakika ka kasa ce edita mai bada gudummawa sosai a Hausa Wikipedia, dan haka sake baka wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ga shafin Hausa Wikipedia na bunƙasa shi, dan haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:54, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Tabbas Ina goyon bayan ka sake kasancewa Admin a karo na biyu. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 07:52, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Ina goyon baya sosai domin cigaba da kula da ayyukan editici da kuma kawo cigaba wajan gyara ayyukan da suka saɓa ƙa'ida. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:11, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Ina matukar goyon bayan wannan shawara ta sake zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia,sabi da ka kasance cikakken mai bada gudunmawa a Wikimedia baki daya don haka ina goyon bayan.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 13:16, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* Lallai wannan edita jajirtaccen ne wurin bada gudunmawa a wannan shafi na Wikipedia da sauran ƴan uwanta, ina goyon bayan ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai gudanarwa a wannan shafi '''Support''' [[User:Hamza DK|Hamza DK]] ([[User talk:Hamza DK|talk]])
* Ina goyan bayan samun wannan dama a karo na biyu. Hakan karin jawo cigaba ne ga Hausawa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])

* '''Support''' ina goyan bayan ka dan sake zama Admin saboda irin gudummawar da kake bayarwa.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 05:20, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*:Ina bada goyan baya akan ka zama mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewa da kuma gudunmawa da kake badawa a manhajar Wikipedia musamman a bangaren yaren Hausa.  [[User:Captain1044|Captain1044]] ([[User talk:Captain1044|talk]]) 11:46, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Neman Goyon Bayan Zama Mai Gudanarwa (Administrator) ==
Salam, Dafatan kuna lafiya Yan uwa.
ina mai neman goyon bayanku. na kasance mai gyara gyare a Wikipedia musan man ta Hausa tun 2019. inada sha'awar gyare gyare musan man akan abunda ya shafi ka'idojin rubutu, gaba dake tsakanin rubutu, saka manazarta da kuma gyara fassarori zuwa ga tabbacciyar ingantaciyar rubutu wanda za'a iya karantawa. Ina neman goyon bayanku. 
nagode. 
[[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 13:15, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:* '''Strongly Support SS ''' [[User:Omoty77|Omoty77]] ([[User talk:Omoty77|talk]]) 04:09, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:*:Gaskiya enah goyon bayan [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] kazama Admin sabo da ɗadewan da kayi kana bada gudunmawa a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 07:05, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:* '''Support''', ƙwararren edita ne kuma yana da kishi. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin.
:[[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 18:53, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Walaikumus Salam ɗan uwa. Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina goyon bayan wannan editan ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan alkhairi [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 13:34, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina go yan baya dari bisa dari. Saboda mun yaba da yanda yake jajircewa wajen wayan ma sababbin editors Kai da kuma basu gudun mawa wajen basu Illumin da yakamata wajen yin ingan tacen editing yada yakamata.
([[User:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|Abubakar Yusuf Gusau]] ([[User talk:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|talk]]) 20:33, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC))

* '''Support''' Gaskiya ina goyon bayan ka dan zama Admin dari bisa dari domin gudummawar da kake badawa a wikipedia.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 04:25, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Tabbas wannan babban edita ya cancanci ya zama edita domin ya daɗe yana bada gudummawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, sannan yana da gurin bunƙasa maƙalolin shafin Hausa Wikipedia, bashi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce gare mu baki ɗaya na cigaba da bunƙasa shafin Hausa Wikipedia, dan Haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:41, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' ƙwararren edita ne da ya daɗe yana bada gudummowa. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 11:00, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

* {{s}} Tabbas Hausa Wikipedia na bukatan kwararrun editoci wanda suka dade suna bada gudummawa da jajircewa wajen kawo cigaba a wannan shafi. Saboda haka ina goyon bayan haka.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 11:21, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*:* ''' Support''' Ina goyan bayan bama wannan editan admin ganin dacewar shi da kuma dadewar shi yana bada gudunmawa
*:[[User:Sadauki11|Sadauki11]] ([[User talk:Sadauki11|talk]]) 14:20, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin karo na biyu ==

Assalam, da fatan kuna lafiya. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku akan sabunta wa'adin zama Admin a karo na biyu domin kula da nagartaccin ayyuka da kuma tankaɗe ayyuka masu kyau. Nagode..  Bissalam.

[[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:36, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Support ina mai goyon bayan haka 100% duba da irin koqsrin dakake na ganin an inganta muqalu da jajircewa gurin koyarda sabbin editors  [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:24, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan sosai domin inganta hausa Wikipedia. Tabbas hakan zai kawo ci gaba [[User:Najeebbabi|Najeebbabi]] ([[User talk:Najeebbabi|talk]]) 13:42, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina goyon baya 100% domin jajirtaccen aikin da kakeyi a matsayin mai gudanarwa. [[User:Moherhh|Moherhh]] ([[User talk:Moherhh|talk]]) 13:47, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina goyon baya saboda jajircewa da kwazo na wannan edita.
*Support [[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 15:19, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)Ina goyon bayan hakan saboda kwazo da jajircewa wannan editan
*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan dari bisa dari
*'''Support'''' Ina goyon baya [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:51, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*’’’Support’’’ Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa dari saboda hazaka da jajircewar wannan editan
*'''Support''': Tabbas ina goyon bayan sake kasancewarka mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewarka wajen ganin an tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia daga dukkan wani koma baya. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 19:33, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:*'''Support''' support 100% [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:53, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' ina goyan bayan sosai, domin cigaba da ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])

== Ku fadi ra'ayinku: zaben 2025 Kwamitin Amintattu ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Barkan mu,

Lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Zaɓen Kwamitin Amintattu]] ya buɗe. 'Yan takara na neman kujeru biyu (2) a Kwamitin.

Don duba cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a, da fatan za a ziyarci [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|shafin cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a]].

Ƙara koyo game da su ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|karanta bayanan aikace-aikacen su da kallon bidiyon takararsu]].

Lokacin da kun shirya, ku je zuwa [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|shafin zabe na SecurePoll don kada kuri'a]].

'''Za a buɗe zaɓe daga 8 ga Oktoba a 00:00 UTC zuwa Oktoba 22 a 23:59 UTC.'''

Gaisuwa mafi kyau,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Shugaba, Kwamitin Zabe&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:48, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:42, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Sanarwa tare da neman goyon baya ==

Ƴan'uwa masu daraja dafatan kuna lafiya, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wiki Loves Africa 2026 In Kebbi and Niger insha Allah,  muna neman goyon bayan ku tare da haɗin kai da kuma shawarwarin da kuke ganin ya dace nagode. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:55, 21 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Kakaranta muƙalar da ƙyau kafin ka wallafa ta ==

Assallamu'alaikum malam [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] Sannu da ƙokari kalura da abin da kake fassarawa kafin ka wallafa, wanan muƙalan mai suna [[Labarin inganci abinci na Tarayyar Turai: Tarihin sauye-sauyen]] bata da Ma'ana ko ƙadan kaje ka inganta ta dan Allah in koma baga inganta ta ba zan gogeta nan da kwana biyu nagode [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 14:00, 22 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikifunctions will be deployed on your wiki on 2025-11-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hi all, we want to let you know that [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] is coming to your project soon! When enabled, you will be able to call functions from your project, and integrate them in your articles.

A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output. Think of adding up two numbers, or converting miles into metres, or calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. This is usually done with templates that are complicated to create or to import. With Wikifunctions, you will be able to do this with just a couple of clicks!

Please check out [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|these tutorials]] for more details. You’re also invited to [[:f:Special:CreateObject|create functions]] that you find useful, or [[:f:Wikifunctions:Suggest a function|ask for help from the Wikifunctions community]].

We would like to invite you to contribute to Wikifunctions, by translating the existing functions labels into your language, so that more users in your community can more easily reuse them on the project. You can also translate the messages for the Wikifunctions interface on TranslateWiki ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-wikilambda-ve&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate here for VisualEditor messages], and [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-wikilambda-user&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate here for the Wikifunctions interface proper]).

Of course, we are happy to help in case there are questions or difficulties, and we are ready to listen to your feedback. Please ping me directly in case of necessity or reach out to me [[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|on my talk page]].
&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--[[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Hi all, unfortunately due to a technical problem we couldn't deploy Wikifunctions on your project. We will keep you updated about the next date of deployment. Thanks for your comprehension! [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:57, 6 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman masu sa kai don shiga da dama daga cikin kwamitocin motsi. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kowace shekara, yawanci daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba, da yawa daga cikin kwamitocin motsi suna neman sabbin masu sa kai. 

Kara karantawa game da kwamitocin akan shafukansu na Meta-wiki:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Kwamitin Alaƙa (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Hukumar Ombuds (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Kwamitin Binciken Harka (CRC)]]

Aikace-aikacen kwamitocin suna buɗe 30 Oktoba 2025. Aikace-aikace don Kwamitin Alaƙa, da kuma aikace-aikacen Hukumar Ombuds kuma Kwamitin Binciken Harka ya rufe 11 Disamba 2025. Koyi yadda ake nema ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|ziyartar shafin alƙawari akan Meta-wiki]]. Aika zuwa shafin magana ko imel cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org tare da kowace tambaya da kuke da ita.

Ga Tawagar Taimakon Kwamitin,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ko shawara ==

Assalamu Alaikum,

Yan'uwa editocin Wikipedia, dafatan kuna lafiya, ina amfani da wannan damar domin na sanar da ku shirin mu na Wikipedia birthday @ 25 karkashin Kaduna Network, shirin zai taimaka wajen bunƙasa wasu daga cikin makalolin Hausa Wikipedia da sauran su, dafatan zaku bamu goyon baya da haɗin kai [[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 19:10, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Duplicate articles ==

Hello, this would be entirely in English as I do not speak or understand Hausa. 
These two articles are about the same topic, and I think they could be merged together: [[Ganuwar Benin]] and [[Benin Moat]]. I will suggest merging the contents of [[Ganuwar Benin]] into [[Benin Moat]] or whichever works best.
Pinging editors who I think could handle this, anyone else could: {{ping|Uncle Bash007|Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Gwanki|Pharouqenr}}

Thank you, and happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:18, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you @[[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] i have noticed it, and [[Ganuwar Benin]] is more reliable than [[Benin Moat]]. So i have deleted [[Benin Moat]] now. And thank you for reaching out and wishing you all the best. 
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 07:30, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] You could redirect [[Benin Moat]] to [[Ganuwar Benin]], since it is more or less the English name, instead of nuking it entirely. 
::Happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:31, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Sanarwa, akan Zamar Karshen shekara a Gombe Network ==

Muna sanar da jama'ar mu chewa Wikimedia User Group Nigeria, Gombe Network, tana kokarin neman tallafi na gudanar da zaman karshen shekara don kara sanayya da fihimta game da shiryeshiryen mu na shekara mai zuwa [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 21:36, 14 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

== Neman admin akaro na biyu ==
{{Atop|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:21, 22 Disamba 2025 (UTC)}}
Ina neman goyon bayanku domkn kasancewa admin akaro na biyu domin cigaba da tabbatar da ayyuka na gari da kuma bada gudumuwa ta hanyar taimakon editoci. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 10:52, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

===Support===
#'''Support''' Tabbas ina goyon baya sosai. Hakan zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 11:07, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
#'''Support''' Haƙiƙa wannan edita ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin editocin dake ƙoƙarin bunƙasa shafukan Hausa Wikipedia, tabbas sake ba shi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ta cigaba da tsaftace maƙalolin dake Hausa Wikipedia tare da inganta su dan haka ina goyon baya. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:15, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
#'''Goyan baya''' Ina mai goyan bayan ba ka damar mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu, duba da hakan zai taimaka wajen kara kawo cigaba da ma tsaftace Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa Dari domin cigaban Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 23:27, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman Zama Admin Ƙaro Na Biyu  ==
{{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:48, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Ina fatan kuna cikin ƙushien  lafiya. Enah Wannan rubutu nawa ne domin sake gabatar da buƙatata karo na biyu na samun damar zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia. A baya na riga na gabatar da irin wannan buƙata, kuma a wannan karo ina ƙara jaddada sha’awata da ƙudirin da nake da shi na ci gaba da yi wa Hausa Wikipedia hidima.
Na dade ina ba da gudunmawa ta hanyar ƙirƙira, gyarawa da inganta muƙaloli, tare da taimakawa sababbin masu gyara su fahimci ka’idoji da tsarin aikin Wikipedia. Ina da cikakken shiri da niyyar ɗaukar nauyin da ke tattare da matsayin Admin, musamman wajen kula da muƙaloli, da dakile masu lalata muƙala, da tabbatar da ingancin bayanai a Hausa Wikipedia.
Ina roƙon Editors din Hausa Wikipedia da su sake duba wannan buƙata ta tare da ni, tare da ba ni wannan dama idan sun ga na cancanta. Zan yi farin cikin karɓar duk wata shawara ko gyara da za ta taimaka wajen inganta aikina
Nagode. [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 09:46, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)

:Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina mai goyon bayan ka domin zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia saboda jajurcewar ka wajen inganta rubutan Hausa a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan Allah ya bada nasara ameen. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 17:23, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===
#ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:42, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
#Ina goyon baya sosai... hakan zai kawo cigaba [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 20:49, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# enah goyan bayan kazama Admin karo nabiyi sabo da jajir cewanka [[User:Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo|Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo]] ([[User talk:Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo|talk]]) 21:06, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
#Kasancewar ka edita mai bada gudummawa a kusan koda yaushe, ina goyon baya domin sake baka damar zai ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 22:07, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# Ina goyon Bayan ka sake Zama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajircewar ka Hakan Zai Kara kawo cigaba sosae[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 22:14, 29 Disamba 2025 
# ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia domin yana kawo wa [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 05:16, 30 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# enah goyan bayanka kazama Admin karo na biyu sabo da ƙoƙarin da kake yi [[User:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|Asma,u Khamis hussaini]] ([[User talk:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|talk]]) 17:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Ifteehern|Ifteehern]] ([[User talk:Ifteehern|talk]]) 17:25, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya sosai sabida zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon baya, Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina goyan bayan kazama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajir cewarka [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:42, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyan bayan kasancewar ka a matsayin mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu a sakamakon irin jajircewa da gudummawar da kake bayarwa domin tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 18:22, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon bayan sake dawowar ka... Allah ya taimaka. [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 18:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== Neman Admin a karo na biyu ==
{{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:47, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
Assslamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 10:00, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
#Ina goyon byan hakan domin zai kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 18:13, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#ina mai goyon  bayen hakan domin hakan zai kawo cigaba gaba sosai a wikipedia [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]]) 21:11, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Abusule dankofa|Abusule dankofa]] ([[User talk:Abusule dankofa|talk]]) 22:03, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina Mai goyan bayan hakan
#ina gonyon baya dari bisa dari dan zai kawo kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 22:06, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina mai bada goyon baya dari bisa dari akan wannan domin zai kawo cigaba sosai. [[User:Abdoulmerlic|Abdoulmerlic]] ([[User talk:Abdoulmerlic|talk]])
#'''Support''', duba da irin gudunmawarka a ko yaushe, hakan zai kawo cigaba wajen ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# Ina goyon baya Dari bisa Dari [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 11:49, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai.... [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:35, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon bayan ɗari bisa ɗari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 12:41, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) 
# [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) Ina Goyan bayan hakan domin zaya kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]])
#[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya Dari bisa dari zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina gonyan baya dari bisa Dari kazamu admin Dan kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:33, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 08:49, 9 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#'''SUPPORT'''...Ina goyon bayan wannan Kuduri [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:45, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== Sanarwa ==
Muna sanar da al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia game da shirin '''Celebrating International Women’s Day Through The Wikimedia Projects 2026''', wanda ke da nufin ƙarfafa wakilcin mata da haɓaka gudunmawar su a ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman a harshen Hausa. Muna maraba da ra’ayoyi da shawarwari daga al’umma. [[User:Sirjat|Sirjat]] ([[User talk:Sirjat|talk]]) 11:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

==

==Logo don murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25==
{{Atop|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 16:18, 22 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
[[File:WP25 potential birthday logo-ha.svg|link=|thumb|right|280px|Logon murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25]]

A cikin wannan watan Wikipedia ke cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da kafuwa. Inason yin amfani da wannan lokaci domin taya daukacin editocin Hausa Wikipedia murnar cikar wannan shekaru. Wannan babbar nasara ce garemu baki daya.

Saboda murnar wannan lokacin, ina son mu canza logon mu domin taya Wikipedia murna.

A nan gefe zaku iya ganin sabon hoton logon murnar, wanda aka fassara da Hausa daga logon Turanci wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta bada saboda murnar zagayowar lokacin.

Idan kuna goyon bayan haka sai ku rubuta a nan ƙasa. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 09:03, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
# Ina goyon baya sosai domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 18:49, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 08:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Yayi kyau, ina goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 09:00, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#'''Support''' ina goyon baya [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai, ina kuma taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:41, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon Baya domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekara 25[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 13:33, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== SANARWA TARE DA NEMAN GOYON BAYA ==

Assalamu alailum, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wikipedia a jihar Niger insha Allah, wanda shirin zai bunƙasa shafukan Wikipedia da kuma yan'uwanta, sannan shirin zai bunƙasa samar da sabbin esitoci a Hausa Wikipedia. Allah ya bamu sa'a da nasara [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 12:26, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu Alaikum editoci masu albarka,fatan muna cikin koshin lafiya Allah yasa haka ne amin. Ina mai amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku da neman goyon bayanku game da kasancewa na admin a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. In a fatan mu cigaba da kasancewa lafiya amin ya Rabbal alamin. Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 10:52, 13 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
# Ina goyon baya.. Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 16:05, 14 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya. I support  [[User:Anasysmart|Anasysmart]] ([[User talk:Anasysmart|talk]]) 07:12, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyan baya 100% ..Allah ya taimaka [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 09:59, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayanka kazama Admin sbd jajircewanka a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:14, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa  ==

assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa na editors, Ina sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal game da '''Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausaal Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausa'''. Idan akwai shawarwari ko ƙarin bayani a shirye nake da yin amfani da su. Nagode sosai. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 20:22, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

muna goyan bayan sa saboda jajir ciwar shi [[User:Musa650|Musa650]] ([[User talk:Musa650|talk]]) 07:19, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:44, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ==

Barkann mu da wannan lokacin yan'uwana editoci, muna shirin gudanar da wani taro nan bada jimawa ba a jihar Plateau, dan haka nake sanar da ku tare da neman shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, Nagode [[User:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu]] ([[User talk:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|talk]]) 20:25, 17 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:21, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwatarwa ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Ina rubuto maka ne domin sanar da kai cewa an buɗe lokacin bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwtarwa. Kana iya ba da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye har zuwa 9 ga Fabrairu, 2026. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko cikin jerin matakai da za a ɗauka domin bitar shekara-shekara. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Karanta ƙarin bayani kuma ka samu tattaunawa da za ka shiga a shafin UCoC a Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kwamitin Daidaita Aiwatar da Universal Code of Conduct]] (U4C) wata ƙungiya ce ta duniya da ta sadaukar da kai wajen tabbatar da adalci da daidaitaccen aiwatar da UCoC. Wannan bitar shekara-shekara an tsara ta kuma an aiwatar da ita ne ta hannun U4C. Don samun ƙarin bayani da kuma fahimtar nauyin da ke kan U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|kana iya duba Kundin Tsarin U4C]].

Da fatan za a raba wannan bayanin zuwa ga wasu mambobi a cikin al'ummarku inda ya dace.

-- A cikin haɗin gwiwa da U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|tattaunawa]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

21:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Sanarwa game da shirin kaddamar da project na WikiFemme Learning Lab in Bauchi  ==

Assalamu alaikum,

Muna sanar da fara aikin WikiFemme Learning Lab In Bauchi, wani aikin Rapid Fund daga Wikimedia Community Fund da ke nufin ƙarfafa mata su shiga cikin ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman Wikipedia. Aikin zai ba da horo da tallafi don mata su koyi gyara da ƙirƙirar abubuwan ilimi, tare da rage gibi a wakilcin mata a cikin abun da ke kan Wikipedia.

Muna gayyatar al’umma su ba da shawarwari da goyon baya domin tabbatar da nasarar wannan aiki da ƙara tasirinsa a Bauchi da kewaye.

Na gode. [[User:Santa MMD|Santa MMD]] ([[User talk:Santa MMD|talk]]) 22:02, 27 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects ==

Ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa da shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa Editors na wannan manhajar cewa, zamu rubuta proposal game da &quot;'''Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects'''&quot; muna neman goyon baya da kuma shawarwarin ku, Nagode sosai.@[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 22:19, 29 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu Alaikum sanunku da warhaka, ina shirya neman Wikimedia Rapid Fund don aiki a kan inganta **bayanan lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia**. Aikin, *&quot;Bridging Women’s Health Knowledge in Hausa,&quot;* zai ƙunshi fassara labarai masu kyau daga Wikipedia ta Ingilishi zuwa Hausa, wanda ya shafi batutuwa kamar lafiyar uwa, lafiyar haila, lafiyar haihuwa, da cututtukan da ke shafar mata. Muna kuma shirin ɗaukar nauyin  horo ta hanyar intanet da kuma aikin editing don tallafawa sabbin editoci da ƙwararru wajen koyon yadda ake fassara da inganta abubuwan lafiya ta amfani da nassoshi masu inganci.

Wannan shiri zai faɗaɗa samun ingantattun bayanai game da lafiya a cikin Hausa Wikipedia musamman ga mata, sa' anan zai rage gibin ilimi da ke da alaƙa da lafiyar mata, da kuma ƙarfafa janyo sabin edtoci zuwa shiga cikin al'ummar Hausa Wikimedia. Muna maraba da ra'ayoyin al'umma kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, sha'awar shiga a matsayin edita ko mai ba da shawara, da duk wani shawarwari da za su iya taimakawa wajen inganta wannan aiki. Ra'ayoyinku za su taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa aikin ya cika buƙatun al'umma kuma yana da tasiri mai ma'ana. [[User:Umabruka|Umabruka]] ([[User talk:Umabruka|talk]]) 20:54, 1 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 ==

Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 11:26, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia  ==

Assalamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci a wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 22:49, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===
#Ina goyon baya sosai. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 23:05, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 04:45, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#:ina Mai goyon Baya Dari bisa Dari[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:08, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon bayan zaman wannan ƙwararren edita ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia, domin ina da tabbacin zai taimaka da ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin da ke Hausa Wikipedia tare da samar da sabbin maƙaƙolin, dan haka ina hoyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:11, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026
# Ina Matugar Nuna goyon baya akan hakan [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-85864-0|&amp;#126;2026-85864-0]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-85864-0|talk]]) &lt;span style=&quot; color:Green ; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Muktee1494&lt;/span&gt;
# ina goyon baya  don inganta wikipedia[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 06:31, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya don kwazo day jajircewar wannan edita[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 08:19, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#inagoyon baya dari bisa dari Allah yataimaka[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 21:36, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wikimedia knowledge sharing in America University of Nigeria ==
Assalamu alaikum jama,a naxo ne  domin in sanar da ku cewa na shirya wani aiki da zai wayar da kan jama'a game da harkar Wikimedia a Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya. Dake garin Adamawa Aikin yana da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan Wikimedia da horar da sabbin editoci kan yadda za su ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Wikimedia. Ina neman goyon bayanku da shawarwarinku  domin samun nasarar aikin. na gode. [[User:Baby juuu|Baby juuu]] ([[User talk:Baby juuu|talk]]) 15:16, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

:Sannu da kokari, amma babu cikakken bayani game da aikin dan haka bamu san wacce irin shawara zamu bayar ba. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:19, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Campaign in Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria ==

assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign  mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 11:00, 10 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

:Wa'alaika Assalam @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], Ko zamu iya samun ƙarin bayani game da gangamin? Yana da kyau a rinka saka cikakken bayani saboda kada a samu hadaka wajen gudanar da irin wannan aikin. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:21, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]] An dakatar da maganar wannan aiki sai nan gaba. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:23, 17 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki For Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games ==

Assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwana editoci na wannan manhajar, ina mai sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal mai taken '''Wiki for Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games'''. Ina mai neman goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku.Nagode@[[User:Salahu Gwanki|Salahu Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Salahu Gwanki|talk]]) 18:39, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron Infectious Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria on Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria. Domin ingantawa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi fannin lafiya. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:54, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 ==

Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 16:47, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron karawa juna sani na administrators ==

Assalam,

Ina mai farin cikin sanarwa cewa zamu gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na masu kula da shafukan Hausa Wikipedia don kara gogewa game da ayyukan kula da shafukan Wikipedia. Wannan taro zai nunawa admin muhimmancin aikinsu musamman a wannan lokaci da bayanan karya ke da saukin yaduwa.

Bissalam. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 16:30, 13 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State ==

Assalaalaikum, 

Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwana editoci da shuwagabannin wannan manhajar ta Hausa Wikipedia, inama kowa fatan alheri. Bayan haka, ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu rubuta proposal game da '''Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State''' insha Allahu. Muna neman shawarwarin ku da neman goyon bayan ku, da kuma ƙarin haske ko bayani. Nagode sosai, Sanarwa daga @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 15:59, 14 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa ==

Assalamu alaikum ƴan'uwa masu albarka, ina amfani da wannan damar domin sanar da ku shirin mu na gudanar da taro a makarantun gaba da secondary a Daura, wannan wannan shirin insha Allah zai buƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia, Wikidata, sanya hotuna masu inganci uwa uba tare da samar da sabbin editoci masu sa kai a shafukan Hausa Wikipedia da ƴan'uwanta, ina neman goyon bayan ku. Na gode daga Yusuf Sa'adu [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:11, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:24, 17 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]].

We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community.
* Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently &lt;code&gt;&quot;:n&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&quot;:1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;book_reference-1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;).
* Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name.
* Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation).
* Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. &quot;title&quot; or &quot;last&quot;+&quot;first&quot;) – defined by the community.

=== Feedback ===
[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]].

'''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism.
We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic.

Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings.

Thank you for participating!&lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|hira]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:15, 19 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Shirye shiryen taron Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria ==

Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa mun fara shirye-shiryen gudanar da &quot;campaign dinmu na Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria&quot;. Wannan taron zai kara inganta Hausa Wikipedia akan muƙalu da suka shafi Ilimi. Nagode [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 14:01, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki For Women-Focused Digital Skills, Photo Walks, and Audio Recording in Kaduna Hausa Communities ==

Assalamu alaikum yan uwa masu albarka na wannan gida, in yiwa kowa fatan alkhair sannan ina man barka da wannan lokaci. Ina son nayi amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku cewa, zan gudanar da taron karawa juna ilimi kamar yadda taken shi yake a sama. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku da kuma bada shawarwari da zasu ciya da wannan aiki gaba. Na gode sannan Allah Uban Giji ya saka wa kowa da alkhairi.  Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 15:30, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Hausa Wikipedia User Retention Workshop ==
Salamu Alaikum warahmatullah. yan uwa masu albarka. ina mana fatan alkahiri da kuma fatan an gama Azumi kuma anyi Sallah lafiya. mafi yawan cin lokaci muna hada taruka kuma muna kawo sabbin editoci.amma da an gama taron ko gasar shikenan saika ga wannna sabbin editocin sun daina gyara da kuma rubutu a Wikipedia. wannna matsala ce babba. muna da sama da editoci dubu arbain amma bamu da tsayyen editoci ko dari biyar. wannna taron zaiyi gyara akan haka. ina mai neman goyon bayanku dan wannan aiki. nagode sosai. ku bada shawarwarinku a kasan wannan rubutun. [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 07:00, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)


== Sanarwa Da Neman Goyon Baya ==
Assalamualaikum ƴan uwa da abokan arziki editor's na wannan gida mai Albarka ina yima kowa fatan Alkairi tare da fatan kowa yayi bikin sallah lafiya,ina mai amfani da wannan dama wajen neman goyon bayan ku akan proposal dana nema mai taken Documentin and Enhancing Agricultural and Environmental Vocabulary on Hausa Wiktionary . Wannan project zai cike gibin da muke dashi na karancin kalmomin da suka danganci noma da muhalli a Hausa Wiktionary. Bissalam mu kwana lafiya Allah ya sadamu da Alkairan sa.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 19:49, 28 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Kamfe na Wikiquote a Daura ==

Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu gudanar da kamfe don wayar da kai game da WIkiquote a Daura a wannan zagaye. Da fatan zaku bamu gudummawa. Nagode [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 06:48, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Northern Nigeria Emirates Photowalk ==
Salam, yan uwa. Ina mai farin cikin sanar daku photo walk da mukeso a manyan masarautun mu na Arewa. Domin samun damar taskance su a Wikimedia. Sanin mune masauratun mu a shekarun nan sun samu sauye sauye. Musan man Zaria da Kano. Ina Mai neman goyon bayanku mun gode.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aliyu shaba&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Aliyu shaba|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:02, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Preserving Community Culture Through Images on Wikimedia Commons ==

Assalamualikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabannin wannan manhajar da ƴan uwansa editors Ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa na rubuta proposal game da '''Preserving Community Culture Through Images on Wikimedia Commons''' wanda insha Allahu za'a gudanar da shi a Jihar Adamawa. Muna neman. Nagode sosai @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 22:20, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Wikimedia Awareness for educated/elite women in Northern Nigeria ==

Assalamu Alaikum,

Ina mai mika gaisuwa ta girmamawa ga daukacin 'yan uwan wannan shafi. Na rubuta wannan wasika ne domin gabatar da shirinmu a hukumance, wanda zamu tsara domin fadakarwa da kuma karfafa gwiwar mata masana da masu ilimi a fadin Arewacin Najeriya. Babban burin wannan aiki shi ne samar da karin mata editoci a Wikipedia daga yankinmu, tare da daukaka matsayin mata wajen rike mukaman shugabanci a karkashin gidauniyar Wikimedia. Ta hanyar wannan horo, mahalarta za su samu kwarewa ba kawai a fannin gyara Wikipedia ba, har ma da karfin gwiwar taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan tafiya. [[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_National_Funding_Program/Wikimedia_Awareness_for_educated/elite_women_in_Northern_Nigeria]]

[[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 11:49, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

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Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna &quot;Hausa STEM, Engineering and Sustainable Development Knowledge Expansion Project&quot; Domin ingantawa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi Kimiyya, Fasaha, Lissafi, da kuma Injiniyanci. [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 19:53, 7 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

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      <sha1>bxr7rwgww0twd5niigunh4txxit1228</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Zamfara</title>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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      <text bytes="8382" sha1="j1m46398kqm9fmyzbjy3wyjlrgp7xur" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

[[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]]

[[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]]
[[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]]
[[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]]
[[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]]
[[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]]
[[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]]
'''Jahar Zamfara'''  [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=3&amp;fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&amp;psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&amp;ntb=1&lt;/ref&gt;. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar
 
shi ne [[Gusau]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.  Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar  2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State&quot;. Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihi. ==

'''Asalin Zamfarawa'''
[[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne su a lokacin baya]]
''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga  cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-2024/a-69376621&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Muhammadu yana ganin [[Zamfarawa]] sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a taƙaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.

'''Birnin Zamfara'''
[[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]]
Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]].
[[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]]
[[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]]
[[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]]
Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi,  Burtsatse da dai sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  p.164
ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kananan hukumomi==

{| width=50%
|- valign =&quot;top&quot;
|width=50%|
# [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]]
# [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]]
# [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]]
# [[Bukkuyum]]
# [[Bungudu]]
# [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]]
# [[Gusau]]
# [[Kauran-Namoda]]
# [[Maradun]]
# [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]]
# [[Shinkafi]]
# [[Talata-Mafara]]
# [[Tsafe]]
# [[Zurmi]]
|}

== Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara ==
[[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]]
A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arziki ==
tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci.

== Tsaro ==

== Wasanni ==

== Mutane ==
Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]].
[[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
* Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
*Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937.
*G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}}
[[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]]
[[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]]
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[[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]]

[[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]]
[[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]]
[[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]]
[[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]]
[[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]]
[[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]]
'''Jahar Zamfara'''  [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=3&amp;fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&amp;psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&amp;ntb=1&lt;/ref&gt;. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar
 
shi ne [[Gusau]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.  Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar  2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State&quot;. Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information &amp; Guide&quot;. www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihi. ==

'''Asalin Zamfarawa'''
[[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne su a lokacin baya]]
''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga  cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-2024/a-69376621&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Muhammadu yana ganin [[Zamfarawa]] sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a taƙaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.

'''Birnin Zamfara'''
[[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]]
Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]].
[[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]]
[[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]]
[[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]]
Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi,  Burtsatse da dai sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  p.164
ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kananan hukumomi==

{| width=50%
|- valign =&quot;top&quot;
|width=50%|
# [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]]
# [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]]
# [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]]
# [[Bukkuyum]]
# [[Bungudu]]
# [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]]
# [[Gusau]]
# [[Kauran-Namoda]]
# [[Maradun]]
# [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]]
# [[Shinkafi]]
# [[Talata-Mafara]]
# [[Tsafe]]
# [[Zurmi]]
|}

== Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara ==
[[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]]
A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arziki ==
tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci.

== Tsaro ==

== Wasanni ==

== Mutane ==
Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]].
[[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
* Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
*Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937.
*G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}}
[[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]]
[[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]]
{{Jihohin Najeriya}}</text>
      <sha1>is3lv73fx2ngpxs6o5wujvhkqv7skvo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858665</id>
      <parentid>858663</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T08:24:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>858665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8635" sha1="l0vqx9ffmc6j2khytpnwhoemi2nzd96" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

[[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]]

[[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]]
[[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]]
[[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]]
[[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]]
[[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]]
[[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]]
'''Jahar Zamfara'''  [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=3&amp;fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&amp;psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&amp;ntb=1&lt;/ref&gt;. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar
 
shi ne [[Gusau]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.  Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar  2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State&quot;. Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information &amp; Guide&quot;. www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihi. ==

'''Asalin Zamfarawa'''
[[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne su a lokacin baya]]
''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga  cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-2024/a-69376621&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara Gold Mining Factory&quot;. krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021&lt;/ref&gt;Muhammadu yana ganin [[Zamfarawa]] sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a taƙaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.

'''Birnin Zamfara'''
[[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]]
Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]].
[[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]]
[[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]]
[[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]]
Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi,  Burtsatse da dai sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  p.164
ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kananan hukumomi==

{| width=50%
|- valign =&quot;top&quot;
|width=50%|
# [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]]
# [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]]
# [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]]
# [[Bukkuyum]]
# [[Bungudu]]
# [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]]
# [[Gusau]]
# [[Kauran-Namoda]]
# [[Maradun]]
# [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]]
# [[Shinkafi]]
# [[Talata-Mafara]]
# [[Tsafe]]
# [[Zurmi]]
|}

== Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara ==
[[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]]
A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arziki ==
tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci.

== Tsaro ==

== Wasanni ==

== Mutane ==
Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]].
[[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
* Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
*Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937.
*G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}}
[[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]]
[[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]]
{{Jihohin Najeriya}}</text>
      <sha1>l0vqx9ffmc6j2khytpnwhoemi2nzd96</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858666</id>
      <parentid>858665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T08:25:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>858666</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8785" sha1="c1gaxfm1jqf95jivng1meatungj46yl" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

[[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]]

[[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]]
[[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]]
[[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]]
[[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]]
[[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]]
[[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]]
'''Jahar Zamfara'''  [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=3&amp;fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&amp;psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&amp;ntb=1&lt;/ref&gt;. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar
 
shi ne [[Gusau]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.  Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar  2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State&quot;. Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information &amp; Guide&quot;. www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihi. ==

'''Asalin Zamfarawa'''
[[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne su a lokacin baya]]
''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga  cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-2024/a-69376621&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara Gold Mining Factory&quot;. krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021&lt;/ref&gt;Muhammadu yana ganin [[Zamfarawa]] sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy&quot;. FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a taƙaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.

'''Birnin Zamfara'''
[[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]]
Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]].
[[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]]
[[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]]
[[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]]
Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi,  Burtsatse da dai sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  p.164
ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kananan hukumomi==

{| width=50%
|- valign =&quot;top&quot;
|width=50%|
# [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]]
# [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]]
# [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]]
# [[Bukkuyum]]
# [[Bungudu]]
# [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]]
# [[Gusau]]
# [[Kauran-Namoda]]
# [[Maradun]]
# [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]]
# [[Shinkafi]]
# [[Talata-Mafara]]
# [[Tsafe]]
# [[Zurmi]]
|}

== Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara ==
[[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]]
A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arziki ==
tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci.

== Tsaro ==

== Wasanni ==

== Mutane ==
Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]].
[[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
* Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
*Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937.
*G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}}
[[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]]
[[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]]
{{Jihohin Najeriya}}</text>
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[[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]]

[[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]]
[[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]]
[[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]]
[[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]]
[[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]]
[[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]]
'''Jahar Zamfara'''  [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=3&amp;fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&amp;psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&amp;ntb=1&lt;/ref&gt;. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar
 
shi ne [[Gusau]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.  Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar  2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State&quot;. Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information &amp; Guide&quot;. www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihi. ==

'''Asalin Zamfarawa'''
[[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne su a lokacin baya]]
''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga  cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-2024/a-69376621&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara Gold Mining Factory&quot;. krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021&lt;/ref&gt;Muhammadu yana ganin [[Zamfarawa]] sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy&quot;. FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a taƙaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.&lt;ref&gt;Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Birnin Zamfara'''
[[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]]
Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]].
[[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]]
[[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]]
[[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]]
Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi,  Burtsatse da dai sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  p.164
ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kananan hukumomi==

{| width=50%
|- valign =&quot;top&quot;
|width=50%|
# [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]]
# [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]]
# [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]]
# [[Bukkuyum]]
# [[Bungudu]]
# [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]]
# [[Gusau]]
# [[Kauran-Namoda]]
# [[Maradun]]
# [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]]
# [[Shinkafi]]
# [[Talata-Mafara]]
# [[Tsafe]]
# [[Zurmi]]
|}

== Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara ==
[[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]]
A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arziki ==
tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci.

== Tsaro ==

== Wasanni ==

== Mutane ==
Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]].
[[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
* Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
*Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937.
*G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}}
[[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]]
[[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]]
{{Jihohin Najeriya}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ekigho Ehiosun</title>
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      <id>858247</id>
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'''Ekigho Ehiosun''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wa Hapoel Acre .

== Ayyukan kulob din ==
An haifi Ehiosun a [[Warri]] . Ya koma daga Delta United zuwa 'yan kungiyar Delta State Warri Wolves a 2008. Ya zira kwallaye goma a 2009-10 don jagorantar kulob din.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web3/football-golf-boxing/27267.html |title=Ehiosun dreams Euro move |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2019-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215070322/https://thenationonlineng.net/web3/football-golf-boxing/27267.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na hanyar a cikin kakar 2010-11 Ehiosun shine babban mai zira kwallaye tare da kwallaye 7, gami da hat-trick a kan Sharks FC.

=== Samsunspor ===
A watan Yulin 2011, Ehiosun, ya koma kulob din [[Turkiyya]] na Samsunspor kan kwangilar shekara guda, tare da zaɓi na wasu biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2011 |title=Ekigho Ehiosun joins Turkish club |url=http://africansoccer.weebly.com/news/ekigho-ehiosun-joins-turkish-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030042427/http://africansoccer.weebly.com/news/ekigho-ehiosun-joins-turkish-club |archive-date=30 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |website=africansoccer.weebly.com |ref=africansoccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gençlerbirliği ===
A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, kungiyar Turkiyya Gençlerbirliği ta sanya hannu kan Ekigho kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.

=== Gabala ===
A watan Yulin 2014, Ehiosun ya koma Gabala na Gasar Firimiya ta Azerbaijan a kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ekigho Ehiosun Joins Gabala On A Season - Long Loan |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=12689 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com |publisher=allnigeriasoccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawar Samsunspor ===
A watan Yulin 2015, Ehiosun ya yi murabus ga Samsunspor kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2015 |title=Official : Ekigho Ehiosun Returns For Third Stint With Samsunspor |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=15660 |access-date=27 November 2015 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com/ |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gabala dawowa ===
A ranar 21 ga Satumba 2017, Ehiosun ya sanya hannu kan kwangila daya tare da Gabala . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gabala Sign Ehiosun&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Ekiqo Ehiosun yenidən Qəbələ də |url=http://gabalafc.az/az/xeber/ekiqo-ehiosun-yeniden-qebele-de-3415 |access-date=21 September 2017 |website=gabalafc.az |publisher=Gabala FK |language=Azerbaijani}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabala ta sanar da cewa Ehiosun ya bar kulob din a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2018 |title=&quot;Qəbələ&quot; Endi Hallideylə yollarını ayırdı |url=http://gabalafc.az/az/xeber/qebele-endi-hallideyle-yollarini-ayirdi-3570 |website=gabalafc.az |publisher=Gabala FK |language=Azerbaijani}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bayan horo tare da tawagar B ta [[Najeriya]], an kira shi a matsayin mai maye gurbin [[Victor Anichebe]] na gaggawa a wasan sada zumunci na Eagles da Saliyo. Ehiosun ya zira kwallaye bakwai bayan ya zo a matsayin dan wasa, ya zama dan wasa na 58 a tarihin [[Najeriya]] da ya zira kwallan farko.

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|match played 17 May 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=E.Ehiosun|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ekigho-ehiosun/176152/|website=soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=22 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Kasa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[Warri Wolves F.C.|Warri Wolves]]
|[[2008–09 Nigeria Premier League|2008–09]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[Nigeria Premier Football League|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]]
|5
|0
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|-
|2009–10
|23
|10
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|23
|10
|-
|2010–11
|12
|7
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!40
!17
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!40
!17
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Samsunspor
|2011–12
|[[Süper Lig|Super Lig]]
|31
|9
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|32
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Gençlerbirliği
|2012–13
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[Süper Lig|Super Lig]]
|12
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|13
|0
|-
|2013–14
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|-
|2014–15
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!12
!0
!1
!0
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!13
!0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Samsunspor (rashin kuɗi) 
|2013–14
|TFF First League
|29
|9
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|9
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Gabala (rashin bashi) 
|2014–15
|Gasar Firimiya ta Azerbaijan
|29
|6
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|32
|6
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Samsunspor
|2015–16
|TFF First League
|30
|4
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|31
|5
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Gazişehir Gaziantep
|2016–17
|TFF First League
|22
|6
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|6
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Gabala
|2017–18
|Gasar Firimiya ta Azerbaijan
|6
|0
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7
|1
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Hapoel Acre
|2018–19
|Liga Leumit
|30
|4
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|31
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!299
!55
!8
!2
!-
!-
!0
!0
!-
!-
!237
!57
|}

=== Kasashen Duniya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]]
|-
!Shekara
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
|2011
|5
|4
|-
|2012
|1
|1
|-
!Jimillar
!6
!5
|}
''Cikakken kididdigar kamar yadda aka buga wasan 23 Mayu 2012''&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ekigho Ehiosun |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/41938/Ekigho_Ehiosun.html |access-date=22 September 2017 |website=National-Football-Teams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin kasa da kasa ===

: ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Najeriya na farko.''&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;
!A'a
!Ranar
!Wurin da ake ciki
!Abokin hamayya
!Sakamakon
!Sakamakon
!Gasar
|-
|1.
|9 Fabrairu 2011
|[[Teslim Balogun Stadium|Filin wasa na Teslim Balogun]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]
|{{Fb|SLE}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|Abokantaka
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Usman Baba Pategi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Maiakwai4u</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347137239|Usman Baba Pategi]]&quot;</comment>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Usman Baba Pategi''' (20 ga Mayu 1942 - 12 ga Nuwamba 2023), wanda aka fi sani da ''Samanja'' Mazan Fama, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya. Tare da Yusuf Ladan, Mamman Ladan da Idi Jibril, ma'aikatan [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] sun gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Hausa da aka sani yanzu da [[Kannywood]], fina-finai na Arewacin Najeriya ko fina-fukkuna na Hausa a cikin shekarun 1980 ga masu sauraron Arewa.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Usman Baba [[Pategi]] a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1942, a cikin gidan sarauta na Pategi Emirate a Pategi, Arewacin Najeriya . Shi dan Etsu Usman Patako ne marigayi Sarkin Pategi. Ya fara karatunsa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Pategi sannan ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta Ilorin. Daga baya ya tafi Kaduna ya zauna tare da kawunsa Alhaji Audu Bida wanda ya zama mataimakinsa a gida. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da sashen ayyukan jama'a a cikin shagon injiniya, kafin ya shiga [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewa]], (NBC) a Kaduna . 

Pategi dai ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya ne a shekarun 1960 inda wani kaftin din Soja a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya ya zo neman matasa a Arewacin Najeriya domin sa kai. Ya bar gidan rediyon ya shiga aikin soja kuma ya yi horo a makarantar horar da siginar, Apapa. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Janar Sani Abacha da Janar Sani Sami. Daga baya ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1985, ya ci gaba da sana’ar wasan kwaikwayo a FRCN Kaduna inda ya bayar da umarni da rubuta fina-finai. Yawancin ana kiransa da Samanja Maza Fama, ma'ana Sajan-Major (SerMajor) saboda kwarewar da ya samu a aikin soja.[1][2]

A shekara ta 2010, ya kasance a Indiya don tiyata don rashin lafiya na zuciya wanda daga baya Shugaban [[Dangote Group|Kungiyar Dangote]], Alhaji [[Aliko Dangote]], ya ba da rahoton N1.5 miliyan, wanda [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Rediyo na Tarayya na Najeriya]] (FRCN) ya ruwaito. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Husseni, Shuabu |first= |date=2011 |title=Help from Dangote for Samanja |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/47732/help-from-dangote-for-samanja.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pategi na ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya da aka sani da (Samanja) da Chika Apala da aka sani le (Zebrudaya) galibi a cikin masana'antun fina-finai kuma sun kasance baƙi masu daraja a abincin dare na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fasaha a cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Fasaha ta Najeriya (NANTAP).

== Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo ==
Pategi wanda aka haife shi a cikin gidan sarauta na masarautar, shi ma magajin masarautar Etsu Pategi ne, amma ya bi aikin mafarkinsa; ya yi aiki bayan ya ba da rahoton cewa shi ne babban dan takarar mahaifinsa da babban kakansa kursiyin a matsayin Etsu Patégi, wani garin Nupe a yanzu [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] mahaifinsa shine Etsu Usman Patako, sarkin Pategi kuma kakansa ya gaji bayan mutuwarsa, ya yi niyyar zama ɗan'uwansa Chatta don ya bar kursiyin Um Baru saboda ya zama sarki. Yawancin lokaci ya bayyana a matsayin 'yan sanda ko soja a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masana'antar fina-finai, lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya ce saboda kwarewar da ya samu a matsayin soja, na yanke shawarar amfani da hanyar da suke amsawa, motsawa da umarni inda sunan (Samanja) ya zo, hanyar da Sergeant da Major saboda iko da umarni na matsayi kuma ya bayyana cewa yin aiki yana ba shi ƙarin farin ciki kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi ritaya kuma ya koma aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya fi yin aiki a bikin Ranar Sojoji, har ma da wanda a matsayin Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da Aso Rock Presidential Villa, Abuja da na [[Maryam Abacha]] . 

Shahararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da darektan ya fito a cikin shahararren fim din Hausa da aka sani da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kannyhood |first= |date=2016 |title=Usman Baba Pategi, Samanja |url=https://hausafilms.tv/actor/usman_baba_pategi_samanja |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Hausa film industry- Kannyhood}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Samanja
* Yusuf's Ladan
* Zaman Duniya Iyawa Ne

Pategi ya sami shahara daga fim din Samanja, inda ya haɗu da Hausa / Turanci da Pidgin Turanci a hanyar da sojoji na Najeriya ke magana.

== Rayuwa da mutuwarsa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gentille Assih</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16351</id>
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      <text bytes="2882" sha1="kvoyqgns5x429g2pa63qn1ks650kfj7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Gentille Menguizani Assih''' (an haife ta ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu 1979) ta kasance daraktar fim din kasar Togo ce, haka-zalika furodusa.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Assih a Kpalimé, Togo a 1979.  Ta fara sha'awar fim ne tun tana ƙarama. A shekarar 2001, ta samu horo a matsayin kwararriya mai fasahar zane-zane a kwamfuta da daukar hoto. A cikin 2006, Assih ta karanci rubutuce da screenwriting tare da Africadoc, a Senegal. A wannan lokacin, ta sami BTS a cikin sadarwa daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwancin Afirka. A cikin 2009, Assih ta sami digiri a cikin Gudanar da Ma'aikata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Waffo |first1=Stephane |title=Entrevue avec Gentille M. Assih |url=https://www.toukimontreal.com/2010/04/22/entrevue-avec-gentille-m-assih/ |accessdate=15 October 2020 |work=Touki Montreal |date=22 April 2010 |language=French }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Assih tayi aiki a wani kamfanin sadarwa na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya kafa kamfanin &quot;World Films&quot;.  Ta fara aikin bada umarni ne a shekarar 2004, inda take yin gajeren fim ''Le prix du velo'' da ''La vendeuse contaminee'' . A cikin 2008, ta shirya fim ɗin ta na gajeren fim na farko, ''Itchombi'' . Yana bayani dalla-dalla game da bikin kaciyar Deou, ɗalibin Togo wanda ya dawo daga [[Dakar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;africultures&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gentille Assih |url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=22641 |website=Africultures |accessdate=14 October 2020 |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara mai zuwa, Assih ta ba da umarnin kuma ta samar da ''Bidenam, ƙauyen l'espoir d'un'', tare da taimako daga Cibiyar Goethe a Johannesburg. Fim din ya shafi rayuwar Bidenam, wacce ta dawo garinsu na asali bayan shekara shida kuma ta yanke shawarar koya wa danginsa yadda za su yi amfani da tsarin ban ruwa, kuma ya shafi batutuwan siyasa da gudun hijira na karkara. 'Sarwar ƙwarwar Assih ce ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don ta je ƙasar Morocco don yin karatun aikin gona.  A cikin 2012, Assih ta jagoranci shirin mai doguwar shirin ''Le Rite, la Folle et moi'' . A cikin fim din, tana yin nazari kan tsarin farawa na matan arewacin Togo.&lt;ref name=&quot;africultures&quot;/&gt;  Ci gaba da aikinta kan shagulgula daga shirinta na baya, abin da ake bautar wannan ita ce ƙanwarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;monde&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Les Cinemas du Monde - 2e edition 2010 |url=https://www.lescinemasdumonde.com/sites/default/files/uploaded_file/edition_2010.pdf |website=Les Cinemas du Monde |accessdate=15 October 2020 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fina-finai ==

* 2004: ''Le kyauta ne''
* 2004: ''La vendeuse ci gaba''
* 2008: ''Itchombi''
* 2009: ''Bidenam, l'espoir d'un ƙauye''
* 2012: ''Le Rite, la Folle et moi''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [[imdbname:5361678|M. Gentille Assih]] a [[IMDb|Tashar Bayanai ta Intanet]].
[[category:Rayayyun Mutane]]
[[category:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Floyd Mayweather Sr</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19532</id>
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      <id>858550</id>
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      <text bytes="4761" sha1="acszledozojoeyrlfg3va82g57bayzx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Hatton and Pacquiao with trainers.jpg|thumb|Floyd Mayweather Sr]]
'''Floyd Mayweather, Sr''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta  1952) wani Ba’amurke ne mai koyar da wasan dambe kuma tsohon kwararren ɗan dambe wanda ya yi takara daga 1974 zuwa 1990, yayi gwagwarmaya a welterweight a lokacin shekarun 1970 da 1980, Mayweather Sr an san shi da ƙwarewar kariya da kuma cikakken ilimin dabarun dambe. Shi ne uba kuma tsohon mai ba da horo ga zakaran damben boksin din rukuni biyar wanda ba a ci nasara akan sa ba [[Floyd Mayweather Jr]], sannan kuma uba ga Justin Mayweather, wani dan damben Ba’amurke da ke zaune a Las Vegas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Tim|date=October 2014|title=The Mayweather Dynasty|work=The Ring|url=https://www.ringtv.com/387409-the-mayweather-dynasty-from-the-ring-magazine/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-03-28|archive-date=2022-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811143505/https://www.ringtv.com/387409-the-mayweather-dynasty-from-the-ring-magazine/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=April 16, 2018|title=Floyd Mayweather’s Undefeated Brother Returns with UD Wins|work=World Boxing News|url=https://www.worldboxingnews.com/floyd-mayweather-s-undefeated-brother-returns-with-ud-win-hits-facebook-live-from-the-ring/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kariya ==
Ydan uwan Floyd, Roger ya kasance WBC super feather and super lightweight zakara kuma an san shi da ƙwarewar kariya. An autan, [[Jeff Mayweather|Jeff]], ya riƙe kambun IBO mai nauyin fuka-fuka. Floyd Mayweather Sr. an san shi da furcin magana. Ya karanta wakoki akai-akai game da abokin hamayyarsa kuma har yau yana yi wa abokin hamayyarsa. Wasu suna ambatonsa a matsayin &quot;mawaki wanda ya lashe dambe.&quot; Ya kasance mai sa tufafi mai ƙyalƙyali wanda ke saka tufafi masu kyau, alaƙa da takalma zuwa taron taron labarai.
[[Fayil:Floyd Mayweather jr weigh-in.jpg|thumb|Floyd Mayweather Sr]]
Fitaccen dambe Mayweather Sr. ya kasance 28-6-1 (18 KOs), kuma ya lashe Gasar US Championship Tournament a 1977 da Miguel Barreto. Mayweather Sr. na fama da cutar huhu sarcoidosis . &lt;ref&gt;Iole, Kevin. (November 25, 2008) [https://sports.yahoo.com/box/news?slug=ki-boxmailbag112508&amp;prov=yhoo&amp;type=lgns Mailbag: Floyd Sr. faces a different foe – Boxing – Yahoo! Sports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212055043/http://sports.yahoo.com/box/news?slug=ki-boxmailbag112508&amp;prov=yhoo&amp;type=lgns |date=2008-12-12 }}. Sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Floyd Mayweather Sr. ya koyar da Mayweather Jr. yin naushi lokacin da yake saurayi a Grand Rapids, Michigan . Lokacin da Mayweather Jr yake ɗan shekara, kawun mahaifiyarsa ya harbi Floyd Sr. a ƙafa. Kafin rabuwarsa da dansa [[Floyd Mayweather Jr]], ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan sa.&lt;ref&gt;http://ringsidereport.com/?p=6601&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mai koyarwa ===
A matsayin mai horarwa, Mayweather yayi wa'azin kariya da jarfa mai kauri. Yana koyawa da yawa daga cikin 'yan dambensa wata dabarar kare kai da ake kira juzuwar kafaɗa, inda mayaƙin ke amfani da kafadarsa ta gaba don kawar da bugu da iyakance tasirinsu. Ya kasance a lokuta da yawa, gami da HBO's ''Mayweather-Hatton 24/7'', ya yi iƙirarin zama &quot;Floyd Joy Mayweather Sr., 'Babban Mai Koyarwar Duk Lokaci'&quot;.

Shi ne tsohon mai horar da kwalejin Chadi Dawson mai nauyin nauyi, tsohon zakara a gasar biyu kuma Joan Guzmán da kuma zakaran mata [[ . An san shi sosai saboda matsayinsa na mai horar da Oscar De La Hoya daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Ya ce zai horar da De La Hoya a ranar 5 ga Mayun 2007, don yakar dansa, amma ya nemi a biya shi dala miliyan 2 don yin hakan. Bayan tattaunawa mai mahimmanci, De La Hoya ya zaɓi ba zai ɗauki Mayweather Sr. aiki ba kuma ya ba da sanarwar a ranar 30 ga Janairun 2007, zai yi amfani da Freddie Roach a maimakon haka.&lt;ref&gt;http://espn.go.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/3857/mayweather-jr-and-sr-reunite&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diddigin bayanai na waje ==

* http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article1749849.ece {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604064049/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article1749849.ece |date=2010-06-04 }}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153955/http://www.mlive.com/sports/advancenewspapers/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fsports-4%2F117681800724390.xml&amp;coll=10
* http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/boxing/7596348.stm
* [http://www.proboxinginsider.com/ Jeff Mayweather's Pro Boxing Insider]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903012758/http://www.8countnews.com/news/129/ARTICLE/3492/2011-03-23.html Floyd Mayweather Sr. Talks About Steroids]
* [http://espn.go.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/3857/mayweather-jr-and-sr-reunite]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[category:Rayayyun Mutane]]
[[category:Haifaffun 1952]]</text>
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    <title>Ghali (Mawaƙi)</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Ghali Amdouni''', shi ne wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Ghali''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1993), ya kasan ce kuma mawaƙin Italiya ne kuma mai yin rikodin. An haife shi a [[Milano|Milan]] daga iyayen Tunisiya,&lt;ref name=&quot;rockit2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockit.it/Ghali/biografia|title=Biography|lang=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt; farko ya fara aikinsa ta amfani da ''pseudonym Fobia.''

Daya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin rap ɗin Italiyan a ƙarshen shekarun 2010, ya fito da faifan waƙoƙi guda biyu da suka kai Top10 na jadawalin Italiyanci waɗanda ke samun nasara ta hanyar nasara da yawa, tare da manyan matsayi shida a cikin taswirar FIMI, gami da ''&quot;Days Happy&quot;'', &quot;Ninna Nanna&quot;, &quot;Cara Italia&quot;, &quot;Aminci &amp; Soyayya&quot; da &quot;Kyakkyawan Lokaci&quot;.

Tun daga shekarar 2020 ya sayar da kwafin sama da miliyan 1.6 a Italiya, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da dimbin masu fasahar Italiya kamar su Fedez, Gué Pequeno, Sfera Ebbasta, Salmo, da mawaƙin duniya kamar Ed Sheeran, Stormzy da Travis Scott .

A watan Oktoba, na shekarar 2016, Ghali ya fito da babbar nasararsa guda ɗaya &quot;Ninna nanna&quot;, kawai akan Spotify, ya zama na farko da ya fara halarta a lamba ta ɗaya kawai tare da yawo, yana sayar da kwafi sama da 200,000. Bidiyon kuma ya buge ra'ayoyi miliyan 100 akan YouTube, rikodin don ɗan wasan Italiyan farko.

Bayan alherin 'yan jaridu na kade -kade, Ghali ya kuma yaba da adabin adabin Italiya da manyan jaridu, tare da marubuta kamar Roberto Saviano suna kiransa &quot;albarka&quot; a ''La Repubblica'' &lt;ref&gt;http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2017/06/04/news/ghali_il_ragazzo_della_via_rap_che_canta_l_islam_l_isis_e_i_migranti-167196276/&lt;/ref&gt; da Vanni Santoni suna yabon fasahar waƙarsa a ''Il Corriere della Sera.''&lt;ref&gt;http://www.corriere.it/la-lettura/cards/ghali-trapper-uscito-ghetto/gli-inizi_principale.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da aiki ==
An haife shi a [[Milano|Milan]] daga [[Tunisiya|iyayen Tunisiya]], ya zauna a Baggio, wani yanki na birni. Mawaƙin ya fara kusanci hip hop ta amfani da sunan Fobia, sannan ya zama Ghali. A cikin shekara ta 2011, ya shiga cikin Troupe D'Elite, ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da mawaƙa Ernia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.panorama.it/ernia-come-uccidere-usignolo-67-album-intervista|title=La rivincita di Ernia è una bella storia di musica|date=2017-11-15|website=Panorama|language=it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abokin aikinsa Gué Pequeno ya rattaba hannu kan kwangila a kan lakabinsa Tanta Roba, mawaƙin wanda ya sanar da kansa godiya ga Fedez, tare da shi a rangadin da ya yi a shekara ta 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.exclusivemagazine.it/2018/04/20/tanta-roba-label-la-genesi-delle-rap-star-italiane/|title=TANTA ROBA LABEL: LA GENESI DELLE RAP-STAR ITALIANE...|last=Magazine|first=Exclusive|date=2018-04-20|website=Exclusive Magazine|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa ya saki tare da ƙungiyar EP homonyms, wanda masu sukar suka soki shi sosai a matsayin ɓarna ga rap ɗin Italiya da na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rapburger.com/2012/06/15/le-scelte-imbarazzanti-delle-major-troupe-delite/|title=Le scelte imbarazzanti delle major: Troupe D'Elite|date=2012-06-15|website=RapBurger|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005845/http://www.rapburger.com/2012/06/15/le-scelte-imbarazzanti-delle-major-troupe-delite/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yuli na shekarar 2013, Ghali ya saki ''Jagoran Mixtape'', tare da haɗin gwiwar masu fasaha kamar Sfera Ebbasta da Maruego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockit.it/Ghali/album/leader-mixtape/36138|title=Ghali - Leader Mixtape|website=Rockit.it|language=it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekara guda Troupe D'Elite ya soke kwangilar da suka yi da Tanta Roba tare da sakin ''faifan Il Mio Giorno Preferito'', wanda ake samu don saukarwa kyauta akan dandalin Honiro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/it/Troupe-DElite-Il-Mio-Giorno-Preferito/release/13798339|title=Troupe D'Elite (2) - Il Mio Giorno Preferito|website=Discogs|language=it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2016, ta hanyar Sto Records, an fitar da farkon &quot;Ninna nanna&quot; na farko akan Spotify, wanda ya kafa sabbin bayanan yawo a Italiya, wanda ya sami mafi yawan masu sauraro a ranar farko, da yin muhawara a saman matsayi na Italiyanci. Chart Singles tare da kwafin 200,000 da aka sayar gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl|title=Classifiche - FIMI|website=www.fimi.it|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sorrisi.com/musica/news/ghali-la-sua-ninna-nanna-trap-e-gia-un-record/|title=Ghali: la sua &quot;Ninna Nanna&quot; trap è già un record|date=2016-10-19|website=TV Sorrisi e Canzoni|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2017, shine juzu'i na biyu na &quot;Pizza Kebab&quot;, wanda ya kai lamba 3 akan jigon Fimi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/news-musica/e-uscito-pizza-kebab-il-nuovo-singolo-di-ghali/350064/|title=È uscito &quot;Pizza kebab&quot;, il nuovo singolo di Ghali|date=2017-02-03|website=Rolling Stone Italia|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022063326/https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/news-musica/e-uscito-pizza-kebab-il-nuovo-singolo-di-ghali/350064/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 12 ga Mayu mai zuwa &quot;Kwanakin farin ciki&quot; wanda ya kai lamba 4 kuma ya sayar sama da 200,000 kwafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl|title=Classifiche - FIMI|website=www.fimi.it|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta  2017, ya fito da faifan studio na farko, mai taken ''Album'', wanda ya yi muhawara a tukunyar Albums na Italiya kuma ya sayar da kwafi 150,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockol.it/recensioni-musicali/album/7146/ghali-album|title=√ Il &quot;Raptus&quot; di Ghali diventa un &quot;Album&quot;|last=s.r.l|first=Rockol com|website=Rockol|language=it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, kundin ya fito a lamba 24 na Charts Album na Switzerland da 96 na Chart Albums na Belgium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/artist/Ghali|title=Ghali - hitparade.ch|website=hitparade.ch|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, waƙoƙin wasu waƙoƙi guda takwas sun shiga cikin Singles Chart, suna sayar da jimillar kwafin sama da 325,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusicitalia.it/news/classifiche-riki-ghali-vasco-rossi.html|title=CLASSIFICHE: RIKI ancora primo, GHALI piazza 5 canzoni nella top 20 dei singoli e VASCO ROSSI...|date=2017-06-05|website=All Music Italia|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guda na ƙarshe &quot;Habibi&quot; ya kai lamba bakwai na jadawalin FIMI kuma ya karɓi takaddar platinum huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockol.it/news-694546/ghali-habibi-nella-colonna-sonora-fifa-19-video|title=√ Ghali: la sua 'Habibi' nella colonna sonora di Fifa 19 - ASCOLTA|last=s.r.l|first=Rockol com|website=Rockol|language=it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2018, Ghali ya ba da “Cara Italia” guda ɗaya don yawo, ya zama na biyu don isa matsayi na farko a Italiya, daga baya ya karɓi takaddun platinum uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/news-musica/ghali-il-nuovo-singolo-e-cara-italia/399795/|title=Ghali, il nuovo singolo è 'Cara Italia'|date=2018-01-26|website=Rolling Stone Italia|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2018, aka saki ''20'' ta Capo Plaza, wanda ke dauke da waƙar &quot;Ya yi ƙima&quot; tare da haɗin gwiwar mawaƙin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0003171370|title=20 - Capo Plaza {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits|website=AllMusic|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan 'yan makonni bayan haka ya zama sabuwar sabuwar wakar da ba a saki ba, &quot;Aminci &amp; Soyayya&quot;, wanda aka saki tare tare da Sfera Ebbasta da mai shirya Charlie Charles, wanda ya fara halarta a saman Singles Chart kuma ya zama bugun bazara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/spettacolo/notizia_3138026201802a.shtml|title=Sfera, Ghali e Charlie Charles: la nuova onda della trap all'insegna di &quot;Peace &amp; Love&quot;|website=Tgcom24|language=IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin lokacin bazara mawaƙin ya sake fitar da wani guda ɗaya, &quot;Zingarello&quot;, wanda aka yi tare da furodusa Sick Luke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/news-musica/ghali-il-nuovo-singolo-e-zingarello/413551/|title=Ghali, il nuovo singolo è 'Zingarello'|date=2018-05-25|website=Rolling Stone Italia|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2020-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225205620/https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/news-musica/ghali-il-nuovo-singolo-e-zingarello/413551/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2019, lokaci ne na &quot;Ina son ku&quot;, ya zama babban mawakinsa na tara na Top10,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/news-musica/ghali-la-nuova-canzone-i-love-you-suona-a-san-vittore/449936/|title=Ghali a San Vittore per la nuova canzone 'I Love You'|date=2019-03-14|website=Rolling Stone Italia|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ranar 21 ga watan Yuni aka saki wakoki guda biyu lokaci guda, &quot;Turbococco&quot; da &quot;Hasta la vista&quot;, wanda ya shiga daga Top50.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockol.it/news-705091/ghali-ascolta-nuovi-singoli-turbococco-e-hasta-vista|title=√ Ghali, ascolta 'Turbococco' e 'Hasta la vista'|last=s.r.l|first=Rockol com|website=Rockol|language=it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghali ya kuma shiga cikin kundi na biyu ta mawaƙa Rkomi, ''Dove gli occhi non arrivano'', akan waƙar &quot;Boogie Nights&quot; da remixes na duniya guda biyu na &quot; Vossi Bop &quot; ta Stormzy da &quot; Antisocial &quot; tare da Ed Sheeran da Travis Scott.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deejay.it/articoli/ed-sheeran-e-ghali-cantano-insieme-nel-remix-di-antisocial-ascoltalo-qui/|title=Ed Sheeran e Ghali cantano insieme nel remix di &quot;Antisocial&quot;: ascoltalo qui|date=2019-12-23|website=www.deejay.it|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/anteprima/2019/12/18/news/stormzy_ghali_intervista_doppia_trap_rap_brexit_salvini_boris_johnson-243704497/|title=Rep|website=rep.repubblica.it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, ya saki na goma na Top10 guda ɗaya &quot;Flashback&quot;, na farko daga cikin kundin studio na biyu mai zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atuttadonna.it/2019/11/06/torna-ghali-con-il-nuovo-singolo-flashback/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111195346/https://www.atuttadonna.it/2019/11/06/torna-ghali-con-il-nuovo-singolo-flashback/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-11-11|title=Dopo le hit estive, esce &quot;Flashback&quot;, il nuovo singolo di Ghali|date=2019-11-11|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haɗin gwiwa na lamba ɗaya &quot;Boogieman&quot; tare da mawaƙa Salmo, Ghali ya buga kundin album ɗin ''DNA'', wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarin hip hop da kiɗan pop maimakon sautin tarko, wanda ya zama kundin lambarsa ta farko kuma ya karɓi takaddar zinare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkiesta.it/it/article/2020/02/21/ghali-dna-album/45533/|title=Addio alla trap, Ghali è diventato grande. E con &quot;DNA&quot; vuole dimostrarlo a tutti|date=2020-02-21|website=Linkiesta|language=it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da faifan ya fito da waƙa mai taken &quot;Good Thimes&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Ghali – Good Times|url=https://genius.com/Ghali-good-times-lyrics|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar mutum ==
An haifi Ghali daga iyayen Tunisiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;rockit2&quot; /&gt; An tura mahaifinsa gidan yari tun yana ƙarami kuma mahaifiyarsa ta yi renonsa da kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;donnaglamour2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.donnaglamour.it/chi-e-ghali-eta-curiosita-canzoni-e-youtube-del-rapper/curiosita/|title=L'infanzia drammatica, l'amico immaginario e il rap: tutto su Ghali!|date=2020-02-05|website=Donna Glamour|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Ghali ke girma, shi da mahaifiyarsa dole ne su kwana a daki ɗaya kuma a kan gado ɗaya saboda rashin wurin zama. Mahaifiyarsa ta kamu da cutar kansa mai shekaru 38 sannan ta murmure. Mahaifiyarsa kuma ita ce mataimakiyar sa, tun daga shekarar 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;donnaglamour2&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 2019 Ghali yana cikin alaƙa da babban abin ƙira Mariacarla Boscono, wanda ya girmi shekaru 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/sette/incontri/20_febbraio_14/ghali-ecco-chi-sono-io-radici-arabe-italiane-milano-mia-casa-fdaf7756-4b6b-11ea-aff7-4a3600894a18.shtml|title=Ghali: &quot;Fino all'anno scorso dormivo con mamma. Mariacarla? Mi ama anche se la carriera finisce&quot;|last=Proietti|first=Andrea Laffranchi e Michela|date=2020-02-14|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it|access-date=2020-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ghali [[Musulmi|Musulmi ne]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.musictory.it/news/ghali-sono-musulmano-ma-amo-il-natale-54013/|title=Ghali &quot;Sono musulmano ma amo il Natale&quot;|website=Musictory|lang=it|access-date=2021-09-09|archive-date=2021-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909213541/https://www.musictory.it/news/ghali-sono-musulmano-ma-amo-il-natale-54013/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikicin Philanthropy da rap ==
Sha’awarsa ta yin rap da rubuta waƙoƙi ya sa abokan makarantarsa sau da yawa ba sa fahimtar sa: ya ce sau da yawa ana cin zarafinsa, amma wannan ƙwarewar ta ƙarfafa shi kuma ta ingiza shi ya ƙara faɗa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lettoquotidiano.it/ghali-chi-e-biografia/45832/|title=Ghali, chi è il tanto amato rapper italiano? Fidanzata, vita privata, curiosità|last=Cusimano|first=Clarissa|date=2020-02-28|website=LettoQuotidiano.it|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/it/showbiz/musica/a26865501/ghali-nuovo-singolo-i-love-you/|title=Ghali ha fatto uscire il suo nuovo video I Love You e ha rotto uno dei più pesanti tabù di sempre del rap|last=Sisti|first=Di Carlotta|date=2019-03-20|website=ELLE|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2021-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519004317/https://www.elle.com/it/showbiz/musica/a26865501/ghali-nuovo-singolo-i-love-you/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kundin studio ɗin sa na biyu akan waƙar &quot;Vossi Bop (Remiz)&quot;, tare da Stormzy, ya raps ''&quot;Salvini dice che chi è arrivato col gommon non può stare .it ma stare .com (Salvini ya ce duk wanda ya zo cikin raft zai iya ' t zauna anan amma zauna .com &quot;)'' &quot; kuma ya bayyana Ministan Italiyanci na cikin gida, Matteo Salvini, a matsayin ɗan fascist . Ghali ya baratar da kansa : ''&quot;Ni ɗan zane ne kuma yin siyasa ba lallai ne aikina ba.'' ''Waƙar tawa tana ba da labarina da rap, wanda ya fara azabtar da jama'a kuma koyaushe shine abincin yau da kullun, shine hanya mafi kyau don gamsar da buƙata ta don ɗaukar matsayi ga waɗanda ke amfani da tsoro don ƙirƙirar abokin gaba.'' ''Stormzy yayi magana game da rashin jituwarsa da halin da ake ciki a Burtaniya, ban yarda da tunanin Salvini ba kuma na ga ya dace in bayyana shi ta hanyar fasaha ta &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2019/07/19/news/ghali_ecco_perche_ho_realizzato_un_rap_contro_salvini_-231599482/|title=Ghali: &quot;Ecco perché ho realizzato un rap contro Salvini&quot;|date=2019-07-19|website=la Repubblica|language=it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2019 Ghali, Gué Pequeno, Sfera Ebbasta da Salmo sun soki kundi na Fedez ''Paranoia Airlines'', inda suka kwatanta shi a matsayin mai ban sha'awa a [[Twitter]] da yin kalamai marasa kyau ta freestyle . Bayan shi a watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2020, a cikin hirar Il Messaggero, Ghali ya ce: &quot; ''Fedez?'' ''Na zagaya tare da shi a shekarar 2012.'' ''Sannan wanda bai taimake ni ba ya zo ya tambaye ni duet.'' ''A cikin wannan saitin akwai dama mai yawa; [.'' ''.'' ''.'' ''] Na tuna lokacin da suka gaya mani ba za ku taɓa yin komai ba kuma za ku zauna har abada cikin duhu a kusurwa: Fedez ne ya gaya min waɗannan abubuwan.'' ''Ya zuwa yanzu babu lambobin sadarwa.'' ''Yana ƙoƙari ya kusanci wani lokacin, amma ina ƙoƙarin guje masa'' &quot; ''.'' Mawaƙin ya kammala: &quot; ''Wataƙila na yi kuskure, saboda babu wanda ya san tsawon lokacin da nawa sadaukarwar take bayan rikodin.'' ''Idan ya yi mummunan rikodi a gaba, zan guji yin tsokaci a kai.'' &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/spettacoli/musica/ghali_fedez_cosa_ha_detto_21_febbraio_2020-5064698.html|title=Ghali: &quot;Fedez fu il primo a credere in me, ora non ci sono rapporti&quot;|website=www.ilmessaggero.it|language=it|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/03/10/fedez-a-tutto-campo-mi-spiace-x-factor-sia-stato-un-disastro-ghali-meglio-non-parlare-di-me-quanto-promuovi-il-tuo-disco-e-la-raccolta-fondi-per-il-san-raffaele-sfonda-3-milioni-di-euro/5731434/|title=Fedez a tutto campo: &quot;Mi spiace X Factor sia stato un disastro. Ghali? Meglio non parlare di me quanto promuovi il tuo disco&quot;. E la raccolta fondi per il San Raffaele sfonda 3 milioni di euro|date=2020-03-10|website=Il Fatto Quotidiano|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken hoto ==

; a matsayin wani ɓangare na Troupe D'Elite

* 2012: ''Ƙungiyar D'Elite EP'' (EP)
* 2014: ''Il mio giorno preferito'' (album ɗin studio)

=== Kundaye ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:10px;&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:150px;&quot; | Album
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:20px;&quot; | Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:70px;&quot; | Takaddun shaida
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; | ITA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; | BEL (Wa)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; | SWI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2017
| ''Album''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 96
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 24
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : 3 × Platinum 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2020
| ''DNA''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 19
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI: Platinum 
|}

=== Ƙaddamarwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Taken
! Kololuwa
matsayi
|-
! ITA 
|-
| 2017
| ''Yadda za a furta Sto''
| 97
|}

=== Mixtapes ===

* 2013: ''Jagoran Mixtape''

=== Marasa aure ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:10px;&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:150px;&quot; | Taken
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:20px;&quot; | Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:70px;&quot; | Tabbatarwa 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:70px;&quot; | Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; | ITA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; | SWI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2016
| &quot;Ninna nanna&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : 4 × Platinum
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Album''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2017
| &quot;Pizza da kebab&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : 2 × Platinum
|-
| &quot;Happy Days&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : 4 × Platinum
|-
| &quot;Habibi&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : 4 × Platinum
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2018
| &quot;Kara Italia&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 73
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : 3 × Platinum
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | TBA
|-
| &quot;Aminci da Soyayya&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(with [[Charlie Charles]] and [[Sfera Ebbasta]])}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 31
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : 3 × Platinum
|-
| &quot;Zango&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(featuring Sick Luke)}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Zinariya
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2019
| &quot;Ina son ka&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Platinum
|-
| &quot;Turbococo&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 45&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Zinariya
|-
| &quot;Flashback&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
|
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | ''DNA''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2020
| &quot;Boogieman&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(featuring [[Salmo (rapper)|Salmo]])}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Platinum
|-
| &quot;Lokaci Mai Kyau&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : 2 × Platinum
|}
'''Sauran waƙoƙin zane'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:10px;&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:150px;&quot; | Taken
! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:20px;&quot; | Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:70px;&quot; | Tabbatarwa 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:70px;&quot; | Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; | ITA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2017
| &quot;Ricchi dentro&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : 2 × Platinum
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Album''
|-
| &quot;Lacrime&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Platinum
|-
| &quot;Milano&quot; ta
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 20
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Zinariya
|-
| &quot;Boulevard&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 23
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Zinariya
|-
| &quot;Wida&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 28
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Platinum
|-
| &quot;Labarai&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 30
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Zinariya
|-
| &quot;Ba komai&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 32
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
* FIMI : Zinariya
|-
| &quot;Rayuwar aure&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 37
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Gi x xara''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 46
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | ''DNA''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''DNA''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 19
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Jennifer'' &lt;small&gt;(feat.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Tashin hankali)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 23
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''22:22''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 20
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | * FIMI : Zinariya
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Abincin sauri''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 28
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Maryama'' &lt;small&gt;(feat.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Ta Supreme)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | * FIMI : Zinariya
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Combo'' &lt;small&gt;(feat.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Mr Eazi)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 57
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Ƙari''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 55
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Barcellona''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 40
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Kashe ku''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 47
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Scooby''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 62
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Fallito''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 63
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:10px;&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:150px;&quot; | Taken
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:20px;&quot; | Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:70px;&quot; | Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; | ITA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; | SWI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2017
| &quot;Kiristi&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;small&gt;( Lacrim feat.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Ghali)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 91
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;Littafin Lacrim&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ''Force &amp; Honneur''
|-
| &quot;Bimbi&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;small&gt;( Charlie Charles feat.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Izi, Rkomi, Sfera Ebbasta, Tedua &amp; Ghali)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1993]]
[[Category:Musulmai]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>bb3e8tpcu44ma784phozrb2hxxzx3gk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gavri Levy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28727</id>
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      <id>858629</id>
      <parentid>480009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:32:09Z</timestamp>
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[[Fayil:Memorial plaque to Gavri Levi.jpg|thumb|Gavri Levy]]
'''Gavri Levy''' ( {{Lang-he|גברי לוי}}   ; 24 Disamba 1937 - 16 Agusta 2018), wanda kuma akafi sani da Gavri Levi ɗan rawa ne na Isra'ila, mawaƙa wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban hukumar '''ƙwallon ƙafa ta''' Isra'ila daga 1996 zuwa 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5348467|title=IFA Official Launches Move to Make Gavri Levi Paid CEO|date=2003-07-22|work=Haaretz|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-date=2018-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023132/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5348467|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗansa Guy Levy tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. A ranar 16 ga Agusta 2018, ya mutu yana da shekaru 80.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://m.jpost.com/Israel-News/Sports/Former-IFA-chairman-Levy-passes-away-565052|title=Former IFA chairman Levy passes away|work=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=2018-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.mako.co.il/news-israel/local-q3_2018/Article-33d4829bcf04561004.htm|title=החדשות - גברי לוי הלך לעולמו בגיל 80|date=2018-08-16|work=mako|access-date=2018-08-16|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Sana'a ==
[[Fayil:Rokdim 176.jpg|thumb|Gavri Levy]]
Ya fito a matsayin mashahurin mawaƙin mawaƙa a Isra'ila kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙa a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na Isra'ila. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin alkali a shirin talabijin na Isra'ila ''Rokdim Im Kokhavim'' (&quot;Rawa tare da Taurari&quot;). 

== Mutuwa ==
Ya rasu ne da safiyar ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 2018, yana da shekaru 80 a duniya, bayan da aka kwantar da shi a asibiti sakamakon rashin lafiya mai tsanani a wancen makonnin da suka gabata.  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{IMDb name|5452959|Gavri Levy}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Georgette Barnes Sakyi-Addo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>30223</id>
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      <id>858644</id>
      <parentid>635799</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:36:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Georgette Barnes Sakyi-Addo''' (Jorjet Bans Sirchiado; an haifi 31 Disamba 1968) ita ce ta kafa kuma babban darekta na Georgette Barnes Ltd., wani kamfanin samar da hako ma'adinai da ma'adinai na Ghana da ke Accra, Ghana. Invest in Africa (IIA) ne ya ba ta lambar yabo ta 2018 mata mafi kyawun 'yar kasuwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;InvestInAfrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Georgette Barnes Sakyi-Addo named woman entrepreneur of the years|url=https://investinafrica.com/postdetail/145/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=InvestInAfrica.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306090820/https://investinafrica.com/postdetail/145/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaba ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 100 Global Inspirational Women in Mining by Women in Mining - UK a (2016). Ita ce Shugabar Mata a Ma'adinai (WIM) Ghana kuma wacce ta kafa cibiyar hada-hadar ma'adinai ta Accra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Georgette B.Sakyi-Addo|url=https://accramining.net/amn-executives2/georgette-barnes-sakyi-addo/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=accramining.net|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305213103/https://accramining.net/amn-executives2/georgette-barnes-sakyi-addo/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance shugabar cibiyar hakar ma'adinai ta Accra daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;AccraMiningNetwor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2015-2020 AMN Executive|url=https://accramining.net/our-people/2015-2020-amn-executives/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=accramining.net|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124135551/https://accramining.net/our-people/2015-2020-amn-executives/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barnes Sakyi-Addo ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin Faransanci da Harsuna, da Difloma a fannin Sadarwa daga Jami'ar Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AwimaAfrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Profile of our Board-AWIMA|url=https://awimaafrica.org/board/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=awimaafrica.org|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305210149/https://awimaafrica.org/board/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020 ta sami lambar yabo ta DSc ta Jami'ar Mines da Fasaha

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Holy Child, Ghana Cape Coast, daga 1980 zuwa 1987, ita ce Prefect House of St. Theresa’s daga 1985 zuwa 1987. Tana iya yaren Ingilishi, Faransanci da Fante. Georgette ita ce shugaban AWIMA na yanzu.

== Aiki ==

=== Farkon aiki ===

=== Georgette Barnes Limited ===

=== Accra Mining Network ===
Sa’ad da masana’antar hakar ma’adanai ta sami koma baya a shekara ta 2012, Sakyi-Addo ta so ta tuntuɓi ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ta yi aiki da su. Ta na da wani tunani da kuma reno shi. Ta samu kawaye masu ra'ayi iri daya a cikin jirgin kuma wannan tunanin ya zama Accra Mining Network, ta haka ne ta zama abokin hadin gwiwa na AMN.&lt;ref name=&quot;EforaysMusings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-31|title=Happy New Year or Happy Birthday to Georgette|url=https://eforaymusings.blogspot.com/2020/12/happy-new-year-or-happy-birthday.html|access-date=2022-02-08|website=blogspot.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, a cikin 2015, ta ci gaba da yin amfani da wannan azaman shuɗi don ƙirƙirar Mata A Ma'adinai Ghana.

==== Co-founders na Accra Mining Network ====

* Georgette Barnes Sakyi-Addo
* Samuel Torkornoo
* Raymond Kudzawu-D'Pherdd
* Joseph Djan Mamphey

=== Mata a Ma'adinai Ghana ===

=== Ƙungiyar Mata a Ma'adinai a Afirka (AWIMA) ===
A watan Nuwambar 2019, an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata a nahiyar Afirka (AWIMA).&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsGhana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Women in Mining elect Georgette Barnes Sakyi Addo as President|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/africa-women-in-mining-elect-georgette-sakyi-addo-as-president/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=newsghana.com.gh|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;YEN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's Georgette Barnes Sakyi-Addo elected President: Mining Association Africa|url=https://yen.com.gh/139265-ghanas-georgette-barnes-sakyi-addo-elected-president-mining-association-africa.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=yen.com.gh|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305213056/https://yen.com.gh/139265-ghanas-georgette-barnes-sakyi-addo-elected-president-mining-association-africa.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricanHeroes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Georgette Sakyi-Addo elected President of African Women in Mining AWIMA|url=https://afrikanheroes.com/2019/11/30/georgette-sakyi-addo-elected-president-of-africa-women-in-mining-awima/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=AfricanHeroes. com|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305213056/https://afrikanheroes.com/2019/11/30/georgette-sakyi-addo-elected-president-of-africa-women-in-mining-awima/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheFinderOnline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Georgette Barnes Addo heads AWIMA|url=https://thefinderonline.com/news/item/18004-georgette-barnes-sakyi-addo-heads-awima|access-date=2022-02-05|website=TheFinderOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305213056/https://thefinderonline.com/news/item/18004-georgette-barnes-sakyi-addo-heads-awima|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PulseGh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghanaian CEO Georgette Barnes Sakyi-Addo elected as President of African Women in Mining|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/strategy/ghanaian-ceo-georgette-barnes-sakyi-addo-elected-as-president-of-africa-women-in/tgt325m|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Pulse.com.gh|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305213054/https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/strategy/ghanaian-ceo-georgette-barnes-sakyi-addo-elected-as-president-of-africa-women-in/tgt325m|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AustraliaGlobalAlumni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Promoting women in Ghana’s mining industry|url=https://www.globalalumni.gov.au/alumni-stories/promoting-women-in-ghanas-mining-industry|access-date=2022-02-06|website=globalalumni.gov.au|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303101017/https://www.globalalumni.gov.au/alumni-stories/promoting-women-in-ghanas-mining-industry|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan zamani ===
An bayyana Sakyi-Addo a cikin Women In Mining in Nigeria da kuma reshen yanki: tafsirin tafsiri da hirarrakin Fatima Ibrahim Maikore.&lt;ref name=&quot;PremiumTimesCentreForInvestigative&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women In Mining Nigeria and the Region, Creating A Space of their Own For Women In Miningy|url=https://ptcij.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Women-In-Mining-Nigeria-and-the-Region-A-Monograph.pdf/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=ptcij.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102172148/https://ptcij.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Women-In-Mining-Nigeria-and-the-Region-A-Monograph.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barnes Sakyi-Addo ita ma ta kasance mai magana a 2022 EU-Africa Business Forum.&lt;ref name=&quot;EUAfricaBusinessForum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=High Level Opening and Introductory Panel, The road to economic recovery - fostering the Pan-African Opportunity|url=https://www.euafrica-businessforum.com/sites/default/files/eabf_programme_-_high-level_panels_-_fiche_format_-_220215.pdf/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=euafrica-businessforum.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215133218/https://www.euafrica-businessforum.com/sites/default/files/eabf_programme_-_high-level_panels_-_fiche_format_-_220215.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mai magana a wurin Wuta ta Chat na Baje kolin Gem da Jewelry na Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aweik&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Solutions Towards Rebuilding '&quot;Mine to Market&quot;' post Covid-19|url=https://aweik.or.ke/pec-events/african-solutions-towards-rebuilding-mine-to-market-dynamic-post-covid-19/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=aweik.or.ke|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127181342/https://aweik.or.ke/pec-events/african-solutions-towards-rebuilding-mine-to-market-dynamic-post-covid-19/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da jawabin bude taron DRC Africa Business Forum 2021 kan kalubalen zamantakewa, muhalli da shugabanci na ayyukan masana'antu masu alaka da baturi. Taron ya yi nazari kan bunkasar batir, motocin lantarki da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa, sarkar darajar masana'antu da kasuwa a Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNECA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=DRC Africa Business Forum 2021|url=https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/SROs/Central-Africa/drc-business-forum/programme_23-11-21_public_s1.pdf/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=uneca.org|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ta kasance daya daga cikin alkalai na kalubalen hakar ma'adinai na Artanaal a 2020. Makar ma'adinin ma'adinan ma'adinai, da masu tunani wanda ba a saba da su ba don gabatar da mafita da ke canzawa ma'adinai na Artanaal. Labs na Conservation X Labs ya jagoranci wannan taron mai da hankali kan kirkire-kirkire, tare da hada kungiyoyin 11 na karshe da suka fafata da $750,000 a kyaututtuka, alkalai masu daraja, shugabannin kiyayewa, masu ba da labari, da masana fasahar kere kere don gano manyan hanyoyin da ake samar da su don sanya ma'adinan artisanci da alhakin mutane &amp; Duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmazonChallenge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Innovation Summit &amp; Awards Ceremony|url=https://www.artisanalminingchallenge.com/summit/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=artisanalminingchallenge.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda suka yi nasara sune Jeffrey Beyer, Charles Espinosa, Alejandra Laina, Itai Mutemeri da Marcello Veiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASM-AmazonChallenge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Innovation Summit &amp; Awards Ceremony Winnwers|url=https://www.artisanalminingchallenge.com/winnwer/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=artisanalminingchallenge.com|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==

* 2018 'Yar Kasuwa ta Mata ta Shekara ta Zuba Jari a Afirka (IIA).&lt;ref name=&quot;InvestInAfrica&quot; /&gt;

== Labarai ==

* Creating a gender-inclusive mining industry: Uncovering the challenges of female mining stakeholders[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420720309909?via%3Dihub]
* Document details - Women in artisanal mining: Reflections on the impacts of a ban on operations in Ghana[https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083019330&amp;origin=inward&amp;txGid=23c3fdfab1369ff811ac439a57bfb524&amp;featureToggles=FEATURE_NEW_DOC_DETAILS_EXPORT:1]
* Document details - Digging for survival: Female participation in artisanal and small-scale mining in the Tarkwa mining district of Ghana [https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021457381&amp;origin=inward&amp;txGid=69499c2119b2df1cc007ea61cee7331e&amp;featureToggles=FEATURE_NEW_DOC_DETAILS_EXPORT:1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Gasar Cin Kofin Matan Aljeriya</title>
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'''Gasar Cin Kofin Matan Aljeriya''' ( {{Lang-ar|كأس الجزائر للسيدات}}   ), gasa ce ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar mata a [[Aljeriya]]. fafatawa da kungiyoyin yanki da juna. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar ta 1998. Kwatankwacin mata ne da gasar cin kofin Aljeriya ta maza. Wanda ya lashe gasar shekarar ta 2018 shi ne FC Constantine a karon farko.

== Gasar karshe ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Winners
!Score
!Runners-up
!Venue
|-
|1998–99
|Flambeau de Blida
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|FC Béjaïa
|
|-
|1999–00
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|FC Constantine
|
|-
|2000–01
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|AS Intissar Oran
|
|-
|2001–02
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–2
|AS Intissar Oran
|
|-
|2002–03&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alger-Centre, Evasion de Béjaïa à Rouiba enfinale de la Coupe d'Algérie |url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/9420 |work=djazairess.com |publisher=Liberté |access-date=May 15, 2003 |archive-date=June 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630073814/http://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/9420 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–2
|AS Evasion Béjaïa
|Stade Hamid Chebcheb, Rouïba
|-
|2003–04
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|AS Intissar Oran
|Stade Hamid Chebcheb, Rouïba
|-
|2004–05
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6–1
|CSF Oran
|Stade des Frères Lamali, Chéraga
|-
|2005–06
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
|AS Evasion Béjaïa
|Stade Djilali Bounaama, Boumerdès
|-
|2006–07
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7–2
|AS Jawharet Canastel (Oran)
|Stade Olympique de Koléa, Tipaza
|-
|2007–08
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
|Afak Relizane
|Stade Saïd Ould-Moussa, Hydra
|-
|2008–09
|ASE Alger Centre
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
|Afak Relizane
|Stade Ali Benfedda, Zéralda
|-
|2009–10
|Afak Relizane
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|ASE Alger Centre
|Stade Ali Benfedda, Zéralda
|-
|2010–11
|Afak Relizane
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0–0 {{pen|3–2}}
|CLT Belouizdad (Algiers)
|Stade Ali Benfedda, Zéralda
|-
|2011–12 
|Afak Relizane
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|FC Constantine
|Stade Ali Benfedda, Zéralda
|-
|2012–13
|Afak Relizane
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5–0
|FC Constantine
|Stade des Frères Brakni, [[Blida]]
|-
|2013–14 
|Afak Relizane
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
|FC Constantine
|Stade de Aïn Beïda, [[Aljir|Algiers]]
|-
|2014–15 
|AS Sûreté Nationale
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0–0 {{pen|3–1}}
|FC Constantine
|Stade Djilali Bounaama, Boumerdès
|-
|2015–16
|Afak Relizane
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|FC Constantine
|Stade Djilali Bounaama, Boumerdès
|-
|2016–17 
|AS Sûreté Nationale
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|JF Khroub
|Stade 8 Mai 1945, Sétif
|-
|2017–18
|FC Constantine
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1 {{pen|4–2}}
|AS Sûreté Nationale
|Abdelkader Chabou Stadium, [[Annaba]]
|-
|2018–19
|AS Sûreté Nationale
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|FC Constantine
|Mustapha Tchaker Stadium, [[Blida]]
|- bgcolor=&quot;#fcd3c7&quot;
|''2019–20''
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |''cancelled in round of 16 {{Small|because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria]]}}''
|- bgcolor=&quot;#fcd3c7&quot;
|''2020–21''
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |''not played''
|- 
|2021–22
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; |–
|
|
|}

== Yawancin kulake masu nasara ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Kulob
! Masu nasara
! Masu Gudu-Up
! Cin Kofin
! Masu Gudu-Up
|-
| Cibiyar ASE Alger
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 10
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
| 2010
|-
| Afak Relizane
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 6
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
| 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016
| 2008, 2009
|-
| AS Sûreté Nationale
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 2015, 2017, 2019
| 2018
|-
| FC Constantine
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 7
| 2018
| 2000, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019
|-
| Flambeau de Blida
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0
| 1999
|
|-
| AS Intissar Oran
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
|
| 2001, 2002, 2004
|-
| AS Evasion Béjaïa
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
|
| 2003, 2006
|-
| FC Béjaïa
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
|
| 1999
|-
| CSF Oran
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
|
| 2005
|-
| AS Jawharet Canastel (Oran)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
|
| 2007
|-
| CLT Belouizdad (Algiers)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
|
| 2011
|-
| JF Khroub
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
|
| 2017
|-
|}

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Aljeriya|Gasar mata ta Aljeriya]]
* Gasar Cin Kofin Matan Aljeriya
* Gasar cin kofin mata ta Aljeriya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/alg-womcuphist.html Algeria (Mata), Jerin wadanda suka ci Kofin - ''rsssf.com'']
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
[[Category: Aljeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Everette Brown</title>
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[[Fayil:Mikell Everette (26424357844).jpg|thumb]]
'''Everette Brown''' (an haifeshi ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 1987). Ya kasance kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka, kuma tsohon mai ba da baya wanda a halin yanzu shine mataimakin kocin layi na Carolina Panthers na National Football League (NFL). Ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na kwaleji a jihar Florida kuma Carolina Panthers ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na biyu na 2009 NFL Draft. Brown kuma ya taka leda a San Diego Chargers, Detroit Lions, Philadelphia Eagles, Dallas Cowboys, da Washington Redskins.

== Shekarun farko ==
Brown ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Beddingfield a Wilson, North Carolina, inda ya kammala karatunsa a 2005. Ya kasance tauraron wasanni biyu a kwallon kafa da kuma waƙa. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na makarantar sakandare, ya yi rikodin abubuwan 120 tare da buhu 16 a matsayin babba. Brown ya kuma kama wucewa 40 don yadudduka 770 da ƙwanƙwasa 10 a matsayin ƙarshen ƙarewa. Ya taka leda a wasan Shrine Bowl All-Star.

Har ila yau, ɗan wasan tsere da filin wasa, Brown ya kasance ɗan takarar neman cancantar jiha a cikin wasannin tsere. Ya kama kambun jiha a gasar tseren mita 200 a gasar NCHSAA 1A T&amp;F ta 2002, yana yin rikodin mafi kyawun lokacin aiki na daƙiƙa 22.2.  A Gasar Cin Kofin NCHSAA 1A T&amp;F na 2003, ya ɗauki matsayi na 9 a tseren mita 100 (11.5 s), 5th a tseren mita 200 (22.7 s) da 9th a cikin babban tsalle (5).&amp;nbsp;ft 10 in). &lt;ref&gt;http://www.cfpitiming.com/2003%20outdoor%20season/NCHSAA%201&amp;3A%202003/NCHSAA%201A%20boys%20results%202003.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

La'akari a matsayin hudu-star daukar ma'aikata da ''Rivals.com'', Brown aka jera a matsayin No. 3 weakside kare kare al'amura a cikin aji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/football/recruiting/rankings/rank-893 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-07-21 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035114/https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/football/recruiting/rankings/rank-893 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake karɓar tayin da yawa, ya ɗauki ziyarar hukuma zuwa Jihar Florida, North Carolina, da Virginia Tech, kafin ƙaddamar da Seminoles.

== Sana'ar wasa ==

=== Kwalejin ===
Brown ja-shirt a cikin 2005. A cikin 2006 Brown ya kasance Freshman All-America da All-ACC Freshman tawagar girmamawa ta ''The Sporting News'' . Ya buga dukkan wasanni 13 yayin da ya fara wasanni uku. Ya gama na takwas a cikin ƙungiyar kuma na biyu a tsakanin sabbin 'yan Seminole (a bayan Freshman All-American mai karrama Myron Rolle ) a cikin gwagwarmaya tare da 27. Ya kasance na biyu a cikin ƙungiyar a cikin abubuwan da ba za a iya cirewa ba tare da 13.5 kuma an ɗaure na uku a ƙungiyar tare da buhunan kwata uku.

Sakin sa na biyu na 2007 ya kasance mai farawa a matsayin karshen tsaron hagu inda ya sami aiki-mafi girma na farawa takwas na kakar wasa kuma ya yi rikodin farawa ɗaya a gefen dama. Ya jagoranci tawagar a cikin buhuna, kuma ya jagoranci duk masu tsaron gida a cikin takalmi da takalmi don asara yayin da ya kammala aiki na kaka-kaka-mafi girman 37, aiki na kakar wasa guda-babban buhunan kwata-kwata na 6.5 da 11.5 tackles don rage yawan yardage.

A cikin 2008, ya kasance farkon Seminoles a daidai matsayin ƙarshen tsaro a cikin kowane wasannin 13 yayin lokacin 2008 na yau da kullun. Ya sami lambar yabo ta All-Amurka ta Biyu ta ƙungiyar Rivals.com, Associated Press, Scout.com da Walter Camp Foundation. Shi ne kuma wanda ya zo na biyu a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan ACC da ya zo na biyu a matsayin Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kare ACC. Brown shine lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar farko ta All-ACC., ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Ted Hendricks. Ya gama kakar wasa ta uku a cikin al'umma a cikin buhu (13.5) kuma ya ɗaure na huɗu a cikin FBS don magance asara (21.5). Shi ne jagoran tawagar haka kuma jagoran ACC tare da babban aiki na 21.5 don asara da kuma jagoran ƙungiyar tare da manyan buhunan kwata-kwata na 13.5. Ya gama na biyu a tarihin makaranta da maki 46.5 don asara. kuma yana matsayi na uku a kowane lokaci don lokaci guda tare da buhunan kwata-kwata 13.5 da na biyar duk lokaci tare da buhunan kwata-kwata na 23.0. Kammala kakar tare da tsayawa 36 tare da babban aiki-high 30 mara taimako da jimlar 36. Ya kammala FSU tare da 100 aiki tackles a cikin kawai yanayi uku.

=== Kididdigar sana'a ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!SHEKARA
! KUNGIYAR
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
|-
| 2005
| Jihar Florida
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| 2006
| Jihar Florida
| 13
| 3
| 16
| 11
| 27
| 13.5
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| 2007
| Jihar Florida
| 13
| 13
| 24
| 13
| 37
| 11.5
| 6.5
| 1
| 0
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2008
| Jihar Florida
| 13
| 13
| 30
| 6
| 36
| 21.5
| 13.5
| 4
| 1
| 2
| 0
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Jimlar
| 41
| 29
| 70
| 30
| 100
| 46.5
| 23.0
| 5
| 1
| 5
| 0
|}

== Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ==

==== 2009 NFL Draft ====
Bayan da ya riga ya sami digiri na kwaleji, Brown ya yanke shawarar barin lokacin cancantarsa na ƙarshe kuma ya shiga 2009 NFL Draft. &lt;ref&gt;[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/draft09/news/story?id=3816004 Florida State Seminoles Speed-Rusher Brown to Enter NFL Draft] ESPN.com, January 7, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; An yi la'akari da Brown a matsayin &quot;cikakken dacewa a matsayin mai sauri-linebacker a cikin tsarin 3-4 &quot; ta ''ESPN'' 's Todd McShay .  An lissafta shi a {{Convert|6|ft|4|in|m|2}} ta jagorar watsa labarai ta Jihar Florida, amma ya zama ƙasa da {{Convert|6|ft|2|in|m|2}} a NFL Haɗa.{{nfl predraft|height ft=6|height in=1½|weight=256|dash=4.65|ten split=1.59|twenty split=2.68|shuttle=4.53|cone drill=7.55|vertical=31½|broad ft=9|broad in=9|bench=26|wonderlic=21|arm span=|hand span=|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]], except &quot;Broad&quot;, which is from Florida State Pro Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=56569&amp;draftyear=2009&amp;genpos=DE | title=Everette Brown | date=March 25, 2009 | accessdate=April 16, 2009 | work=NFL Draft Scout.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.profootballweekly.com/PFW/NFLDraft/Draft+Extras/2009/wwhi042109.htm |title=The Way We Hear It — draft edition |first=Nolan |last=Nawrocki |work=Pro Football Weekly website |date=April 21, 2009 |accessdate=April 25, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==== Carolina Panthers ====
Asalin da aka yi hasashen zaɓen daftarin zagaye na farko, Brown ya ga daftarin hannun jarinsa na faɗuwa saboda tambayoyi game da girmansa. Panthers ya zaɓe shi 43rd gabaɗaya a zagaye na biyu ta hanyar Panthers, waɗanda suka yi cinikin 2010 NFL Draft zagaye na farko zuwa San Francisco 49ers don samun wannan zaɓin. 

Tare da Julius Peppers har yanzu yana neman ciniki, Brown ya koma gefen dama na kare kariya a watan Yuni 2009. A farkon lokacin NFL na farko, Brown ya yi rikodin jimlar 22 jimlar tackles (solo 15), buhu 2.5 da 2 tilasta fumbles.

A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2011, Carolina ta yi watsi da Brown bayan yin rikodin buhu 6 a cikin yanayi biyu.

==== San Diego Chargers ====
Brown ya sanya hannu tare da San Diego Chargers a kan Nuwamba 1, 2011. An sake shi a ranar 13 ga Maris, 2012.

==== Detroit Lions ====
Brown ya sanya hannu tare da Detroit Lions a kan Maris 22, 2012. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.freep.com/article/20120322/SPORTS01/120322075/everette-brown-detroit-lions?odyssey=nav%7Chead Report: Lions sign DE Everette Brown]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Philadelphia Eagles ====
Brown ya sanya hannu tare da Philadelphia Eagles a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2013. An sake shi a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2013.

==== Dallas Cowboys ====
Brown ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys a kan Oktoba 29, 2013.  A wasansa na farko na Cowboys kwanaki biyar bayan haka, ya yi rajistar buhu a kan Minnesota Vikings 's quarterback Christian Ponder a nasarar Cowboys' 27-23.

Cowboys sun saki Brown a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2014. 

==== Washington Redskins ====
Brown ya sanya hannu tare da Washington Redskins a kan Yuli 28, 2014, kwana na biyar na sansanin horo, bayan da aka saki a waje linebacker Brandon Jenkins .  A Redskins sake shi a kan Agusta 30, 2014 ga karshe aikin yi cuts kafin farkon 2014 kakar .  An sake sanya hannu a kan Oktoba 21, 2014, bayan raunin da ya yi na ƙarshe ga Brian Orakpo, amma an sake shi a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2014.  

==== Cleveland Browns ====
A kan Agusta 16, 2015, Everette ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Browns . A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2015, Browns suka sake shi.

== Aikin koyarwa ==

=== Carolina Panthers ===
A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Carolina Panthers ta hayar Brown a matsayin mataimakin kociyan layi.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Brown a Stantonsburg, North Carolina wani ƙaramin gari mai yawan jama'a 706 a halin yanzu. A lokacin da yake a Jihar Florida ya ba da mafi yawan lokacinsa na aikin sa kai a makarantu daban-daban da kuma yin magana a shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye kamar yakin da aka tsara don gargaɗin yara game da illolin taba. Ya yaba wa iyayensa da halayensa da ɗabi'un aikinsa waɗanda ya koya suna girma 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091003105402/http://www.everettebrownfranchise.com/ Yanar Gizo na hukuma]
* {{Twitter}}  &lt;/img&gt;
* [http://seminoles.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/brown_everette00.html Jihar Florida Seminoles bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217082321/http://seminoles.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/brown_everette00.html |date=2008-12-17 }}

== Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
{{Panthers2009DraftPicks}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[category:Haifaffun 1987]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Semans, Saskatchewan</title>
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        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
      <origin>858716</origin>
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      <text bytes="2471" sha1="jdfxcwbiyb75zde3n7mgrw0t74yss34" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Semans''' ( yawan jama'a na 2016 : 196 ) ƙauye ne a lardin Kanada na Saskatchewan a cikin Karamar Hukumar Dutsen Hope No. 279 da Rarraba Ƙididdiga Na 10. Kauyen yana da kusan 125km arewa da birnin Regina da 195&amp;nbsp;km kudu maso gabas da birnin Saskatoon.

== Tarihi ==
Mazauna sun fara zama a cikin yankin Semans a farkon 1904. Semans, mai suna ga matar wani jami'in layin dogo, ya kasance ɗaya a cikin jerin haruffa na garuruwan kan layin dogo na Grand Trunk tsakanin [[Winnipeg|Winnipeg, Manitoba]] da Saskatoon, Saskatchewan . Hoton tashar farko yana nuna rubutun kamar &quot;Semons&quot;. An gudanar da ranar wasanni ta farko a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1908. An gina tashar jirgin ƙasa da na'urar hawan hatsi ta farko ta faɗuwar 1908. A cikin ɗan fiye da shekara guda, kasuwancin gida na iya samar da kusan duk kayan masarufi kuma adadin ya kasance mutane 48. An fara amfani da filin jirgin sama na farko zuwa 1907. Ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1908, Hukumar Kasuwancin Semans ta aika da wasiku game da ƙungiyar Semans a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kauye ta 1908. An aika da takarda kai a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1908, wanda kasuwancin ya sanya hannu. An haɗa Semans azaman ƙauye ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1908. 

Semans sun yi bikin shekaru 100 a matsayin ƙauye tare da bikin cika shekaru ɗari da dawowa gida a cikin Yuli 2008.

== Alkaluma ==
 
A cikin kididdigar yawan jama'a ta shekarar 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Semans yana da yawan jama'a 180 da ke zaune a cikin 93 daga cikin 113 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -8.2% daga yawanta na 2016 na 196 . Tare da yankin ƙasa na {{Convert|1.08|km2|sqmi}}  , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 166.7/km   a cikin 2021. 

A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2016, ƙauyen Semans ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a na 196 da ke zaune a cikin 103 daga cikin 137 jimlar gidaje masu zaman kansu, a -4.1% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 204 . Tare da yankin ƙasa na {{Convert|1.14|km2|sqmi}}  , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 171.9/km   a cikin 2016. 

== Yanayi ==
&lt;div style=&quot;width:75%;&quot;&gt;{{Weather box}}&lt;/div&gt;

== Fitattun mutane ==

* Gordon MacMurchy, MLA don Dutsen Ƙarshe kuma Memba na Odar Yabo ta Saskatchewan
* Sherwood Bassin, zartarwa na wasan hockey a gasar Hockey ta Ontario da kuma ƙungiyar ƙaramar ƙungiyar Kanada

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan
* Ƙauyen Saskatchewan

==Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Official website|http://www.semans-sask.com}}[[Category: Kanada]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gabriel Yaw Amoah</title>
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'''Gabriel Yaw Amoah''' ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma lauya. Ya kasance dan majalisa ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana kuma tsohon dan majalisa mai wakiltar gundumar Bosome-Freho da kuma shugaban gundumar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bosome-Freho-Assembly-Members-reject-Amoah-as-DCE-142975&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.glc.gov.gh/lawyers-in-good-standing/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-21 |archive-date=2022-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121030246/https://www.glc.gov.gh/lawyers-in-good-standing/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Amoah a Bosome Freho a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Yaw_Amoah#cite_note-3&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
An fara zaben Amoah a matsayin dan majalisa kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 1996 na mazabar Bosome-Freho a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bosome-Freho-Assembly-Members-reject-Amoah-as-DCE-142975&lt;/ref&gt; Amoah ya kasance dan majalisar dokoki ta 2 da ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana kuma dan siyasar sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Aikinsa na siyasa ya fara ne a shekarar 1996 lokacin da ya tsaya takara a zaben kasar Ghana na shekarar 1996 a matsayin wakilin mazabar Bosome-Freho.&lt;ref&gt;http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/ashanti/17/index.php{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi nasara a kan dan takarar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress, Owusu Pra Ababio da kuri'u 9,431 inda ya samu kashi 40% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.&lt;ref&gt;http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/ashanti/17/index.php{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/ashanti/17/index.php{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekara ta 2000 bayan ya ci zaben delegates kuma ya ci gaba da rike kujerarsa da jimillar mutane 10,734 ya samu kashi 65% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.&lt;ref&gt;http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/ashanti/17/index.php{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/MPs-Ashanti-Region-12584&lt;/ref&gt; Gabriel ya sake shiga zaben fidda gwani na 2004 amma a wannan karon, ya sha kaye a hannun wani memba na New Patriotic Party. An nada shi a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na gundumar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.businessghana.com/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bosome-Freho-Assembly-Members-reject-Amoah-as-DCE-142975&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Amoah ya kasance lauya kuma tsohon dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Bosome-Freho a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.

== Manazarta ==
[[Category: Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category: Lauyoyin Ghana na ƙarni na 20]]
[[Category:Sabbin 'yan siyasar Jam'iyyar Kishin Kasa]]
[[Category: 'Yan Majalisar Ghana 1997-2001]]
[[Category: 'Yan Majalisar Ghana 2001-2005]]
[[Category: Ministocin Gwamnatin Ghana]]
[[Category: Jama'a daga yankin Ashanti]]
[[Category: Bacewar shekarar haihuwa (mutane masu rai)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moctar Musah Bambah</title>
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        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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'''Alhaji Moctar Musah Bambah''' ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne kuma ɗan majalisa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Wenchi ta Gabas a yankin Brong Ahafo a ƙasar Ghana. Ya kasance dan majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin ministan harkokin shugaban kasa.

== Siyasa ==
Bambah dan sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ne. An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Wenchi ta gabas a yankin Brong Ahafo a majalisar dokoki ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Farfesa George Yaw Djan-Baffuor ne ya gaje shi bayan an canza mazabar zuwa mazabar Wenchi a babban zaben Ghana na 2004. An fara zabe shi a majalisar dokoki a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1997 bayan an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben Ghana na shekarar 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Wenchi Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/brongahafo/63/index.php|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008235630/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/brongahafo/63/index.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zabe ==
An zabi Bambah a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Wenchi ta Gabas a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2000. An zabe shi a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar kishin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana Parliamentary Result-Election 2000|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2007|location=Ghana|pages=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujerun majalisa 14 daga cikin kujeru 21 da Sabuwar Jam’iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Brong Ahafo. Sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta sami rinjayen kujeru 100 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 200 na majalisar dokoki ta uku na jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2123}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Brong Ahafo Region|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/index.php|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922143635/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/index.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samu kuri'u 14,954 daga cikin jimillar kuri'u 27,536 da aka kada. Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 55.9% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Frederick Osei-Dabankah na National Democratic Congress, Kwaku Amoa-Tutu na National Reform Party, Agyenim Boateng Agyei na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Takyi Kwame Anokye na United Ghana Movement. Wadanda suka samu kuri'u 10,563, 533, 529 da 177 bi da bi cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 39.5%, 2.0%, 2.0% da 0.7% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana -Parliamentary Result-Election 2000|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2007|location=Ghana|pages=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Wenchi East Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/249/index.php|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Yan siyasa]]</text>
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    <title>Tattaunawar user:UOzurumba (WMF)/sandbox</title>
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      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-25 */ sabon sashe</comment>
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      <text bytes="105792" sha1="idnyeqhidgx8t2hd9p2ifj88ft7eohp" xml:space="preserve">== [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}][[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]]  za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Don tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki, sashen Fasahar Wikimedia yana buƙatar yin gwajin da aka shirya. Wannan gwajin zai nuna idan zasu iya dogara da amincewa da chanji daga wannan cibiyar zuwa wancan. Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi da su zauna cikin shiri kuma su kasance a kusa don magance duk wata matsala da ke iya tasowa yayin gyaran. Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''.Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. '''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''*Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|ha}}.*Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.''Wasu sakamakon'':*Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu  dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutun masu dadewa* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane  da yadda hali ya bada  Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. Za a sami karin sanarwar dangane da wannan. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.''' ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]]  za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Don tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki, sashen Fasahar Wikimedia yana buƙatar yin gwajin da aka shirya. Wannan gwajin zai nuna idan zasu iya dogara da amincewa da chanji daga wannan cibiyar zuwa wancan. Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi da su zauna cikin shiri kuma su kasance a kusa don magance duk wata matsala da ke iya tasowa yayin gyaran. 

Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''.

Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. 

'''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''

*Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|ha}}.
*Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.

''Wasu sakamakon'':

*Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu  dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutun masu dadewa
* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.

Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane  da yadda hali ya bada  Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. Za a sami karin sanarwar dangane da wannan. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:45, 20 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech/Server switch ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:56, 20 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC)
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== Your wiki will be in read-only soon ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]]  za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Don tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki, sashen Fasahar Wikimedia yana buƙatar yin gwajin da aka shirya. Wannan gwajin zai nuna idan zasu iya dogara da amincewa da chanji daga wannan cibiyar zuwa wancan. Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi da su zauna cikin shiri kuma su kasance a kusa don magance duk wata matsala da ke iya tasowa yayin gyaran. 

Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''.

Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. 

'''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''

*Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|ha}}.
*Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.

''Wasu sakamakon'':

*Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu  dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutun masu dadewa
* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.

Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane  da yadda hali ya bada  Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. Za a sami karin sanarwar dangane da wannan. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:31, 21 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Tech_News_test_list&amp;oldid=24911453 --&gt;

== Приглашение к участию в исследовании ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Здравствуйте!

Фонд Викимедиа проводит опрос википедистов, чтобы лучше понять, что привлекает администраторов к участию в работе над Википедией и что влияет на удержание администраторов. Мы будем использовать это исследование для улучшения возможностей википедистов, решения распространенных проблем и удовлетворения потребностей. Мы определили Вас как подходящего кандидата для этого исследования и будем очень признательны за участие в этом '''[https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/728994?lang=ru анонимном опросе]'''.

Для участия Вам не нужно быть администратором.

Прохождение опроса должно занять около 10–15 минут. Вы можете прочитать больше об исследовании на его [[Special:MyLanguage/Research:Wikipedia Administrator Recruitment, Retention, and Attrition|странице Мета-вики]] и просмотреть его [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Administrator Experiences 2024 Survey Privacy Statement|заявление о конфиденциальности]].

Если у Вас есть вопросы или сомнения, обращайтесь к нам с использованием контактов на странице Мета-вики проекта.

С уважением,

[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Исследовательская группа Фонда Викимедиа]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:BGerdemann (WMF)|BGerdemann (WMF)]] ([[User talk:BGerdemann (WMF)|hira]]) 16:44, 8 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) &lt;/bdi&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-46&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463]
* View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]&lt;/code&gt;, the logic of Wikibase function &lt;code&gt;getAllStatements&lt;/code&gt; changed to behave like &lt;code&gt;getBestStatements&lt;/code&gt;. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]].

'''In depth'''
* Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488]

'''Meetings and events'''
* 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] &amp; [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:55, 11 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&amp;oldid=27720774 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-47&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057]
* View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380]

'''In depth'''
* There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas.
* Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''.
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:44, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC)
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== Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:Hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations!

The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody!

For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month.

If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: &lt;code&gt;Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt; in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page.

Thank you!

On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]].
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:02, 21 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC)
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== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [[testwiki:Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation dashboard]] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.

Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:33, 13 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&amp;oldid=27720774 --&gt;

== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.
Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. 

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:47, 13 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&amp;oldid=28382523 --&gt;

== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization team|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard]  to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement.

'''What are the improvements?'''&lt;br&gt;
The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. 
With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. 

[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]


[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]

'''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''&lt;br&gt;
The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way.

'''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''&lt;br&gt;
We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025.

'''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''&lt;br&gt;
You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive.

'''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' &lt;br&gt;
You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ .
If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: &lt;code&gt;BUG REPORT&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ContentTranslation&lt;/code&gt;.    

Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:55, 14 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&amp;oldid=28382523 --&gt;

== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard]  to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement.

'''What are the improvements?'''&lt;br&gt;
The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. 
With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. 

[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]


[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]

'''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''&lt;br&gt;
The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way.

'''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''&lt;br&gt;
We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025.

'''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''&lt;br&gt;
You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive.

'''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' &lt;br&gt;
You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ .
If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: &lt;code&gt;BUG REPORT&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ContentTranslation&lt;/code&gt;.    

Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 04:15, 14 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)
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== Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:Hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by 15th May 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations!

The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody!

For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month.

If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: &lt;code&gt;Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt; in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page.

Thank you!

On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]].
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 6 Mayu 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the &quot;featured&quot; tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now!
* [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:59, 14 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC)
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== Get started with the Lua interface to simplify preparation of modules for translation of modules in MetaWiki ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings!

The [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has developed a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message_Bundles/Lua_reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation in the MetaWiki platform. This means that module developers can now use the new Lua interface to load translatable strings, and the translators can translate them in the same translation interface that is used for templates and wiki pages. 

This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation.   

We invite you to [[commons:File:Translatable_modules_video_demo_July_2025.webm|'''watch our demo video''']] '''and read more about''' [[mw:Translatable_modules|'''translatable modules''']] to understand how it works. '''Please give us your feedback on''' [[mw:Talk:Translatable_modules|'''this talk page''']] on how well the Lua interface addresses the challenges in your workflow and how useful it is in module localization tasks. You can also look at [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]]. which was recently converted to utilize these messages, for example usage.

Your feedback is important as it will help us evaluate and decide how to continue developing and improving this interface, extend it to other wikis, or change our approach. 

Thank you, and we anticipate your honest feedback.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 06:13, 28 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki]
* The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as &quot;Templates used on this page,&quot; will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066]
* On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the &lt;code&gt;Special:RecentChanges&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Special:Watchlist&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Special:RelatedChanges&lt;/code&gt; pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions now has a new capability called &quot;lightweight enumeration types&quot;, an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more.
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions:
** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&amp;t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these].
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 1 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&amp;oldid=29050046 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki]
* The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as &quot;Templates used on this page,&quot; will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066]
* On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the &lt;code&gt;Special:RecentChanges&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Special:Watchlist&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Special:RelatedChanges&lt;/code&gt; pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions now has a new capability called &quot;lightweight enumeration types&quot;, an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more.
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions:
** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&amp;t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these].
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:38, 1 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-39&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ &quot;Listen to Wikipedia&quot;] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator.
* A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#contentmodel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254]
* Adding or editing a &lt;code&gt;DISPLAYTITLE&lt;/code&gt; for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would no longer have the literal text &quot;DISPLAYTITLE&quot; or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. 
* Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:39, 22 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&amp;oldid=29050046 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-40&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]].
* As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]].
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]].
* On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563]
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test.
* The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with &lt;code&gt;sp-contributions-blocked-notice&lt;/code&gt;] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with &lt;code&gt;blocked-notice-logextract&lt;/code&gt;] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed.
* There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[ ] |&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; after the fragment identifier (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|&lt;code&gt;q:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]&lt;/code&gt; function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once.
* A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:35, 29 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
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== Upcoming Dark Mode user interface rollout for anonymous Wikimedia sites users ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}} Wikimedians,

Apologies if this message is not in your language. {{int:please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will launch the Dark mode feature for anonymous users on all Wikimedia sites, including yours, on October 29, 2025.

[[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark mode]] is an option that allows users to view pages in light-coloured text, and icons on a dark background. Once it is available for anonymous users, they can enable it when using various devices. More information on ways to enable it can be found on [[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Dark mode#Options for anyone|this page]].
Given many pages are still not compatible with dark mode this will be an opt-in feature and not automatically apply to pages.

Dark mode requires modifications to content pages and templates, and since our initial launch [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/dark-modes-bright-future-how-dark-mode-will-transform-wikipedias-accessibility/|in July 2024], we have been working with communities and helping them prepare for dark mode. Before the rollout, it is essential that template authors and technical contributors test dark mode and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|this page]] to learn how to make pages Dark mode-ready and address any compatibility issues found in templates.

We will fix most color compatibility issues only on the most-viewed pages on projects with over 5 million monthly page views. Technical contributors with an account should opt into dark mode currently using preferences or settings and test pages and seek help before the release to ensure everything complies before the enablement.

If you have any questions or need help, please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|contact the Reader Experience team]] for support.

Thank you!
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:24, 30 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Apps newsletter – Third quarter of 2025&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot;/&gt;
In this edition, we’ll walk you through the major updates, experiments, and improvements that took place in the Wikipedia mobile apps during July, August, and September.

=== iOS ===

==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing]] ====
* In July, we released the first iteration of Tabbed Browsing to all users.
* Our 30-day A/B test showed mixed but promising results: while logged-out user retention gains were modest compared to Android, survey feedback was overwhelmingly positive (93% rated the feature “Neutral to Very Satisfactory”).
* We continued improvements throughout August and September, including a design review for “More Dynamic Tabs,” a new tab controller, and bug fixes such as inconsistent tab sizing on iPad mini and tooltip issues.
==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review |Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review]] ====
* Work continued on Year in Review upgrades, with spikes exploring features such as sharing entire reviews, custom app icons, and showing which geographies users read about the most.
* We also began preparing overall app data to share richer collective insights.

==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh/Updates|Navigation Refresh]] ====

*We improved code behind the History tab and recent searches to prepare for future navigational changes.

==== Other iOS Updates ====

*Released several app versions (7.8.1 through 7.8.3), with smoke tests completed.
*Resolved numerous bugs including crashes (tooltips, gestures, search), iPad layout issues, and visual problems with captions, Quick Facts, and images in Dark Mode.
*Added a new REST endpoint for remote configuration and upgraded fundraising configurations to support A/B testing.
*Verified continued compatibility with multi-factor authentication (MFA).

=== Android ===

==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment|Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment]] ====

*In August, we launched the Customizable Donation Reminder experiment in Italy. The reminder will allow users to decide if they want to be reminded to donate, and how often.

==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity Tab Experiment]] ====
* By September, we finalized core modules, onboarding, instrumentation, and validation tasks needed for the A/B test of the new Activity Tab against the Edit Tab.
* This marks a major step toward testing whether an Activity space can improve multi-day engagement and retention.

==== Bug Fixes &amp; Improvements ====

*Fixed crashes with image gallery long-press, saved article syncing for Chinese, edit previews, and special links.
*Addressed rendering and Dark Mode issues affecting math tags, GIFs, and citation numbers.

==== Other Android Updates ====

*We released a new beta and conducted multiple regression tests to ensure stability.
*We added a general-purpose remote configuration REST endpoint, aligned with iOS.
*Continued technical debt cleanup, including removing allowMainThreadQueries and adding suspend to DAO functions.
*Upgraded fundraising configuration to support A/B testing.

==== Cross-Platform ====

*Both apps upgraded fundraising A/B test support and created a shared remote configuration REST endpoint.
*We began tracking Account Vanish events on iOS and Android for privacy features.

==== Looking Ahead ====

This quarter marked a big step forward on Tabbed Browsing, Activity Tab, and Year in Review — three projects aimed at making Wikipedia more personal, navigable, and engaging. We also advanced donation experiments and backend improvements to support future flexibility.

Make sure you’re [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Apps updates|subscribed to this newsletter]] to stay in the loop — and thank you for being part of the journey!
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:ARamadan-WMF|ARamadan-WMF]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:07, 14 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-46&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264]
* MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347]
* Using the &quot;{{int:showpreview}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:showdiff}}&quot; buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097]
* Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454]
* The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment]
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called &quot;Image browsing&quot; to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28.
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://meta.wikimedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from &lt;code&gt;&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;mw:&lt;identity type&gt;:&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&lt;identity type&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is typically &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;CentralAuth:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;local:&lt;wiki id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the &lt;code&gt;sessionJwt&lt;/code&gt; cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or emailing other users &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;10&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612]
* A &lt;code&gt;REL1_45&lt;/code&gt; branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/]
* The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:24, 10 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:04, 26 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:40, 23 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&amp;oldid=29050046 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:57, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&amp;oldid=29050046 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use &lt;code&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from thumbnail previews, or &lt;code&gt;class=noviewer&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. 
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class=&quot;wikitable&quot;|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-sort-order=&quot;desc&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page.
* Wikis that wish to replace the &quot;indefinitely&quot; button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change.
* The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited.
* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4).
* Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:36, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)
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'''Fāțima bint Ibrahim ibn Mahmud al-Bațā'ihiyya''' wacce aka fi sani da '''Fatima al-Batayahiyyah''' ta kasance [[Musulmi|musulma]] malamar [[hadisi]] a ƙarni na 8. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Aliyah|first1=Zainab|title=Great Women in Islamic History: A Forgotten Legacy|url=http://www.youngmuslimdigest.com/study/02/2015/great-women-islamic-history-forgotten-legacy/|website=Young Muslim Digest|accessdate=18 February 2015|date=2015-02-02|archive-date=2020-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814130204/https://www.youngmuslimdigest.com/study/02/2015/great-women-islamic-history-forgotten-legacy/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Fatima al-Batayahiyyah ta koyar da [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahihul Bukhari]] a [[Damascus]]. An san ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manya-manyan malamai na wancan lokacin, ta nuna musamman a lokacin [[aikin Hajji]] lokacin da manyan malamai mazan zamanin suka yi ta tururuwa daga nesa don jin magana daga bakin ta Kai tsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Qazi|first1=Moin|title=Women In Islam- Exploring New Paradigms|date=2015|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-9384878030}}&lt;!--|accessdate=27 February 2015--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Da ta tsufa sai ta koma [[Madinah|Madina]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Nadwi|first1=Mohammad Akram|title=Al Muhaddithat: the women scholars in Islam|date=2007|publisher=Interface Publishers|location=London|page=264}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta koyar da dalibanta na kwanaki a [[masallacin Annabi]] da kansa. A duk lokacin da ta gaji, ta kan kwantar da kanta a kan kabarin [[Muhammad|Muhammad (]]S.A.W), ta ci gaba da koyar da dalibanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Suleman and|first1=Mehrunisha|last2=Rajbee|first2=Afaaf|title=The Lost Female Scholars of Islam|url=http://www.emel.com/article?id&amp;a_id=828|website=Emel magazine|publisher=Emel magazine|accessdate=25 February 2015|archive-date=20 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220023646/http://www.emel.com/article?id&amp;a_id=828|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wannan al'adar ta bambanta da abin da ake yi a yau, inda ba a yarda mutane su kalli wurin hutun [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] ba.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Musulmi]]</text>
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    <title>Eric Benhamou</title>
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[[Fayil:Éric Benhamou, 2015.jpg|thumb|Eric Benhamou]]
'''Éric Benhamou''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955 a Tlemcen, [[Aljeriya|Algeria]]) shi ne tsohon Shugaba na 3Com da Palm.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Speakers at Bold Bets event at UC Berkeley (2).jpg|thumb|Eric Benhamou]]
An haife shi a cikin dangin Yahudawa Sephardic wanda ya samo asali daga Toledo, Spain, Benhamou ya bar [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] a shekarar 1960 tare da iyayensa a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Aljeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;HalléSite&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Hallé|first1=Charlotte|title=A Site for Sore Eyes The Israel21c Web site aims to show Americans that there's much more to Israel than the war-torn images they see on TV|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4841073|accessdate=13 May 2019|publisher=Haaretz|date=24 December 2004|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513161411/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4841073|url-status=dead}}Hallé, Charlotte (24 December 2004). &quot;A
Site for Sore Eyes The Israel21c Web site
aims to show Americans that there's much
more to Israel than the war-torn images they
see on TV&quot; . Haaretz. Retrieved 13 May
2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinsa sun zauna a [[Grenoble]], Faransa, inda ya girma kuma ya halarci Lycée Champollion. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Faris|Paris]] kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da &quot;diplôme d'Ingénieur&quot; daga École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers (Ai. 172), shine ƙaramin ɗalibi da ya samu wannan digiri. Daga baya aka ba shi digirin digirgir. A cikin shekarar 1976, yana da shekaru 20, Benhamou ya yi hijira zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Stanford. Ya kammala karatunsa na Master of Science.

=== 3Com da Palm ===
Benhamou ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan software na shekaru da yawa a Zilog, kamfanin majagaba a masana'antar microprocessors, kuma yayi aiki akan Z-Net, tsarin kwamfuta na cibiyar sadarwa na gida na farko na masana'antar. Ya ci gaba da samar da Bridge Communications a shekarar 1981 wanda ya kware a fasahar sadarwar kwamfuta. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa lokacin da kamfanin 3Com ya mallaki kamfanin a shekarar 1987. Bayan shekaru uku, Benhamou ya zama shugaban kamfanin 3Com, mukamin da ya rike tsakanin Satumba 1990 da Disamba 2000. A lokacin aikinsa, 3Com ya girma kusan ninki 20 kuma ya zama kamfani na Fortune 500. A cikin 90s, 3Com ya sayi wasu kamfanonin fasaha 30, mafi girma daga cikinsu a cikin 1997 shine Robotics na Amurka na Chicago. Ya ba da don haɓaka abin da ya zama mafi nasara na kwamfuta na hannu a cikin shekaru goma, Palm Pilot. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iftf.org/what-we-do/who-we-are/advisory-council/eric-benhamou/ Institute for the Future - Eric Benhamou Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728110909/http://www.iftf.org/what-we-do/who-we-are/advisory-council/eric-benhamou/ |date=2017-07-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Benhamou shine mai haɗin gwiwa na gidauniyar ba  don riba ba na ISRAEL21c. 

== Ganewa ==
An yi la'akari da fitaccen ɗan kasuwa, Benhamou ya ci kyautar Nessim Habif a cikin shekarar 1997 daga École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers. Ya yi aiki a PITAC, Majalisar Ba da Shawarar Fasaha ta Shugaban Amurka, wanda Shugaba Bill Clinton ya nada. A cikin shekarar 1998, ya sami Medal of Honor of Ellis Island wanda ke ba da mafi kyawun  baƙi na Amurka.

Bayan aikinsa a matsayin Shugaba na 3Com da Palm, Benhamou ya ci gaba da yin aiki a matsayin shugaban kamfanonin biyu har zuwa lokacin da Hewlett-Packard ya saye su a cikin watan Afrilu 2010. Ya shiga kwamitin Cypress Semiconductor a shekarar 1994 kuma ya zama shugaban hukumar a shekarar 1998. Benhamou ya koyar da harkokin kasuwanci a INSEAD daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2009. Ya shiga hukumar Makarantar Injiniya ta Jami'ar Stanford da Jami'ar Ben-Gurion ta Negev.  A cikin shekarar 2001, ya haɗu da haɗin gwiwar Isra'ila Venture Network, ƙungiyar ba da agaji, kuma ya zama shugabanta. A cikin 2003, Benhamou ya fara babban kamfani na saka hannun jari, Benhamou Global Ventures, kuma ya ci gaba da yin aiki da ƙirƙira da haɓaka sabbin kamfanoni masu farawa a fasahar sadarwa.

== Wa'adi na yanzu ==

* Wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Abokin Hulɗa, Benhamou Global Ventures
* Memba na kwamitin Cypress Semiconductor
* Shugaban Hukumar, Israel Venture Network
* Shugaban Abokan Amurka na Arts et Métiers ParisTech
* Memba na Kwamitin Injiniya na Jami'ar Stanford

== Abubuwan da suka gabata sun ƙare ==

* Shugaba kuma Shugaba na 3Com
* Shugaba kuma Shugaba na Palm

== Kyauta ==

* Nessim Habif Prize 1997
* Medal na Daraja na Ellis Island

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://benhamouglobalventures.com Benhamou Global Ventures]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1955]]
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  <page>
    <title>Esther Farbstein</title>
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'''Esther Farbstein''' an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) ƴar tarihi ce ta Isra'ila, mai bincike, marubuciya, kuma malama. An yi la'akari da babban malamin Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) na [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], ta mai da hankali kan karatun ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Ta gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust, sannan kuma ta kula da shigar da ilimin Holocaust a makarantun 'yan mata na Haredi. A cikin shekarata 1994, ta kafa kuma ta zama shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Michlalah–Jerusalem College a Bayit Vegan, [[Jerusalem]]. Ita ce marubuciya litattafai da yawa, labarai, da litattafai a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Esther Heine a cikin dangin Gerrer Hasidic a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] a cikin  shekarar 1946. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=Farbstein, Esther |url=https://viaf.org/viaf/31677668/ |publisher=[[Virtual International Authority File]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;aish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pearson |first=Liba |date=28 July 2007 |title=Hidden in Thunder |url=http://www.aish.com/ho/i/48915552.html |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=[[Aish HaTorah|aish.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yar Rabbi Yehuda Leib Heine, babbar jika ce ta Rebbe na huɗu na daular Ger Hasidic, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, wanda aka fi sani da ''Imrei Emes''. &lt;ref name=&quot;aish&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;besheva&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shenor |first=Ravital |date=1 January 2014 |title=חיים יהודיים בצל המוות |trans-title=Jewish Life in the Shadow of Death |url=https://www.inn.co.il/Besheva/Article.aspx/2267 |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=[[B'Sheva]] |language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;jon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenblum |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Rosenblum |date=7 February 2008 |title=Two on Rebbetzin Farbstein's Hidden in Thunder |url=https://cross-currents.com/2008/02/07/two-on-rebbetzin-farbstiens-hidden-in-thunder/ |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=Cross Currents}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta girma a cikin shekaru daidai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gidanta na ƙuruciyarta yakan ba da masauki ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust waɗanda ba su da wurin zama. &lt;ref name=&quot;aish&quot; /&gt;

Ta kuma kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Contemporary Jewry daga [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;besheva&quot;/&gt; Ta rubuta karatun digirinta na 1984 a karkashin jagorancin masanin Holocaust na Isra'ila [[Yehuda Bauer]], kan batun &quot;Ceto Shugabannin Hasidic a zamanin Holocaust&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;kimmy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Caplan |first=Kimmy |year=2001 |title=Have 'Many Lies Accumulated in History Books'? — The Holocaust in Ashkenazi Haredi Historical Consciousness in Israel |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/academic/the-holocaust-in-ashkenazi-haredi-historical-consciousness-in-israel.html#footnoteref89_ltf0wwf |journal=[[Yad Vashem#Yad Vashem Studies|Yad Vashem Studies]] |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] |volume=29 |pages=321–376}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a matsayin babbar malama a makarantar ’yan mata ta Horeb da ke Urushalima. &lt;ref name=&quot;inn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sylvetsky |first=Rachel |date=7 April 2013 |title=Shoah Education: Je-m College Reaches Out to Teens |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/166831 |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=[[Arutz Sheva|Israel National News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1994, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Kwalejin Michlalah-Jerusalem, ta zama shugabanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;aish&quot;/&gt;

== Holocaust malanta ==
Ana ɗaukar Farbstein a matsayin jagoran Haredi masanin Holocaust. &lt;ref name=&quot;dark&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chizhik-Goldschmidt |first=Avital |date=31 October 2016 |title=After Decades of Holocaust Legends, ultra-Orthodox Community Confronts the Dark Facts |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium.MAGAZINE-after-decades-of-holocaust-legends-ultra-orthodox-face-dark-facts-1.5455298 |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=Haaretz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyar iliminta, wanda ya dogara da cikakkun bayanai na tarihi da takaddun shaida, ya bambanta da tsawon shekaru da yawa na dogara da duniyar Haredi akan al'adun baka, tatsuniyoyi, da hagiography. &lt;ref name=&quot;dark&quot; /&gt; Farbstein ya ce: &quot;Lokacin da na koyar da tarihin Holocaust a cikin al'ummata, na ce, 'Kada ku yi nazari ba tare da tushe ba, ba tare da cikakkun bayanai ba'. Babu ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo a nan. Idan na ba da lacca kuma na ga cewa masu sauraro suna kuka, ina tsammanin lacca ta ƙasa &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;dark&quot; /&gt;

Binciken Farbstein ya mayar da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Juriya ta ruhaniya-kamar ci gaba da kiyaye mitzvah a cikin ghettos da sansanonin tattarawa, ƙoƙarin riƙe ɗan adam ko da yayin da ake bi da su a matsayin ɗan adam, da kuma gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin dokar Yahudawa ( ''she'ilot'' ) kan batutuwan rayuwa da mutuwa—malaman duniya sun yi watsi da su da yawa don goyon bayan nazarin juriya ta jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;jon&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;aish&quot;/&gt;

Farbstein ya nuna niyyar ƙalubalantar ƙarshen ƙarshen masana tarihi na duniya da na addini a cikin bincikenta. Misali na farko shine nazarinta na jawabin da Rabbi Mordechai na Bilgoray ya yi kafin ya bar Hungary tare da Belzer Rebbe . Masu bincike na duniya sun kammala cewa wannan jawabin ya tabbatar da cewa malamai sun yi watsi da al’ummarsu sa’ad da suke fuskantar barazanar Nazi, ko kuma aƙalla sun yi ƙoƙari su yaudare su game da haɗarin da ke tafe. &lt;ref name=&quot;jon&quot;/&gt; Farbstein yana haɓaka zaɓi na uku: cewa shugabannin rabbin da kansu ba su da masaniya game da babban haɗarin da ke rataye a kan Yahudanci na Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;color&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gutel |first=Neria |date=4 April 2003 |title=Colored by Love and Hatred |url=https://www.haaretz.com/life/books/1.4751960 |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=Haaretz |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217062602/https://www.haaretz.com/life/books/1.4751960 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali na karshen shi ne labarin da aka yi ta yadawa na daliban Bais Yaakov 93 a Kraków Ghetto wadanda suka kashe kansu fiye da yadda masu garkuwa da su Jamus suka lalata su, suna bayyana shawararsu a cikin wata wasika mai kwanan wata 11 ga Agusta 1942. &lt;ref name=&quot;color&quot; /&gt; Yayin da aka maimaita wannan labarin a cikin tarurrukan jama'a a Isra'ila kuma ana koyar da su a makarantun addini a matsayin misali na shahadar Yahudawa, Farbstein ya yi nazari akan sahihancin takardun da kuma nauyin shaida akasin haka kuma ya kammala da cewa &quot;duk labarin da wasiƙar duka abubuwa ne na wallafe-wallafe-wallafe-wallafe maimakon tushen tarihi&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;color&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;dark&quot;/&gt; Judith Kalik ta kwatanta tsarin Farbstein a matsayin &quot;bincike na tushen tushe da ... kaifi sukar binciken da ake yi&quot;.  Marubucin Haredi Jonathan Rosenblum ya kira Farbstein &quot;masanin tarihi mai fada&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;jon&quot; /&gt;

Farbstein ta kuma gano sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust. Wata sabuwar hanya ita ce ayyukan rabbin da marubucin ya rubuta game da nasa gogewar Holocaust a gabatarwa. Tun da ''sefer'' kanta ba ta da alaƙa da Holocaust, masu binciken Holocaust na baya sun yi watsi da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;jp&quot; /&gt; Tare da Dr. Nathan Cohen na Jami'ar Bar-Ilan, Farbstein ya samo fiye da ayyukan rabbin 100 waɗanda suka haɗa da asusun Holocaust na sirri a cikin gabatarwar, kuma ya shigar da su a cikin bayanan da ake kira Rabbis' Memoirs Project. An fitar da wannan bayanan ga jama'a akan CD a cikin Janairu a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;jp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leibowitz-Schmidt |first=Shira |date=24 January 2007 |title=The Day the Rabbi Ate Grass |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/The-day-the-rabbi-ate-grass |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin rashin takardun, Farbstein ya bi sababbin kafofin don tabbatar da labarin da Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Meisels ya buga game da shi yana busa shofar a kan Rosh Hashana a Auschwitz don gungun yara maza da matasa 1,400 da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa da gas a washegari. Ta tambayi kowane ɗayan masu sauraron karatunta na tsawon shekaru ko sun san wani wanda ya ji wannan busa. A haka ta gano wasu shaidu goma da suka tabbatar da faruwar lamarin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herzig |first=Gur Aryeh |date=15 January 2015 |title=Holocaust Shock: 'Blitzkreig' against Hungarian Jewry – An interview with Rebbetzin Esther Farbstein |url=https://issuu.com/hamodia/docs/inyan_jan_15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811163801/https://issuu.com/hamodia/docs/inyan_jan_15/ |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=[[Hamodia]] |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri kan ilimin Holocaust a makarantun Haredi ==
{{Quote box}}
&lt;ref name=&quot;rotem&quot; /&gt; .&lt;ref name=&quot;besheva&quot;/&gt;Farbstein ya kasance mai ƙwazo a bayan haɗa karatun Holocaust cikin tsarin karatun makarantun 'yan mata na addini.  Tana gudanar da tarurrukan horar da malamai a tsarin makarantar [[Bais Yaakov]], da wasu tsarin makarantun Hasidic kamar [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Vizhnitz]] da [[Belz (Hasidic dynasty)|Belz]], da kuma makarantar [[Yad Vashem]] na malaman Holocaust. &lt;ref name=&quot;rotem2&quot; /&gt; Ta samar da nau'ikan karatu da gajerun fina-finai na gaskiya don taimakawa a cikin ilimin Holocaust

Shekaru da dama, ba a koyar da wannan batu a makarantun Haredi, a babban bangare saboda adawar al'umma ga ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya cewa &quot;su kadaici takardun&quot;, sun soki malaman Turai don ƙarfafa garken su su kasance a Turai maimakon ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu, kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa wadanda abin ya shafa sun tafi ga mutuwarsu &quot; kamar tumaki zuwa yanka &quot;.  &quot;Ba tare da shakka ba, a farkon shekarun da suka gabata, akwai fargabar cewa idan suka yi maganin Holocaust, tambayoyi da yawa za su taso,&quot; in ji Farbstein. Ta yi imanin tsarinta na ilimi yana ɗaukar nazarin Holocaust daga fagen &quot;hankali&quot;, kuma zuwa &quot;ilimin tarihi cikin tsari&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;rotem&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2012, Farbstein ya ƙirƙiri gasa ta kan layi don gwada ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na Isra'ila kan iliminsu na abubuwan da suka faru na Holocaust. Gasar farko ta dogara ne akan tarihin [[Warsaw Ghetto]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kleiger |first=Noah |date=27 December 2012 |title=Quiz contest aims to kindle teens' interest in Shoah |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4325243,00.html |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=[[Ynetnews]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farbstein akai-akai yana gabatar da laccoci akan batutuwan Holocaust a cikin taron ƙasa da ƙasa da tarukan karawa juna sani ga jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;dark&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=International Conference: The Future of Holocaust Testimonies II |url=http://www.gfh.org.il/eng/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/testimonycon.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022030/http://www.gfh.org.il/eng/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/testimonycon.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 December 2018 |publisher=[[Western Galilee College]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=He Who Saves One Life… Jewish Heroism in the Holocaust |url=http://www.michlala.edu/info/files/english.pdf |access-date=8 December 2018 |publisher=Michlalah–Jerusalem College |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110519/http://www.michlala.edu/info/files/english.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2016 |title=International Conference: 'Always Hungarian': The Jews of Hungary through the vicissitudes of the modern era |url=http://www.dahancenter.co.il/.upload/Always%20Hungarian8.5.16.pdf |access-date=8 December 2018 |publisher=[[Bar Ilan University]] |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217062658/http://www.dahancenter.co.il/.upload/Always%20Hungarian8.5.16.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ta auri Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Farbstein, rosh yeshiva (dean) na Hebron Yeshiva . &lt;ref name=&quot;jon&quot;/&gt; Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya bakwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;dark&quot;/&gt;

== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==

=== Littattafai ===

; Ibrananci

* {{Cite book}}
* {{Cite book}} (co-authored with Asaf Yedidya and Nathan Cohen)
* {{Cite book}}

; Turanci

* {{Interlanguage link|Hidden in Thunder|he|בסתר רעם}}; {{Cite book}} (2 vol.)
* {{Cite book}}
* {{Cite book}} (2 vol.)

=== Ayyukan da aka gyara ===

* {{Cite book}}
* {{Cite book}}

=== Monographs ===

* {{Cite book}}
* {{Cite book}}

=== Labarun da aka zaɓa a cikin Turanci ===

* {{Cite journal |year=1998 |title=Diaries and Memoirs as a Historical Source – The Diary and Memoir of a Rabbi at the 'Konin House of Bondage' |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203134.pdf |journal=Yad Vashem Studies |volume=XXVI |pages=87–128}}
* {{Cite journal |date=June 2004 |title=Rabbis in the Holocaust: Captains of a Sinking Ship |url=http://www.acpr.org.il/nativ_e/098-099-nativ-toc.htm#Rabbis%20in%20the%20Holocaust |journal=Nativ |volume=16 |issue=3–4 |access-date=2025-06-23 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130013946/http://www.acpr.org.il/nativ_e/098-099-nativ-toc.htm#Rabbis%20in%20the%20Holocaust |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Farbstein |first=Ester |year=2005 |title=A Close-Up View of a Judenrat: The memoirs of Pnina Weiss—wife of a member of the first Judenrat in Warsaw |url=https://www.academia.edu/34149086 |journal=Yad Vashem Studies |pages=61–99}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Farbstein |first=Ester |year=2007 |title='Steady Until Sunset': Sermons in a French Internment Camp during the Holocaust |url=https://www.academia.edu/33942035 |journal=Modern Judaism |pages=1–28}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Farbstein |first=Esther |date=May 2007 |title=Sermons Speak History: Rabbinic Dilemmas in Internment between Metz and Auschwitz |journal=Modern Judaism |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=146–172 |doi=10.1093/mj/kjm007 |jstor=30130924}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://michlalah.academia.edu/esterfarbstein Shafin Esther Farbstein a Kwalejin Michlalah-Jerusalem]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Farid Ghadry</title>
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'''Farid Al-Ghadry''' ( [[Larabci]] [[Tarayyar Amurka|:]] فريد الغادري) (An haife shi a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1954) ɗan asalin [[Siriya]] ne kuma wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Reform Party ta Siriya a yanzu, jam'iyyar da ke fafutukar neman sauyi a Siriya. An kwatanta Al-Ghadry da Ahmed Chalabi ɗan gudun hijira na Iraqi wanda ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙwato ƙasar sa daga hannun [[Saddam Hussein]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Blumenthal|first=Max|title=On Naksa Day, unarmed resistance sends Israel into violent contortions|url=http://maxblumenthal.com/2011/06/on-naksa-day-unarmed-resistance-sends-israel-into-violent-contortions/|access-date=7 October 2012|date=6 June 2011|archive-date=18 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318074746/http://maxblumenthal.com/2011/06/on-naksa-day-unarmed-resistance-sends-israel-into-violent-contortions/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Abraham|first=Salim|title=&quot;Farid Ghadry, Syria's Chalabi: From Washington to Damascus,&quot; by Salim Abraham|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/?p=202|publisher=Syria Comment|access-date=7 October 2012|date=25 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Eaves|first=Elisabeth|title=To Be Chalabi, or Not To Be|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_best_policy/2005/02/to_be_chalabi_or_not_to_be.html|access-date=7 October 2012|newspaper=Slate|date=7 February 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/12/13/a_hungry_eye_for_damascus/ | work=The Boston Globe | first=H.D.S. | last=Greenway | title=A hungry eye for Damascus? | date=13 December 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Weisman|first=Alan|title=Richard Perle: Grooming the Next Ahmad Chalabi|url=http://www.washington-report.org/component/content/article/316/5675-richard-perle-grooming-the-next-ahmad-chalabi.html|work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|access-date=7 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/28/news/OE-WEISMAN28 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Alan | last=Weisman | title='Heroes' in waiting | date=28 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leupp |first=Gary |title=A Syrian Chalabi? An Ominous Neocon Gathering |url=http://www.mathaba.net/z.htm?http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Dec05/Leupp1222.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221225325/http://www.mathaba.net/z.htm?http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Dec05/Leupp1222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2013 |work=Dissident Voice |access-date=7 October 2012 |date=22 December 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
       

== Rayuwar sirri ==
An haifi Ghadry a [[Aleppo|birnin Aleppo]] na ƙasar Siriya, amma a shekara ta 1964 danginsa sun yi hijira zuwa [[Beirut]] na [[Lebanon|kasar Lebanon]] saboda rikicin siyasa. A can ya halarci Makarantar Brothers ta Maristes (Champville - Deek-el-Mehdi). A cikin shekarar 1975, dangin Ghadry sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka kuma suka zauna a bayan gari na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] Ghadry ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington DC a cikin shekarar 1979 tare da digiri a fannin kuɗi da tallace-tallace.

Ghadry, saboda aikin mahaifinsa, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Saudiyya. A cikin watan Satumban 2007, shugaban Syria Bashar al-Assad ya soke Ghadry zama dan ƙasar Syria bayan Ghadry ya bayyana a gaban kwamitin harkokin waje da tsaro na Knesset na Isra'ila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yoav Stern|year=2007|title=Assad revokes citizenship of politician who visited Knesset|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/903775.html|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=29 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829162654/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/903775.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ghadry yana da yara huɗu. Ana kuma san shi a Amurka da &quot;Frank Ghadry.&quot; Ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na Makarantar Norwood a Bethesda, [[Maryland]], kuma ya jagoranci Babban Kamfen na Crew a St. Albans da Makarantun Cathedral na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mideast dissidents speak put |url=http://diplomacy.shu.edu/news/enews.html |work=John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations |date=4 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404061736/http://diplomacy.shu.edu/news/enews.html |archive-date=April 4, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ghadry ya yi aiki a EG&amp;G Intertech Inc., reshen EG&amp;amp;amp;G, ɗan kwangilar tsaron Amurka na Fortune 500, na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya fara kasuwancin nasa, International TechGroup Inc., a cikin shekarar 1983. Wannan kamfani ya kasance na Washington kuma ya samar da software don Sojojin ruwa na Amurka don ƙididdige ajiyayyun takardu akan masu jigilar jirage. Ya sayar da wannan kasuwancin a shekarar 1989. A shekarar 1990, ya fara siyan tsoffin kwamfutoci na Soviet da kuma tuɓe su don yin zinare. Sauran kasuwancin sun haɗa da Kamfanin Kofi na Hannibal, jerin shagunan kofi waɗanda suka yi fatara a cikin shekarar 1996.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/830/from-hama-to-hamas-syrias-islamist-policies Daga Hama zuwa Hamas: Manufofin Islama na Siriya], Farid Ghadry, ''Cibiyar manufofin Yahudawa kwata-kwata'', Sprint 2009
* Appearances  
* [https://archive.today/20130222002752/http://www.mathaba.net/0_index.shtml?x=496486 Chalabi na Siriya?], Gary Leupp, Farfesa na Tarihi a Jami'ar Tufts, 24 Disamba 2005
* [http://www.haaretz.com/news/exiled-syrian-opposition-leader-to-visit-knesset-next-month-1.221499 Shugaban 'yan adawar Syria da ke gudun hijira zai ziyarci Knesset a wata mai zuwa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019150242/https://www.haaretz.com/news/exiled-syrian-opposition-leader-to-visit-knesset-next-month-1.221499 |date=2017-10-19 }}, ''Ha'aretz'', 27 ga Mayu 2007
* [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3411213,00.html MKs Larabawa sun kai hari kan shugaban Syria] Amnon Meranda, ''Ynetnews'', Yuni 11, 2007
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Fola Adeola</title>
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[[Fayil:Fola.jpg|thumb|Fola Adeola]]
'''Tajudeen Afolabi Adeola''' Hamshakin ɗan kasuwa ne kuma dan kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. Shi ne wanda ya kafa [[Bankin Guaranty Trust|Guaranty Trust Bank]] (GTBank Plc.),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.recordsng.com/2016/04/fola-adeola-biography-gtbank.html|title=Fola Adeola biography, Founder GTbank|last=Ewowenye|first=Dan O.|website=www.recordsng.com|access-date=2018-01-18|archive-date=2018-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060634/http://www.recordsng.com/2016/04/fola-adeola-biography-gtbank.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; memba na Hukumar Afirka, da kuma wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban gidauniyar FATE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.commissionforafrica.info/commissioners|title=Commissioners|publisher=The Commission for Africa|accessdate=9 July 2010|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730115615/http://www.commissionforafrica.info/commissioners|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fatefoundation.com/aboutChairman.htm|title=Fola Adeola Founder/Chairman of the Board FATE Foundation|publisher=The FATE Foundation Lagos|accessdate=9 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710225637/http://www.fatefoundation.com/aboutChairman.htm|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Adeola ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Methodist Boys High School, Legas. Ya samu Diploma a fannin Accounting a [[Yaba College of Technology|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] a shekarar 1975 kuma ya zama Chartered Accountant a shekarar 1980 bayan horon da ya yi da Deloitte, Haskins and Sells da DO Dafinone &amp; Company (dukansu Chartered Accountants). A cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya sami horon haɓɓaka ƙwararru a manyan cibiyoyi a duniya ciki har da Harvard Business School, INSEAD, da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Gudanarwa ta Duniya a Switzerland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.folaadeola.org/ |title=Fola Adeola |publisher=Fola Adeola |accessdate=26 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320024015/http://folaadeola.org/ |archivedate=20 March 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Fola.jpg|thumb|Fola Adeola]]
A shekarar 1999 ya kammala hutun shekara guda a [[Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta ƙasa|Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta Kasa]] da ke [[Kuru, Nigeria|Kuru]], [[Jos]], [[Najeriya]], inda ya gudanar da bincike kan manufofin bunƙasa tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi.

== Sashin masu zaman kansu ==
A 1990, ya (haɗin-gwiwa da Tayo Aderinokun) ya kafa bankin [[Bankin Guaranty Trust|Guaranty Trust Bank]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta da Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa daga 1990 zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-16 |title=Tajudeen Fola Adeola: One of the Pillars of Modern Banking Hits 68 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/01/16/tajudeen-fola-adeola-one-of-the-pillars-of-modern-banking-hits-68/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tuni dai bankin ya faɗaɗa fiye da Najeriya zuwa wasu ƙasashe makwabta na Afirka ( [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Saliyo]], [[Ghana]] da [[Laberiya]] ) da kuma [[Birtaniya|kasar Ingila]]. A shekarar 1996, bankin ya shiga cikin [[Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Najeriya|kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.gtbank.com/about/our-company/history|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.gtbank.com}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2002, Adeola ya yi ritaya ta raɗin kansa daga bankin Guaranty Trust, bayan shekaru goma sha biyu, inda ya miƙa wa mataimakinsa Tayo Aderinokun jan ragamar aikin. Tun daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban UTC, ARM, [[Lotus Capital]], [[Eterna Oil]], [[CardinalStone Partners Limited]], [[Tafsan Breweries]] (memba na hukumar), da [[Credit Registry Services]].

Har ila yau, shi ne shugaban Kamfanin (Main One Cable Company Limited)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mainonecable.com/board|title=MainOne Board of Directors|website=www.mainonecable.com|access-date=2018-01-03|archive-date=2012-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720064000/http://www.mainonecable.com/board|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kammala aikin gina hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar kebul na ƙarƙashin ruwa mai nisan kilomita 14,000 da kuma samar da hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙasa da ƙasa da intanet zuwa ƙasashen da ke gaɓar tekun Atlantika daga [[Portugal]] zuwa Legas a shekarar 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mainonecable.com/board.php/|title=Fola Adeola Main One Chairman|publisher=MainOne Cable Company|accessdate=26 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620171259/http://mainonecable.com/board.php|archive-date=20 June 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bangaren jama'a ==
Adeola ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban hukumar fansho ta ƙasa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=NorthWindProject.com|title=Past Members of the Board {{!}} National Pension Commission|url=https://www.pencom.gov.ng/category/our-legacy/past-members-of-the-board/|access-date=2021-03-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; biyo bayan ƙaddamar da dokar fansho (wanda shi ne ya rubuta shi), da [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisar dokokin Najeriya ta yi]]. Ya jagoranci kwamitin ba da agajin bala'o'i na jihar Legas da aka kafa bayan fashewar makamai a Legas a ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, 2002. Ya kasance ɗan takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyyar ACN a matsayin mataimakin tsohon shugaban hukumar yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa (EFCC) Nuhu Ribadu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2011.

Adeola ya kasance mamba a kwamitin karramawa da karramawa na ƙasa kuma an naɗa shi mamba a majalisar gudanarwa ta [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|jami’ar jihar Legas]] a watan Nuwamba 2004. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin kula da ma’adanai (gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa) kuma ya kasance shugaban kwamitin asusun tallafawa ci gaban jihar Ogun. Ya kasance kansila a Jami'ar Jihar Legas kuma har zuwa 17 ga Janairu 2011 ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fola Adeola’s Midas Touch|url=https://topcelebrities.com.ng/fola-adeolas-midas-touch/|date=2015-04-07|website=Top Celebrities Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin jama'a ==
Adeola ya kafa gidauniyar FATE a shekara ta 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fatefoundation.com/aboutChairman.htm|title=Fola Adeola Founder/Chairman of the Board FATE Foundation|publisher=The FATE Foundation Lagos|accessdate=9 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710225637/http://www.fatefoundation.com/aboutChairman.htm|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; FATE ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke da niyyar ƙarfafa kasuwanci, ta yin amfani da haɗin gwiwar horarwa, jagoranci, tallafin lamuni da tuntuɓa don tallafawa matasan Najeriya. Ya zuwa yanzu, gidauniyar ta yi hidima ga matasa ƴan kasuwa a Najeriya sama da 30,000, waɗanda sama da kashi 65% na sana'o'insu ke da cikakken aiki kuma suna daukar ma'aikata kusan mutane hudu a aiki.

FATE ta buɗe wata cibiyar kirkire-kirkire a [[Abeokuta]], Cibiyar Zane ta Kasuwanci, tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Zane a Jami'ar Stanford, wacce ke gudanar da wani shiri na kasuwanci wanda ya mayar da hankali kan aikin injiniya, fasaha, da kirkire-kirkire, wanda ke da nufin inganta ci gaban masana'antu a Najeriya.

Adeola ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Duniya kan Tallafawa Tattalin Arziki na Duniya na tsawon shekaru huɗu. A cikin 2001, an gayyace shi don shiga cikin wasu shugabannin kasuwanci ashirin da huɗu don Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Aspen ISIB Annual Business Leaders Dialogue a [[Aspen, Colorado]]. A watan Mayun 2004, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Tony Blair]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.commissionforafrica.info/commissioners|title=Commissioners|publisher=The Commission for Africa|accessdate=9 July 2010|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730115615/http://www.commissionforafrica.info/commissioners|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya naɗa shi Kwamishinan Hukumar na Afirka. 

Ya kasance mamba ne na kansila, Hakazalika memba ne na Cibiyar Kula da Akantoci ta Najeriya ; Abokin Cibiyar Daraktocin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UK Eke, MFR {{!}} FBNHoldings|url=https://www.fbnholdings.com/leadership/uk-eke-mfr/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808064937/https://www.fbnholdings.com/leadership/uk-eke-mfr/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Past Board Members Of PENCOM|url=https://orientalnewsng.com/meet-past-board-members-of-pencom/|last=orientalnewsng|date=2018-11-19|website=Oriental News Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girmamawa da kyaututtuka ==
Shugaban ƙasa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ne ya yi masa ado a matsayin [[Order of the Federal Republic|jami’in kula da oda na Tarayyar Tarayya]] (OFR) a watan Disamba 2002. Yana da digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Nkumba, [[Ntebbe]], [[Uganda]]. Ma'aikacin Banki na Goma a cikin 2009 ta ƙungiyar Jaridar [[Vanguard (Nijeriya)|Vanguard]]. Kyautar Shahararrun tsofaffin ɗalibai daga [[Yaba College of Technology|Yaba Tech]] Shugabancin Zik a 2003. Kyautar This Day Awards ta 2011 - Masu Canje-canje a Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/socialchangemakers|title=ThisDay Awards 2011|publisher=ThisDay|accessdate=26 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403225110/http://www.thisdaylive.com/socialchangemakers|archive-date=3 April 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Adeola ya auri Hajara, kuma suna da ‘ya’ya shida.

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.fatefoundation.com KADDARA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125231010/https://fatefoundation.com/ |date=2023-11-25 }}
[[Category:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ijebu, Owo</title>
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'''Ijebu''' Owo birni ne, da ke Oyo, ƙaramar hukumar [[Ondo (jiha)|jihar Ondo]], a kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Yaduwar al'adun kotuna yana gudana ta bangarori biyu a tsakanin masarautun Ijebu da Owo tun daga karni na sha bakwai har zuwa yau.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Exchange of Art and Ideas: The [[Benin]],
Owo, and Ijebu Kingdoms&quot;. metmuseum.org. Retrieved 13 December
2013.&lt;/ref&gt;  Al’adar baka ta yi ikirarin cewa wadanda suka kafa ‘ya’yan Ojugbelu Arere ne, Olowo na farko na Owo wanda ya kasance zuriyar [[Oduduwa]], wanda ya fara mulkin [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]]. &lt;ref&gt;Smith (1988), ''Kingdoms of the Yoruba'', p.51.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiran sarkin garin [[Ojomo Oluda]] kuma mai ci Ojomo Oluda shine Oba (Sarki) [[Kofoworola Oladoyinbo Ojomo]], Janar mai ritaya na Sojojin [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Rumble in [[Ijebu, Owo]]&quot;. Vanguard
News. Retrieved June 28, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Yanayi ==
A Owo, lokacin damina na da zafi, da raɗaɗi, da kuma giza-gizai kuma lokacin rani yana da zafi, mai ɗimbin yawa, kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare. A tsawon shekara, yawan karfin zafi ya bambanta daga 65 ° F zuwa 89 ° F kuma yana da wuya a kasa 59 ° F ko sama da 94 ° F.&lt;ref&gt;https://weatherspark.com/y/51416/Average-Weather-in-Owo-Nigeria-Year-Round&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fitattun mutane ==

* [[Agboola Ojomo Agunloye]]
* [[Engr Richard Omotayo Adewale (ASAE)]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Finding Hillywood (fim)</title>
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'''''Finding Hillywood''''' fim ne game da abinda ya faru da gaske na shekarar 2013 wanda ke nazarin masana'antar fina-finai da ke tasowa a Ruwanda (masana'antada aka fi sani da Hillywood a yanzu).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2014-08-21 |title=The Academy Explores Rwanda Film Industry With &amp;quot;Finding Hillywood&amp;quot; Screening In NYC |url=https://www.oscars.org/news/academy-explores-rwanda-film-industry-finding-hillywood-screening-nyc |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Oscars.org {{!}} Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Takaitaccen bayani ==
Fim ɗin yana gabatarwa da masu kallo zuwa farkon masana'antar fim ta Rwanda, manyan membobin Hillywood kamar Ayuub Kasasa Mago, da Eric Kabera, tare da tasirinta ga 'yan Rwanda. 

== Kyauta ==
* Best Documentary, Rainier Independent Film Fest (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Awards |url=https://rainier.film/awards |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=RAINIER INDEPENDENT FILM FESTIVAL |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Audience Award, Napa Film Festival (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Finding Hillywood {{!}} Inflatable Film {{!}} Feature Documentary |url=https://www.inflatablefilm.com/finding-hillywood/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Inflatable Film |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Critic’s Award at Sebastopol Documentary Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Finding Hillywood {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/films/finding-hillywood/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Best Pacific Northwest Film, Eugene International Film Fest (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Emily |date=2016-07-21 |title=Finding Hillywood |url=https://www.eugenefilmfest.org/blog/finding-hollywood/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Eugene International Film Festival |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Best Mid-Length Doc, [[Montreal International Black Film Festival|Montreal Black Film Fest]] (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/the-retrieval-and-small-small-thing-receive-top-honnor-at-the-9th-montreal-international-black-film-festival-513025211.html |title=The retrieval and Small small thing receive top honnor at the 9th Montreal International Black Film Festival |publisher=Newswire.ca |date=2013-09-29 |accessdate=2022-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 3rd Prize, Afghanistan Human Rights Festival (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-10-10 |title=Second Afghanistan Human Rights Film Festival ends with awards and prizes ceremony |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/second-afghanistan-human-rights-film-festival-ends-awards-and-prizes-ceremony |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UNAMA |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805225834/https://unama.unmissions.org/second-afghanistan-human-rights-film-festival-ends-awards-and-prizes-ceremony |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bukukuwa ==
* 2013: [[Seattle International Film Festival]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SIFF Announces First Lineup of Films From the 2013 Festival |url=https://www.siff.net/news/press/press-releases/siff-announces-first-lineup-of-films-from-the-2013-festival |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.siff.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013: [[Bahamas International Film Festival]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Robbins |first=Caryn |title=Bahamas Int'l Film Festival 2013 Lineup Revealed |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Bahamas-Intl-Film-Festival-2013-Lineup-Revealed-2013111458 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: [[FilmAid]] Film Festival

==Manazarta==
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  <page>
    <title>Falling (fim na 2015)</title>
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Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorlolo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2015/06/30/falling-set-for-release-in-september/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702085100/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2015/06/30/falling-set-for-release-in-september/ |archive-date=2 July 2015 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Connect Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=5 May 2015 |title=Actress stars alongside Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy in 'Falling' |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/adesua-etomi-actress-stars-alongside-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-in-falling-id3725903.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719053641/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/adesua-etomi-actress-stars-alongside-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-in-falling-id3725903.html |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim din ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa.

== Tsarin labari ==
Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kudaden da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata.

'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri.

Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau.

Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta.

Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare.

A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya yi a baya.

A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai.

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna
* [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh
* [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi
* [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina
* [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa
* [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba
* [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa

== Fitarwa da saki ==
An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]]_Isong_Oguamanam&quot; id=&quot;mwRQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Uduak Isong Oguamanam&quot;&gt;Uduak Isong Oguamanam a matsayin mai shirya fim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, &quot;Falling&quot; |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221606/http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi &amp; Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's &quot;Falling&quot; |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uduak ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana.  

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Mai karɓa
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]]
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo
|Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730180303/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=21 April 2016 |publisher=Newvision.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo
|Adesua Etomi|{{Won}}
|}

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Ghislain Konan</title>
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'''Ghislain N'Clomande Konan''' (an haife shi 27 Disamba 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Ivory Coast wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar Al-Fayha ta Saudi Pro League, a kan aro daga [[Al-Nassr|Al Nassr]], da kuma [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ivory Coast]] .

== Aikin kulob ==
Konan ya fara wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a cikin Segunda Liga na Portuguese don Vitória SC B a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2016 a wasan da Atlético CP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/02/17/portugal/liga-de-honra/atletico-clube-do-portugal/vitoria-guimaraes-ii/2068987/|title=Game Report by Soccerway|date=17 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya buga wasansa na farko na Primeira Liga don Vitória SC akan 10 Disamba 2016, lokacin da ya buga duka wasan a nasarar 2-1 akan Boavista.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/12/10/portugal/portuguese-liga-/boavista/vitoria-guimaraes/2284837/|title=Game Report by Soccerway|date=10 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Konan ya rattaba hannu kan Stade de Reims kan kudi fan miliyan 3.6 daga Vitória SC a lokacin bazara na 2017. Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka doke OGC Nice da ci 1-0.

A cikin Yuli 2022, ya koma kulob din [[Al-Nassr|Al Nassr]] na Saudi Pro kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=L'Équipe|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-ghislain-konan-en-fin-de-contrat-a-reims-signe-a-al-nassr/1342325|title=Transferts : Ghislain Konan, en fin de contrat à Reims, signe à Al-Nassr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Joueur ivoirien et guinéen 24.jpg|thumb|Ghislain Konan]]
A ranar 4 ga Satumba 2023, Al Nassr ya aika Konan kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci ga takwaransa na Saudi Pro League ta Al-Fayha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2023 |title=كونان فيحاوي لمدة موسم واحد |trans-title=Konan at Al-Fayha for one season |url=https://www.alfiha.com/blog/140 |access-date= |website= |publisher=Al-Fayha |language=ar |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224163641/https://www.alfiha.com/blog/140 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Konan ya fara buga wa [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] wasa a gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 da suka yi da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mali|Mali]] a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=276412/match=300367115/index.html#lineups|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819063047/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=276412/match=300367115/index.html#lineups|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2016|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™    - Matches - Mali-Ivory Coast - FIFA.com|first=|last=FIFA.com|website=FIFA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kanon ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Ivory Coast a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021, kuma ya buga dukkan wasanni hudu da kungiyar ta buga a matsayin wanda ya fara wasan baya na hagu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/team/squad/_/id/4789/league/CAF.NATIONS/season/2021|title=Ivory Coast Squad|access-date=16 January 2024|website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Joueur ivoirien 02.jpg|thumb|Ghislain Konan]]
A watan Disambar 2023, Konan ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Ivory Coast da za su taka leda a [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2023]] da suka kawo karshen gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/federationivoiriennedefootball/posts/pfbid02GVkTYXjhv2yBQizHRNxngTGoMrFLXgcUg3kQeXgEk3gZ158w6cxqRFjDBXCCU3ihl|title=LA LISTE|publisher=[[Ivorian Football Federation]]|date=28 December 2023|access-date=16 January 2024|language=pt|via=[[Facebook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.7info.ci/cote-divoire-voici-les-27-elephants-de-gasset-zaha-et-des-tenors-font-leurs-adieux-a-la-can-2023/|title=Côte d'Ivoire: voici les 27 Eléphants de Gasset, Zaha et des ténors font leurs adieux à la CAN 2023|publisher=[[7info]]|first=Tristan|last=Sahi|date=28 December 2023|access-date=16 January 2024|language=fr|archive-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120185257/https://www.7info.ci/cote-divoire-voici-les-27-elephants-de-gasset-zaha-et-des-tenors-font-leurs-adieux-a-la-can-2023/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/media/ow2obxrw/c%C3%B4te-divoire.pdf|title=CÔTE D'IVOIRE|publisher=Confederation of African Football|date=5 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girmamawa ==
'''Al Nassar'''

* Gasar Zakarun Turai : 2023

'''Ivory Coast'''

* [[Gasar cin Kofin Afirka|Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka]] : [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|2023]] 

'''Mutum'''

* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasar Saudiyya : 2022-23 
* Tawagar Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka : [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|2023]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

== Magana ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1995]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Faouzi Bensaïdi</title>
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'''Faouzi Bensaïdi''' ( {{Lang-ar|فوزي بن السعيدي}} ; an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Maris 1967), [[Darakta|darektan fina-finan]] Morocco ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin fim kuma mai fasaha. An nuna fim ɗinsa ''[[A Thousand Months|na Watanni Dubu]]'' a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 2003 Cannes Film Festival. 

A cikin 2007 da 2009 ya shiga cikin Arts a Marrakech Festival yana nunawa da tattaunawa game da fina-finansa da shigarwa. 
[[Fayil:Faouzi Bensaïdi.jpg|thumb|Faouzi Bensaïdi]]
A shekara ta 2011, fim ɗinsa na ''[[Death for Sale]]'' ya fito a bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Toronto a watan Satumba. An zaɓi fim ɗin a matsayin shigarwar daga Moroccan don Mafi kyawun Harshen Waje Oscar a 85th Academy Awards, amma bai sanya jerin sunayen ƙarshe ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oscars&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.libe.ma/Mort-a-Vendre-de-Faouzi-Bensaidi-representera-le-Maroc-aux-Oscars-2013_a29812.html |title=&quot;Mort à Vendre&quot; de Faouzi Bensaidi représentera le Maroc aux Oscars 2013 |accessdate=17 August 2012 |work=www.libe.ma |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040219/http://www.libe.ma/Mort-a-Vendre-de-Faouzi-Bensaidi-representera-le-Maroc-aux-Oscars-2013_a29812.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tasiri ==
Bensaïdi ya shiga cikin bugu na 2022 na zaɓen fina-finai na ''Sight &amp;amp;amp; Sound'', wanda ake gudanarwa duk shekara 10 don tunawa da mafi girman fina-finai na kowane lokaci tare da sanya su cikin tsari. Daraktoci da masu sukar duka suna ba da fina-finai 10 da suka fi so a kowane lokaci don kaɗa kuri'a; Bensaïdi ya zaɓi ''Citizen Kane'' (1941), ''8½'' (1963), ''Arewa ta Arewa maso Yamma'' (1959), ''Zamani na Zamani'' (1936), ''Ran'' (1985), ''Lokacin wasa'' (1967), ''Raging Bull'' (1980), ''The Godfather'' (1972), ''Le Samouraï'' (1967), ''da Bout de souffle'' (1960). &lt;ref&gt;https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/greatest-films-all-time/all-voters/faouzi-bensaidi&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fina-finan da aka zaɓa ==
* ''[[Mektoub]]'' (1997)
* ''[[A Thousand Months]]'' (2003)
* ''[[WWW: What a Wonderful World]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Death for Sale]]'' (2011)
*''[[Volubilis (2017 film)|Volubilis]]'' (2017)
*''Sofia'' (2018)

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje==
*{{IMDb name|0072364|Faouzi Bensaïdi}}

{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Esther Uzodinma</title>
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'''Esther Uzodinma an''' [[Ɗan wasa|yar wasan]] [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ce an haife ta ranar 30 ga Watan maris shekarar ta 2002 kuma furodusa da aka fi sani da sunan &quot;Angela&quot; a cikin shirin Africa Magic TV ''na ni da 'yan uwana'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.glanceng.com/2019/12/esther-uzodinma-angela-of-my-siblings-i-chats-with-glance-online/| title=Esther Uzodinma: Angela Of My Siblings &amp; I Chats With Glance Online| publisher=glanceng.com| accessdate=19 August 2021| archive-date=19 August 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819162952/https://www.glanceng.com/2019/12/esther-uzodinma-angela-of-my-siblings-i-chats-with-glance-online/| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
Tana karanta Mass Communication a Jami'ar Legas . A cikin 2018, Esther ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Africa Magic, Ni da Siblings na, wanda aka saki a cikin Janairu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.showmax.com/eng/tvseries/zodz4mqe-my-siblings-and-i| title=My Siblings and I| publisher=showmax.com| accessdate=19 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://basenaija.com/uzodinma-easter-biography-state-age-movies-all-should-know/| title=Uzodinma Easter Biography, State, Age, Movies, All Should Know| publisher=basenaija.com| accessdate=19 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-siblings-and-i-8555/credits/| title=my siblings and i ( 2018)| publisher=nlist.ng| accessdate=19 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;    Esther ta yi tauraro a matsayin hali &quot;Sade&quot; a cikin jerin talabijin Sade (Yarinyar Bace).    Tana korafin rashin kula da maza.

== Filmography zaba ==

* ''Dutsen Kusurwoyi'' (2017)
* ''Kwai La'ananne'' (2017)
* ''Daular mayya'' (2017)
* ''Rawar Hustler'' (2018)
* ''Sirri'' (2019)
* ''Baba Betty'' (2021)
* ''[[Ije Awele]]'' (2022)

== Talabijin ==

* ''[[Papa Ajasco]]'' (2018)
* ''Ni da 'yan uwana'' (2018)
* ''Sade (Yarinyar Bace)'' (2020)

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Fatima Boubekdi</title>
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'''Fatima Boubekdi''' 'yar fim ce ta Maroko 
== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Bayan ɗan gajeren horo na wasan kwaikwayo a Casablanca, Boubekdi ya gano sha'awar jagorantar. Ta yi aiki tare da Farida Bourquia a 1995 a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta.  guda bayan haka, ta rubuta rubutun tare da masu shirya fina-finai Mohamed Ismaïl, Hassan Benjelloun da Abdelmajid R'chich . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=MATIN|first=LE|title=Le Matin - Fatima Boubekdi réalise son premier long métrage &quot;Annatto&quot;|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2021/fatima-boubekdi-realise-premier-long-metrage-annatto/364389.html|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Le Matin|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; shekara ta 1999, ta jagoranci Fim din talabijin na farko, The Door of Hope . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Portrait. Lumière sur Fatima Boubekdi|url=https://telquel.ma/2012/03/15/portrait-lumiere-sur-fatima-boubekdi_1587?fbrefresh=7|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Telquel.ma|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fatima Boubekdi : L'écriture du scénario demeure un problème commun aux courts et longs métrages|url=https://www.libe.ma/Fatima-Boubekdi-L-ecriture-du-scenario-demeure-un-probleme-commun-aux-courts-et-longs-metrages_a104730.html|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Libération|language=fr|archive-date=2024-02-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229205651/https://www.libe.ma/Fatima-Boubekdi-L-ecriture-du-scenario-demeure-un-probleme-commun-aux-courts-et-longs-metrages_a104730.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; shekara ta 2006, ta lashe kyaututtuka uku a karo na biyu na bikin fina-finai na Amazigh na Hammou Ounamir (Babban Kyauta, Mafi Kyawun Gudanarwa) da Imouran (Mafi Kyawun Fim). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=MATIN|first=LE|title=Le Matin - La réalisatrice Fatima Boubekdi rafle les Prix|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2006/Festival-du-film-amazigh-de-Ouarzazate_La-realisatrice-Fatima-Boubekdi-rafle-les-Prix/65184.html|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Le Matin|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;  cikin 2021, Boubekdi ta fitar da fim dinta na farko, Annatto .  shirya fim din yana  sha'awar Al'adun Amazigh, harshen farko a yawancin ayyukanta shine Berber, [1] da kuma al'adun gargajiya da tarihin Maroko, duka jigogi masu maimaitawa a cikin fina-finai.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Eric Omondi</title>
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      <text bytes="4009" sha1="2jbay87xa5nethvx7xifzr9cnzx2gpf" xml:space="preserve">'''Eric Omondi''' (an haife shi 9 Maris 1982) &lt;ref&gt;https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/showbiz/article/2001468577/eric-omondi-celebrates-41st-birthday-with-hope-for-a-better-kenya&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan barkwanci ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Kenya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Milimo|first=Dennis|date=2021-03-15|title=Biography: Comedian Eric Omondi|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/pulsebiography-comedian-eric-omondi-biography/21msrcn|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Pulselive Kenya|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya fara fara wasan barkwanci a Churchill Show, wani wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya da ake nunawa a NTV a 2008.  Tun daga nan ya ci lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Afirka guda uku a Amurka don 'Best Comedian' a cikin 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jared|first=Too|title=Eric Omondi opens up about his mentor Churchill, and making millions|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/the-standard/2001402522/eric-omondi-opens-up-about-his-mentor-churchill-and-making-millions?amp=1|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Eric Omondi opens up about his mentor Churchill, and making millions|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2019 da 2020.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/showbiz/article/2001468577/eric-omondi-celebrates-41st-birthday-with-hope-for-a-better-kenya&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Omondi shine haifaffen na biyu a cikin iyali mai mutane hudu a gundumar Kisumu .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-25|title=Eric Omondi Biography - Eric Omondi Bio, Career, Baby Mama, Net Worth.|url=https://www.jambodaily.com/eric-omondi-bio-age-career-family-baby-mama-net-worth/|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Jambo Daily|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118184050/https://www.jambodaily.com/eric-omondi-bio-age-career-family-baby-mama-net-worth/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Kondele sannan ya yi makarantar sakandare ta Kisumu Boys.  Daga nan ya shiga Jami’ar Daystar inda ya yi kwas a fannin sadarwa da aikin jarida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-25|title=Eric Omondi Biography - Eric Omondi Bio, Career, Baby Mama, Net Worth.|url=https://www.jambodaily.com/eric-omondi-bio-age-career-family-baby-mama-net-worth/|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Jambo Daily|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aure da iyali ==
Omondi ya taba yin alkawari zai auri budurwarsa dan kasar Italiya Shantal bayan haduwar da suka yi a bainar jama'a bayan sun shafe kusan shekaru biyar tare. Koyaya, a cikin 2018 ma'auratan sun sanar da rabuwar su. 

== Sana'a ==
Omondi ya fara aikinsa da dan takaitaccen lokaci a matsayin mai ba da labarai na NTV Kenya kafin ya hadu da Daniel Ndambuki a 2006. Ya yi fice a cikin 2008 bayan ya fito a NTV's Churchill Show .  A cikin 2015, ya bar shirin, don gudanar da nasa shirin mai suna Hawayuni,  wanda aka watsa a KTN amma bai daɗe ba. Ya kuma yi 'Wani wuri a Afirka' da 'Untamed'. 

A cikin Maris 2017, Omondi ya zama ɗan Kenya na farko da ya taɓa fitowa a Nunin Nunin Daren Yau wanda ke nuna Jimmy Fallon . 

A cikin 2020, ya gabatar da wani wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da cece-kuce mai suna 'Material Material' tare da lokacinsa na farko yana zuwa ƙarshe tare da bikin aure tare da Band Beca's Carol.  Karo na biyu ya fito da mata daga Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda wadanda suka kama shi. Daga baya Hukumar Fina-Finan ta Kenya (KFCB) ta dakatar da shirin.  Omondi ya sami lambar yabo ta gwarzon ɗan wasan barkwanci ta shekara ta African Entertainment Awards, Amurka (AEAUSA) a karo na uku a jere a 2020.

== Ayyukan aiki ==
A watan Fabrairun 2023, Omondi tare da wasu mutane 16 sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da tsadar rayuwa a wajen Majalisa, [[Nairobi]] Kenya. An tuhume su da halartar wani taro da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga baya an sake su da tsabar kudi KES 10,000 kowanne. 

== Kyauta ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1987]]
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  <page>
    <title>Danielle Small</title>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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[[Fayil:Danielle Small.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Danielle Small.jpg|thumb|Danielle Small]]
'''Danielle Margaret Small''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1979) ƴar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta ƙasar Australiya da ta yi ritaya, wacce ta buga wa [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]]) Sydney FC a gasar W-League ta ƙasar Australiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Football Australia Profile |url=http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/Matildas/default.aspx?s=aus_matildas_player_profiles_playerprofile&amp;pid=457&amp;tid=97 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527205855/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/Matildas/default.aspx?s=aus_matildas_player_profiles_playerprofile&amp;pid=457&amp;tid=97 |archive-date=27 May 2011 |access-date=6 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Small ta wakilci ƙasar Australia a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 2003, gasar Olympics ta shekarar 2004, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA ta shekarar 2007. Ta taka leda a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta NCAA ta Amurka ta kammala aikinta a Jami'ar Jihar San Diego a shekara ta 2001, tana karatun ilimin motsa jiki. Kwalejojin da suka gabata sun haɗa da Jami'ar Mobile, Alabama, da Jami'an Phillips a Enid, Oklahoma. Small ta buga wasanni biyu a ƙasar Amurka WPSL, tana wakiltar [[Jackson Calypso]], Mississippi a shekarar 1998, da Adirondack Lynx, New York a shekarar 2006. Ta kammala digiri a fannin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, ilimin kimiyyar halitta a Jami'ar Fasaha, Sydney a shekarar 2010.

Small ta auri ɗan wasan cricket Phil Jaques . Ma'auratan sun haɗu a shekara ta 2000, sun yi alkawari a shekara ta 2004 kuma sun yi aure daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2009.

== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!A'a.
!Ranar
!Wurin da ake ciki
!Abokin hamayya
!Sakamakon
!Sakamakon
!Gasar
|-
|1.
|23 Fabrairu 2007
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Zhongshan, [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
|{{Fbw|UZB}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
|10–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |cancantar wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2008
|-
|2.
|25 Fabrairu 2007
|{{Fbw|TPE}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8–1
|-
|3.
|7 ga Afrilu 2007
|[[Coffs Harbour]] International Stadium&quot;&gt;Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Coffs Harbour, Coffs Harbor, Australia[[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]
|{{Fbw|HKG}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |15–0
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/Matildas/default.aspx?s=aus_matildas_player_profiles_playerprofile&amp;pid=457&amp;tid=97 Bayanan kwallon kafa na Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527205855/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/Matildas/default.aspx?s=aus_matildas_player_profiles_playerprofile&amp;pid=457&amp;tid=97 |date=2011-05-27 }} An adana  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110301132954/http://www.sydneyfc.com/default.aspx?s=wleague_profile Bayanan Sydney FC]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Gaëlle Nayo-Ketchanke</title>
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      <text bytes="7779" sha1="j1shwcf56pn45nvh6vqcxg1n5wro6dp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Gaëlle Nayo-Ktchanke''' (an haife shi 20 ga watan Afrilu 1988) 'yar Kamaru Faransa ce 'yar wasan weightlifter. Tana rike da tarihin Faransa guda shida . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fédération française d'Haltérophilie - Musculation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Records de France féminins CADETTES U17 - JUNIORS U20 - SENIORS au 15 novembre 2015.pdf |url=http://www.ffhmfac.fr/content/download/7377/39220/version/1/file/Records%20de%20France%20f%C3%A9minins%20CADETTES%20U17%20-%20JUNIORS%20U20%20-%20SENIORS%20au%2015%20novembre%202015.pdf |publisher=Fédération française d'Haltérophilie - Musculation}}{{Dead link|date=April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta lashe lambar azurfa sau 4 a gasar zakarun Turai ( 2015, 2016, 2018 da 2021 ) a mata  d75kga 81kg events. &lt;ref name=&quot;L'Équipe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trois médailles pour Nayo Ketchanke |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Halterophilie/Actualites/Trois-medailles-pour-nayo-ketchanke/551937 |publisher=[[L'Équipe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ewcforde2016.no&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Results women 75 kg |url=http://ewcforde2016.no/results/results-women-75-kg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194614/http://ewcforde2016.no/results/results-women-75-kg/ |archive-date=5 December 2017 |access-date=16 April 2016 |publisher=ewcforde2016.no}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2019 ta sami mummunan rauni a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai, inda ta karya hannunta a wurare biyu yayin da take kokarin kwace kilogiram 107. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 April 2019 |title=Weightlifting world sickened by female star's horrific injury |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/weightlifting-world-sickened-female-stars-horrific-injury-043318658.html |access-date=18 July 2020 |publisher=au.sports.yahoo.com |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812221112/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/weightlifting-world-sickened-female-stars-horrific-injury-043318658.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan watanni 5 kawai, ta koma gasa a gasar cin kofin duniya a Pattaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Retour de Gaëlle NAYO KETCHANKE |url=https://www.ffhaltero.fr/Halterophilie/Pattaya-2019/Retour-de-Gaelle-NAYO-KETCHANKE |access-date=18 July 2020 |publisher=www.ffhaltero.fr |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2021, ta yi takara a gasar mata mai nauyin kilogiram 87 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020 a Tokyo, Japan. &lt;ref name=&quot;women_87_kg_results_weightlifting_summer_olympics_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's 87 kg Results |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WLF/OG2020-_WLF_C73_WLFW87KG--------------FNL---------.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802130745/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WLF/OG2020-_WLF_C73_WLFW87KG--------------FNL---------.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=2020 Summer Olympics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan sakamako ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; |Venue
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;60&quot; |Weight
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Snatch (kg)
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Clean &amp; Jerk (kg)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; |Total
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; |Rank
|-
! width=&quot;40&quot; |1
! width=&quot;40&quot; |2
! width=&quot;40&quot; |3
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Rank
! width=&quot;40&quot; |1
! width=&quot;40&quot; |2
! width=&quot;40&quot; |3
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Rank
|-
! colspan=&quot;13&quot; |Representing {{FRA}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;13&quot; |Olympic Games
|-
|2021
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|87 kg
|103
|106
|'''108'''
|7
|135
|'''139'''
|&lt;s&gt;145&lt;/s&gt;
|5
|'''247'''
|'''5'''
|-
|2016
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil|Brasil]]
|75 kg
|'''102'''
|&lt;s&gt;107&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;107&lt;/s&gt;
|8
|132
|'''135'''
|&lt;s&gt;140&lt;/s&gt;
|5
|'''237'''
|'''8'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;13&quot; |World Championships
|-
|2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|THA}} [[Pattaya]], [[Tailan|Thailand]]
|81 kg
|85
|90
|'''95'''
|'''14'''
|120
|125
|'''130'''
|'''8'''
|'''225'''
|'''11'''
|-
|2018
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|TKM}} [[Ashgabat]], [[Turkmenistan]]
|76 kg
|101
|105
|'''107'''
|'''6'''
|130
|'''136'''
|&lt;s&gt;138&lt;/s&gt;
|'''6'''
|'''243'''
|'''6'''
|-
|2017
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]
|75 kg
|100
|'''103'''
|&lt;s&gt;105&lt;/s&gt;
|'''6'''
|131
|'''134'''
|&lt;s&gt;138&lt;/s&gt;
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|'''237'''
|'''{{Bronze3}}'''
|-
|2015
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Houston]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]
|75 kg
|105
|&lt;s&gt;108&lt;/s&gt;
|'''109'''
|'''6'''
|&lt;s&gt;135&lt;/s&gt;
|'''135'''
|&lt;s&gt;138&lt;/s&gt;
|'''8'''
|'''244'''
|'''8'''
|-
|2014
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]
|75 kg
|100
|104
|'''107'''
|'''8'''
|125
|&lt;s&gt;131&lt;/s&gt;
|'''131'''
|'''8'''
|'''238'''
|'''7'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;13&quot; |European Championships
|-
|2021
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Rasha|Russia]]
|81 kg
|96
|&lt;s&gt;100&lt;/s&gt;
|'''100'''
|'''4'''
|126
|&lt;s&gt;131&lt;/s&gt;
|'''131'''
|'''{{Gold1}}'''
|'''231'''
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|-
|2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|GEO}} [[Batumi]], [[Georgia]]
|76&amp;nbsp;kg
|'''103'''
|&lt;s&gt;106&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;107&lt;/s&gt;
|'''{{Bronze3}}'''
|—
|—
|—
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|'''—'''
|-
|2018
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], [[Romainiya|Romania]]
|75&amp;nbsp;kg
|98
|101
|'''103'''
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|126
|'''131'''
|&lt;s&gt;136&lt;/s&gt;
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|'''234'''
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|-
|2016
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NOR}} [[Førde]], [[Norway]]
|75&amp;nbsp;kg
|102
|107
|'''110'''
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|'''132'''
|&lt;s&gt;140&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;140&lt;/s&gt;
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|'''242'''
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|-
|2015
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia]]
|75&amp;nbsp;kg
|105
|108
|'''111'''
|'''{{Bronze3}}'''
|132
|'''137'''
|&lt;s&gt;142&lt;/s&gt;
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|'''248'''
|'''{{Silver2}}'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;13&quot; |Representing {{CMR}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;13&quot; |World Championships
|-
|2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa|France]]
|69 kg
|'''100'''
|&lt;s&gt;103&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;103&lt;/s&gt;
|14
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
! colspan=&quot;13&quot; |African Championships
|-
|2008
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|RSA}} [[Strand, Western Cape|Strand]], [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]]
|69&amp;nbsp;kg
|80
|&lt;s&gt;85&lt;/s&gt;
|'''85'''
|'''5'''
|110
|112
|'''115'''
|'''2'''
|'''200'''
|'''{{Bronze3}}'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;13&quot; |[[Wasannin Afirka|African Games]]
|-
|2007
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|ALG}} [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;http://www.commonwealthweightlifting.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=9th All-African Games Results |url=http://www.commonwealthweightlifting.com/results/docs/Pre2010/2007%20All%20Africa%20Games.pdf |publisher=www.commonwealthweightlifting.com |access-date=2024-03-27 |archive-date=2017-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217134722/http://www.commonwealthweightlifting.com/results/docs/Pre2010/2007%20All%20Africa%20Games.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|69 kg
|80
|'''83'''
|&lt;s&gt;87&lt;/s&gt;
|'''4'''
|100
|'''105'''
|&lt;s&gt;110&lt;/s&gt;
|'''4'''
|'''188'''
|'''4'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;13&quot; |Commonwealth Games
|-
|2006
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Australia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;www.melbourne2006.com.au&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's 63 kg - Result |url=http://www.melbourne2006.com.au/Schedule%20and%20Results/By%20Sport/WeightLifting/Results/Result%20-%20WL10631XXXXXXX?ScheduleItemID=27001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010054700/http://www.melbourne2006.com.au/Schedule%20and%20Results/By%20Sport/WeightLifting/Results/Result%20-%20WL10631XXXXXXX?ScheduleItemID=27001 |archive-date=October 10, 2006 |publisher=www.melbourne2006.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|63 kg
|72
|'''75'''
|&lt;s&gt;78&lt;/s&gt;
|'''5'''
|&lt;s&gt;95&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;95&lt;/s&gt;
|'''95'''
|'''4'''
|'''170'''
|'''5'''
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>j1shwcf56pn45nvh6vqcxg1n5wro6dp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashin ruwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858192</id>
      <parentid>850588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:27:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343019289|Waterdown Dam]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858192</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="533" sha1="qbyvxsmruz8ef5fp9qqn5j8a7t2n72x" xml:space="preserve">'''Madatsar Ruwa ta Waterdown''' [[madatsar ruwa]] ce mai cike da ƙasa ( tafki ) wacce ke kan [[Kogin Klipplaat]] kusa da Whittlesea, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana samar wa Whittlesea da Queenstown ruwan sha kuma an kafa ta a shekarar 1958. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwan (3).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>qbyvxsmruz8ef5fp9qqn5j8a7t2n72x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858193</id>
      <parentid>858192</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:28:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="545" sha1="quqbv3sf7zsf54p22znl1y2xyq53sok" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Madatsar Ruwa ta Waterdown''' [[madatsar ruwa]] ce mai cike da ƙasa ( tafki ) wacce ke kan [[Kogin Klipplaat]] kusa da Whittlesea, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana samar wa Whittlesea da Queenstown ruwan sha kuma an kafa ta a shekarar 1958. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwan (3).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>quqbv3sf7zsf54p22znl1y2xyq53sok</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858454</id>
      <parentid>858193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:13:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343019289|Waterdown Dam]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858454</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="532" sha1="qen21vg3y6hspvxq4kv9dw6a3gsfofw" xml:space="preserve">'''Madatsar Ruwa ta Waterdown''' [[madatsar ruwa]] ce mai cike da ƙasa ( tafki ) wacce ke kan [[Kogin Klipplaat]] kusa da Whittlesea, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana samar wa Whittlesea da Queenstown ruwan sha kuma an kafa ta a shekarar 1958. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwan (3)

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>qen21vg3y6hspvxq4kv9dw6a3gsfofw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858455</id>
      <parentid>858454</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:13:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858455</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="544" sha1="pyy861injbz4qa47e6omhlx7az36y27" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Madatsar Ruwa ta Waterdown''' [[madatsar ruwa]] ce mai cike da ƙasa ( tafki ) wacce ke kan [[Kogin Klipplaat]] kusa da Whittlesea, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana samar wa Whittlesea da Queenstown ruwan sha kuma an kafa ta a shekarar 1958. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwan (3)

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>pyy861injbz4qa47e6omhlx7az36y27</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858652</id>
      <parentid>858455</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:57:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317442489|Dry enema]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3598" sha1="1wkqeus5gsphi4duvvwjj9erctvmi9t" xml:space="preserve">
Enema mai bushewa wata hanya ce ta daban don tsaftace hanci na mutum ko dai saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, ko don tsabtace jima'i. Ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar zubar da ƙaramin mai a cikin madaidaiciya, wanda ke haifar da [[Bahaya|motsi na hanji]] da sauri kuma tare da ƙarancin tashin hankali fiye da yadda za'a iya samu ta hanyar laxative na baki.

Ana kiranta &quot;bish&quot; ya bambanta da ruwan da aka saba amfani da shi saboda ba a amfani da ruwa ba.

== Hanyoyi ==

=== Abubuwan da ake tsammani ===
Wani nau'i na &quot; bushe&quot; enema shine amfani da kayan aikin glycerin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glycerin Suppository |url=http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/GuidetoCancerDrugs/glycerin-suppository |access-date=9 May 2012 |website=American Cancer Society |publisher=American Cancer Society, Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, saboda tsananin dangi na suppository - wanda ya zama dole don saka shi cikin jikin mutum - kafin glycerin ya iya aiki, dole ne a narke shi da zafi na jiki, sabili da haka ba ya aiki har zuwa awa ɗaya. Sau da yawa, glycerin hygroscopic yana fusata membranes masu hankali na rectum wanda ke haifar da fitar da karfi na suppository ba tare da wani sakamako mai laxative ba.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}
[[Fayil:Syringe.jpg|thumb|329x329px|Sashin da za a iya amfani da shi]]

=== Injin mai da ruwa ===
Wani nau'i mai sauri na bushewa yana amfani da allura ƙaramin raguwa mai amfani da ruwa kamar KY Jelly a cikin madaidaiciya ta hanyar allurar da ba ta da hypodermic, kamar allurar baki, ko kuma daga wasu tushe. Sa'an nan kuma tunda glycerin kanta mai tasiri ne na ƙuntatawar da ake so na tsokoki na colonic, ya fi sauƙi - kuma ya fi sauƙin sarrafawa - don gabatar da 5-10 cc na glycerin kai tsaye a cikin madaidaiciya. Ana samun allurai na kwararru don wannan dalili amma suna da wuyar samun su. Wani madadin shine amfani da ƙuƙwalwar enema wanda ke da ƙarshen cin abinci wanda ya dace da madaidaiciyar allurar hypodermic. Wannan yana ba da damar yin allurar 5-10 cc da ake buƙata, kuma ana iya sa ran sakamakon a cikin minti 2-4. Wani madadin shine amfani da allurar 5 ko 10 cc ta al'ada da aka saka kai tsaye a cikin anus. Wannan yana buƙatar a yi shi a hankali don kauce wa gogewa ta hanyar hanci. Ya kamata a shafa sashi da cream na sorbolene, ko duk wani mai mai ruwa. Ya kamata a yi amfani da allurar da ke da Luer-slip kawai, ba a Luer-lock tip ba, (ƙarshe na allurar da aka tsara don ɗaukar allurar da ake amfani da ita). Mai haƙuri ya fi yin shiga, don kawar da duk wani ciwo. Ya kamata a ƙarfafa mai haƙuri ya jira akalla minti 15 don peristalsis ya kai ga cikakken tsawon rectum, amma mutane da yawa za su ga wannan ba zai yiwu ba kuma wannan magani ya kamata a yi amfani da shi ne kawai lokacin da wuraren da za a kwashe suna kusa. –  –

Yawan mai da aka saba amfani da shi shine kimanin 2 tsp (10 cc), wanda zai samar da [[Bahaya|motsi]] a cikin minti 30 ko ƙasa da haka. Za a samar da motsi a cikin jiki mai mahimmanci, maimakon a cikin nau'in ruwa mai yawa wanda aka samar da enema mai laushi; kuma tunda ba a amfani da ruwa ba, babu wanda za a riƙe shi sama a cikin hanji, don a fitar da shi daga baya, kuma mai yiwuwa ba shi da kyau, lokaci.

Wani fa'ida na wannan dabarar don [[Jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa|tsabtace jima'i]] shine cewa duk wani ɗan ƙaramin saurin kayan wanka zai - saboda kasancewar mai - yana manne wa bango na rectum maimakon kowane abu na waje wanda za'a iya sakawa daga baya.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>1wkqeus5gsphi4duvvwjj9erctvmi9t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858653</id>
      <parentid>858652</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3610" sha1="474g7dyulo10i915w15fb2ihgig6qcf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Enema mai bushewa wata hanya ce ta daban don tsaftace hanci na mutum ko dai saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, ko don tsabtace jima'i. Ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar zubar da ƙaramin mai a cikin madaidaiciya, wanda ke haifar da [[Bahaya|motsi na hanji]] da sauri kuma tare da ƙarancin tashin hankali fiye da yadda za'a iya samu ta hanyar laxative na baki.

Ana kiranta &quot;bish&quot; ya bambanta da ruwan da aka saba amfani da shi saboda ba a amfani da ruwa ba.

== Hanyoyi ==

=== Abubuwan da ake tsammani ===
Wani nau'i na &quot; bushe&quot; enema shine amfani da kayan aikin glycerin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glycerin Suppository |url=http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/GuidetoCancerDrugs/glycerin-suppository |access-date=9 May 2012 |website=American Cancer Society |publisher=American Cancer Society, Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, saboda tsananin dangi na suppository - wanda ya zama dole don saka shi cikin jikin mutum - kafin glycerin ya iya aiki, dole ne a narke shi da zafi na jiki, sabili da haka ba ya aiki har zuwa awa ɗaya. Sau da yawa, glycerin hygroscopic yana fusata membranes masu hankali na rectum wanda ke haifar da fitar da karfi na suppository ba tare da wani sakamako mai laxative ba.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}
[[Fayil:Syringe.jpg|thumb|329x329px|Sashin da za a iya amfani da shi]]

=== Injin mai da ruwa ===
Wani nau'i mai sauri na bushewa yana amfani da allura ƙaramin raguwa mai amfani da ruwa kamar KY Jelly a cikin madaidaiciya ta hanyar allurar da ba ta da hypodermic, kamar allurar baki, ko kuma daga wasu tushe. Sa'an nan kuma tunda glycerin kanta mai tasiri ne na ƙuntatawar da ake so na tsokoki na colonic, ya fi sauƙi - kuma ya fi sauƙin sarrafawa - don gabatar da 5-10 cc na glycerin kai tsaye a cikin madaidaiciya. Ana samun allurai na kwararru don wannan dalili amma suna da wuyar samun su. Wani madadin shine amfani da ƙuƙwalwar enema wanda ke da ƙarshen cin abinci wanda ya dace da madaidaiciyar allurar hypodermic. Wannan yana ba da damar yin allurar 5-10 cc da ake buƙata, kuma ana iya sa ran sakamakon a cikin minti 2-4. Wani madadin shine amfani da allurar 5 ko 10 cc ta al'ada da aka saka kai tsaye a cikin anus. Wannan yana buƙatar a yi shi a hankali don kauce wa gogewa ta hanyar hanci. Ya kamata a shafa sashi da cream na sorbolene, ko duk wani mai mai ruwa. Ya kamata a yi amfani da allurar da ke da Luer-slip kawai, ba a Luer-lock tip ba, (ƙarshe na allurar da aka tsara don ɗaukar allurar da ake amfani da ita). Mai haƙuri ya fi yin shiga, don kawar da duk wani ciwo. Ya kamata a ƙarfafa mai haƙuri ya jira akalla minti 15 don peristalsis ya kai ga cikakken tsawon rectum, amma mutane da yawa za su ga wannan ba zai yiwu ba kuma wannan magani ya kamata a yi amfani da shi ne kawai lokacin da wuraren da za a kwashe suna kusa. –  –

Yawan mai da aka saba amfani da shi shine kimanin 2 tsp (10 cc), wanda zai samar da [[Bahaya|motsi]] a cikin minti 30 ko ƙasa da haka. Za a samar da motsi a cikin jiki mai mahimmanci, maimakon a cikin nau'in ruwa mai yawa wanda aka samar da enema mai laushi; kuma tunda ba a amfani da ruwa ba, babu wanda za a riƙe shi sama a cikin hanji, don a fitar da shi daga baya, kuma mai yiwuwa ba shi da kyau, lokaci.

Wani fa'ida na wannan dabarar don [[Jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa|tsabtace jima'i]] shine cewa duk wani ɗan ƙaramin saurin kayan wanka zai - saboda kasancewar mai - yana manne wa bango na rectum maimakon kowane abu na waje wanda za'a iya sakawa daga baya.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="25345" sha1="7fmynwkv5dpgxq3q8qlumgyqa28tvcu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:%27Do_not_shoot%27_a_group_of_students_shout.JPG  |thumb| Gungun dalibai yayin Zanga-zangar]] 
&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt; '''FeesMustFall''' wani yunkuri ne na zanga-zangar da dalibai suka jagoranta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book provides in depth analysis of #FeesMustFall movement |url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/322133/book-provides-in-depth-analysis-of-feesmustfall-movement |access-date=8 October 2018 |website=702 co Za}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya fara a tsakiyar Oktoba 2015 a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Manufar wannan yunkuri dai ita ce ta dakatar da karin kudaden dalibai da kuma kara kudaden da gwamnati ke baiwa jami'o'i. An fara zanga-zangar a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] kuma ta bazu zuwa [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] da [[Jami'ar Rhodes]] kafin ta bazu cikin sauri zuwa sauran jami'o'in kasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;EWNshutdown&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Masa Kekana |last2=Lauren Isaacs |last3=Emily Corke |date=19 October 2015 |title=TUITION FEE PROTESTS SHUT DOWN 2 OF SA'S BIGGEST UNIVERSITIES |url=http://ewn.co.za/2015/10/19/Fee-protests-shuts-down-3-of-SAs-biggest-universities |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Eye Witness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa tun farko da aka fara samun gagarumin goyon bayan jama'a, zanga-zangar ta fara nuna rashin jin dadin jama'a a lokacin da [[Zanga-zangar ma'adinai|zanga-zangar]] ta fara rikidewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Langa |first=Malose |last2=Ndelu |first2=Sandile |last3=Edwin |first3=Yingi |last4=Vilakazi |first4=Marcia |date=2017-01-01 |title=#Hashtag: An Analysis of the #FeesMustFall Movement at South African Universities |url=https://www.africaportal.org/publications/hashtag-an-analysis-of-the-feesmustfall-movement-at-south-african-universities/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Africa Portal |archive-date=2021-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825095551/https://www.africaportal.org/publications/hashtag-an-analysis-of-the-feesmustfall-movement-at-south-african-universities/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zanga-zangar ta 2015 ta kare ne lokacin da [[Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya|gwamnatin]] Afirka ta Kudu ta sanar cewa ba za a kara kudin makaranta a shekarar 2016 ba. Zanga-zangar a cikin 2016 ta fara ne lokacin da Ministan Ilimi mai zurfi na Afirka ta Kudu ya sanar da cewa za a yi karin kudin da ya kai kashi 8% na 2017; duk da haka, an bai wa kowace cibiya 'yancin yanke shawara ta nawa za a karu karatunsu. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2016, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kiyasta cewa jimillar asarar dukiya da aka yi sakamakon zanga-zangar tun 2015 ya kai R600.&amp;nbsp;miliyan (daidai da dalar Amurka 44.25&amp;nbsp;miliyan). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff Reporters |title=Cost of #FeesMustFall now R1bn, says universities official |url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/10/31/cost-of-feesmustfall-now-r1bn-says-universities-official |access-date=31 October 2016 |website=Rand Daily Mail |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135705/http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/10/31/cost-of-feesmustfall-now-r1bn-says-universities-official |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[File:Police_blocking_Plein_Street,_Cape_Town.JPG|left|thumb| Yan sanda na toshe Titin Plein, a birnin Cape Town]] 
zanga-zangar ta biyo bayan kulle-zangar dalibai na kwana uku na harabar Jami'ar Witwatersrand mako guda kafin bayan sanarwar da jami'ar ta yi cewa kudaden za su karu da kashi 10.5% a cikin shekara mai zuwa &lt;ref name=&quot;Wits17Oct2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2015 |title=WITS UNIVERSITY SUSPENDS 10.5 PERCENT FEE HIKE |url=http://ewn.co.za/2015/10/17/Wits-University-suspends-10-point-5-percent-fee-hike |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Eye Witness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da hauhawar farashin kusan 6% kawai a wannan shekarar. Babban jami'in kudi na jami'ar ya bayyana cewa dalilin karuwar kudade shine:
{{Blockquote|1. The rand-dollar exchange rate has fallen by approximately 22%, which has resulted in a substantial increase in the amount of money that we pay for all library books, journals, electronic resources, research equipment that are procured in dollars and euros.

2. Salary increases for academics are set at 7% based on a three-year cycle and these increases are necessary to ensure that we retain the best intellectual minds in the country.

3. Generic inflation is hovering at around 6% which impacts on all other expenses that the University has to cover.

4. Utilities are increasing at rates substantially higher than the inflation rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;MustKnow19Oct&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-19-four-things-you-need-to-know-about-feesmustfall#.Vih8l2qxP0o.facebook | title=What you need to know about #FeesMustFall | newspaper=[[Mail and Guardian]] | date=19 October 2015 | access-date=22 October 2015 | author=Quintal, Genevieve}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Kodayake an mayar da hankali ga zanga-zangar kan hauhawar kudade wasu dalilai sun zama tushen zanga-zambe daga rashin kudade ga dalibai matalauta don halartar jami'a, manyan kudaden shiga ga manajojin Jami'o'i, &lt;ref name=&quot;HighVarsityPay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2015 |title=What vice-chancellors at South Africa's top universities earn |url=http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/101654/what-vice-chancellors-at-south-africas-top-universities-earn/ |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Business Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; ainihin raguwar kudaden gwamnati don ilimi mafi girma, &lt;ref name=&quot;RealEduDecline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Belinda Bozzoli |date=19 October 2015 |title=Behind the university funding crisis |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/behind-the-university-funding-crisis |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Democratic Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt; rashin canjin zamantakewa, zuwa batutuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da launin fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;PoliticalFailureTrigger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munusamy, Ranjeni |date=21 October 2015 |title=#FeesMustFall: Political failure triggers ticking time bomb |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-10-21-feesmustfall-political-failure-triggers-ticking-time-bomb/ |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Witwatersrand [[Adam Habib]] ya kiyasta cewa idan gwamnati za ta iya samar da karin R8 biliyan a kowace shekara &quot;wanda zai rufe kuɗin karatun kowane dalibi a kowace jami'a a kasar. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Fresh Tuition Talks2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ziyanda Ngcobo |last2=Thando Kubheka |last3=Emily Corke |date=19 October 2015 |title=FRESH TUITION TALKS BEGIN AT WITS TODAY |url=http://ewn.co.za/2015/10/18/Fresh-tuition-talks-begin-at-Wits-today |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Eye Witness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afirka ta Kudu tana kashe 0.75% na GDP a kan ilimi na sakandare wanda bai kai matsakaicin Afirka ko na duniya ba. &amp;nbsp;

Mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Witwatersrand Adam Habib ya kiyasta cewa idan gwamnati za ta iya samar da karin R8 biliyan a kowace shekara &quot;wanda zai rufe kuɗin karatun kowane dalibi a kowace jami'a a kasar. &quot;  Afirka ta Kudu tana kashe 0.75% na GDP a kan ilimi na sakandare wanda bai kai matsakaicin Afirka ko na duniya ba.  Shugaba na SRC na Jami'ar Witwatersrand na 2015, Shaeera Kalla ne ya fara kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}A ranar 2 ga Oktoba Kalla ta halarci taron majalisa na karshe a matsayin shugaban SRC, tana tare da zababben shugaban SRC mai zuwa, Nompendulo Mkhatshwa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Protests grow over university fee hikes {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/no-fee-increase-spread-other-varsities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130123518/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/no-fee-increase-spread-other-varsities |archive-date=30 November 2018 |access-date=23 October 2015 |website=enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin lokaci na 2015 ==

=== 12–19 October ===
Dalibai a Jami'ar Witwatersrand sun fara zanga-zanga a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2015 don mayar da martani ga sanarwar da jami'ar ta yi cewa za a kara kudaden da kashi 10.5%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sello |first=Lenyaro, Masete Baltty |title=Wits fee increase suspended |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/wits-fee-increase-suspended |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511115050/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/wits-fee-increase-suspended |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=5 January 2017 |website=enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da zama da kulle jami'ar ta dalibai da wasu ma'aikata wanda, a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, ya haifar da jami'ar da ta amince da dakatar da karuwar kuɗin da sake tattauna shi da kuma kada ta nemi horo ga ɗalibai masu halarta ko ma'aikatan ma'aikata.&lt;ref name=&quot;No Punishment for protesting students&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Masego Rahlaga |date=17 October 2015 |title='NO PUNISHMENT PLANNED' FOR PROTESTING WITS STUDENTS |url=http://ewn.co.za/2015/10/17/No-punishment-planned-for-protesting-Wits-students |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Eye Witness News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Lahadi 18 ga Oktoba saƙonnin sun fara yawo a Facebook game da yiwuwar rufe harabar Jami'ar Rhodes.

=== 19 ga Oktoba ===
A ranar Litinin 19 ga Oktoba an fara sabon tattaunawa tsakanin dalibai da jami'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fresh Tuition Talks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ziyanda Ngcobo |last2=Thando Kubheka |last3=Emily Corke |date=19 October 2015 |title=FRESH TUITION TALKS BEGIN AT WITS TODAY |url=http://ewn.co.za/2015/10/18/Fresh-tuition-talks-begin-at-Wits-today |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Eye Witness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan rana irin wannan zanga-zangar ta bazu zuwa Jami'ar Cape Town da Jami'ar Rhodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;EWNshutdown&quot;/&gt; A wannan rana gudanarwa a Jami'ar Cape Town - wanda ya sanar da karuwar kudaden 10.3% a makon da ya gabata - ya nemi kuma ya sami haramtacciyar kotu don hana zanga-zangar a jami'ar. Dalibai sun fara toshe damar mota ta hanyar sanya duwatsu, ƙura, da benches a kan hanyoyin da ke kaiwa cikin harabar.

Dalibai sun ci gaba kuma jagorancin ƙungiyar Rhodes Must Fall sun mamaye ginin gudanarwar jami'ar.&lt;ref name=&quot;UCTprotestoverfees&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carlo Petersen |date=19 October 2015 |title=UCT students to protest over fees |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/uct-students-to-protest-over-fees-1.1931927 |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=[[Cape Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kira 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya da karfi don korar masu zanga-zangar tare da kama dalibai sama da 25 da daddare. An ruwaito cewa sama da dalibai dubu sun taru a ofishin 'yan sanda na Rondebosch kuma sun gudanar da tsaro duk dare suna kira ga sakin daliban.&lt;ref name=&quot;ImraanChristian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christian, Imraan |date=20 October 2015 |title=Imraan Christian's Firsthand Account of the #FeesMustFall Protest at UCT |url=http://10and5.com/2015/10/20/imraan-christians-firsthand-account-of-the-feesmustfall-protest-at-uct/ |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=10and5.com |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711191050/https://10and5.com/2015/10/20/imraan-christians-firsthand-account-of-the-feesmustfall-protest-at-uct/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Jami'ar Rhodes an ruwaito dalibai sun fara toshe kansu cikin jami'ar kuma sun tilasta wa wasu daga shiga harabar. Dalibai a Jami'ar [[Pretoria]] sun bayar da rahoton cewa sun fara shirye-shiryen kulle uku daga cikin makarantun jami'ar a ranar Laraba 21 ga Oktoba.

=== 20 ga Oktoba ===
[[Fayil:Second_day_of_the_FeesMustFall_protests_at_the_University_of_Cape_Town_04.JPG|thumb|Dalibai daga Jami'ar Cape Town suna tafiya zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na gida a ranar Talata 20 ga Oktoba 2015 don neman a saki wasu daliban da aka kama da dare da ya gabata.]]
A ranar Talata 20 ga Oktoba dalibai sun taru a Jami'ar Cape Town kuma suka yi tafiya zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin don neman a saki daliban da aka kama a daren da ya gabata. Daliban [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula]] sun fara zanga-zanga kuma sun kulle harabar. A [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] dalibai sun fara zanga-zangar da kuma kulle harabar. Sun ki warwatse ko rubuta jarrabawa har sai gudanarwar jami'a ta magance damuwa game da karuwar kudade da batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TensionsCPUT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Xolani Koyana |last2=Masa Kekana |date=20 October 2015 |title=PROTESTS CONTINUE AT CPUT &amp; FORT HARE, TENSIONS FLARE |url=http://ewn.co.za/2015/10/20/Tensions-flare-at-CPUT-and-Fort-Hare-fee-protests |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=Eye Witness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalibai a [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] sun ba da wata takarda ta korafe-korafe ga masu gudanar da jami'a suna bayyana korafe-rikicen su yayin da dalibai a Jamiʼar Rhodes suka ci gaba da zanga-zangarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;SABC20oct&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berenice Moss |last2=Lynne Arendse |last3=Jamaine Krige |date=20 October 2015 |title=More police arrests as student protests intensify |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/2322ba004a46d4b1a110fb6d39fe9e0c/More-police-arrests-as-student-protests-intensifies-20152010 |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=[[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] |archive-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509123846/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/2322ba004a46d4b1a110fb6d39fe9e0c/More-police-arrests-as-student-protests-intensifies-20152010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A Jami'ar Witwatersrand dalibai sun ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar da jami'ar ta gabatar don karuwar kuɗin a kashi 6% kuma a maimakon haka sun bukaci cewa babu karuwar kudade.

=== 21 ga Oktoba ===
 
A ranar Laraba 21 ga Oktoba 2015 dalibai daga Jami'ar Cape Town da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula sun kafa taron masu zanga-zangar kusan 5,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;iolStudentPower&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Political Bureau |date=22 October 2015 |title=Riot police vs student power |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/riot-police-vs-student-power-1.1933836#.VikYJ_mqpBc |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt; da suka yi tafiya a Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya dace da taron Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa - tare da Ministan Ilimi mafi girma Blade Nzimande da Shugaba Jacob Zuma a cikin halarta - wanda ke cikin zaman don jin kasafin kuɗi na matsakaici. Bayan jawabin ministan kudi, Nzimande ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi magana da taron amma taron ya yi masa ihu akai-akai yayin da Shugaba Zuma ya bar gine-ginen majalisa daga ƙofar gefe. Sauran 'yan majalisa sun sami shawara daga kakakin majalisar su jira zanga-zangar a ofisoshin su.

Masu zanga-zangar sun shiga ƙofofin majalisa kuma sun fara yin zanga-zanga, amma 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya ba da daɗewa ba suka shiga don watsar da su ta amfani da grenades, tasers, gas mai launi, garkuwar tayar da hankali da truncheons. Bayan da 'yan sanda suka kwashe masu zanga-zangar kuma suka rufe ƙofofin,' yan sanda sun gargadi masu zanga-zanga cewa sun saba wa Dokar Maɓalli ta Kasa kuma idan ba su warwatse ba a cikin minti 15, za a kama su. Masu zanga-zangar ba su tafi ba, kuma 'yan sanda sun ci gaba da kama da yawa daga cikinsu. An yi iƙirarin cewa an kama masu zanga-zangar da 'yan sanda suka gano a matsayin masu tayar da hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;FeesMustFall22OctParlement&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=R Davis |last2=S Swingler |last3=M VD Merwe |date=22 October 2015 |title=#FeesMustFall: The day Parliament became a war zone |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-10-22-feesmustfall-the-day-parliament-became-a-war-zone/#.Vii6V_mqpBd |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan jarida sun yi tambaya game da kasancewar' yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;iolStudentPower&quot;/&gt;

An gudanar da tarurruka na taro a Jami'ar Stellenbosch a wannan rana don nuna adawa da karuwar kudade.

Har ila yau, aikin zanga-zangar ya fara ne a Jami'ar [[Nelson Mandela]] Metropolitan a [[Port Elizabeth]], lokacin da dalibai suka toshe manyan hanyoyi zuwa makarantun Summerstrand.&lt;ref name=&quot;NMMUVCUpdate20151021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=Student protests at NMMU – from the VC |url=http://news.nmmu.ac.za/News/Student-protests-at-NMMU-from-the-VC |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=[[Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akalla rikici daya tare da 'yan sanda ya faru lokacin da aka yi amfani da iskar hawaye da harsasai na roba don tura dalibai zuwa harabar.

=== 22 ga Oktoba ===
Jami'ar Johannesburg ta fuskanci zanga-zangar, a lokacin da aka yi rikici tsakanin dalibai da masu tsaron gida masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;EWUJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2015 |title=#FeesMustFall: Another Protest, another university |url=http://ewn.co.za/Media/2015/10/22/Fess-must-fall-another-Protest-another-University |access-date=22 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalibai a Jami'ar Fort Hare sun kunna wuta a ƙofar jami'ar kuma sun lalata ofisoshin tsaro na harabar.&lt;ref name=&quot;fortHareRampage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2015 |title=Fort Hare students run rampage |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/fort-hare-students-run-rampage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629063340/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/fort-hare-students-run-rampage |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=eNCA}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Johannesburg dalibai sun yi tafiya a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka (ANC) a Gidan Luthuli inda dalibai suka mika wata yarjejeniya ga babban sakataren ANC Gwede Mantashe . &lt;ref name=&quot;rdmLithuliHouse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2015 |title=Thousands of students march on ANC headquarters |url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2015/10/22/thousands-of-students-march-on-anc-headquarters |access-date=23 October 2015 |website=[[Rand Daily Mail]] |archive-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024145118/http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2015/10/22/thousands-of-students-march-on-anc-headquarters |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An ci gaba da zanga-zangar a Cape Town tare da dalibai da suka taru a kotun majistare ta tsakiya don shaida bayyanar kotu na dalibai 29 da aka kama yayin zanga-zambe a waje da majalisa ranar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2015 |title=#FeesMustFall: Students and stun grenades occupy Cape Town's streets {{!}} Daily Maverick |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-10-23-feesmustfall-students-and-stun-grenades-occupy-cape-towns-streets/ |access-date=23 October 2015 |website=Daily Maverick}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da tabbacin da hukumar NMMU ta yi cewa za a ci gaba da karatu a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2015, masu zanga-zangar sun ci gaba da daukar mataki. Wannan ya haɗa da rushewar wasu azuzuwan da ma'aikata da ɗalibai suka yi ƙoƙarin halarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;NMMUUpdate20151023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2015 |title=NMMU student protests – update from the vice-chancellor |url=http://news.nmmu.ac.za/News/NMMU-student-protests-update-from-the-vice-chanc |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=[[Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kamata a yi taro a filin wasa na harabar jami’ar, amma hakan bai samu halartar dalibai ba, wani bangare na jita-jitar da ake yadawa a shafukan sada zumunta na cewa akwai ‘yan sanda da yawa a filin wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benyon |first=Samantha |title=Sam Qaqamba Beynon on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/Qaqi_Beynon/status/657133610093383680 |access-date=23 October 2015 |website=Twitter |ref=nmmuK9tweet}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dalibai sun dage cewa mataimakin shugaban jami’ar ya gana da su a inda suka taru, abin da ya ki amincewa da hakan, saboda matsalar tsaro da dimbin jama’a a wurin. Bayan kammala taron ne dalibai suka matsa tare da hana ababen hawa shiga harabar jami’ar, wanda ya kai har misalin karfe 18:00 na safe, inda ya kama wasu ma’aikata da dalibai a harabar. &lt;ref name=&quot;NMMUUpdate20151023&quot; /&gt;

=== 23 ga Oktoba ===
A cikin Ƙasar Ingila wani rukuni na kimanin dalibai 200 sun taru a Trafalgar Square a gaban Gidan Afirka ta Kudu don nuna goyon baya ga ɗaliban masu zanga-zangar a Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;TrafalgarSq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vumani Mkhize |date=23 October 2015 |title=STUDENTS GATHER AT TRAFALGAR SQUARE IN LONDON |url=http://ewn.co.za/2015/10/23/Students-gather-at-Trafalgar-Square-in-London |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Eye Witness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaridar yau da kullun ta Cape Town, Cape Argus, ta gayyaci ɗaliban ɗalibai don gyara fitowar jaridar ranar. Daliban da ke cikin zanga-zangar #FeesMustFall ne suka rubuta, suka ba da umarni kuma suka gyara labaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cape Argus Friday 23 October edition |url=http://beta.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/feesmustfall-students-edit-cape-argus-1934323 |access-date=23 October 2015 |website=Cape Argus }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An soke azuzuwan a NMMU, &lt;ref name=&quot;NMMUUpdate20151023&quot;/&gt; kuma masu zanga-zangar dalibai sun ci gaba da toshe hanyoyin shiga harabar. Wannan ya biyo bayan motsi na zaman lafiya zuwa wani harabar (2nd Avenue). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PE Herald |title=The Herald PE on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/HeraldPE/status/657511457039458304 |access-date=23 October 2015 |website=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A lokacin safiya mataimakan shugaban jami'a da wakilan dalibai sun sadu da Shugaba Jacob Zuma a Pretoria don tattauna hanyar ci gaba. Yayinda suke ganawa, babban rukuni na dalibai masu zanga-zangar sun taru a waje da Ginin Tarayyar don jiran amsar Zuma. Wani karamin rukuni ya zama mai tashin hankali, ya ƙone bayan gida mai ɗaukar hoto kuma ya rushe shinge. 'Yan sanda sun mayar da martani da iskar hawaye, grenades, da harsasai na roba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victory for #FeesMustFall students amid dramatic protest at Union Buildings |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/10/23/Victory-for-FeesMustFall-students-amid-dramatic-protest-at-Union-Buildings |access-date=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalibai da kansu sun yi kira ga horo, suna jaddada cewa zanga-zangar zaman lafiya ce.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan karfe 3 na yamma, Shugaba Zuma ya sanar daga cikin Ginin Tarayyar cewa ba za a sami karuwar kuɗin jami'a a cikin 2016 ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2015 |title=#FeesHaveFallen: A big day in Pretoria, with a Zero outcome {{!}} Daily Maverick |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-10-23-feeshavefallen-a-big-day-in-pretoria-with-a-zero-outcome/#.ViqG8BCrT_Q |access-date=23 October 2015 |website=Daily Maverick}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victory for #FeesMustFall students amid dramatic protest at Union Buildings |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/10/23/Victory-for-FeesMustFall-students-amid-dramatic-protest-at-Union-Buildings |access-date=23 October 2015 |website=Times LIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Yayinda wannan babbar nasara ce ga zanga-zangar, masu zanga-zambe sun yi fushi da cewa shugaban ya zaɓi kada ya yi musu magana kai tsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa: #NationalShutDown: Live Blog – 23 October |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201510231236.html |access-date=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalibai da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Ginin Tarayyar suna buƙatar magance Zuma. 'Yan sanda sun mayar da martani da karfi, ta amfani da harsasai na roba. Bayan an kore su daga Ginin Tarayyar, ɗalibai sun ci gaba da yin zanga-zanga a kan tituna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bongani Nkosi |date=23 October 2015 |title=In their thousands, students of the #FeesMustFall campaign marched to the Union Buildings to have their demands heard |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-23-sas-students-take-on-union-buildings |access-date=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon motsi na #FeesMustFall shine kafa Hukumar Bincike kan Ilimi da Horarwa. Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya kaddamar da binciken hukumar a watan Janairun 2016, burin da aka ruwaito shi ne bayar da rahoto game da yiwuwar samar da ilimi na sakandare kyauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commission to inquire into Higher Education funding – The Presidency &amp; ANALYSIS {{!}} Politicsweb |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/commission-to-inquire-into-higher-education-fundin |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudin da ake kashewa ==
Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta lissafa lalacewar da aka yi wa jami'o'i a lokacin zanga-zangar # FeesMustFall ta 2015 zuwa R300 302 848.58, tare da harabar Mahikeng ta Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma ta sha wahala mafi yawan lalacewa a R151m saboda tashin hankali da ya ga gine-gine sun kone, dalibai da harsashi da harsashin roba kuma jami'ar ta rufe wata daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#FeesMustFall damages bill: R10 {{!}} IOL |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/feesmustfall-damages-bill-r300-302-84858-2008936 |access-date=26 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2016 Revival da #FeesMustFall2016 ==
A tsakiyar watan Agusta 2016, ana sa ran Ministan Ilimi da Horarwa ya sanar da tsarin biyan kuɗi na shekara ta 2017. Wannan ya haifar da farfado da kudaden dole ne su fada a karkashin hashtag #FeesMustFall2016 . 

=== Agusta ===

==== 10 ga watan Agusta ====
A karkashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Jonathan Heher, tsohon alƙali na Kotun Koli na Daukaka Kara, Hukumar Haraji ta fara saita 1 daga cikin sauraron. Ya haɗa da gabatarwar da shaidu daga wakilan ɗalibai da ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fees Commission 2016 |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/commissions/FeesHET/hearings.html |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=justice.gov.za |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170012/http://www.justice.gov.za/commissions/FeesHET/hearings.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==

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'''Emily Ducote,''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar  Amurka wacce ta yi gasa a cikin rukuni na tsayi na Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Ta taba taka leda a Invicta FC, inda ta kasance Invicta F.C. Strawweight Champion.

== Tarihi ==
An haifi 'yar John Ducote da Yvette Bradstreet, Emily a [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]. Ducote ta fara horo a cikin fasaha tana da shekaru goma sha biyu bisa ga shawarar kakanninta. Ta yi gwagwarmaya don makarantar sakandare ta Los Gatos, ta ƙare a matsayin mai cin gaba a gasar zakarun jihohi a cikin babban shekarunta. Tare da burin yin gwagwarmaya a cikin ƙungiyar kwaleji mafi kyau, ta koma Great Plains a cikin 2012 don nazarin ilimin motsa jiki a Jami'ar Oklahoma City. Ta fara horar da Jiu-Jitsu na Brazil a shekarar 2013 kuma an inganta ta zuwa baƙar fata a watan Mayu 2022.

== Ayyukan zane-zane na mixed ==

=== Mai faɗakarwa ===
An shirya Ducote don yin Bellator ta farko da Bruna Vargas a Bellator 159 a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erickson |first=Matt |date=22 July 2016 |title=Bellator 159's Bruna Vargas hopes flyweight showcase fight is the start of something big |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2016/07/bellator-159s-bruna-vargas-hopes-flyweight-showcase-fight-is-the-start-of-something-big |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar zagaye na biyu na baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mazique |first=Brian |title=Bellator 159 Results: Winners, Scorecards from Caldwell vs. Taimanglo Card |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2653589-bellator-159-results-winners-scorecards-from-caldwell-vs-taimanglo-card |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=bleacherreport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Kenya Miranda a Bellator 161 a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jeremy |title=Kenya Miranda Isn't Feeling the Pressure Ahead of Bellator Debut |url=https://411mania.com/mma/kenya-miranda-isnt-feeling-the-pressure-ahead-of-bellator-debut/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=411mania.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar mika wuya ta biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gannavarapu |first=Akhilesh |title=Bellator 161 – The second coming of The American Gangster |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/bellator-161-the-second-coming-of-the-american-gangster |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=sportskeeda.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Ilima-Lei Macfarlane a Bellator 167 a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Mick |date=3 December 2016 |title=Unbeaten Ilima-Lei Macfarlane Faces Her 'Toughest Match-Up' at Bellator 167 |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/unbeaten-ilima-lei-macfarlane-faces-her-toughest-match-up-at-bellator-167 |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmaweekly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Macfarlane ya lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya, tare da ci 30-27, 29-28, 29-28. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wells |first=Adam |title=Bellator 167 Results: Winners, Scorecards from Caldwell vs. Taimanglo 2 Card |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2679763-bellator-167-results-winners-scorecards-from-caldwell-vs-taimanglo-2-card |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=bleacherreport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Katy Collins a Bellator 174 a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2017. Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar gabatar da kai tsaye a baya.

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Jessica Middleton a Bellator 181 a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quiles Jr. |first=Fernando |date=13 July 2017 |title=Emily Ducote Wants to be Superior to Jessica Middleton in All Areas |url=https://www.mmanews.com/2017/07/emily-ducote-wants-to-be-superior-to-jessica-middleton-in-all-areas/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmanews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya, tare da ci 29-27, 29-28, 29-28. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quiles Jr. |first=Fernando |date=15 July 2017 |title=Emily Ducote Defeats Late Replacement Jessica Middleton at Bellator 181 |url=https://www.mmanews.com/2017/07/emily-ducote-defeats-late-replacement-jessica-middleton-at-bellator-181/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmanews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Ilima-Lei Macfarlane don gasar zakarun duniya ta mata ta Bellator a Bellator 186 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EliteGuy101 |date=29 October 2020 |title=Ilima-Lei Macfarlane Will Defend The Flyweight Championship Against Juliana Velasquez At BELLATOR 254 |url=https://theringreport.com/mma/ilima-lei-macfarlane-will-defend-the-flyweight-championship-against-juliana-velasquez-at-bellator-254-a18924#gs.9fsiyt |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=theringreport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Macfarlane ya lashe yakin ta hanyar mika wuya ta biyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=4 November 2017 |title=Bellator 186 Results: Ilima-Lei Macfarlane Submits Ducote, Wins Inaugural Bellator Women's Flyweight Crown |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2017/11/03/bellator-186-results-ilima-lei-macfarlane-emily-ducote/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=cagesidepress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Kristina Williams a Bellator 196 a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=John |date=February 2018 |title=Emily Ducote vs. Kristina Williams added to Bellator 195 in Oklahoma |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2018/01/emily-ducote-kristina-williams-bellator-195-oklahoma |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Williams ya lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara a cikin yakin da Ducote ya fi rinjaye kuma yawancin kafofin watsa labarai sun kira shi yanke shawara mai rikitarwa. Biyu daga cikin alƙalai sun zira kwallaye 29-28 ga Williams, yayin da alƙali na uku ya zira kwallayen 30-27 ga Ducote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marrocco |first=Steven |date=3 March 2018 |title=Bellator 195 results: Kristina Williams takes split decision from Emily Ducote |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2018/03/bellator-195-results-kristina-williams-takes-split-decision-from-emily-ducote |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Veta Arteaga a Bellator 202 a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Critchfield |title=Flyweights Emily Ducote, Veta Arteaga to Clash at Bellator 202 in Oklahoma |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Flyweights-Emily-Ducote-Veta-Arteaga-to-Clash-at-Bellator-202-in-Oklahoma-136701 |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=sherdog.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arteaga ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya, ta kara yawan asarar Ducote zuwa yaƙe-yaƙe uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bellator 202 Results : Julia Budd KOs Talita Nogueira To Retain Featherweight Title |url=https://www.dopeclics.com/2018/07/bellator-202-results-julia-budd-kos.html |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=dopeclics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan da Bellator ta sake ta, Ducote ta koma ƙasa zuwa strawweight don gwagwarmayarta ta gaba da Kathryn Paprocki a Xtreme Fight Night 356 a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2019. Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar zagaye na uku na baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Painter |first=Myles |date=20 July 2019 |title=Across The Pond featured fighter: Emily Ducote |url=http://mmauk.net/2019/07/20/across-the-pond-featured-fighter-emily-ducote/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmauk.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Invicta FC ===
An shirya Ducote don yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko da Janaisa Morandin a Invicta FC 38: Murata vs. Ducote a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2019. Morandin ya auna a cikin fam uku a kan iyakar nauyi, a 119 lbs. Ducote ya lashe yakin ta hanyar buga kwallo na farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Mookie |title=Invicta FC 36: Sorenson vs. Young results and discussion |url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2019/8/9/20799302/invicta-fc-36-sorenson-vs-young-results-discussion |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=bloodyelbow.com |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060036/https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2019/8/9/20799302/invicta-fc-36-sorenson-vs-young-results-discussion |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A bayyanarta ta biyu, an shirya Ducote don fuskantar Kanako Murata don Invicta FC Strawweight Championship a babban taron InvictaFC 38: Murata vs. Ducote a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=【Invicta FC38】ストロー級王座決定戦、村田夏南子。「自信はない。でもコーチと仲間を信じている」 |url=https://mmaplanet.jp/97667 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=mmaplanet.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Murata ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara, tare da alƙalai biyu da suka zira kwallaye 48-47 da 49-46 a cikin ni'imar ta. Alkalin na uku ya zira kwallaye 48-47 ga Ducote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sloan |first=Mike |title=Kanako Murata Edges Emily Ducote to Capture Vacant Invicta FC Strawweight Title |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Kanako-Murata-Edges-Emily-Ducote-to-Capture-Vacant-Invicta-FC-Strawweight-Title-164871 |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=sherdog.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar [[Juliana Lima]] a babban taron Invicta FC 40: Ducote vs. Lima a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FightBookMMA |date=9 June 2020 |title=Strawweights Emily Ducote and Juliana Lima Headline Invicta FC 40 on July 2 |url=https://www.fightbookmma.com/strawweights-emily-ducote-and-juliana-lima-headline-invicta-fc-40-on-july-2/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=fightbookmma.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya, tare da dukkan alƙalai uku sun ba ta lambar yabo ta 29-28.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Heck |first=Mike |date=2 July 2020 |title=Invicta FC 40 results: Emily Ducote outpoints Juliana Lima in strawweight headliner |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2020/7/2/21312248/invicta-fc-40-results-emily-ducote-outpoints-juliana-lima-in-strawweight-headliner |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmafighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Montserrat Ruiz a Invicta FC 43: King vs. Harrison a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2020. Daga baya aka soke yakin saboda &quot;ƙarin ka'idojin tsaro na COVID-19&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wannan |first=Jack |date=20 November 2020 |title=Emily Ducoute vs. Montserrat Ruiz Out of Invicta FC 43 Main Event |url=https://knockdownnews.com/2020/11/20/emily-ducoute-vs-montserrate-ruiz-out-of-invicta-fc-43-main-event/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=knockdownnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Liz Tracy a Invicta FC a kan AXS TV: Rodríguez vs. Torquato a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2021. Daga baya aka soke yakin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Invicta on AXS TV: Pone vs. Yandolli added, Ducote vs. Tracy, Tennant vs. Chase removed |url=https://www.mmacrossfire.com/2021/05/11/invicta-on-axs-tv-pone-vs-yandolli-added-ducote-vs-tracy-tennant-vs-chase-removed/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmacrossfire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Invicta FC Strawweight Champion ====
Ducote ta fuskanci tsohuwar UFC Danielle Taylor don gasar Invicta FC Strawweight Championship a InvictaFC 44: A New Era a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newswire |title=Invicta FC 44: Emily Ducote faces Danielle Taylor, Lisa Verzosa meets Taneisha Tennant |url=https://www.fightmag.com.au/2021/07/28/invicta-fc-44-emily-ducote-faces-danielle-taylor-lisa-verzosa-meets-taneisha-tennant/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106235708/https://www.fightmag.com.au/2021/07/28/invicta-fc-44-emily-ducote-faces-danielle-taylor-lisa-verzosa-meets-taneisha-tennant/ |archive-date=6 November 2023 |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=fightmag.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwagwarmayarta da Taylor ta yi ta zama jigon biyan kuɗi na farko a tarihin Invicta FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Damon |date=27 July 2021 |title=Invicta FC moves to pay-per-view with bantamweight, strawweight titles up for grabs in August |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/7/27/22594572/invicta-fc-moves-to-pay-per-view-with-bantamweight-strawweight-titles-up-for-grabs-in-august |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmafighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ducote ya lashe yakin ta hanyar buga kwallo na farko. Ta fara dakatar da Taylor a cikin waƙoƙinta tare da madaidaiciya, kafin ta shimfiɗa ta da kai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=King |first=Nolan |date=28 August 2021 |title=Video: Knockout of the Year? Emily Ducote freezes Danielle Taylor with punch, rips head kick to win gold |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/08/invicta-fc-44-video-emily-ducote-freezes-danielle-taylor-with-punch-rips-head-kick-to-win-gold |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tsaron farko, Ducote ta fuskanci Alesha Zappitella a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2022 a Invicta FC 47. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=Emily Ducote vs. Alesha Zappitella strawweight title fight headlines Invicta FC 47 on May 11 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/03/mma-news-emily-ducote-vs-alesha-zappitella-strawweight-title-invicta-fc-47-may-11 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe gasar bayan likita ya dakatar da wasan bayan zagaye na biyu saboda yankewa a kan idon Alesha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bissell |first=Tim |date=2022-05-12 |title=Invicta FC 47 results and video: Emily Ducote defends title after splitting challenger's eyelid |url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2022/5/12/23066701/invicta-fc-47-results-and-video-mma-event-news-highlights-video-emily-ducote-alesha-zappitella |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512120356/https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2022/5/12/23066701/invicta-fc-47-results-and-video-mma-event-news-highlights-video-emily-ducote-alesha-zappitella |archive-date=2022-05-12 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Bloody Elbow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe ===
A watan Yunin 2022, Ducote ya sanya hannu tare da UFC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=King |first=Nolan |date=2 June 2022 |title=Invicta FC champion Emily Ducote signs with UFC, fights Jessica Penne on Long Island |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/invicta-fc-champion-emily-ducote-042527039.html?src=rss |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=sports.yahoo.com |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714151521/https://sports.yahoo.com/invicta-fc-champion-emily-ducote-042527039.html?src=rss |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ducote ta fara gabatar da ita ta farko, ta maye gurbin Brianna Fortino, a kan [[Jessica Penne]] a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2022 a UFC a kan ABC 3. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=Invicta FC champion Emily Ducote signs with UFC, fights Jessica Penne on Long Island |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/06/ufc-news-emily-ducote-invicta-fc-champ-signs-vs-jessica-penne-long-island |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2022-07-16 |title=UFC Long Island: Emily Ducote Wins Promotional Debut Against Former Title Challenger Jessica Penne |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/07/16/ufc-long-island-emily-ducote-vs-jessica-penne/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ducote ta fuskanci Angela Hill a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2022 a UFC a kan ESPN 42. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Alexander K. |date=2022-08-25 |title=Angela Hill to fight Emily Ducote at Dec. 3 UFC event |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/8/25/23322354/angela-hill-to-fight-emily-ducote-at-dec-3-ufc-event |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=3 December 2022 |title=UFC Orlando: High Output of Angela Hill Too Much for Emily Ducote |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/12/03/ufc-orlando-angela-hill-vs-emily-ducote/ |website=Cageside Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Ducote don fuskantar Polyana Viana a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2023, a UFC a kan ESPN 45. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diego Ribas, em Las Vegas |date=2023-02-27 |title=UFC encaminha Polyana Viana vs Emily Ducote para card de abril |url=https://agfight.com/ufc/ufc-encaminha-polyana-viana-vs-emily-ducote-para-card-de-abril/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |publisher=agfight.com}} {{In lang|pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, an sake tsara wasan don UFC Fight Night 223 a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;Changes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nolan King |date=2023-04-25 |title=UFC Fight Night 223 hit with three changes in days leading up to fight card |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-223-fight-card-changes-ducote-viana-levy-rodriguez-quinlan-waters-loosa |access-date=2023-04-25 |publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, Viana ta janye daga wasan saboda dalilin da ba a bayyana ba kuma tsohuwar LFA Women's Strawweight Champion Lupita Godinez ta maye gurbin ta a nauyin nauyin kilo 120.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jay Anderson |date=2023-05-08 |title=Loopy Godinez replaces Polyana Viana against Emily Ducote at UFC Vegas 73 |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/08/loopy-godinez-replaces-polyana-viana-emily-ducote-ufc-vegas-73/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |publisher=cagesidepress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2023-05-20 |title=UFC Vegas 73: Loopy Godinez Earns Second Straight Win, Decisions Emily Ducote |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/20/ufc-vegas-73-emily-ducote-vs-lupita-godinez/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ducote ya fuskanci Ashley Yoder a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2023 a UFC Fight Night 230. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=King |first=Nolan |date=2023-07-18 |title=Ashley Yoder to return from two-year UFC layoff vs. Emily Ducote |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2023/07/ufc-news-ashley-yoder-vs-emily-ducote-booked-october-14 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2023-10-14 |title=UFC Vegas 81: Emily Ducote Turns Back Returning Ashley Yoder |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/10/14/ufc-vegas-81-ashley-yoder-vs-emily-ducote/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ducote ya fuskanci Vanessa Demopoulos a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2024, a UFC Fight Night 241.  Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ta raba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2024-05-18 |title=UFC Vegas 92: Vanessa Demopoulos Takes Close Decision Over Emily Ducote Despite Injured Arm |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/05/18/ufc-vegas-92-vanessa-demopoulos-takes-close-decision-over-emily-ducote-despite-injured-arm/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2024, an ruwaito cewa an cire Ducote daga jerin sunayen UFC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Jul 30, 2024 |title=❌ Fighter removed: Emily Ducote |url=https://x.com/RosterTracker/status/1818040823268663576 |access-date=Jul 30, 2024 |website=UFCRosterTracker}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasar zakarun Turai da nasarorin da aka samu ==

* '''Gasar Gwagwarmayar Invicta'''
** Invicta FC Strawweight Championship (Wata lokaci) 
*** Ɗaya daga cikin nasarar kare taken

== Rubuce-rubucen zane-zane ==
{{MMArecordbox|ko-wins=3|ko-losses=|sub-wins=4|sub-losses=1|dec-wins=6|dec-losses=8}}{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|13–9
|[[Vanessa Demopoulos]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Barboza vs. Murphy]]
|{{dts|2024|May|18}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|13–8
|[[Ashley Yoder]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Yusuff vs. Barboza]]
|{{dts|2023|October|14}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|12–8
|[[Lupita Godinez]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Dern vs. Hill]]
|{{dts|2023|May|20}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{Small|Catchweight (120 lb) bout.}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|12–7
|[[Angela Hill]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC on ESPN: Thompson vs. Holland]]
|{{dts|2022|December|03}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Orlando, Florida]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|12–6
|[[Jessica Penne]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC on ABC: Ortega vs. Rodríguez]]
|{{dts|2022|July|16}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Elmont, New York]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–6
|[[Alesha Zappitella]]
|TKO (doctor stoppage)
|[[List of Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 47: Ducote vs. Zappitella|Invicta FC 47: Ducote vs. Zappitella]]
|{{dts|2022|May|11}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States
|{{Small|Defended the [[Invicta Fighting Championships#Strawweight Championship|Invicta FC Strawweight Championship]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|10–6
|[[Danielle Taylor (fighter)|Danielle Taylor]]
|KO (punch &amp; head kick)
|[[List of Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 44: A New Era|Invicta FC 44: A New Era]]
|{{dts|2021|August|27}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:51
|[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States
|{{Small|Won the vacant [[Invicta Fighting Championships#Strawweight Championship|Invicta FC Strawweight Championship]]. Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|9–6
|[[Juliana Lima]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[List of Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 40: Ducote vs. Lima|Invicta FC 40: Ducote vs. Lima]]
|{{dts|2020|July|2}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5:00
|[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States
|{{Small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|8–6
|[[Kanako Murata]]
|Decision (split)
|[[List of Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 38: Murata vs. Ducote|Invicta FC 38: Murata vs. Ducote]]
|{{dts|2019|November|1}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5:00
|[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States
|{{Small|For the vacant [[Invicta Fighting Championships#Strawweight Championship|Invicta FC Strawweight Championship]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|8–5
|[[Janaisa Morandin]]
|KO (punches)
|[[List of Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 36: Sorenson vs. Young|Invicta FC 36: Sorenson vs. Young]]
|{{dts|2019|August|9}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 4:03
|[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States
|{{Small|Catchweight (119.6 lb) bout; Morandin missed weight. Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|7–5
|Kathryn Paprocki
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|Xtreme Fight Night 356
|{{dts|2019|February|1}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3:31
|[[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], United States
|{{Small|Return to Strawweight.}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|6–5
|Veta Arteaga
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[Bellator MMA in 2018#Bellator 202|Bellator 202]]
|{{dts|2018|July|13}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5:00
|[[Thackerville, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|6–4
|Kristina Williams
|Decision (split)
|[[Bellator MMA in 2018#Bellator 196|Bellator 196]]
|{{dts|2018|March|2}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5:00
|[[Thackerville, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|6–3
|[[Ilima-Lei Macfarlane]]
|Submission (triangle armbar)
|[[Bellator MMA in 2017#Bellator 186|Bellator 186]]
|{{dts|2017|November|3}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3:42
|[[University Park, Pennsylvania]], United States
|{{Small|For the inaugural [[List of Bellator champions#Women's Flyweight World Championship|Bellator Women's Flyweight World Championship]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|6–2
|Jessica Middleton
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[Bellator MMA in 2017#Bellator 181|Bellator 181]]
|{{dts|2017|July|14}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5:00
|[[Thackerville, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|5–2
|Katy Collins
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|[[Bellator MMA in 2017#Bellator 174|Bellator 174]]
|{{dts|2017|March|3}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 4:53
|[[Thackerville, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|4–2
|[[Ilima-Lei Macfarlane]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[Bellator MMA in 2016#Bellator 167|Bellator 167]]
|{{dts|2016|December|3}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5:00
|[[Thackerville, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|4–1
|Kenya Miranda
|Submission (armbar)
|[[Bellator MMA in 2016#Bellator 161|Bellator 161]]
|{{dts|2016|September|16}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 4:37
|[[Cedar Park, Texas]], United States
|{{Small|Catchweight (126.8 lb) bout; Miranda missed weight.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|3–1
|Bruna Vargas
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|[[Bellator MMA in 2016#Bellator 159|Bellator 159]]
|{{dts|2016|July|22}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 0:29
|[[Mulvane, Kansas]], United States
|{{Small|Flyweight debut.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2–1
|Jianna Denizard
|Decision (unanimous)
|Xtreme Fighting League
|{{dts|2016|May|14}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3:00
|[[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1–1
|Ronnie Nanney
|Decision (unanimous)
|OKC Charity Fight Night
|{{dts|2016|January|14}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3:00
|[[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|0–1
|[[Emily Whitmire]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|FCF 50
|{{dts|2015|September|15}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 5:00
|[[Shawnee, Oklahoma]], United States
|{{Small|Strawweight debut.}}
|-
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mata masu zane-zane
* Jerin zakarun wasan kwaikwayo na yanzu

== manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Professional MMA record for Emily DucotedagaSherdog
* Emily DucoteaUFC

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{Succession box|title=8th [[Invicta FC#Strawweight Championship|Invicta FC Strawweight Champion]]}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>701jnaued3hmf6rcu0ne807iplnncgu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Georgia Fuller</title>
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      <id>858647</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:46:54Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="6900" sha1="7sr6dk8lkiz9fxypo34nvte5nwlhjkx" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Georgia Fuller''' 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce wacce ta shiga cikin gwagwarmaya ta siyasa don Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Hakki a cikin shekarun 1980.  Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Majalisa, ƙungiyar mata a cikin shekarun 1980, kuma ta kasance co-kafa Arlington, Virginia reshe na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa (NOW). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Collection: Papers of NOW officer Georgia Fuller, 1973-1977 {{!}} HOLLIS for |url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/5065 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327201355/https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/5065 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin kai da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa ==
Fuller ya shiga cikin Virginia chapter na NOW kuma ya kafa Arlington chapter a 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta tare da NOW, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin LGBT, Kwaskwarimar haƙƙin daidaito da haƙƙin haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A taron na 1981, Fuller ya shiga cikin wata kungiya da ake kira Majalisa Union wanda ya yi kira da a dauki mataki kai tsaye don matsa lamba ga Fadar White House don tallafawa ERA. Kungiyar Majalisa ta kasance mai aiki a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma ta dauki sunanta daga asalin Kungiyar Ma'aikatar Mata ta kafa ta Alice Paul, marubucin asali na ERA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dullea |first=Georgia |date=October 16, 1981 |title=NOW Gearing up for 'Missionary Project' |work=Johnson City Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A lokacin taron na 1981, Fuller ya sa sarƙoƙi don jaddada dabarun tawaye da ke zuwa don tallafawa ERA a fili.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Fuller ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da NOW a cikin shekarun 1980. A cikin wannan shekaru goma, ta kuma kasance mai aiki a siyasa tare da batutuwan LGBTQ + yayin da ta taimaka wajen shirya taron don tattauna homophobia a cikin coci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Jean |date=March 9, 2020 |title=PLEASANT HILL RAMBLINGS: Fuller shares stories of Equal Rights Amendment struggle |url=https://www.crossville-chronicle.com/news/lifestyles/pleasant-hill-ramblings-fuller-shares-stories-of-equal-rights-amendment-struggle/article_c7eb740e-623a-11ea-a13a-2bf6f6567acb.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta NOW kan Mata da Addini ==
Fuller ta kasance mai aiki tare da kungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa kan Mata da Addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Lokacin da aka kori Sonia Johnson daga Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe don tallafawa ERA, Fuller ta shirya addu'a a madadin ta. Wata sananniyar mace wacce ke da hannu tare da wannan rukuni ita ce Elizabeth Farians, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa NOW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-02-09 |title=Honoring Our Founders and Pioneers {{!}} National Organization for Women |url=https://now.org/about/history/honoring-our-founders-pioneers/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=now.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan gwagwarmaya ga ERA ==
Fuller ta kasance wani ɓangare na wata kungiya da ake kira A Group of Women wacce ta gudanar da aikin ta'addanci a madadin ERA a farkon shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Organization For Women Georgia Fuller Credit: The Denver Post |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/national-organization-for-women-georgia-fuller-credit-the-news-photo/836933396 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Getty Images |language=en-us }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sonia Johnson ita ma ta kasance cikin wannan kungiyar kuma ta shiga cikin kamfen na siyasa da yawa tare da Fuller.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;A group of women putting the banner on The Portland Soldiers and Sailors Monument, also known as &quot;Our Lady of Victories.&quot; {{!}} Photo Archives |url=https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=941838 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=collections.lib.utah.edu |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222064937/https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=941838 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan dabarun kai tsaye marasa ƙarfi sun haɗa da shafa jan fenti wanda ya yi kama da jini a gaban Tarihin Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=McQUEEN |first=MICHEL |date=1982-07-07 |title=ERA's Triumph |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1982/07/07/eras-triumph/a493eb05-cc14-45ce-ad2d-55f3b9129b36/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar mata ashirin da suka shiga yajin aikin yunwa don kara wayar da kan jama'a game da wannan gyare-gyare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== An ɗaure shi da shinge na Fadar White House ==
A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 1982, Ranar Daidaita Mata, Fuller da ƙungiyar mata sun ɗaure kansu a kan shingen Fadar White House don nuna rashin aiki game da ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ERA Supporters Arrested in Washington |url=https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb1400399t/_1.pdf |website=off our backs}}&lt;/ref&gt;Charlotte Bunch da Fuller sun ba da jawabai a Lafayette Park yayin da magoya baya suka ƙone kyandirori. Kalmomin Shugaba Ronald Reagan an ƙone su a cikin wanka kuma 'yan jarida sun ba da rahoton mata a matsayin &quot;masu tsaron rana. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Fuller ya ƙarfafa kwatanta su da masu tsaron gida na shekarun 1910 yana cewa, &quot;Yayin da mai tsaron gida ya ƙone kalmomin Wilson, mu cikin wannan ruhun muna ƙone kalmomin Reagan. Kuma yayin da mahaifiyarmu ta kafa wuta ta 'yanci a wannan shafin, mu kamar yadda matan Amurka ke ƙone wuta ta daidaito. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Hawan shinge na Fadar White House ==
A ranar haihuwar Susan B. Anthony, 15 ga Fabrairu, 1982, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Georgia Elaine |date=1989-01-01 |title=Climbing the president's fence |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395%2889%2990088-5 |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=107–112 |doi=10.1016/0277-5395(89)90088-5 |issn=0277-5395}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuller da wasu mata 9 sun hau kan shinge na Fadar White House don wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar ERA.  Wannan wani tsari ne da Washington, DC reshe na Majalisar Dattijai ya dauka &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Fuller, Quaker, an haife shi a shekara ta 1945 kuma yana da ɗa ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ya zuwa 2020, Fuller ta ci gaba da ba da gabatarwa ga jama'a ta raba tarihinta game da aiki ga ERA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; A shekarunta na baya, Fuller ta kasance mai aiki tare da [[Silver Panthers]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Ƙungiyar Mata
* Berenice A. Carroll
* Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙasa ta Biyu
* Maureen Fiedler
* Sonia Johnson
* Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa
* Mata Yunwa don Adalci
* Zoe Nicholson

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Evelyne Sossouhounto</title>
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'''Evelyne Hortense Amélie Sossouhounto Kaneho''' (2 Mayu 1956 - 29 Maris 2024) malama ce a ƙasar [[Benin]]  kuma '[[Malami|yar]] [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]].

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ===
An haifi Evelyne Sossouhounto a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu 1956, a Abomey. Malamar kimiya ce, ta yi aiki a matsayin Sufeto na kimiyyar jiki, sinadarai, da fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Décoration à la Grande Chancellerie de l’Ordre National du Bénin : Quatre figures de renommée de l’Education faites ‘’Commandeur’’ |url=http://news.acotonou.com/h/33376.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |publisher=aCotonou.com |archive-date=2026-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517081810/http://news.acotonou.com/h/33376.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-08-02 |title=Pourquoi les singes vivent dans les arbres et autres contes du Bénin : un livre thérapeutique des maux de la société |url=https://lanouvelletribune.info/2014/08/pourquoi-les-singes-vivent-dans-les-arbres-et-autres-contes-du-benin-un-livre-therapeutique-des-maux-de-la-societe/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |publisher=La Nouvelle Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sana'a ===
Bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Boni Yayi, ta shiga gwamnati a matsayin ministar ilimin firamare da sakandare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Décret N° 2006-414 du 17 août 2006 |url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2006-414/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |publisher=Secrétariat général du Gouvernement du Bénin}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-06-30 |title=Le gouvernement béninois |url=http://www.izf.net/izf/Guide/Benin/gouvernement.htm |access-date=2022-10-16 |publisher=web.archive.org |archive-date=2007-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630082210/http://www.izf.net/izf/Guide/Benin/gouvernement.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benin (02/07) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/benin/81210.htm |access-date=2022-10-16 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin wannan, daga watan Maris zuwa Agusta 2006, ta haɗa aikin da ke tallafawa haɓaka sabbin shirye-shiryen karatu a makarantun sakandare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Daga shekarun 1988 zuwa 1998, ta kasance mai kula da fasaha don horar da koyar da ilimin kimiyya ga masu aikin sa kai na Amurka Peace Corps. Tun daga shekara ta 2009, ta kula da &quot;Prime Pedagogical Workshops,&quot; da nufin zayyana yanayin koyo bisa tushen cancanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Sossouhounto ta mutu a Cotonou a ranar 29 ga watan Maris 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Affanou |first=Roland |title=Bénin : L’ancienne ministre Evelyne H. Amelie SOSSOUHOUNTO a tiré sa révérence |url=https://lepatriotebenin.com/index.php/2024/03/31/benin-lancienne-ministre-evelyne-h-amelie-sossouhounto-a-tire-sa-reverence/ |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=lepatriotebenin.com |publisher=Le Patriote Benin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girmamawa ==
A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, 2014, an naɗa ta Kwamanda na National Order of Benin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Décoration à la Grande Chancellerie de l’Ordre National du Bénin : Quatre figures de renommée de l’Education faites ‘’Commandeur’’ |url=http://news.acotonou.com/h/33376.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |publisher=aCotonou.com |archive-date=2026-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517081810/http://news.acotonou.com/h/33376.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Décret N° 2010-159 du 07 mai 2010 |url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2010-159/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |publisher=Secrétariat général du Gouvernement du Bénin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]]
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    <title>Frigga Carlberg</title>
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'''Anna Fredrika &quot;Frigga&quot; Carlberg''', née Anna Fredrika Lundgren (10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1851 - 3 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1925), marubuciya ce ta Sweden, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa, mai fafutukar mata kuma mai ba da shawara ga 'yancin mata.Ta kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa daga 1903 zuwa 1921 kuma shugabar reshen Gothenburg na Swedish Society for Woman Suffrage daga 1902 zuwa 1921. 

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Frigga Carlberg a Ikklisiya na Falkenberg a cikin Halland County, Sweden . An haife ta ne a cikin iyali mai arziki amma tana da matukar wahala don shawo kan mahaifinta ya ba ta damar karatu. Ta koma Gothenburg bayan aurenta da jami'in gidan waya Andreas Carlberg (1850-1921) a 1876.

Carlberg ta shiga cikin batutuwan mata da aikin zamantakewa tun lokacin da ta isa Gothenburg, kuma ta zama muhimmiyar memba na Kungiyar Mata ta Gothenburg ({{Lang|sv|Göteborgs Kvinnoförening}}), wanda aka kafa a 1884 a matsayin ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Gothenburg. Ta kafa {{Lang|sv|Sällskapet Myrornas barnhem}}, kungiyar da ke ba da gidaje ga yara masu lafiya ga iyaye da suka kamu da tarin fuka, ta jagoranci kungiyar mata ma'aikatan zamantakewa kuma ta zama memba na kungiyar kula da matalauta ta Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;swbd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Fredrika (Frigga) Carlberg |url=https://skbl.se/sv/artikel/FriggaCarlberg |access-date=26 June 2019 |website=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2013 |title=Göteborgs Kvinnoförening |url=https://ohlininstitutet.se/liberala-biblioteket/personer/akermark-alma/ |access-date=May 1, 2020 |website=Ohlininstitutet }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Demonstrationståg_för_kvinnorösträtten,_Göteborg_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0032617.jpg|thumb|Frigga Carlberg da sauransu suna nunawa don zaɓen mata a Gothenburg, Yuni 1918.]]

=== Ayyukan zaɓen ƙuri'a ===
Carlberg ta zama babban mutum a cikin zamantakewar zamantakewa da siyasa da ke sha'awar mata a Gothenburg, kuma lokacin da aka kafa Swedish Society for Woman Suffrage a 1902, ta dauki mataki don kafa sashin Gothenburg kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugabanta a duk lokacin da ya kasance a cikin 1903-1921.

An san ta sosai game da musamman ƙungiyar 'yan takara ta Burtaniya da Amurka, kuma sau ɗaya ta gayyaci Sylvia Pankhurst (1882-1960) don lacca. An san reshen Gotheburg a matsayin mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi na dukkan rassan ƙungiyar Sweden; yayin da manufofin 'yan Sweden gabaɗaya suka yi tsayayya da dabarun' yan Birtaniya, waɗanda suka ɗauka ba su da tushe ga dalilin, an san Frigga Carlberg da reshen Gothenburg sun fi tsattsauraren fiye da sauran Sweden idan ya shafi hanyoyin su. A cikin 1918, ranch na Gothenburg ya shirya zanga-zangar titin da aka taɓa gudanarwa ta ƙungiyar Sweden.

Ta kuma wakilci Sweden a taron kasa da kasa da dama na mata: na farko a matsayin memba na Swedish Society for Woman Suffrage, kuma a karo na karshe, 9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrag Alliance a Roma a 1923, a matsayin wakilin gwamnatin Sweden. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sylvia Pankhurst |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/WpankhurstS.htm |access-date=May 1, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Marubuci ===
A matsayinta na marubuciyar litattafai da wasan kwaikwayo, ta bayyana batutuwan mata da yanayin rayuwa na matalauta, wanda ya rinjayi manufofi. Littafinta Förfär rättdighets skull (1918), tare da littafin ''Pennskaftet'' (1910) na Elin Wägner (1882-1949), an dauke shi daya daga cikin sanannun littafin ƙungiyar Sweden ({{Lang|sv|Kvinnors kamp för rösträtt}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elin Wägner |url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/wagner-elin-3/ |access-date=May 1, 2020 |website=The History of Nordic Women’s Literature}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web |last=Lotta Lotass |title=Elin Wägner (1882-1949) |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/W%C3%A4gnerE |access-date=May 1, 2020 |website=litteraturbanken.se}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Frigga Carlberg |url=http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/biografier/carlberg.xml |access-date=May 1, 2020 |website=Göteborgs Universitetsbibliotek}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kvinnors kamp för rösträtt |url=http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/ |access-date=May 1, 2020 |website=Göteborgs universitet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kyaututtuka ===
An ba Carlberg lambar yabo ta Illis a shekarar 1921.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergman |first=Signe |title=A F (Frigga) Carlberg (f. Lundgren) |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=16378 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=[[Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon]] |language=sv |archive-date=2023-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201034057/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=16378 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sauran tushe ==

* [https://runeberg.org/smok/ ''Svenska och män kvinnor: tarihin rayuwa uppslagsbok''] (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag. 1944) 

== Karatun da suka danganci ==

* Christina Florin (2006) Kvinnor får röst (Stockholm: Atlas)    
* Elin Wägner (1910) ''Pennskaftet'' (Bokförlaget Atlantis)   

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Frigga CarlbergaMutanen da ke cikin mutanen da ke cikin rayuwarsu

== Haɗin waje ==

* Works by or about Frigga Carlberga cikinTarihin Intanet
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1851]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1925]]
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    <title>Adebayo Tijani</title>
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'''Adebayo Tijani''' mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darekta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.

== Ayyuka ==
Tijani ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood ta [[FilmOne Distributions|FilmOne]] a cikin 2022.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
|-
|2019
|''[[77 Bullets|Harsashi 77]]''
|Daraktan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, '77 Bullets' {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets-2024081503223500879 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|''[[The New Patriots|Sabbin 'yan kasa]]''
|Co darektan tare da Terry Ayebo 
|-
|2022
|''[[Ijakumo]]''
|Daraktan 
|-
|2022
|[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|''Sarkin ɓarayi'']]
|Co darektan tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='King of Thieves' officially crosses N300M in box office {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/king-of-thieves-officially-crosses-n300m-in-box-office-2024072515384714953 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Here are the 3 highest-grossing Yoruba epic films so far {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/nigerian-box-office-here-are-the-3-highest-grossing-yoruba-epic-films-so-far-2024072616223553031 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2023
|''[[Jagun Jagun]]''
|Daraktan 
|-
|2023
|''[[Ada Omo Daddy]]''
|Co darektan tare da Akay Mason 
|-
|2024
|''[[Dabbar Duniya Biyu]]''
|Co darektan tare da [[Odunlade Adekola]] 
|-
|2024
|''[[Brúyar Bride|Brúyar Manomi]]''
|Co darektan tare da Jack'enneth Opukeme &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Farmer's Bride continues to rake box office, joining the ₦100 Million gang {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/farmers-bride-continues-to-rake-box-office-joining-the-naira100-million-gang-2024102811311841946 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2024
|''Ƙofofi Bakwai''
|Darakta tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;It Took Seven Days to Film a Scene in 'Seven Doors,'&quot; Says Femi Adebayo&quot; |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/it-took-seven-days-to-film-a-scene-in-seven-doors-says-femi-adebayo/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2024
|''[[alakada: Bad and Boujee|Alakada: Bad da Boujee]]''
|Daraktan
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Fim din
!Sashe
!Sakamakon
|-
|2014
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]
|''[[Omo Elemosho]]''
|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Nom}}
|-
|2016
|[[2016 Best of Nollywood Awards|2016 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]
|''Eni-Owo''
|Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}}
|-
|2023
|[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2023 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]]
|''Sarkin ɓarayi''
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}}
|-
|2024
|[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024]]
|''Jagun Jagun''
|Mafi Kyawun Rubuce-rubuce - Fim |{{Nom}}
|-
|2024
|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024
|''Jagun Jagun''
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}}
|-
|2024
|[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]
|''Jagun Jagun''
|Daraktan Shekara |{{Won}}
|}

* [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya mafi girma]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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  <page>
    <title>Euphrasie Kouassi Yao</title>
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'''Euphrasie Kouassi Yao''' (kuma '''Yao Kouassi''', an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu 1964) &lt;ref name=&quot;Abidjan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Euphrasie Kouassi Yao |url=http://abidjan.net/QUI/profil.asp?id=1065 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827003312/http://abidjan.net/QUI/profil.asp?id=1065 |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=24 March 2019 |publisher=Abidjan.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasar ƙasar [[Ivory Coast]] ce, wacce ita ce mai ba da shawara na musamman ga shugaba [[Alassane Ouattara]] a halin yanzu mai kula da jinsi. Ta kuma riƙe muƙamin ministar kula da harkokin mata da kare dangi da yara, sannan kuma ta kasance shugabar [[UNESCO|hukumar UNESCO]] a kwamitinsu kan ruwa, mata da yanke shawara.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Kouassi Yao tana da digiri na biyu a fannin Jinsi da Ci gaba daga Jami'ar de l'Atlantique d'Abidjan a Cote D'Ivoire. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abidjan&quot;/&gt; Ɗan uwanta [[Jean Claude Kouassi]] shi ma ya kasance minista a gwamnatin Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Côte d'Ivoire: Après son départ du Gouvernement, Euphrasie Kouassi Yao ex ministre a été nommée à la présidence&quot;. Abidjan TV. 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==


A cikin Ivory Coast, Kouassi Yao ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Ƙasa na Daidaitawa da Inganta Jima'i, Mai ba da shawara na Fasaha ga Ministan Mata, memba na kwamitin daraktocin Ofishin Ruwa na Ruwa na Ƙasa, Mai Gudanar da Ƙwarewar Mata, &lt;ref name=&quot;Abidjan&quot;/&gt; kuma a matsayin mai kula da Compendium of Women's Competences of Côte d'Ivoire.  Ta kuma yi aiki ga [[UNESCO]] a matsayin mai kujera a kwamitin su kan Ruwa, Mata da Yin Shawarwari.&lt;ref&gt;d'Ivoire : Euphrasie Yao explique l'importance de la formation en ingénierie du genre&quot;. Afrique de l'Ouest (in French). 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019 – via Africa Business Agency.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Water, people and cooperation: 50 years of water programmes for sustainable development at UNESCO. UNESCO. December 2015. p. 192. ISBN 9789231001284. Retrieved 24 March 2019&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Côte d'Ivoire.Littérature : Euphrasie Yao partage ses leçons et expériences de vie dans un fascinant ouvrage&quot; (in French). Abidjan.net. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

A [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]] ta 2019, Kouassi Yao ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 20 na Ivory Coast da dandamali na duniya don mata masu shiga tsakani ya karrama. An bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;mace mai tasiri kuma mai jan hankali&quot;.  A cikin watan Disamba 2021, ta fitar da wani littafi {{Lang|fr|Le secret d'une aventure}} ( ''Sirrin kasada'' ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 January 2022 |title=Côte d'Ivoire.Littérature : Euphrasie Yao partage ses leçons et expériences de vie dans un fascinant ouvrage |url=https://news.abidjan.net/articles/702534/cote-divoirelitterature-euphrasie-yao-partage-ses-lecons-et-experiences-de-vie-dans-un-fascinant-ouvrage |access-date=28 April 2022 |publisher=Abidjan.net |language=fr |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212074600/https://news.abidjan.net/articles/702534/cote-divoirelitterature-euphrasie-yao-partage-ses-lecons-et-experiences-de-vie-dans-un-fascinant-ouvrage |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin ya yi cikakken bayani game da matsayinta a cikin gwamnati tsakanin shekarun 2004 zuwa 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2022 |title=Euphrasie Yao décèle le grand secret de son aventure de vie sur Amazon |url=https://news.abidjan.net/articles/704606/euphrasie-yao-decele-le-grand-secret-de-son-aventure-de-vie-sur-amazon |access-date=28 April 2022 |publisher=Abidjan.net |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'Doli, Didier (July 2016).&lt;ref&gt;Côte d'Ivoire : Euphrasie Yao invite les femmes aveugles à ne pas mendier&quot;. Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne (in French). Retrieved 24 March 2019&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Compendium des compétences féminines :Euphrasie Yao Kouassi, invite les femmes de Bouaké à se faire identifier# compendiumdescompétencesfeminines&quot;. Le Point Sur&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Euphrasie Yao (Conseillère du Président de la République chargée du genre): Nous devons concevoir des programmes qui contribuent à la paix&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;LES TÊTES D'AFFICHES DE DENISE EPOTÉ&quot; (in French). Radio France Internationale. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;2016 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices&quot;. Government of the Ivory Coast. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Erik Levine</title>
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        <username>Drseeyah muhammad</username>
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'''Erik Levine''' [[Zane-zane na gani|ɗan wasan gani]] ne [[Amurkawa|na Amurka]] . Shi [[Farfesa|farfesa ne]] na [[Art|fasaha]] a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Liberal a Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . &lt;ref name=&quot;yy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boston |first=UMass |title=Erik.Levine - UMass Boston |url=https://www.umb.edu/directory/eriklevine/ |website=www.umb.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Levine wanda akafi sani a bidiyo, sassaka, da zane-zane, tare da ayyukansa da aka nuna a cikin tarin jama'a na gidajen tarihi, irin su Whitney Museum of American Art, Walker Art Center, da Hirshhorn Museum da Sculpture Garden . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine |url=https://walkerart.org/collections/artists/http:://walkerart.org/collections/artists/erik-levine |website=walkerart.org |access-date=2025-05-01 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106053227/https://walkerart.org/collections/artists/http:://walkerart.org/collections/artists/erik-levine |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
An haifi Levine a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma ya girma a [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] . Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a Jami'ar Jihar California Northridge da Jami'ar California Los Angeles . Daga baya ya koma kwalejin kuma ya sami BA daga Thomas Edison State College . Ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Art a Kwalejin Liberal Arts a Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston tun a shekara ta 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;yy&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan Levine sun haɗu da matsakaici daban-daban, sun haɗa da bidiyo, sassaka, da zane-zane kuma ana gudanar da su a cikin tarin jama'a, ciki har da Walker Art Center, Des Moines Art Center, Hirshhorn Museum da Sculpture Garden, Museum of Contemporary Art a Los Angeles, da kuma Whitney Museum of American Art, da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine &amp;#124; Pneumatic Concentrate |url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/10468 |website=whitney.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan nasa, waɗanda aka nuna a Diane Brown Gallery a cikin shekarar 1988, sun haɗu da tasirin Minimalist da Post-Minimalist, suna nuna nau'ikan geometries waɗanda aka ƙera daga itacen bakin ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;aw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Roberta |date=February 26, 1988 |title=An Array of Artists, Styles and Trends in Downtown Galleries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/26/arts/an-array-of-artists-styles-and-trends-in-downtown-galleries.html |via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari kuma, ''kayan'' aikin sa na kayan aiki, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani nuni a Ruth Bloom Gallery a Los Angeles, California a cikin shekara ta 1998 ya haɗu da kayan aikin filastik na masana'antu tare da nau'in polyurethane na kwayoyin halitta, yana haifar da bambanci tsakanin rigidity da kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke nuna rashin dai-daituwa na asali a cikin dogara ga kayan da mutum ya yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Cathy |date=November 7, 1995 |title=ART REVIEWS : Going Through the Motions : Newport Harbor's 'Machine' Is Fun to Look at, but It Doesn't Work |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-11-07-ca-274-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukansa na bidiyo da aka nuna a cikin nunin shekarar 2017 ''Mutuwa da kyau - Mutuwar ƙarya'' ta ba da bincike game da yanayin mutuwa, shiga cikin jigogi na ban sha'awa, tsoro, da kuma canza ra'ayi na mace-mace. &lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dying well – False death |url=https://www.freiburg.de/pb/1051370.html |website=www.freiburg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin ayyukan Levine na kwanan nan sun ƙunshi shigarwar bidiyo, waɗanda suka haɗa da ''Grip'' a cikin 2005, ''coyoteNorth'' a cikin shekarar 2013, ''Scenario'' a cikin 2018 da ''Barcin Laifin'' a 2022. Ayyukansa na 2016 mai suna ''Still Lifes'' ya binciko tasirin tsufa ta hanyar nuna rayuwar tsofaffi a cikin gidajen da suka yi ritaya da kuma taimaka wa wuraren rayuwa, ta yin amfani da abubuwan da suka faru don nuna alamar lokaci da tafiye-tafiye na rayuwa.  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Videonale Archive &amp;#124; Still Lifes |url=https://archive.videonale.org/en/videos/still-lifes |website=archive.videonale.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin aikinsa, Levine ya kasance mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Guggenheim Fellowship &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/erik-levine/ |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation...}}&lt;/ref&gt; da lambar yabo ta Pollock-Krasner Foundation guda uku, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine &amp;#124; Works &amp;#124; Pollock Krasner Image Collection |url=https://www.pkf-imagecollection.org/artist/Erik_Levine/works/ |website=www.pkf-imagecollection.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma zama mazaunin Robert Rauschenberg. &lt;ref name=&quot;uu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ARTDISTRICTS Magazine » Reviews » Erik Levine |url=http://artdistricts.com/erik-levine/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami tallafi da tallafi daga Gidauniyar Fasaha ta New York, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York akan Fasaha, Majalisar Al'adu ta Massachusetts, da Kyautar Fasaha ta Kasa.

== liyafar ==
Cathy Curtis, ya rubuta wa Los Angeles Times yayin da yake nazarin aikinsa ''na Apparatus'', a cikin wani nuni a Newport Harbor Art Museum ya ce &quot;Babban ''kayan aikin Erik Levine,'' kyauta ce mai ban sha'awa ga gidan kayan gargajiya, ya kafa wata tattaunawa mai tsauri tsakanin kullun filastik kumfa mai kusurwa da dama da siffofin polyurethane - kama da sliced gourds. &quot; Ta kuma yaba wa tsarin da ya bi, wanda ya haɗa da yin amfani da haɗe-haɗe na kayan da mutum ya ƙera, madaidaicin grid, da nau'ikan sifofi guda biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ee&quot;/&gt; A cikin wata hira da aka yi wa Shauna Snow na Los Angeles Times, ya ce &quot;Ina so in jaddada mathematics, nazari, ra'ayi, falsafar hanyar yin zane-zane; tsarin fasaha na fasaha, ina tsammanin, yana da mahimmanci. Ina matukar fahimtar shawarar da na yanke - ba kawai na rubuta shi ga wani gidan kayan gargajiya ko wani abu ba &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Shauna |date=November 4, 1990 |title=Sculptor Erik Levine Emphasizes the Intellectual |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-04-ca-5354-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, Michael Kimmelman kuma ya sake nazarin aikinsa da aka nuna a Diane Brown Gallery. Ya yaba da yadda yin amfani da manne, putty, da ma'auni a cikin zane-zanen nasa yana ƙara ingantaccen rubutu na musamman ga guntuwar, wanda ya haifar da wani nau'in waƙar da ba a saba gani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kimmelman |first=Michael |date=June 2, 1989 |title=Critics' Choices for an Arts-Filled Weekend; Galleries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/02/arts/critics-choices-for-an-arts-filled-weekend-galleries.html |via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin bitarsa na zanen plywood na Levine mai taken ''Hand Held'' (1997), Veron Ennis ya yaba da kokarinsa na kama ainihin mazakuta ta hanyar sigar geometric da albarkatun kasa. Bugu da ƙari, ya yaba da aikinsa na bidiyo saboda zurfin binciken sa na musamman a cikin duniyar maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;uu&quot;/&gt; Leila Farsakh yayin da take bitar faifan bidiyo na Levine a cikin makalarta mai taken &quot;Fuskar da Sauran: Mata da Namiji a cikin Ayyukan Erik Levine&quot; ta ce ''fasahar Levine tana magana da mata kamar yadda maza suke yi saboda tana magance yanayin ɗan adam a cikin rauninsa.'' ''Ta kuma yaba da kokarin da ya yi wajen gano yadda ake gina mazakuta tare da jaddada rauninsa, inda ta kwatanta irin warewa da rashin tausayi na tsufa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Facing the Other: Women and Masculinity in the Work of Erik Levine |url=http://www.eriklevine.com/images/Erik-Levine_As-a-Matter-of-Fact.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;''

== nune-nunen ==
Nunin nune-nunen na Levine ya ƙunshi jerin nune-nunen nune-nune na solo da aka gudanar a gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi a Amurka da Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;SS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Someone Else. The foreignness of children |url=https://www.freiburg.de/pb/1818458.html |website=www.freiburg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin nune-nunen sa na solo sun haɗa da Diane Brown Gallery, New York (1988);, &lt;ref name=&quot;aw&quot;/&gt; Gidan kayan gargajiya na Louisiana na Art Modern, Humlebæk, [[Denmark]] (1989), &lt;ref name=&quot;ee&quot;/&gt; Meyers/Bloom Gallery, Santa Monica, CA (1990); Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, Jamus (1993); Galerie Bela Jarzyk, Cologne, Jamus (1995); Museum Pfalzgalerie Kaiserslautern, Jamus (1998), Galerie Bernd Klüser, Munich, Jamus (1995, 1993), Space Other, Boston, MA (2007); Gidan kayan tarihi na Fasaha na zamani, San Diego, CA (2010); Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wexner, Columbus, OH (2015) da Ludwig Forum Aachen, Jamus (2017).

Levine ya kuma shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni da yawa ciki har da shekara ta 1989 Whitney Biennial Exhibition, Machine, Newport Harbor Art Museum, Newport Beach, CA (1995); &lt;ref name=&quot;ee&quot;/&gt; Vortexhibition Polyphonica, Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, WA, (2009); Sabunta Kwanan nan: Kyaututtuka na Fasaha, Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts, Boston, MA, (2006); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Recent Acquisitions |url=https://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/recent-acquisitions |website=Museum of Fine Arts Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; Videonale.16, Kunstmuseum, Bonn, Jamus, (2017); Mutuwa da kyau-Mutuwar ƙarya, Museum für Neue Kunst, Freiburg, Jamus (2017); &lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;/&gt; da Wani, Museum für Neue Kunst, Freiburg, Jamus (2022).

== Tarin jama'a ==

* Mead Art Museum, Kwalejin Amherst, Amherst, MA
* Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich, Jamus
* Pfalzgalerie Kaiserslautern, Jamus
* Cibiyar Fisher-Landau, Long Island City, NY
* Kwalejin Grinnell, Grinnell, IA
* Weatherspoon Art Gallery, Greensboro, NC
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Orange County, Orange County, CA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OCMA / Orange County Museum of Art |url=https://ocma.art/ |website=OCMA / Orange County Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* New School, New York, NY
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY
* Lenbachhaus, Munich, Jamus
* Madison Art Center, Madison, WI
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art Contemporary, Los Angeles, CA
* Portland Art Museum, Portland, KO
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker, Minneapolis, MN
* Gidan kayan tarihi na Louisiana na Art Modern, Humlebæk, Denmark
* High Museum of Art, [[Atlanta]], GA
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art Contemporary Art, Geneva, Switzerland
* Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, NY
* Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY
* Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Recent Acquisitions: 1989–1991 |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/exhibitions/recent-acquisitions-1989-1991/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan kayan tarihi na Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
* National Museum of Contemporary Art, [[Oslo]], Norway
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY
* Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, MA
* Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Des Moines, Des Moines, IA
* Miami Art Museum, Miami, FL
* Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA
* Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, WA
* Gidan kayan tarihi na fasahar zamani, San Diego, CA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine |url=https://www.moca.org/artist/erik-levine |website=www.moca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, FL
* Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa, FL
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fine Arts Houston, Houston, TX
* Magasin III Museum &amp; Foundation for Contemporary Art, Stockholm, Sweden
* McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, TX &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gyre |url=https://collection.mcnayart.org/objects/21317/gyre |website=McNay Art Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Williams College Museum of Art a cikin Tarin Jama'a

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==

* 1992 - Guggenheim Fellowship, Guggenheim Foundation
* 2004 - Grant, Nancy Graves Foundation
* 2010 – Mazauni, Outpost Artists Resources
* 2019 – Rauschenberg Residency, Robert Rauschenberg Foundation &lt;ref name=&quot;uu&quot;/&gt;

== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==

=== Littattafai ===

* ''Erik Levine: A Matsayin Gaskiya'' (2017) &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9783903153479&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Climate Change Denial Disorder''' (CCDD) wani ɗan gajeren fim ne wanda ke nuna ƙin [[Canjin yanayi]] da ra'ayoyi game da canjin yanayi ta hanyar tattaunawar cutar almara. Tauraron fim din Ed Begley Jr., Timothy Brennan, da Susan Yeagley. Carly Usdin ne ya ba da umarnin, Nicol Paone ne ya rubuta, kuma Brianne Trosie ne ya samar da shi. An fitar da fim din ne a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2015, ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon bidiyo mai ban dariya da kamfanin samar da fim / talabijin Funny or Die kuma a ranar 16 ga Afrilu zuwa [[YouTube]].&lt;ref&gt;Stone, Natalie (September 2, 2015), &quot;'Mad Max: Fury Road,' 'Interstellar,' 'Virunga' Among Environmental Media Awards Nominees&quot;, The Hollywood Reporter, archived from the original on September 7, 2015, retrieved April 9, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar Kafofin Watsa Labarai ta Muhalli ta amince da Canjin Yanayi tare da gabatarwa a cikin 2015 Environmental Media Awards for Best Digital Short. Shafin yanar gizon labarai na muhalli [[EcoWatch]] ya nuna fim din daga cikin bidiyon muhalli mafi girma na 2015. 

== Fitarwa ==
 
Kafin ya bayyana a cikin fim din a matsayin dan siyasa wanda bai san canjin yanayi ba, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ed Begley Jr. ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da muhalli na shekaru da yawa. Ya sanya gidansa da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana daidai da ka'idodin Jagora a cikin Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED). &lt;ref name=&quot;swann&quot; /&gt;

An fara fitar da fim din ne a shafin yanar gizon Funny or Die a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2015.  Funny or Die ya buga bidiyon a [[YouTube]] a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2015.

== Makirci ==
Canjin Yanayi An tsara rikice-rikicen ƙin yarda a cikin hanyar Sanarwar sabis na jama'a. Mai ba da labari ya fara fim din ta hanyar gabatar da cutar ta almara tare da tambaya ga mai kallo: &quot;Shin iyayinka, kakanku ko wakilin siyasa suna fama da rikice-rikicen canjin yanayi? CCDD cuta ce mai saurin yaduwa wanda, jami'an kiwon lafiya na duniya sun ce, idan ba a kula da ita ba, zai iya lalata duniya baki daya. &lt;ref&gt;Swann, Jennifer (April 16, 2015), &quot;The Made-Up Disease That Affects More People in Power Than You Think&quot;, TakePart, Participant Media, archived from the original on August 8, 2015, retrieved April 9, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;

Ed Begley Jr. ya nuna wani dan siyasa wanda bai san canje-[[Tasirin canjin yanayi|Canjin muhalli da ke faruwa a kusa da shi]] ba. An nuna shi yana ƙoƙari ya yi tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa ta hanyar filin ajiye motoci. Dan siyasa ya yi murmushi yayin da yake kallon mai kallo kai tsaye kuma ya ce: &quot;Zan jira har sai mafi munin shit ya faru a duniyarmu - kuma ni sanata ne, don haka da sa'a, zan sami waɗannan yanke shawara ga dukkanmu.&quot;

Mai ba da labari ya bayyana tsarin rikicewar yayin da aka nuna bidiyon da aka kwatanta na kwakwalwa: &quot;Climate Change Denial Disorder cuta ce mai saurin yaduwa da ke kai farmaki ga neurons, yana sa ba zai yiwu a fahimci kalmomi na asali ba. &quot;  Kalmomin da aka cire daga fahimta ta waɗanda ke fama da rikicewar sun haɗa da: &quot;gaskiya&quot;, &quot;kimiyya&quot;, da &quot;melting&quot;. 

Wani mutum ya gaya wa kyamara cewa yana jin [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] na duniya shine &quot;wani tarin shara na New Age hooey&quot;. Ya ci gaba da cewa: &quot;Yana da dusar ƙanƙara a yanzu, wanda ke kula da idan ina cikin Kudancin California!&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;velez&quot; /&gt; Ya bayyana tunaninsa a bayan yin watsi da masana kimiyya, yana mai cewa: &quot;Ni ba masanin kimiyya ba ne. Wanene ke sauraron waɗannan ƙwararrun duk da haka?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;velez&quot; /&gt;

Wata mace ta fuskanci kyamarar kuma ta bayyana rashin gaskatawarta cewa kankara na [[Duniya]] yana narkewa. Ta ba da hujja game da abin da ke faruwa: &quot;Na yi imanin cewa bears suna kara kiba kuma suna auna su.

Mai ba da labari ya kammala fim din ta hanyar cewa: &quot;kashi 56 na 'yan Republican a Majalisa sun kamu da CCDD sosai kuma suna buƙatar taimakonku nan da nan&quot;.

== Karɓar baƙi ==
Fim din ya sami karbuwa mai kyau daga wallafe-wallafen kafofin watsa labarai, tare da ''[[The Guardian]]'' yana kwatanta shi &quot;bidiyo mai ban sha'awa&quot;  kuma ''Salon'' yana kiransa &quot;matsayi&quot;.  Masanin ilimin halittu Mary Ellen Harte na The Huffington Post ya bayyana fim din a matsayin &quot;mai ban dariya&quot;,  kuma ''BuzzFeed'' ya kammala cewa: &quot;Funny Or Die ya kafa wannan bidiyon satirical game da [[Ƙin canjin yanayi|Masu musanta canjin yanayi]]. &quot;

A rubuce-rubuce ga ''[[The Guardian]]'', Travis Irvine ya nuna fim din a cikin gudummawar wasan kwaikwayo mai mahimmanci ga tattaunawar canjin yanayi, kuma ya kira shi &quot;bidiyo mai ban sha'awa&quot;. Lindsay Abrams na ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'' ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Abin da nake so sosai game da Funny or Die's parody PSA game da Yanayin Yanayi na Yanayi shine cewa, ban da yin amfani da abin da ke faruwa kawai jahilci ne da gangan, yana da kyau sosai. &quot;  Abrams ya koka cewa sanarwa na Sanata a cikin fim din game da duk wani mataki game da canjin yanayi shine: &quot;duk abin da ya fi wuya a ji sanin cewa yawancin Amurkawa - gami da rabin 'yan Republican - suna goyon bayan aikin gwamnati kan canjin yanayi. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;salon&quot; /&gt;

Mai ba da rahoto na Huffington Post Ron Dicker ya rubuta game da saƙon ban dariya a cikin fim ɗin: &quot;yana da alama waɗanda ke fama da CCDD ba za a iya jurewa ba. Ci gaba da dariya - amma ba da yawa ba. &quot;  'Yan ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwvA&quot;&gt;Jaridar Huffington Post&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' Liat Kornowski da Kate Bratskeir sun nuna fim ɗin a cikin ɓangaren su a kan mafi kyawun abubuwan ban dariya daga makon da ya gabata, suna yin sharhi: &quot;Garin duniya yana narke kwakwalwarmu&quot;.  Masanin ilimin halittu Mary Ellen Harte na Huffton Post da ke da ke da alaƙa da yawa da yawa da ke da sauyin yanayi da yawa&quot;.

Ali Velez na ''BuzzFeed'' ya rubuta da kyau game da fim din: &quot;Funny Or Die ya kafa wannan bidiyon satirical game da [[Ƙin canjin yanayi|Masu musanta canjin yanayi]]. &quot;  Velez ya ce game da zargi na masana kimiyya da mutane ke cikin fim din: &quot;&quot;Drought? Rage kankara? Bah! Me masana kimiyya suka sani ko ta yaya? Mai faɗakarwa: masana kimiyya sun san abubuwa da yawa. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;velez&quot; /&gt; Daily Kos marubucin Jen Hayden ya ce: &quot;Mutanen da ke da ban dariya a Funny ko Die suna da sabon bidiyo ga waɗanda zasu iya shan wahala daga Climate Denial News News News News ya sake nuna shi a cikin Sky Sky Sky Sky News News News da Haskakawa da Daily Change &amp; Green!

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Fort Ricasoli</title>
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'''Fort Ricasoli''' (Maltese: Forti Rikażli) wani sansani ne a Kalkara, Malta, wanda Order of Saint John ya gina tsakanin 1670 da 1698. Ginin yana zaune a wani wuri da aka sani da Gallows' Point da arewacin Rinella Bay, yana ba da umarnin ƙofar Grand Harbour tare da Fort Saint Elmo. Ita ce mafi girma a Malta kuma ta kasance a cikin jerin sunayen [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Sites tun 1998, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Knights' Fortifications a kusa da Harbours na Malta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Knights' Fortifications around the Harbours of Malta |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/982/ |access-date=15 July 2015 |website=UNESCO Tentative List}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fort Ricasoli ya ga amfani a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Malta a cikin 1798 da kuma tashin hankali na Maltese wanda ya biyo baya, bayan haka ya ƙare a hannun Burtaniya. Ricasoli shine shafin da aka yi tawaye da Froberg a cikin 1807, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman Asibitin soja a cikin karni na 19. An sake amfani da shi a yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da wasu sassansa suka lalace ta hanyar bama-bamai. Bayan an dakatar da shi a cikin shekarun 1960, an yi amfani da sansanin don dalilai na masana'antu. A yau, sansanin ya kasance mafi yawa amma a cikin lalacewar yanayi, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman wurin yin fim da wurin tsaftace tanki. An amince da tsare-tsaren dawo da sansanin a watan Yunin 2019.

== Dokar asibiti ==

=== Tarihi ===
Fort Ricasoli yana tsaye a kan iyakar gabas a gefen gabas na Grand Harbor . Tun da farko an san shi da ''Rinella Point'' ko ''Punta Sottile'' ( Maltese   ). &lt;ref name=&quot;depaola&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abela |first=Giovanni Francesco |date=3 April 1772 |title=Malta illustrata... accresciuta dal Cte G.A. Ciantar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zizJF9AAGpkC&amp;pg=PA93 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=Mallia |page=93 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 April 1865 |title=Malta bil chzejer tehne u li ghadda min ghaliha: L'euel parti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbCzLhVYkBsC |access-date=3 April 2019 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1531, shugabannin biyu na tawaye na bawa da wasu goma da suka dauki matsayi mai mahimmanci, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su mallaki Fort St. Angelo da kuma tserewa daga Malta, an azabtar da su sannan kuma aka rataye su a gabar tekun, wanda aka sani da ''Gallows' Point'' (Maltese: ''Ponta tal-Forka'' ) daga baya. A lokacin Babban Siege na Malta a cikin 1565, Ottomans sun gina baturin bindigogi a kan tsibirin don yin bam a Fort St. Elmo . &lt;ref name=&quot;heritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quintano |first=Anton |title=Fortifications: Fort Ricasoli |journal=Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization |publisher=Midsea Books Ltd |volume=4 |pages=1101–1107}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Fayil:La_Fontana_Nuova,_Valletta,_Grand_Harbour,_1664.jpg|left|thumb|350x350px|Hoton 1664 na Grand Harbour na Willem Schellinks, tare da Hasumiyar Orsi da batir a kan iyakar dama]]
An gina ƙaramin batirin da aka sani da ''Batirin San Petronio'', kuma daga baya a matsayin ''Batirin Orsi'', a Gallows' Point a cikin 1602. &lt;ref name=&quot;batterytower&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Stephen C. Spiteri}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1629, jarumin Italiya Alessandro Orsi ya ba da kuɗin gina hasumiya kusa da batirin. An kira shi a hukumance Torre San Petronio, amma mazauna yankin sun fi sani da ''Hasumiyar Orsi'' &lt;ref name=&quot;batterytower&quot; /&gt; ko ''Torri Teftef''.  An zaɓi sunan San Petronio a lokacin mulkin Grandmaster de Paola, kuma sunan dell&quot;Orso ya zama sananne sosai bayan gyaran batirin kanta ban da ginin hasumiyar.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zammit |first=Vincent |date=2005 |title=Lost ancient landmarks: Orsi tower |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/47776 |journal=Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization |publisher=Midsea Books Ltd |volume=4 |issue=64 |pages=1255–1257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;depaola&quot;/&gt; An kuma san shi da Torre De Falcha (Hasumiyar Gallows) a cikin takardun tarihi. An rufe shi da waje kuma an fentin shi da launin rawaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Duggan |first=Terrance M. P. |date=20 July 2013 |title=Erasing Malta's Heritage of Surfacing and Paintwork on Facades and Fortifications and, A Request to the Reader |url=https://www.academia.edu/13694379 |journal=Malta Today |access-date=3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bartolomeo Ganga ne ya tsara hasumiyar. A wannan lokacin ne tsibirin ya zama sananne da ''Punta dell'Orso'' . 

An gina hasumiyar ne don hana tserewa daga bayi daga tsibirin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quintano |first=Anton |date=1977 |title=Fort Ricasoli: A Historical Survey 1670–1798 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/25122/1/Storja%2078.pdf |journal=Storja |issue=78 |pages=164, 165 |oclc=317186765}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasumiyar da batirin sun sami kariya ta hanyar rami mai cike da teku da gada mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;batterytower&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arxbonnici&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bonnici |first=Hermann |date=2004–2007 |title=Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/Arx/arx1_4_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification |issue=1–4 |pages=33–38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115113200/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/Arx/arx1_4_2008.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasumiyar da batirin suna bayyane a nesa a cikin zane na 1664 na Grand Harbour na Willem Schellinks.&lt;ref name=&quot;batterytower&quot;/&gt; Sun kasance suna tsaye har sai raƙuman ruwa sun lalata su a cikin guguwa a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1821,  kuma a yau kawai dutsen da aka sassaƙa na batirin ya rage. &lt;ref name=&quot;batterytower&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;heritage&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;orsi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Orsi Battery remains – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1681.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714044654/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1681.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1644, Giovanni de&quot; Medici ya ba da shawarar cewa a watsar da Fort St. Angelo a Birgu kuma a gina sabon sansani a Orsi Point. Sabon sansanin za a kira shi Fort St. Angelo, kuma za a yi amfani da shi tare da garuruwan tsohon sansanin. Ya tsara tsare-tsare don sansanin da aka tsara, amma ba a taɓa aiwatar da su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage&quot;/&gt;

=== Gine-gine da gyare-gyare ===
[[Fayil:Arrivee_a_Malte_avec_orage_sur_port_La_Valette.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna ƙofar Grand Harbour na Malta a {{Circa}} 1750, tare da Fort Ricasoli a hagu da Fort Saint Elmo a dama]]
A shekara ta 1669, tsoron harin Ottoman ya tashi bayan faduwar Candia, kuma a shekara mai zuwa Grand Master Nicolas Cotoner ya gayyaci Antonio Maurizio Valperga, injiniyan soja na Gidan Savoy, don inganta ganuwar Malta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Graff |first=Philippe |date=1994 |title=La Valette: une ville nouvelle du XVIe siècle et son évolution jusqu'à nos jours |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0997-1327_1994_num_71_1_1641 |journal=Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée: Le carrefour maltais |language=fr |publisher=[[Publications de l'Université de Provence]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |page=161 |doi=10.3406/remmm.1994.1641 |issn=2105-2271 |oclc=958683792}}&lt;/ref&gt; Valperga ya tsara sabon sansani da za a gina a kan tudu, kuma duk da wasu zargi daga cikin tsari, an amince da shawarar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Vella, J. (2007). Antonio Maurizio Valperga. Programm tal-festa Marija Immakulata fil-belt ta' Bormla Festa 2007, 49, 51, 53, 55. |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/51955/1/Antonio_Maurizio_Valperga_2007.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarumin Florentine Fra Giovanni Francesco Ricasoli ya ba da gudummawar 20,000 scudi don gina sansanin, kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;arxbonnici&quot;/&gt; An kafa dutse na farko a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1670, kuma Valperga da kansa ne ya kula da matakan farko na ginin. Ginin ya sami garuruwan kwarangwal a watan Yunin shekara ta 1674, kodayake har yanzu ba cikakke ba ne. A shekara ta 1681, injiniyan Flemish Carlos na Grunenbergh ya ba da shawarar wasu canje-canje ga ƙirar sansanin, kuma an aiwatar da waɗannan shawarwari. An gina barikin, ɗakin sujada da sauran gine-gine a cikin sansanin a cikin shekarun 1680 da 1690, kuma an ayyana sansanin a hukumance cikakke kuma yana da makamai a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1698.&lt;ref name=&quot;arxbonnici&quot; /&gt;{{CSS image crop|Image=Le Gouverneur du Fort Ricasoli. Vue du dit Fort (NYPL b14896507-120286).tiff|bSize=360|cWidth=220|cHeight=270|oTop=60|oLeft=40|Location=right|Description=18th-century painting of the Hospitaller Governor of Fort Ricasoli, with the fort itself in the background}}A cikin shekara ta 1714, injiniyoyin Faransa Jacop de Puigirand de Tigné, Charles François de Mondion da Philippe na Vendôme sun soki karamin girman sansanin, wanda suka ɗauka ba shi da tasiri. De Tigné ya ba da shawarar sauye-sauye da yawa, gami da gyaran shinge da ke akwai da embrasures, da kuma gina wani retrenchment a cikin sansanin. Vendôme ya ba da shawarar gina tashar da ke raba sansanin daga yankin. A cikin 1722, an aiwatar da gyaran da de Tigné ya gabatar, kodayake ba a taɓa gina tashar ba saboda rashin kuɗi. Ginin yana cikin mummunan yanayi a tsakiyar karni na 18, kuma an yi wasu ayyukan kulawa a shekara ta 1761.&lt;ref name=&quot;arxbonnici&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 1785, Ricasoli yana dauke da bindigogi tamanin, ciki har da arba'in da daya 24-pounders, yana mai da shi mafi yawan makamai a Malta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spiteri |first=Stephen C. |date=2014 |title=Fort Manoel |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-fort-manoel-occasional-papers-4.html |journal=ARX Occasional Papers |issue=4 |page=176 |access-date=30 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake gina wasu sassan sansanin a karkashin jagorancin Antoine Étienne de Tousard a cikin shekarun 1790.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spiteri |first=Stephen C. |date=2011 |title=Fort Tigné 1792 |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-occasional-papers-fort-tigne-1792.html |journal=ARX Occasional Papers |issue=1 |page=6 |access-date=30 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin kurkuku kafin a gina gidan yarin Corradino . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Corradino Correctional Facility |url=https://homeaffairs.gov.mt/en/MHAS-Departments/Corradino-Correctional-Facility/Pages/CCF.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629071807/https://homeaffairs.gov.mt/en/MHAS-Departments/Corradino-Correctional-Facility/Pages/CCF.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2015 |website=Ministry for Home Affairs and National Security}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasuwancin Faransa ==
Fort Ricasoli ya ga amfani a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Malta a watan Yunin 1798, a lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Faransa . A lokacin, Bali de Tillet ne ya ba da umarni, kuma ''Cacciatori'' ne ya tsare shi, wadanda suka kasance masu sa kai mai farauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2009 |title=Caccatori Maltesi |url=https://hrgm.wordpress.com/units/orders-knights-of-st-john-military-units/caccatori-maltesi/ |access-date=28 August 2015 |website=Historical Re-Enactment Group of Malta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin ya kori hare-haren Faransa guda uku, kafin ya mika wuya bayan Grand Master Hompesch ya mika wuya ga [[Napoleon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;arxbonnici&quot;/&gt;

A cikin tashin hankali da toshewar Maltese da suka biyo baya, sansanin ya kasance a hannun Faransa. Ya ci gaba da harba a San Rocco Battery na masu tayar da kayar baya, wanda ke kusa da {{Convert|700|m}} m (2,300  nesa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spiteri |first=Stephen C. |date=May 2008 |title=Maltese 'siege' batteries of the blockade 1798–1800 |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/images/stories/Arx/arx6-2008.pdf |journal=Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification |issue=6 |page=35 |access-date=24 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mulkin Burtaniya ==
[[Fayil:Fort_Ricasoli,_Malta_(Wilhelm_von_Landau).jpg|thumb|Hoton Fort Ricasoli daga ƙarshen karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20]]
Ginin ya ci gaba da kasancewa aikin soja mai aiki a duk Lokacin Burtaniya. Ya kasance wurin tawaye a cikin 1807 lokacin da sojojin Albania na Froberg Regiment suka tayar da kansu kuma suka rufe kansu a Fort Ricasoli. Duk da yunkurin tattaunawa sun fashe babban mujallar gunpowder, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga sansanin a cikin tsari. Sojoji masu aminci sun murkushe tawaye, kuma kotun soja ta yanke wa wasu daga cikin masu tayar da kayar baya hukuncin kisa. An gyara ɓangarorin da suka lalace na sansanin, amma ba a sake gina su ba zuwa ainihin ƙirarsu. An gina sabon mujallar a 1829 don maye gurbin wanda aka lalata a cikin tawaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;arxbonnici&quot;/&gt;

An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin asibitin sojan ruwa na wucin gadi a ƙarshen 1820s da farkon 1830s, kafin a buɗe asibitin Bighi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regimental Hospitals and Military Hospitals of the Malta Garrison |url=http://www.maltaramc.com/articles/contents/reghosp.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014941/http://www.maltaramc.com/articles/contents/reghosp.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=Maltarmc.com |publisher=British Army Medical Services And the Malta Garrison 1799 – 1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin cutar kwalara na 1837, marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar a Ospizio a Floriana sun koma Ricasoli.  Yawancinsu sun mutu a cikin 'yan kwanaki, kuma an binne su a cikin makabartar Wied Għammieq da ke kusa.   Wani annoba ta kwalara ta barke a Ricasoli a 1865. 
[[Fayil:Italian_bombing_of_the_Grand_Harbor,_Malta.jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin saman Italiya ya jefa bam a Grand Harbour a 1941, tare da Ricasoli a bayyane a saman dama. Wannan ya bayyana ya zama tarin hotuna biyu.]]
A cikin 1844, maza 500 ne suka yi amfani da sansanin. A cikin 1848, Sir John Fox Burgoyne ya bincika ganuwar Malta, kuma ya ɗauki Ricasoli a matsayin &quot;marar shiga&quot;. A cikin shekarun 1850, an gabatar da bindigogi masu girma a cikin sansanin, kuma an maye gurbin bindigogi sau da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. An sake fasalin filin jirgin ruwa gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 1878, kuma a cikin shekarun 1900, an shigar da sabbin wuraren bindiga, fitilu da tashar torpedo. A cikin shekarun 1930, an gina hasumiyoyin kula da wuta a kan No. 2, No. 3 da No. 4, kuma an shigar da ƙarin fitilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;arxbonnici&quot;/&gt;

Fort ''Ricasoli'' ya kasance mai aiki a cikin tsaron Malta a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1941, bindigoginsa sun taimaka wajen kawar da harin Italiya a kan Grand Harbour .  A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1942, an lalata ƙofar da Gidan Gwamna ta hanyar bama-bamai na Jamus. Bayan yakin, an ba da izinin sansanin a matsayin HMS Ricasoli tsakanin 1947 da 1958, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman Bariki sojan ruwa. A shekara ta 1958, an sake gina ƙofar, kodayake ƙirar ta ɗan bambanta da na asali. Ba a sake gina gidan Gwamna ba, galibi saboda dalilai na kudi.&lt;ref name=&quot;arxbonnici&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 1949, hasumiyar da ke kusa da sansanin ta lalace saboda mummunan yanayi. A shekara ta 1964, Admiralty ta sauya iko da sansanin ga Gwamnatin Malta.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage&quot;/&gt;{{Clear}}

== Tarihin baya-bayan nan ==

=== Amfani da masana'antu ===
[[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Santu_Rokku_-_Fort_Ricasoli_04_ies.jpg|thumb|Tankunan mai a Ricasoli]]
Bayan da aka mika sansanin ga gwamnatin Maltese, an fara watsi da shi amma daga baya ya zama wurin ajiyar akwati don albarkatun kasa da suka isa Malta. A shekara ta 1976, an cika wani ɓangare na ramin da ke kusa da Ravelin na Hagu, kuma an karya St. Dominic Demi-Bastion don buɗe hanyar sabuwar hanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quintano |first=Anton |title=Fortifications: Fort Ricasoli |journal=Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization |publisher=Midsea Books Ltd |volume=4 |pages=1101–1107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1964, ramin sansanin ya zama gonar tsaftace tanki don Malta Drydocks. Gidan ajiya, wanda aka sani da Ricasoli Tank Cleaning Facilities, yana kula da sharar ruwa daga jiragen ruwa da suka isa Grand Harbour kuma yana cire mai da sauran sunadarai kafin a saki sharar cikin teku. An mallaki wurin ne a cikin shekara ta 2012,  kuma a halin yanzu yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Waste Oils Co. Ltd. 

Yankin da ke kewaye da sansanin ya zama wurin shakatawa na masana'antu, wanda aka sani da Ricasoli Industrial Estate bayan sansanin. An rushe masana'antar a cikin 2007 don buɗe hanyar SmartCity Malta. 

=== Wurin fim din ===
Yawancin sansanin an ba da hayar shi ga [[Malta Film Commission|Hukumar Fim ta Malta]], kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a matsayin wuri don fina-finai da jerin fina-fakkaatu. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gina manyan saiti a cikin ganuwarsa don fina-finai na Cutthroat Island (1995), ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]'' (2000), ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' (2004), Agora (2009), da [[Napoleon (2023 film)|Napoleon]] (2023). A cikin waɗannan fina-finai, sansanin ya tsaya a matsayin [[Port Royal]], [[Rum|Roma]], [[Troy]], Alexandria, da [[Toulon]] bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;maltafilmcommission2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Malta Film Commission |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033201/http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a cikin fim din Assassin's Creed (2016) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=Lucas |date=4 November 2014 |title=New Assassin's Creed Set Pictures, Shooting Information from Malta |url=http://comicbook.com/2015/11/04/new-assassins-creed-set-pictures-shooting-information-from-malta/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127200150/http://comicbook.com/2015/11/04/new-assassins-creed-set-pictures-shooting-information-from-malta/ |archive-date=27 November 2015 |website=Comicbook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''[[Entebbe (film)|Entebbe]]'' (2018).

Har ila yau, an yi fim din talabijin na Julius Caesar (2002) da ''Helen na Troy'' (2003) a Fort Ricasoli . An gina wani tsari da ake kira Roman Road don ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAZg&quot;&gt;Julius Kaisar&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' kuma an riƙe wannan kuma an yi amfani da shi don wasu fina-finai.&lt;ref name=&quot;maltafilmcommission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Malta Film Commission |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033201/http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin farko na HBO na daidaitawa na [[George R. R. Martin]]'s Game of Thrones ya yi amfani da sassa daban-daban na sansanin don wakiltar Red Keep . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2011 |title=Locations of Thrones: Malta (Part 1) |url=http://www.cultureaddicthistorynerd.com/2011/08/locations-of-thrones-malta-part-1/ |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=Cultureaddicthistorynerd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayin yanzu ===
[[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Fort_Ricasoli_(MSTHC)_02_ies.jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayi na Fort Ricasoli a cikin 2013 yana nuna lalacewar da ta haifar da rushewa]]
[[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Santu_Rokku_-_Fort_Ricasoli_06_ies.jpg|thumb|St. Dominic Counterguard, wanda ya rushe a wani bangare]]
A yau, Fort Ricasoli ya kasance mafi yawa ba tare da lalacewa ba, kodayake yana cikin lalacewa. Yankin da aka gina shi yana da saurin lalacewar bakin teku, kuma wasu ganuwar tsakanin No. 3 da No. 4 sun riga sun rushe cikin teku. A shekara ta 2004, an cire Sashin Ma'aikatar albarkatu da ababen more rayuwa, an dawo da shi kuma an sake haɗa shi da wani ɓangare na ganuwar sansanin, amma ba a yi wani abu ba don dawo da dukkan sansanin.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, Jam'iyyar Democratic Alternative  da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a raba harabar Jami'ar Amurka ta Malta tsakanin Fort Ricasoli da Fort Saint Rocco da Fort San Salvatore da ke kusa.  Ba a aiwatar da wannan shawarar ba, saboda za a raba harabar tsakanin Dock No. 1 a Cospicua da Żonqor Point a Marsaskala . 

A shekara ta 2018, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na al'adun gargajiya sun yi kira akai-akai don a dawo da sansanin. Wasu ayyukan da aka nufa don jawo hankalin karin fina-finai sun fara ne a farkon 2019,  kuma an amince da shirye-shiryen ayyukan sabuntawa masu yawa (wanda aka gabatar da shi ga Hukumar Shirye-shiryen a cikin 2013) a watan Yunin 2019.  Wannan yunkurin ya sami maraba daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

== Yanayi ==
Fort Ricasoli yana da wani tsari mara kyau wanda ke bin bakin tekun da aka gina a kai. Ginin ya kunshi wani yanki mai karfi da kuma kayan aikinsa, wani shinge da ke fuskantar teku, da kuma hanyar da ke fuskantar Rinella Bay na Grand Harbour.

=== A gaban ƙasa ===
[[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Rinella_+_Rinella_Bay_+_Fort_Ricasoli_02_ies.jpg|thumb|St. John's Half-Bastion]]
Gaban ƙasa ya ƙunshi waɗannan bastions da rabin-bastions, waɗanda aka haɗa tare da ganuwar labule: 

* St. Dominic's Demi-Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Left Demi-Bassion ko No. 5 Bastion - rabin-bastion a arewacin ƙarshen ƙasar gaba. An lalata shi a lokacin tawaye na Froberg na 1807, lokacin da aka fashe mujallarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=St Dominic Demi-Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1658.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183712/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1658.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* St. Francis Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Central Bastion ko No. 6 Bastion - wani bastion pentagonal a tsakiyar ƙasar gaba. Ya ƙunshi ƙetare da kuma rufin da aka rufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Central Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1656.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714063304/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1656.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* St. John's Demi-Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Right Demi-Bassion ko No. 7 Bastion - rabin-bastion a kudancin ƙarshen ƙasar gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Right Demi-Bastion &amp; adjoining curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1657.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065207/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1657.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yankin gaba ya ƙunshi casemates, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman Bariki.
[[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Santu_Rokku_-_Fort_Ricasoli_03_ies.jpg|left|thumb|Ravelin na hagu]]
A gaban ƙasa an kara waje shi ta hanyar wadannan outworks:

* wani faussebraye a cikin nau'in kambi da ke kewaye da dukan ƙasar gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Faussebraye – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1659.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065229/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1659.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* St. Dominic Counterguard - mai tsaron gida a kusa da gefen hagu na gaba. An lalata shi sosai ta hanyar aikin ruwan teku, tare da rabin tsarin ya rushe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Counterguard – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1660.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714060426/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1660.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ravelins guda biyu tsakanin St. Francis Bastion da kowanne daga cikin rabin bastions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Right Ravelin – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1665.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065006/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1665.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ravelin na hagu ya ƙunshi wurin bindiga mai inci 6 (152mm). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Left Ravelin – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1666.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714052233/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1666.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caponiers biyu da ke jagorantar daga gaban ƙasa zuwa kowane ravelins. Birtaniya sun yi gyare-gyare masu yawa ga tsarin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Right Caponier – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1663.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062645/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1663.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Left Caponier – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1664.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062539/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1664.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan waje suna kewaye da rami, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Land front ditch – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1669.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062219/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1669.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt; hanyar ɓoye &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Covertway – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1667.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714060834/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1667.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt; da glacis. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Glacis – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1668.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714043339/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1668.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwa mai ciki ===
[[Fayil:Giorcesmalta25.JPG|thumb|Tsakanin teku na Fort Ricasoli]]
Yankin da ke fuskantar bude teku ya ƙunshi wadannan bastions da ganuwar labule:

* No. 1 Bastion - rabin-bastion da aka haɗa da tenaille, wanda ya samar da Point Battery. Da farko ya ƙunshi échaugette, hasumiya mai tsayi, amma an rushe wannan don samar da hanyar tashar jagora don Brennan Torpedo System. Wurin bindiga don bindigar RML 12.5-inch 38 ton yana kan fuskar bastion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 1 Bastion and Tenaille – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1671.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714053842/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1671.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* No. 1 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 1 da No. 2 bastions, dauke da batir da aka rufe da kuma wurin bincike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 1 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1672.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062847/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1672.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* No. 2 Bastion - wani bastion asymmetrical dauke da embrasures, da kuma wasu wuraren bindigogi na Burtaniya, mujallu da Hasumiyar kula da wuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No. 2 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1673.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065130/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1673.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* No. 2 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 2 da No. 3 bastions, dauke da embrasures, mujallar farashi (inda aka adana harsashi da aka nufa don amfani nan take) da kuma wurin bincike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No.2 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1674.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065148/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1674.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* No. 3 Bastion - wani bastion mai fuska, wanda ke dauke da embrasures da kuma wasu wuraren bindigogi na Burtaniya, mujallu da hasumiyar kula da wuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No. 3 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1675.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714063324/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1675.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* bango mai laushi kusa da No. 4 Bastion, wanda ke dauke da embrasures, mujallu da tashar jiragen ruwa. Wani bangare na bangon labule ya rushe cikin teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Curtain near No.4 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1677.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714033409/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1677.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* No. 4 Bastion - ƙaramin bastion, wanda ke dauke da wurin bindiga, mujallar, mafaka ga ma'aikatan bindiga da hasumiyar kula da wuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 4 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1678.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055458/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1678.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* No. 5 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 4 Bastion da St. Dominic Demi-Bastion na gaba na ƙasa, wanda ke dauke da wuraren bindiga, mujallu da mafaka na ma'aikatan bindiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 5 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1679.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714023402/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1679.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rami mai zurfi wanda aka haƙa dutse ya kai daga No. 1 zuwa No. 3 bastions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Sea front ditch – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1670.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714035748/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1670.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alamar tashar jiragen ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Malta_-mix-_2019_by-RaBoe_305.jpg|left|thumb|Wani bangare na tashar jiragen ruwa na Fort Ricasoli]]
[[Fayil:Fort_Ricasoli_-_polished_version.jpg|thumb|Babban Ƙofar]]
Yankin da ke kusa da Rinella Bay ya ƙunshi alamar tenaille tare da manyan ganuwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;tenaille&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Harbour tenaille trace – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1680.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714061538/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1680.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ƙofar sansanin yana cikin shinge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Main Gate and remains of Governor's House – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1682.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065110/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1682.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Gwamna (yanzu an rushe shi) da Chapel na St Nicholas suna cikin sansanin, kusa da babban ƙofar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Chapel of St Nicholas – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1683.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062518/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1683.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani rubutu a ƙofar yana tunawa da ƙaddamar da sansanin a cikin 1698 kuma yana yaba wa Grand Master Perellos . &lt;ref name=&quot;depaola&quot;/&gt;

Har yanzu ana iya ganin ramin da aka haƙa dutse na Orsi Battery a ƙarshen arewacin tenaille, a ƙarshen tsibirin.&lt;ref name=&quot;orsi&quot;/&gt;

Birtaniya sun gina tashar Brennan Torpedo a kusa da hanyar a ƙarshen karni na 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;tenaille&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Gidan gishiri</title>
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Salthouse ƙauye ne  majami'ar farar hula ce a cikin gundumar Norfolk ta Ingila . Tana kan tafkin gishiri na Arewacin Norfolk . Yana da mil 3.8 (kilomita 6.1) arewacin Holt, mil 5.4 (kilominta 8.7) yammacin Sheringham da mil 26.3 (42.3) arewacin Norwich. Ƙauyen yana kan hanyar bakin teku ta A149 tsakanin King's Lynn da Great Yarmouth . Tashar jirgin kasa mafi kusa tana Sheringham don Bittern Line wanda ke tsakanin Sheringham, Cromer da Norwich. Filin jirgin saman da ya fi kusa shi ne Filin jirgin sama na Norwich. Yankin da ke kusa da Salthouse yana cikin Norfolk Coast AONB (Yankin Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Halitta) da Arewacin Norfolk Heritage Coast. Ikklisiyar farar hula tana da yanki na {{Convert|6.22|km2}} km2  sq   a cikin 2001 tana da yawan mutane 196 a cikin gidaje 88,  yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa 201 a ƙidayar 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civil Parish population 2011 |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&amp;b=11128157&amp;c=NR25+7AJ&amp;d=16&amp;e=62&amp;g=6449581&amp;i=1001x1003x1032x1004&amp;m=0&amp;r=0&amp;s=1441104658353&amp;enc=1 |access-date=1 September 2015 |website=www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011184336/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&amp;b=11128157&amp;c=NR25+7AJ&amp;d=16&amp;e=62&amp;g=6449581&amp;i=1001x1003x1032x1004&amp;m=0&amp;r=0&amp;s=1441104658353&amp;enc=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Don dalilan karamar hukuma, Ikklisiya ta fada cikin gundumar Arewacin Norfolk.

Canje-canje a cikin manufofin gwamnati sun dakatar da gudanar da lalacewar bakin teku a Arewacin Norfolk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coastal Planning in North Norfolk: Information Sheet no. 1 (May 2007) |url=https://www.northnorfolk.org/files/Coastal_Environment_001.pdf |access-date=28 May 2008 |publisher=North Norfolk District Council |archive-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128014730/http://northnorfolk.org/files/Coastal_Environment_001.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cocin Parish na St Nicholas gini ne na Grade I; Sir Henry Heydon (ya mutu 1504) ne ya sake gina shi.  Daga 2001 zuwa 2011 cocin da ke Salthouse shine wurin baje kolin fasahar zamani na shekara-shekara ta masu zane-zane tare da haɗin Norfolk. An shirya baje kolin ne ta hanyar North Norfolk Exhibition Project (NNEP). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About NNEP - Cley 15 from 2 July-2 August 2015 |url=http://www.cleycontemporaryart.org/about-nnep.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621002004/http://www.cleycontemporaryart.org/about-nnep.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |website=www.cleycontemporaryart.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai kula da Salthouse 09 shine Simon Martin daga Pallant House Gallery a Chichester, a kan taken 'Salt of the Earth'. Nunin ya gudana daga 2 ga Yuli zuwa 2 ga Agusta 2009 kuma ya haɗa da yumbu, fim, shigarwa, zane, bugawa da zane. Masu zane-zane 50 a cikin baje kolin sun hada da Maggi Hambling, Gary Breeze,  Kabir Hussain, Colin Self, Margaret Mellis da Ana Maria Pacheco da masu tukwane Ruthanne Tudball da Stephen Parry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gary Breeze - Designer and Sculptor |url=http://www.garybreeze.co.uk/ |website=www.garybreeze.co.uk |access-date=2025-07-29 |archive-date=2025-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906204122/http://garybreeze.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Salthouse Sculpture Trail &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Salthouse Sculpture Trail |url=http://www.salthousetrail.co.uk/index.html |website=www.salthousetrail.co.uk |access-date=2025-07-29 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816220722/http://www.salthousetrail.co.uk/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yana da siffofi da yawa na masu zane-zane na gida sama da kusan mil goma, suna haɗa Salthouse Church da Heath, garin [[Holt, Norfolk|Holt]], Holt Country Park, Kelling Heath Holiday Park da Kelling Heath.

== Asalin ==
Sunan ƙauyen ya fito ne daga kayan gishiri masu daraja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooks1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brooks|1984}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance abin sha ya ce shi ne: &quot;Gidan ajiyar gishiri&quot; kuma Domesday Book na 1086 ya bayyana shi haka. Norfolk da Lincolnshire suna da gishiri fiye da kowane yanki na Biritaniya ta Tsakiya. Don samar da [[Romawa na Da|Roman]] gishiri an tafasa shi a cikin tasoshin yumɓu tare da gishiri da aka kafa bayan an tsara shi cikin tubalan daidaitattun nauyi da ma'auni. Ana iya samun shaidar wannan aikin da yawa a wannan ɓangaren bakin teku. Akwai shaidar ko da mazauna da suka gabata a kusa da Salthouse. A lokacin gina zauren ƙauyen a shekara ta 1954 an tono wani jirgin ruwa ko giya wanda ya kasance daga zamanin Neolithic a kusa da 2000 BC  tare da burbushin burbushin whale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooks2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brooks|1984}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma sami shaidar wani sashi na Neolithic Causewayed. Ayyukan ƙasa kusan zagaye ne, tare da diamita na mita 60. Da'irar ta bayyana an raba ta zuwa akalla tsawon rami guda bakwai, kodayake akwai babbar rata zuwa arewa inda za'a iya rufe ƙarin rami biyu. Ginin yana kan gangaren da ke fuskantar kudu mita 50 sama da matakin teku a kan Salthouse Heath . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prehistoric Society - Past No. 40 |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prehistoric/past/past40.html#Norfolk |website=www.ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2025-07-29 |archive-date=2007-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305022431/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prehistoric/past/past40.html#Norfolk |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a fahimci yadda aka yi amfani da wannan shinge ba, amma yana iya zama wurin taro ga ƙananan, ƙungiyoyin mutane da ke zaune a yankin da ke kewaye, wurin da musayar kayayyaki, biki na al'ada da sauran ayyukan bikin zasu iya faruwa. Har ila yau, akwai shaidar da aka gano game da aikin Bronze Age. Tumals a kusa da tsaunuka uku na Halfpenny da uku na Farthing sun samar da tukwane na yumbu mai launin ruwan kasa, ƙasusuwa da aka ƙone da sauran abubuwan tarihi a cikin binciken 1850.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooks2&quot; /&gt; A kan Gramborough Hill an gano shaidar wani babban gini na Romawa wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya kasance sansani tare da sulhu wanda aka mamaye tsakanin farkon karni na 3 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 4. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brooks2&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Salthouse_ancient_channel_map.jpg|center|thumb|Taswirar Saltmarsh 1649]]

== Yankin Salthouse ==
Hectare 66 na [[Grazing marsh|kiwo na bakin]] teku da lagoons na saline ana sarrafa su azaman ajiyar yanayi ta [[Norfolk Wildlife Trust]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Norfolk Wildlife Trust - Salthouse Marshes |url=http://www.norfolkwildlifetrust.org.uk/Wildlife-in-Norfolk/Reserves/Salthouse-Marshes.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611053322/http://www.norfolkwildlifetrust.org.uk/Wildlife-in-Norfolk/Reserves/Salthouse-Marshes.aspx |archive-date=11 June 2010 |website=www.norfolkwildlifetrust.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwance tsakanin Walsey Hills da Kelling Hard, marshes suna da mahimmancin duniya ga namun daji, musamman tsuntsaye. Ragowar [[Pillbox (military)|akwatunan kwalayen]] WWII sun kasance a kan manyan wurare biyu ko wanne gefen wurin shakatawar motar bakin teku.

Randall's Folly, wani gini na Victorian a kan tudu a cikin marshes, ya lalace sosai a cikin Ambaliyar Tekun Arewa ta 1953, wanda ya haifar da rushewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NTMM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 August 2020 |title=Onesiphorus's Wealth and Folly! |url=https://norfolktalesmyths.com/2020/08/23/onesiphoruss-wealth-and-folly/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=Norfolk Tales, Myths &amp; More! }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salthouse Heath ==
[[Fayil:Salthouse_Hill_View_3.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na Cocin Salthouse daga daji]]
Samar da wani yanki na Cromer Ridge na glacial moraine, the heath shine muhimmin wurin namun daji kuma yana da mafi girman gungu na tudun jana'izar [[Zamanin Tagulla|Bronze Age]] a Norfolk. Mafi rinjayen ciyayi shine gerse da heather, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi hasarar buɗaɗɗen ɓangaren kudancin ta hanyar mamaye bishiyoyin birch da itacen oak . An san shi a cikin gida a matsayin wuri mai kyau don jin labaran dare da na dare a farkon lokacin rani. Salthouse Heath yana da ragowar tsarin WWII da na tsaro da dama. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Cottages by the green - geograph.org.uk - 825741.jpg|Cottages by the green
Fayil:Salthouse-marsh-winter.jpg
Fayil:Antitank.JPG|Remains of WWII anti-tank defence on Salthouse marsh
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Manazarta ===
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    <title>Gidan Tarihin Canterbury</title>
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'''Gidan Tarihin Canterbury''' (tsohon Gidan Tarihi na Canterbury) gidan kayan gargajiya ne a Stour Street, Canterbury, Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila, yana ba da tarihin birnin. An ajiye shi a asibitin talakawa na karni na 12 kusa da Kogin Stour . Gidan kayan gargajiya ya nuna Canterbury Cross kuma ya ƙunshi wani gallery da aka keɓe ga [[Rupert Bear|Rupert the Bear]], wanda mahaliccinsa Mary Tourtel ya zauna a Canterbury. Ya gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru a kai a kai da kuma nune-nunen sha'awar gida da na kasa. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya rufe a cikin 2018. Tun daga lokacin an sake buɗe shi a matsayin The Marlowe Kit; ɗakin tserewa, nune-nunen da kuma sararin samaniya.

== Tarihi ==

=== William Masters ===
William Masters ne ya kafa gidan kayan gargajiya, mai kula da yara na gida wanda ya kware a cikin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Hon. Curator daga 1823 zuwa 1846. 

=== Asibitin Matalauta ===
Gidan kayan gargajiya yana cikin asibiti talakawa na zamani tare da gine-gine biyu da ke kusa da Kogin Stour . &lt;ref name=&quot;CCCmuseumwebpage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Canterbury City Council |url=http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/main.cfm?objectid=48 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323051120/http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/main.cfm?objectid=48 |archive-date=23 March 2010 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Museum of Canterbury with Rupert Bear Museum |publisher=CCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1174 zuwa 1207 tsawo, ƙananan katako daidai da Stour Street shine gidan dutse na [[Jima|mai fata]], mai arziki mai ba da gudummawa da ɗan mai ba da kyauta, Alexander, wanda ya canza shi zuwa Gidan sadaka da sunan [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu]] ga tsofaffi da matalauta firistoci. Firistoci sun yi amfani da gidan a matsayin zauren, suna rayuwa, suna cin abinci da kuma barci a kusa da wuta ta tsakiya. A cikin 1373 an kara hasken rana da undercroft a gaban ƙofar yanzu, don ba da sirri a bene na sama ga maigidan asibiti. A wancan gefen zauren na asali shine kwata na sabis don ma'aikata tare da kicin, ajiya da buttery. Kusa da hasken rana shine Chapel na St Maryamu, wanda aka tsara shi azaman sarari guda ɗaya tare da kicin baya. Daga baya an saka bene biyu na sama, tare da windows da chimney. Wannan rukunin gine-gine ya zama na duniya a cikin 1575: makaranta, gidan matalauta, gidan aiki da asibiti. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya kasance a baya a Beaney a matsayin ''Gidan Tarihi'' na Tarihi, sannan aka kafa shi a Stour Street a 1987 don bikin tarihin gida, kuma an dawo da ginin don nuna rufin kambi na ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;TrytelPoorPriestsHosp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=trytel.com |url=http://users.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/florilegium/popreli21.html |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Poor priests hospital, Canterbury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rufewa da sake buɗewa ===
An rufe gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin 2018 bayan yawan baƙi ya sauka daga 30,000 zuwa ƙasa da 9,000 a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Cibiyoyin cikin gida sun jagoranci kamfen ɗin, gami da Canterbury Archaeological Trust, don ci gaba da buɗewa.

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2019, an sake buɗe wurin tare da baje kolin shekara-shekara da ake kira The Marlowe Kit . 

== Abubuwan da aka nuna ==

=== Gidan Tarihin Canterbury ===
[[Fayil:Canterbury_cross_brooch.jpg|left|thumb|Kayan kwalliya na zamani a cikin salon Canterbury Cross]]
Nuni a cikin gallery da nuni kwanan wata daga pre-[[Roman Britain|Roman]] zuwa yanzu, kuma an shirya su azaman tafiya ta lokaci daga farkon zuwa na baya-bayan nan, tare da nuni na [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] da [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]], nuni na binciken zamani, nuni yawon shakatawa na [[Christopher Marlowe|Marlowe]], kwarewar [[The Blitz|Blitz]] na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|lokacin yaƙi]], nuniyar [[Joseph Conrad]], nuni da nuniyar [[Bagpuss]] da [[Clangers]], nuniwar [[Rupert Bear]] Museum, da nuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;HillsideMuseumOfCbury082&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Hillside: North East |url=http://www.hillside.co.uk/tour/d76.html |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Museum of Canterbury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai nune-nunen mu'amala da suka shafi [[microscope]], [[Treasure chest|akwati mai daraja]] da kuma yakin duniya na biyu. Har ila yau, akwai wani reshe gidaje The 1900 House [[Zamanin Victorian|Victorian]] tarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCCmuseumwebpage2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Canterbury City Council |url=http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/main.cfm?objectid=48 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323051120/http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/main.cfm?objectid=48 |archive-date=23 March 2010 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Museum of Canterbury with Rupert Bear Museum |publisher=CCC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS1900house2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/1900house/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815073648/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/1900house/ |archive-date=15 August 2000 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=The 1900 House}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai wani kaset, wanda ya rufe bango uku, wanda ya nuna tarihin rayuwar Thomas Becket . An sami nunin ƙasusuwa da aka samo a cikin gida, tare da binciken bincike da sake gina fuskoki daga nunin ''Haɗu da Magabata'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Tripadvisor010308&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 March 2008 |title=Tripadvisor |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g186311-d215361-r13969845-Museum_of_Canterbury_Formerly_Heritage_Museum-Canterbury_Kent_England.html |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Museum of Canterbury (Formerly Heritage Museum): Traveler Reviews}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nuni a cikin gallery na Saxon shine Canterbury Cross, wani 850&amp;nbsp;AD Saxon brooch da aka samu a St Georges Street a cikin 1867.   &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutBritainMusOfC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1999–2010 |title=AboutBritain.com |url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/CanterburyHeritageMuseum.htm |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Museum of Canterbury with Rupert Bear Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana cikin hanyar keɓewa : bisa ga al'ada ɗaya daga cikin giciye guda goma sha biyu iri ɗaya da aka yiwa alama a bangon coci don wakiltar manzanni da shafaffu goma sha biyu na ginin da bishop ya yi a lokacin tsarkakewa . &lt;ref name=&quot;SelyakuCanterburyCross&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selyaku.com |url=http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/canterbury.html |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Canterbury Cross}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SelyakuConsecCross&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selyaku.com |url=http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/consecration.html |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Consecration Cross}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Invicta,_Canterbury,_1970s.jpg|right|thumb|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwmw&quot;&gt;Invicta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; locomotive]]
Har ila yau akwai kayan daki, kayan gida, makamai da makamai, &lt;ref name=&quot;ArtFundMusofCbury&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=The Art Fund |url=http://www.artfund.org/gallery/416/museum-of-canterbury |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Museum of Canterbury |archive-date=10 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510024452/http://www.artfund.org/gallery/416/museum-of-canterbury |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Canterbury Pendant: agogon rana na azurfa na Saxon wanda aka ba da rancen a takaice a cikin 2009 zuwa Cathedral na Canterbury don baje kolin. &lt;ref name=&quot;MuseumsDept&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;TimeTravelBritain06&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hickey |first=Julia |year=2006 |title=TimeTravel-Britain.com |url=http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/towns/canterbury.shtml |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Canterbury: Still the Perfect Pilgrimage!}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sundialphoto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sundials |url=http://www.timeonthenet.com/sundials.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301173122/http://timeonthenet.com/sundials.html |archive-date=1 March 2011 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Sun Time and Clock Time ( Gnomonics): Photo of portable Saxon sundial}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi shi a cikin nau'i na pendulum, an danganta shi ga masanin azurfa St Dunstan (909-988 AD), kuma mai yiwuwa kawai zai iya nuna lokacin daidai a tsakar rana. An yi amfani da shi don auna lokacin addu'a. An samo shi a cikin masallatai na Cathedral yayin tonowa a cikin 1938.   &lt;ref name=&quot;LucasCockatrice35&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Rebecca |year=2009 |title=Medieval-Baltic |url=http://www.medieval-baltic.us/sundials.html |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=The Role of Portable Sundials in Arabic and European medieval astronomy, from SCA magazine &quot;Cockatrice&quot;, issue 35 |archive-date=16 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916060048/http://www.medieval-baltic.us/sundials.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SundialsMarch2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2001 |title=Sundials on the Internet: The Bulletin of the British Sundial Society |url=http://www.sundials.co.uk/articles.htm |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Bulletin Volume 13(i) March 2001 (names Canterbury Pendant twice) |archive-date=22 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922235905/http://www.sundials.co.uk/articles.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Echoesofhistory2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2009 |title=Echoes of History |url=http://echoesofhistory.blogspot.com/2009/04/10th-century-pocket-sundial.html |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=10th century pocket sundial}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya motar Invicta a nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;HistoricUKDestinations&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historic-UK.com |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/DestinationsUK/Canterbury.htm |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Destinations UK: The Cathedral City of Canterbury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin 2009 da 2012, Gidan Tarihin Canterbury ya gudanar da yawancin abubuwan da aka nuna na Beaney yayin gyaransa, gami da ''Sir Basil Dixwell'' da Van Dyck ya saya da fam miliyan 1 daga Canterbury a 2004; Sir Basil ya zauna a Broome Park kusa da Canterbury. &lt;ref name=&quot;KentMessengerBeaney221208&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2008 |title=Kent Messenger: Kent Online |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=53679 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=£5.98m boost for Beaney plans}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KentMessengerVanDyck070404&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Jo |date=7 April 2004 |title=Kent Messenger: Kent Online |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=14064 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=City buys £1m portrait}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Gidan kayan gargajiya na Rupert Bear ===
[[Fayil:Rupert_Bear_Museum_001.jpg|left|thumb|Nunin [[Rupert Bear]]]]
An buɗe Gidan Tarihin [[Rupert Bear]] a cikin 2003 tare da tallafin Asusun Lottery na Heritage na £ 500,000. Mahaliccin Rupert Bear, Mary Tourtel, ta girma kuma ta halarci makarantar fasaha a Canterbury, kuma fitowar farko ta Rupert ta shekara-shekara ta 1921 tana ɗaya daga cikin nune-nunen. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Rupert Bear ya haɗa da ayyukan yara a kan jigogi na wasa, nishaɗi da ilimi. Ya haɗa da nuni na Bagpuss da Clangers tare da abubuwa daga shirye-shiryen talabijin na asali, kamar su shagon Emily daga wurin buɗewa na Bagpusse, saboda masu kirkirarsa Peter Firmin da Oliver Postgate sun yi fim da shirye-shirye a gidan Firmin kusa da Canterbury.&lt;ref name=&quot;KentMessengerRupert2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2003 |title=Kent Messenger: Kent Online |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=9341 |access-date=20 October 2010 |website=Easter opening for Rupert Bear museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidan kayan gargajiya ya sami goyon baya daga Asusun Lottery na Heritage da Jaridu na Express . &lt;ref name=&quot;CCCRupertBearMus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Canterbury City Council Online |url=http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/main.cfm?objectid=256 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101053941/http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/main.cfm?objectid=256 |archive-date=1 November 2010 |access-date=20 October 2010 |website=Rupert Bear Museum |publisher=CCC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nuni, abubuwan da suka faru da kuma samun dama ==
An shirya abubuwan hulɗa na iyali na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCCWhatsOnAtMuseum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Canterbury City Council Online |url=http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/main.cfm?objectid=449 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123214453/http://canterbury.gov.uk/main.cfm?objectid=449 |archive-date=23 January 2011 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=What's On at the Museum of Canterbury |publisher=CCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2008 an yi bikin kwana biyu na cika [[Ƙarni|Shekara ɗari]] na haihuwar Ian Fleming da fina-finai na James Bond.&lt;ref name=&quot;KentMessengerBond040608&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hoople |first=Matt |date=4 June 2008 |title=Kent Messenger: Kent Online |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=42660 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Bond fans brush up on hero's creator}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 akwai Ranar Rupert Bear, tare da sabon mai zane-zane na zane-zane [[Rupert Bear|Stuart Trotter]] ya sanya hannu kan littattafan Rupert.&lt;ref name=&quot;KentMessengerRupert111108&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Gerry |date=11 November 2008 |title=Kent Messenger: Kent Online |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=51173 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Rupert fans' big day}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2009 gidan kayan gargajiya ya yi bikin tunawa da Neil Armstrong na farko a shekarar 1969. Ya kasance taron mu'amala tare da tattaunawar jama'a ga masu binciken taurari da kuma astrodome wanda ke nuna yawon shakatawa na 3D na sararin samaniya da [[Tsarin hasken rana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KentishGazette200709&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2009 |title=Kentish Gazette |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentish_gazette/news/2009/july/20/moonlanding.aspx |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Canterbury Museum transports visitors back to the time of the moon landing}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009 gidan kayan gargajiya ya yi bikin baje kolin da kuma bikin cika shekaru 40 na shirin Clangers TV tare da abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu wadanda suka hada da tarurruka tare da Peter Firmin, wanda ya kirkiro wasan kwaikwayon.  &lt;ref name=&quot;KentMessengerBagpuss090209&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irwin |first=Dan |date=9 February 2009 |title=Kent Messenger: Kent Online |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=56761 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Video: Bagpuss show attracts new fans}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KentMessenger40th161109&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Joe |date=16 November 2009 |title=Kent Messenger: Kent Online |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentish_gazette/news/2009/november/16/clangers_birthday_party.aspx |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Museum of Canterbury celebrates 40th birthday of children's TV show The Clangers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oliver Postgate, wani mahaliccin Bagpuss da Clangers, ya zauna a cikin gida kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 2008, amma an ba da abubuwan da ya kirkira ga gidan kayan gargajiya a lokacin rayuwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;KentMessengerPostgate091208&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2008 |title=Kent Messenger: Kent Online |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=52830 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=Bagpuss creator Postgate dies}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KentMessengerPostgate050109&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2009 |title=Kent Messenger: Kent Online |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=54293 |access-date=21 February 2010 |website=See you later Oliver: Peter Firmin's personal memories of Postgate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidan kayan gargajiya yana buɗewa a lokacin tsakanin Maris da Satumba kuma yana buɗewa yayin hutun makaranta, tare da samun dama ga nakasassu. An cajin kuɗin shiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlowerHBTimes240111&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blower |first=Nerissa |title=Canterbury City Council may increase entry prices in bid to save museums |url=http://www.thisiskent.co.uk/where/hernebay/Prices-soar-bid-save-museums/article-3114891-detail/article.html?cacheBust=E2LM5yBgaPpE&amp;success=true#community |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114044330/http://www.thisiskent.co.uk/where/hernebay/Prices-soar-bid-save-museums/article-3114891-detail/article.html?cacheBust=E2LM5yBgaPpE&amp;success=true%23community |archive-date=14 January 2013 |access-date=25 January 2011 |website=This is Kent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''Edgar Donroy Bear Runner''' (28 ga Mayu 1951 - 4 ga Yuli 2021) ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar 'Yan asalin Amurka. Wataƙila an fi saninsa da yunkurin tattaunawa cikin lumana game da abin da ya faru a gidan Ranch na Jumping Bull a 1975 ta hanyar tattaunawa da masu gwagwarmayar Indian Movement na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Testimony of FBI Special Agent Gary Adams in the Leonard Peltier Trial (17-18 March 1977) |url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/peltier/adamstestimony.html |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=University of Missouri-Kansas City |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113152/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/peltier/adamstestimony.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Edgar Bear Runner a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1951 a [[Porcupine, South Dakota|Porcupine]], [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]], ga mahaifiyar Winnifred &quot;Winni&quot; Alice Janis &lt;ref name=&quot;Obits for Life2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winnifred &quot;Winni&quot; Alice Janis Obituary |url=http://www.obitsforlife.com/obituary/521041/Janis-Winnifred.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703230104/http://www.obitsforlife.com/obituary/521041/Janis-Winnifred.php |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Obits for Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; da mahaifinsa Oscar Bear Runner . &lt;ref name=&quot;Sioux Funeral Home2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Winnifred Janis |url=http://www.siouxfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/1235341/Janis-Winnifred/obituary.php |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Sioux Funeral Home }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Proposition 12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEONARD PELTIER FREEDOM MONTH - NOVEMBER 1999 |url=http://prop1.org/protest/1999/991027.peltier.month.lafsq.sunrise.111299.htm |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Proposition 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edgar Bear Runner dalibi ne a [[University of Utah|Jami'ar Utah]].

== Pine Ridge Sarautar Ta'addanci ==
Pine Ridge Reign of Terror lakabi ne da aka saba sanyawa a lokacin a ƙarshen karni na ashirin bayan abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee, wanda aka yi tashin hankali a kan mabiyan [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] da 'Yan asalin Amurka gabaɗaya a yankin Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . &lt;ref name=&quot;NPR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Ray |first=Charles |date=18 August 2012 |title=Pine Ridge Reservation Deaths To Be Reinvestigated |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/08/18/159058219/near-wounded-knee-years-of-alleged-injustice |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ta gudanar da sa ido mai zurfi a cikin gida, maimaita kamawa, cin zarafi da kuma mummunar shari'a a kan shugabannin AIM da magoya baya. A lokacin wannan &quot;Mulkin Ta'addanci,&quot; an tsananta wa 'yan asalin Amurka ɗari uku, an yi musu duka, an yi masa cin zarafi kuma an kashe akalla' yan asalin Amurka sittin da hudu (kusan dukansu suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da ko kuma abokan AIM ne daga Lakota Nation). &lt;ref name=&quot;Commission on Human Rights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement of Bobby Castillo - Leonard Peltier Defense Committee |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/WG/LPDC.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830005125/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/WG/LPDC.doc |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Commission on Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bear Runner ya kasance a farkon shekarunsa na 20 a lokacin Wounded Knee da mulkin ta'addanci, wanda ya ce, &quot; dattawanmu, iyayensu da kakanninmu a cikin al'ummarmu sun yi kira ga wannan iyali, wanda aka sani da mu a matsayin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka. Ƙungiyar Indiya ta Amurka ta gayyace ta al'ummar gargajiya daga Pine Ridge Indian Reservation don samar da taimako, don samar da ma'anar tsaro ga mutanen da suka ji cewa doka ta watsar da su. Mutane sun ji wani farin ciki na tsaro lokacin da Ƙungiyar Indiyawararrun su.&lt;ref name=&quot;RevCom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Debbie |date=23 January 2000 |title=Reign of Terror After 1973 Wounded Knee Resistance Stories of the Lakota People |url=http://revcom.us/a/v21/1030-039/1039/wknee2.htm |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=RevCom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsalle-tsalle na Bull Ranch Shootout ===
[[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ta gudanar da &quot;bincike&quot; na abin da [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] ke buƙata ta hanyar sa Bear Runner ya tattauna waɗannan batutuwa cikin zurfi tare da su. Ya shiga cikin fili tare da hannayensa da aka ɗaga don ya hana wani mai harbi na FBI ya harbe shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndyBay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Janis |date=9 January 2005 |title=Bob's Troubled Dream |url=https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2005/01/09/17136211.php |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=IndyBay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Bear Runner ya koma Highway 18 kimanin minti talatin bayan haka, ya sanar da mai kula da BIA Kendall Cummings cewa jami'an biyu sun mutu, kuma dukiyar Jumping Bull da alama an bar ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndyBay&quot; /&gt; An &quot;ba da izinin&quot; Bear Runner da Cummings su koma ciki, tare da duka hannayensu da aka ɗaga sama da kawunansu, don tabbatar da cewa jami'an ba su da rai.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndyBay&quot; /&gt;

Dangane da harbi na 26 Yuni 1975, Edgar Bear Runner an jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin arba'in da takwas daga cikin wadanda ake zargi na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shovel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Driscoll |first=Patrick |date= |title=Annie Mae Pictou Aquash - Time Line An Investigation by News From Indian Country |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/time.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=DickShovel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin mako na 10 ga Nuwamba 1975, shekaru biyu bayan mamayewar Wounded Knee, Bear Runner ya zama wanda aka yi ƙoƙari a kashe shi. Edgar Bear Runner ya kai hari a cikin Sioux Nation Supermarket da Manny Wilson (ɗan mai cin hanci da rashawa Oglala Lakota Sioux tribal shugaban Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Richard Wilson) da wasu GOON guda biyu waɗanda suka tsere daga wurin lokacin da manajan ya kira 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Damage |first=Brian |date=14 January 2010 |title=The Reign of Terror in South Dakota |url=http://hosts.blogtalkradio.com/damage_plan/blog/2010/01/14/the-reign-of-terror-in-south-dakota |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=University of Missouri-Kansas City }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WordPress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Chronology of Oppression at Pine Ridge |url=https://ourfreedom.wordpress.com/2007/05/22/chronology-of-oppression-at-pine-ridge/ |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=WordPress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yunkurin fafutuka ==
An kira Bear Runner a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'o'in kotu na [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]] da Edgar Bear Runner da Ted Means da kuma wanda ake tuhumar a Nebraska da Edgar Bear runner da Leon Adams, Maris 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;Minnesota Historical Society&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=WOUNDED KNEE LEGAL DEFENSE/OFFENSE COMMITTEE: An Inventory of Its Records at the Minnesota Historical Society |url=http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00229.xml |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Minnesota Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kama Bear Runner, tare da wasu masu kallo da yawa, saboda &quot;rashin hankali don hana adalci&quot;,  bayan da ya shiga cikin Custer, Dakota ta Kudu, zanga-zangar a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1973 game da kisan Wesley Bad Heart Bull .&lt;ref name=&quot;Plain Site&quot; /&gt; A cikin shirin PBS, We Shall Remain, an nakalto Bear Runner yana cewa game da abin da ya faru na Custer House, &quot;Na kasance daidai a kan matakai, ka sani, kuma abubuwa suna faruwa. Mun zubar da jini ga mutumin; mun ɗauki kwalkwali. Sa'an nan kuma na gudu don taimakawa samun gas a cikin tashar cikawa. Muna cikawa da yin Molotov cocktails da kuma fashe kwalabe a kan ginin, kuma wuta ta fara a bangon da komai.  Daga baya za a wanke Bear Runner da juri.&lt;ref name=&quot;We Shall Remain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=We Shall Remain |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/?url=files/transcripts/WeShallRemain_5_transcript.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704163612/http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/files/transcripts/WeShallRemain_5_transcript.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Plain Site}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plain Site&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNITED STATES of America, ex rel. Ted MEANS, Petitioner, v. Hon. Herman SOLEM, Warden, South Dakota State Penitentiary, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Respondent. |url=http://www.plainsite.org/dockets/1zrc4y399/south-dakota-district-court/united-states-ex-rel-means-v-solem/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Plain Site}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, Bear Runner na daya daga cikin masu shigar da kara da dama da suka shigar da kara a kokarinsu na maido da diyya sakamakon turawa da kuma amfani da jami'an soji da na sama domin tabbatar da doka da oda bisa wani makirci da masu daukaka kara suka yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Find A Case&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=10/16/78 Agnes Lamont, Gladys v. Alexander Haig - UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT - October 16, 1978 BLAKLEY, APPELLANTS v. ALEXANDER HAIG, LIEUTENANT GENERAL, UNITED STATES ARMY, ET AL. |url=http://il.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19781016_0000177.CDC.htm/qx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704084305/http://il.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19781016_0000177.CDC.htm/qx |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Plain Site}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Case No. 84-2617, Gladys BISSONETTE, Ellen Moves Camp, Eugene White Hawk, Marvin Ghost Bear, Edgar Bear Runner, Oscar Bear Runner, Severt Young Bear, Rachel White Dress, Helen Red Feather, Eddie White Dress, Vicki Little Moon, Madonna, Madonna da Gilberti, Madonna, da Madonna Masu gabatar da kara, v. Alexander HAIG, Richard G. Kleindienst, Joseph T. Sneed, Charles D. Ablard, Joseph H. Trimbach, Ralph E. Erickson, Harlington Wood, Jr., Kenneth Belieu, Rolland Gleszer, Edmund Edwards, John Hay, da Volney F. Warner, Kotun Kotu, &lt;ref name=&quot;Plain Site #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gladys Bissonette, Ellen Moves Camp, Eugene White Hawk, Marvin Ghost Bear, Edgar Bear Runner, Oscar Bear Runner, Severt Young Bear, Rachel White Dress, Helen Red Feather, Eddie White Dress, Vicki Little Moon, Madonna Gilbert, Lorelei Means, and Carla Blakey v. Alexander Haig, Richard G. Kleindienst, Joseph T. Sneed, Charles D. Ablard, Joseph H. Trimbach, Ralph E. Erickson, Harlington Wood, Jr., Kenneth Belieu, Rolland Gleszer, Edmund Edwards, John Hay, and Volney F. Warner |url=http://www.plainsite.org/dockets/by1shyad/court-of-appeals-for-the-eighth-circuit/gladys-bissonette-ellen-moves-camp-eugene-white-hawk-marvin-ghost-bear-edgar-bear-runner-oscar-bear-runner-severt-young-bear-rachel-white-dress-helen-red-feather-eddie-white-dress-vicki-little-moon-madonna-gilbert-lorelei-means-and-carla-blakey-v-alexander-haig-richard-g-kleindienst-joseph-t-sneed-charles-d-ablard-joseph-h-trimbach-ralph-e-erickson-harlington-wood-jr-kenneth-belieu-rolland-gleszer-edmund-edwards-john-hay-and-volney-f-warner/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Plain Site}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States of Appellees, [16, 2] Amurka Kotun Koli ta takwas ta yi watsi da karar da masu shigar da kara suka gabatar a kan wata kariyar da ta cancanta . &lt;ref name=&quot;OpenJurist&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. |url=http://openjurist.org/800/f2d/812 |journal=Open Jurist |volume=F2d |issue=800 |page=812 |access-date=3 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Law Resource&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=800 F.2d 812 - 55 USLW 2204 |url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/800/800.F2d.812.84-2617.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Law Resource}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Leagle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAMONT v. HAIG - No. 75-2006. |url=http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781714590F2d1124_11500.xml/LAMONT%20v.%20HAIG |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Leagle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bear Runner ya shirya abubuwan tunawa da kuma gina manyan duwatsu ga [[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae Pictou Aquash]] &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Summers |first=Chris |date=2 February 2014 |title=Murder mystery on the reservation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3436833.stm |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Leagle}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Joseph &quot;Killsright&quot; Bedell Stuntz, &lt;ref name=&quot;RoundTree72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2011 |title=Joe Killsright Stuntz – &quot;Today You Can Be Warriors&quot; |url=http://www.roundtree7.com/2011/08/joe-killsright-stuntz-today-you-can-be-warriors/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Leagle |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703225430/http://www.roundtree7.com/2011/08/joe-killsright-stuntz-today-you-can-be-warriors/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; don girmama gudummawarsu da kuma kiyaye sadaukarwar da suka yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shovel #22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joe Stuntz and Anna Mae - Honored Memorial held at Aquash and Stuntz gravesites by Jean Roach Indian Country Today Volume 16 Issue 10 Week of September 2 through 9, 1996 |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/hdstn.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=DickShovel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da hukuncin [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] wanda ya bayyana yadda gwamnati ta keta yarjejeniyarta ta 1868 tare da Sioux lokacin da kasar ta mallaki Black Hills da kuma sasantawar kudi da ba a yarda da ita ba a yau, Bear Runner, a matsayin jami'in adana tarihin kabilanci, ya bayyana matsayinsa: &quot;Ba za mu taba karɓar kuɗin ba. Mu kasance mafi talauci daga cikin kabilun. Amma ba za mu taba son karɓar wannan kuɗin ba. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moscou |first=Jim |date=24 May 2007 |title=TV: Did HBO Mangle 'Wounded Knee'? |url=http://www.newsweek.com/tv-did-hbo-mangle-wounded-knee-101179 |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=NewsWeek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bear Runner ya kasance mai goyon bayan rashin laifi na Leonard Peltier. A cikin 1999, Bear Runner ya fitar da wata sanarwa a wani taro a madadin mutanen Pine Ridge don 'yantar da Peltier, &quot;Saboda sanannen goyon baya da goyon baya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na Leonard, ikon mallakar 'yan asalin ƙasar, adalci da juriya ga cikakken mulkin mallaka na Amurka tabbas an hukunta shi kuma ya ci gaba da sha wahala a yau a hannun zalunci na Amurka. Yulin 1976 da aka yi wa 'yan Adam Rlander ya yi magana da kansa. Duk wani abu da ke aiki don haƙƙin mallaka na haƙƙin mallaki su zai iya fuskantar kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slide Player&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Native Americans (Sioux) by US Army cannon fire at a camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South. |url=http://slideplayer.com/slide/3593840/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Slide Player |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704015617/http://slideplayer.com/slide/3593840/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fremont Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=8 July 1999 |title=President visits Pine Ridge |url=http://fremonttribune.com/president-visits-pine-ridge/article_8a03085e-851a-5e18-8424-e70df4f27143.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Fremont Tribune ([[Associated Press|AP]])}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bear Runner ya kuma ba da shaida a Leonard Peltier's 1976 Extradition Hearing a [[British Columbia]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE WRONGFUL EXTRADITION OF LEONARD PELTIER FROM CANADA BRIEF IN SUPPORT OF THE GRANT OF EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY THE INNOCENCE PROJECT, OSGOODE HALL LAW SCHOOL, YORK UNIVERSITY |url=http://apps.osgoode.yorku.ca/Quickplace/innocenceproject/Main.nsf/h_Toc/5B3218576C7B06F685256AF4006AD07E/?OpenDocument |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Innocence Project }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bear Runner kuma ya gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda aka tsara don samun jinƙai ga Peltier.&lt;ref name=&quot;Who Is Leonard Peltier?&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2015 |title=Pine Ridge, SD: Leonard Peltier Day: 39 Years of Suffering. 26-27 June 2015 |url=http://www.whoisleonardpeltier.info/events/leonard-peltier-day2015-39-yearsof-suffering-26-27-june/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Who Is Leonard Peltier?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:lightsteelblue;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Fim din
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|1994
|''Mace Lakota: Siege a Raunin Knee''
|''Mutumin da ya dace''
|
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightsteelblue;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Talabijin
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ci gaba (yancin ɗan adam)</title>
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        <username>Drseeyah muhammad</username>
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      <text bytes="17520" sha1="tgylnukfylwhfmlnd9ja03au0l0i24d" xml:space="preserve">Breakthrough kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan Adam ta duniya da ke kokarin kawo karshen cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata.

== Ƙungiya da manufa ==
An kafa shi a Indiya da Amurka, kamfen ɗin multimedia na Breakthrough yana magance batutuwan duniya da suka haɗa da cin zarafin mata, jima'i da HIV/AIDS, da haƙƙin baƙi da adalci na launin fata. Breakthrough yana hango duniyar da duk mutane ke jin daɗin yancin ɗan adam kuma suna rayuwa cikin mutunci, daidaito, da adalci. Za mu iya gina wannan duniyar ta hanyar sa tashin hankali da nuna wariya ga mata da 'yan mata su zama abin karɓa.

Manufar su ita ce hana cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata ta hanyar canza ka'idoji da al'adun da ke ba da damar yin hakan. Suna aiwatar da wannan manufa ta hanyar gina ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin sauye-sauye a duk duniya - Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa - waɗanda aikinsu na gaba ɗaya zai ba da tasirin da ba za a iya jurewa ba kan batun zamaninmu. Yin aiki daga cibiyoyi a Indiya da Amurka, Breakthrough ya haifar da sababbin abubuwa, kayan aikin multimedia masu dacewa da shirye-shirye-daga gajeren raye-raye zuwa horar da jagoranci na dogon lokaci-wanda ke kaiwa ga daidaikun mutane da cibiyoyi inda suke, ƙarfafawa da kuma ba su kayan aiki don gina duniyar da dukan mutane ke rayuwa tare da mutunci, daidaito, da adalci.

== Tarihi ==
Ba’amurke Ba’amurke mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil’adama kuma ‘yar kasuwan al’adu Mallika Dutt ta kafa Breakthrough a shekara ta 2000 tare da Mann ke Manjeeré: Kundin Mafarkin Mata, kundi da bidiyon kiɗa akan yancin mata. An ƙaddamar da shi azaman gwaji na amfani da al'adun pop da kafofin watsa labarai don adalci na zamantakewa, Mann ke Manjeeré ya kasance a kan faifan pop na Indiya tsawon makonni shida, yana ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta 2001 a Indiya don mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa.

Dangane da yin amfani da kayan aikin al'adun gargajiya don haɓaka 'yancin ɗan adam, Dutt ya ce, &quot;Bayan aiki a cikin ƙungiyar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya don yawancin rayuwata ta sana'a, ƙwarewar ganin fuskoki iri ɗaya a kowane taro, taƙaitaccen manufofin siyasa ko taro ya bar ni takaici ... Da yawan tunani game da shi, da ƙarin gamsuwa zan zama cewa kafofin watsa labaru, fasaha da al'adun gargajiya na iya bayyana dabi'un [yancin ɗan adam] a sababbin hanyoyi don sababbin masu sauraro&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feldt |first=Gloria |title=She's Doing It: Mallika Dutt Defines Her Terms for Global Human Rights |url=http://9ways.gloriafeldt.com/2011/07/06/she%E2%80%99s-doing-it-mallika-dutt-defines-her-terms-for-global-human-rights/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160104230612/http://9ways.gloriafeldt.com/2011/07/06/she%E2%80%99s-doing-it-mallika-dutt-defines-her-terms-for-global-human-rights/ |archive-date=January 4, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dutt ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kasa da Shugaba har zuwa Maris 2017. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2017, Shugaban kasa da Shugaba shine Sohini Bhattacharya .

== Kamfen da shirye-shirye ==

=== Bell Bajao!  (Ring the Bell!) ===
An haɓaka shi cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Ogilvy &amp; Mather, Bell Bajao shine wayar da kai game da tashin hankalin gida akan maza da samari don zama abokan haɗin gwiwa don kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin mata. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, Bell Bajao ya kai fiye da mutane miliyan 130 a Indiya ta hanyar tallace-tallacen da ya shahara a talabijin.

Breakthrough's Bell Bajao (Ring the Bell), their largest and most widely lauded campaign, has called on millions across the globe to &quot;ring the bell&quot; against domestic violence. This multimedia campaign—recipient of a Cannes Silver Lion—shows men ringing the doorbell to interrupt overheard violence, positioning domestic abuse as everyone's issue and men as partners, not just perpetrators. Their community workshops and leadership trainings use games, street theater, and other relevant cultural tools to transform brothers, sisters, fathers, and mothers into advocates for women's rights. Bell Bajao's tools and tactics have been adapted by individuals and organizations in many nations worldwide, leading to the campaign's formal global expansion, Ring the Bell. Community by country by continent, Breakthrough is working to build a world in which everyone is safe in their homes and limitless in their dreams.

A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2013, Breakthrough ta ƙaddamar da Ring the Bell, faɗaɗa yaƙin neman zaɓe na Bell Bajao na duniya. An kaddamar da kamfen na duniya tare da haɗin gwiwar fitattun mashahurai da manyan mutane ciki har da Sir Patrick Stewart, mawaki kuma marubuci Michael Bolton, tsohon dan wasan NFL kuma dan gwagwarmaya Don McPherson, magajin garin Dallas Mike Rawlings, dan wasan barkwanci da sharhi kan harkokin siyasa Dean Obeidallah da kuma mai magana da yawun Darnell L. Moore. Kamfen din yana samun goyon bayan Sir Richard Branson, jarumin Bollywood Amitabh Bachchan, tsohuwar mataimakiyar Sakatare-Janar kuma Babban Darakta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Michelle Bachelet, Furodusa kuma Darakta Joe Wright, Mawaki Anoushka Shankar, da Jarumin Bollywood Rahul Bose.

=== Al'umma da ke adawa da auren farko ===
Aure na farko matsala ce mai yaduwa a Indiya, kuma tana da alaƙa da wasu batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi, gami da ƙananan matakan ilimin mata, tashin hankali na gida, haihuwa na matasa, da kuma rashin ikon mata. Nation Against Early Marriage yana da niyyar magance waɗannan ƙalubalen ta hanyar kawar da auren da wuri ta hanyar inganta ƙa'idodin jinsi masu kyau, dangantakar namiji da mace, da karɓar jima'i na mata.

Ana aiwatar da shirin a ƙasa a cikin Ranchi da Hazaribagh guda biyu, [[Jharkhand]], da Gaya, [[Bihar]], duk suna arewacin Indiya. Shirin ya kunshi shigar da kara a kafofin watsa labarai, horo na matakin toshewa tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, CBOs, kungiyoyin taimakon kai, da kungiyoyin matasa, da kuma tattara al'umma.

Breakthrough ya samar da bidiyon sanarwar jama'a game da cutar da ke tattare da auren farko. Wadannan bidiyon harshen Hindi suna roƙon iyaye su sake la'akari da idan auren farko ya fi kyau ga 'yarsu. Breakthrough kuma ya samar da kananan takardun shaida game da 'yan mata da suka fuskanci auren farko, wanda aka sanya a shafin yanar gizon Breakthrough.

== Sauran kamfen da shirye-shirye ==

=== Wasanni Siffar ===
A cikin 2013, Breakthrough ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da The Yes Men don isa da ƙarfafa sabbin magoya baya don yancin mata da baƙi. Manufar Kamfen ɗin Korar Mutum-mutumi shine a kori mutum-mutumin 'Yanci a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa ba ta da takaddun doka don zama da aiki a Amurka. Legals for the Preservation of American Culture (LPAC) ce ke tafiyar da ita. Gidan yanar gizon LPAC, deportthestaue.us, ya haɗa da bidiyo, rubutu, fasali masu ma'amala, shawarwarin kafofin watsa labarun, da kayan zazzagewa don haɓaka wannan burin. Yanar Gizo yana haɗa kai tsaye zuwa kafofin watsa labarai masu dangantaka da Breakthrough's Deport the Statue campaign page, wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ke tattare da yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma ya bukaci masu karatu su shiga cikin wani yunkuri na gyara shige da fice na gaskiya ta hanyar ɗaukar matakai na zahiri, kamar tuntuɓar membobinsu na Majalisa da shiga Breakthrough akan yanar gizo da kuma a ƙasa.

A lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a watan Yunin 2013, Deport the Statue ya samu kulawa sosai daga manema labarai, wanda ya kara zafafa yakin. Abin takaici, sake fasalin shige da fice ya kasa wucewa a Majalisa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Breakthrough ya ci gaba da tura yakin akan layi da kuma tare da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, ciki har da shiga cikin Bukin Fim na Bushwick, da kuma taron Oktoba tare da Mai haskakawa don Ranar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa don Girmama da Girmamawa.

=== #Ina nan ===
Kamfen din #ImHere na Breakthrough ya kai sama da mutane miliyan 7 kuma ya tara dubban Amurkawa na yau da kullun don su ce &quot;#ImHere&quot; don inganta haƙƙin mata baƙi. Ta hanyar haɗuwa mai ƙarfi na abubuwan da mai amfani ya samar, kafofin watsa labarun da aka yi niyya, da haɗin gwiwa tare da masu fasaha da shahararrun mutane ciki har da Conor Oberst da Margaret Cho, kamfen ɗin ya fallasa manyan sabbin masu sauraro ga hanyoyin da manufofin shige da fice na Amurka ke haifar da kuma ci gaba da tashin hankali ga mata baƙi. Babban fim dinsa, &quot;The Call&quot; - wani ɗan gajeren labari game da uwa ɗaya da ke fuskantar wani zaɓi mai yiwuwa - ya kawo gida tasirin manufofin Amurka akan rayuwar yau da kullun na mata da iyalai. Ta hanyar haɗa kai da motsin rai da kuma mutum tare da babban taro na sabbin magoya baya, #ImHere ya taimaka wajen bunkasa haƙƙin mata baƙi [http://www.breakthrough.tv/imhere/ #I nan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215235314/http://www.breakthrough.tv/imhere/ |date=2015-02-15 }} ajanda ta ƙasa a wani lokaci mai mahimmanci a tarihin Amurka kuma ya jagoranci abin da za a iya gani - kuma ya ci gaba - buƙatar canji. Gyaran shige da fice ya zama babban fifiko ga shugabannin da 'yan majalisa, kuma sabbin magoya baya masu ƙarfi yanzu suna buƙatar cewa mata masu ƙaura da hakkinsu su kasance fifiko, ma.

=== ICED - Zan iya kawo karshen korar mutane ===
ICED - I Can End Deportation wasa ne na farko, kyauta, mai saukewa 3D wanda ke sanya 'yan wasa a cikin takalma na baƙi da ke gwagwarmaya don rayuwa, karatu, da aiki a Amurka.

=== Amurka 2049 ===
Amurka 2049 ita ce wasan farko na [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] don amfani da dandalin don bincika zato game da adalci na launin fata, haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙaura da dimokuradiyya. 'Yan wasan suna ɗaukar matsayin halayen almara don shiga cikin wani makirci wanda ke nuna manyan jigogi na' yancin ɗan adam (watau ƙaura, jefa kuri'a da haƙƙin tsarin mulki, fataucin mutane, haƙƙin LGBT, haƙƙin aiki, bayanin launin fata, da sauransu). 'Yan wasan suna shiga cikin bidiyo, zane-zane, microsites da dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta don neman alamomi da warware rikice-rikice don ci gaba a wasan. Amurka 2049 kuma tana da fitattun mutane kamar Harold Perrineau, Victor Garber, Cherry Jones, Anthony Rapp, da Margaret Cho.

=== Maido da Adalci ===
An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2009, yaƙin Maido da Adalci jerin shirye-shiryen bidiyo ne da kuma bulogi mai kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta tabbatar da shige da fice da adalci na launin fata. Takaitaccen gajeren wando na yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙunshi labarai game da rayuwa a Amurka don baƙi da al'ummomin masu launi bayan Satumba 11, 2001. Kamfen ɗin Maido da Adalci yana amfani da shirye-shiryen bidiyo masu ban sha'awa tare da bulogi mai dacewa don jawo hankali ga hanyoyin da manufofin shige da fice a Amurka ke shafar rayuwar yau da kullun na mutane, galibi suna hana su ainihin ƙimar Amurkawa na adalci da tsari. Shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen da aka shirya tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin fararen hula da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, sun ba da labaran maza da mata da aka tauye hakkin dan Adam - wadanda aka wulakanta su sakamakon kabilanci ko kabilanci, aka tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba, suka sha wahala da cin zarafi, aka raba su da iyalansu da kuma 'yan uwansu.

=== Ni ne Wannan Ƙasar ===
Gasar bidiyo ta tsawon watanni uku da aka kaddamar a cikin 2010, Ni Am This Land, ta yi kira ga matasa Amurkawa da su haskaka da kuma murnar ikon bambancin, yawan jama'a, ainihi, jinsi da jima'i, ƙaura, da kuma adalci na launin fata. An ba da sanarwar gasa tare da haɗin kai, kamfen ɗin abokin tarayya na ƙaramin bidiyoyi masu rai, mashahuran PSAs, da kafofin watsa labarun, wanda a ƙarshe ya kawo saƙon gasar ga dubun dubatar mutane. Masu ziyara zuwa iamthisland.org sun kada kuri'a don zaɓar manyan bidiyoyi guda goma; a farkon 2011, fitattun kwamitin alkalai masu wakiltar masana'antar kiɗa, matasa, da bayar da shawarwarin mata sun zaɓi bidiyon da suka yi imani da shi cikin sha'awa da kuma yadda ya kamata ya kawo rayuwa darajar bambancin.

=== Wane irin mutum ne kai? ===
An haɓaka cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da McCann Erickson, Wane Irin Mutum Kuke? Kamfen ne na kafofin watsa labarai na neman maza da su sanya kwaroron roba don hana kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS ga matansu. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙarfafa tattaunawar buɗe baki, ta ƙasa game da 'yancin mace don yin shawarwarin jima'i cikin aminci a cikin aure.

=== Shin Wannan Adalci ne? ===
Developed in pro bono partnership with advertising agency Ogilvy &amp;amp;amp; Mather, ''Is This Justice?'' was a multimedia awareness campaign launched in 2007 about the stigma and discrimination faced by women, particularly widows, living with HIV/AIDS. Many women living with HIV/AIDS have been infected by their husbands or male partners, and suffer discrimination because of the disease.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2012}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In [[Indiya|India]], 92% of women widowed by AIDS are forced by family members to leave home after their husband's death.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2012}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; This campaign sought to put a face to the issue through public service announcements, and by inviting HIV-positive women to share their stories.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2012}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ogilvy &amp; Mather produced this campaign pro bono in four languages: [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], [[Turanci|English]], [[Kannada]] and [[Marati|Marathi]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2012}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; The &quot;Is This Justice&quot; PSAs received the 2007 Radio and TV Advertising Practitioner's Association of India award for &quot;Best Film with a Social Message&quot; and the 2008 Bronze Abby Award in the Public Service category.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2012}}

=== ''Mann ke Manjeeré'' ===
Kundin waƙa da ke haɓaka haƙƙin mata. The title track and video for Mann ke Manjeeré ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya na Shameem Pathan, wanda ya bar auren mugun nufi, ya zama direban babbar mota don ciyar da kanta da ɗanta daga mijinta mai tashin hankali. Kundin ya kunshi wakoki biyar na Shubha Mudgal, wanda Shantanu Moitra ya tsara, tare da wakokin Prasoon Joshi. An saki rikodin ta hanyar bayanan Virgin.

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

* Yin Kyautar Bambanci daga Begewar Yara Indiya (Mallika Dutt), New York, 2013
* YO DONA International Humanitarian Award (Mallika Dutt), Madrid, 2013
* Kyautar Avon ta Duniya don Kyakkyawan Sadarwa, 2012
* Wasanni don Canjin Kyautar Transmedia, 2011
* Zaki na Azurfa, Bikin Fim na Cannes (Bell Bajao), 2010
* Zinariya da Azurfa a Goafest, (Bell Bajao), 2009
* Karmaveer Puraskar: Kyautar Kasa don Adalci na Jama'a da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji ta Indiya, (Mallika Dutt), 2009
* Kyautar Ƙarfin Amirka, Cibiyar Shari'a ta Asiya ta Amirka (AAJC), (Mallika Dutt), 2009
* Gold Spike, Spike Asiya (Ring, Ring / Bell Bajao), 2009
* Kyautar Matashi mai cin nasara daga Kungiyar Talla ta Bombay (Bell Bajao), (O &amp;M's Ryan Mendonca), 2009
* Kamfen mafi Kyawu na Shekara, Kyautar Abby ta Media a Goafest don Ayyukan Jama'a, daukaka kara da sadaka (Bell Bajao), 2009
* Dogooder Nonprofit Award, Mafi kyawun Ma'aikata-Long Form Video (Mutuwa ta Tsayawa), 2009
* Kungiyar Media &amp; Marketing ta Kudancin Asiya (SAMMA) Kyautar Trailblazer (Mallika Dutt), 2008
* Kyautar Mace mai Launi, Mace mai Ƙarfin Ƙarfin (IUP Nazarin Mata) (Mallika Dutt), 2008
* Bronze a 41st Abby Awards a cikin Ayyukan Jama'a, daukaka kara, da Ayyukan sadaka (Shin Wannan Adalci), 2008
* Rediyo &amp; TV Tallace-tallace Association of India (RAPA) Kyautar Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim tare da Saƙon Jama'a (Shin Wannan Adalci?), 2007
* Clinton Global Initiative - Rage Pandemics Twin: HIV / AIDS da Jima'i Tushen Jima'a, 2006
* Clinton Global Initiative - Kamfen na Iyalai masu daraja, 2006
* Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka, Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York, Kungiyar Alumni ta BLAPA (Mallika Dutt), 2006
* Kyautar Link TV don Bidiyo mafi Kyawu (Mann ke Manjeere da Babul), 2005
* Mafi kyawun Cinematography - U Yi Shari'a! Bikin Fim (Mann Ke Manjeere), 2003
* Kyautar Nuni mafi kyau ga Mai zane - Haku Shah - Cibiyar Mazaunin Indiya (Haman Hain Ishq), 2003
* Kyautar Ruhun Asiya ta Amurka - Tarayyar Asiya ta Amurka ta New York (Mallika Dutt), 2003
* Kyautar Phoenix - Cibiyar Mata ta Asiya ta New York (Mallika Dutt), 2002
* Mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa na Indipop - Kyautar allo (Mann Ke Manjeere), 2001
* Kyautar 'yan kasa (India) don gudummawa ga mata da ci gaba (Mallika Dutt), 2001
* Kungiyar Kudancin Asiya ta Mata (SAWCC) Kyautar Kyautar Shekara-shekara don Kyautattun Kyaututtuka ga Al'ummar Kudancin Asia (Mallika Dutt), 2001

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110602195551/http://www.breakthrough.tv/learn/campaign/is-this-justice/more Shin wannan kamfen ɗin adalci]
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1e7ls_my-brother-comes-home-is-this-justi_shortfilms Shin wannan bidiyon adalci ne]</text>
      <sha1>tgylnukfylwhfmlnd9ja03au0l0i24d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jerin lambobin yabo na geophysics</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>113558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858443</id>
      <parentid>815251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:58:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BNUBashirnuhuusman</username>
        <id>45689</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
      <origin>858443</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12767" sha1="rzqduoiqscbwz7nya0zt66hxub5xhxk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Endowed_medal_bestowed_by_Geophysical_Union_for_distinguished_work._Washington,_D.C.,_April_28._The_Bowie_Medal,_endowed_by_friends_and_coworkers_of_Dr._William_Bowie,_twice_former_President_LCCN2016875534.jpg|thumb|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka ta ba da lambar yabo ga William Bowie 1939]]
[[Fayil:Endowed medal bestowed by Geophysical Union for distinguished work. Washington, D.C., April 28. The Bowie Medal, endowed by friends and coworkers of Dr. William Bowie, twice former President LCCN2016875534.jpg|thumb|Jerin lambobin yabo na geophysics]]
Wannan jeri na lambobin yabo na geophysics fihirisa ne ga labarai kan fitattun lambobin yabo don gudummawar zuwa ilimin lissafi, reshe na kimiyyar halitta wanda ya shafi tsarin jiki da kaddarorin zahiri na [[Duniya]] da kewayen sararin samaniya, da kuma amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdigewa don nazarinsu.  Jerin ya ba da ƙasar ƙungiyar da ke daukar nauyin wannan lambar yabo, amma ba lallai ba ne lambobin ya tsaya ga mutanen ƙasar.

== Kasashen Duniya ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Kyautar
!Mai tallafawa
!Bayani
|-
|Kyautar Craig J. Beasley
|Kungiyar Bincike na Geophysicists
|An ba da shi daga lokaci zuwa lokaci ga mutum ko ƙungiya wanda ya yi nasara mai kyau wanda ke tallafawa aikace-aikacen geophysics ga jin kai, sabis na jama'a, ko wasu dalilai masu muhimmanci na zamantakewa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maurice Ewing Medal |url=https://seg.org/About-SEG/Governance/Honors-and-Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Bincike ta Andrei Borisovich Vistelius
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Ilimin Kimiyya
|Matashi masanin kimiyya don gudummawa mai kyau a cikin bincike a aikace-aikacen lissafi ko ilimin kwamfuta a kowane bangare na kimiyyar duniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-02-23 |title=Andrei Borisovich Vistelius Research Award |url=http://www.iamg.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/91 |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=IAMG |archive-date=2014-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027165128/http://www.iamg.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/91 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Felix Chayes
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Ilimin Kimiyya
|Kyakkyawan bincike a cikin ilimin lissafi na lissafi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-02-23 |title=Felix Chayes Prize |url=http://www.iamg.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/89 |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=IAMG |archive-date=2014-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027180625/http://www.iamg.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/89 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=IAMG — Asociación Internacional para las Geociencias Matemáticas |url=http://www.igme.es/Boletin/2011/122_4/4_ARTICULO%201.pdf |journal=Boletín Geológico y Minero |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=429–438 |issn=0366-0176 |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2014-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019004517/http://www.igme.es/Boletin/2011/122_4/4_ARTICULO%201.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Medal na Maurice Ewing
|Kungiyar Bincike na Geophysicists
|Babban girmamawa na SEG, don bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban kimiyya da kuma sana'ar binciken geophysics &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maurice Ewing Medal |url=https://seg.org/About-SEG/Governance/Honors-and-Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Reginald Fessenden
|Kungiyar Bincike na Geophysicists
|Ga mutumin da ya ba da takamaiman gudummawar fasaha ga binciken geophysics, kamar kirkirar ko ci gaba na ka'idoji ko ra'ayi, wanda ya cancanci karbuwa ta musamman &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reginald Fessenden Award (formerly Medal Award) |url=https://seg.org/About-SEG/Governance/Honors-and-Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Cecil Green Enterprise
|Kungiyar Bincike na Geophysicists
|Ga mutumin da ya nuna ƙarfin hali, basira, da nasarori yayin da yake yin barazana ga albarkatun kansa da makomar ta wajen bunkasa samfurin, sabis, ƙungiya, ko aiki wanda aka gane shi a matsayin gudummawa mai banbanci da ya cancanci ga masana'antar man fetur &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cecil Green Enterprise Award |url=https://seg.org/About-SEG/Governance/Honors-and-Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar J. Clarence Karcher
|Kungiyar Bincike na Geophysicists
|An ba da shi don nuna godiya ga muhimmiyar gudummawa ga kimiyya da fasaha na binciken geophysics ta wani matashi masanin ilimin ƙasa (&lt;35 shekaru) na ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=J. Clarence Karcher Award |url=https://seg.org/About-SEG/Governance/Honors-and-Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar zinare ta Virgil Kauffman
|Kungiyar Bincike na Geophysicists
|Don bayar da gudummawa mai ban mamaki ga ci gaban kimiyya na binciken geophysical kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Gudummawar na iya zama na fasaha ko na sana'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Virgil Kauffman Gold Medal Award |url=https://seg.org/About-SEG/Governance/Honors-and-Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Georges Matheron Darussan
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Ilimin Kimiyya
|Ikon bincike da aka tabbatar a fagen kididdigar sararin samaniya ko ilimin lissafi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-02-23 |title=Matheron Lecturer |url=http://www.iamg.org/special-lectures/matheron-lecturer.html |access-date=2014-08-23 |publisher=IAMG |archive-date=2014-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809084159/http://www.iamg.org/special-lectures/matheron-lecturer.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Koyarwa ta John Cedric Griffiths
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Ilimin Kimiyya
|Koyarwa mai ban sha'awa wanda ya haɗa da aikace-aikacen lissafi ko ilimin lissafi ga albarkatun ƙasa da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba ko kuma ilimin ƙasa  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-02-23 |title=John Cedric Griffiths Teaching Award |url=http://www.iamg.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/90 |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=IAMG |archive-date=2014-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027170026/http://www.iamg.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/90 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=IAMG — Asociación Internacional para las Geociencias Matemáticas |url=http://www.igme.es/Boletin/2011/122_4/4_ARTICULO%201.pdf |journal=Boletín Geológico y Minero |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=429–438 |issn=0366-0176 |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2014-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019004517/http://www.igme.es/Boletin/2011/122_4/4_ARTICULO%201.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar William Christian Krumbein
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Ilimin Kimiyya
|Bambanci a aikace-aikacen lissafi ko kwamfuta a cikin kimiyyar ƙasa, hidima ga IAMG, da tallafi ga sana'o'in da ke cikin kimiyyyar ƙasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-02-23 |title=William Christian Krumbein Medal |url=http://www.iamg.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/88 |access-date=2014-10-26 |publisher=IAMG |archive-date=2014-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026063708/http://www.iamg.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/88 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pawlowsky-Glahn |last2=V. y Tetzlaff, D. |date=2011 |title=IAMG — Asociación Internacional para las Geociencias Matemáticas |url=http://www.igme.es/Boletin/2011/122_4/4_ARTICULO%201.pdf |journal=Boletín Geológico y Minero |volume=122 |pages=429–438 |issn=0366-0176 |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2014-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019004517/http://www.igme.es/Boletin/2011/122_4/4_ARTICULO%201.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Amurka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Kyautar
!Mai tallafawa
! style=&quot;width:6em;&quot; |Kasar
!Bayani
|-
|Medal na J. Tuzo Wilson
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Kanada
|Kanada
|Babban gudummawa ga fannin geophysics a Kanada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 June 2015 |title=J. Tuzo Wilson Medal |url=http://cgu-ugc.ca/awards/jtwilson/ |access-date=1 October 2016 |publisher=Canadian Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Harry H. Hess
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Don girmama nasarorin da aka samu a binciken kundin tsarin mulki da juyin halitta na Duniya da 'yan uwa
|-
|Medal na Charles A. Whitten
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Kyakkyawan nasarori a cikin bincike kan nau'in da ƙarfin Duniya da taurari &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Charles A. Whitten Medal |url=http://honors.agu.org/medals-awards/charles-a-whitten-medal/ |access-date=26 November 2013 |website=Honors program |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Tunawa da Guenter Loeser
|Cibiyar Bincike ta Sojan Sama
|Amurka
|Kyakkyawan gudummawar bincike 
|-
|Medal na Inge Lehmann
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Kyaututtuka masu ban sha'awa ga fahimtar tsarin, abun da ke ciki, da kuma ƙarfin mantle da core na Duniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inge Lehmann Medal |url=http://honors.agu.org/medals-awards/inge-lehmann-medal/ |access-date=28 February 2017 |website=Honors program |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Medal na John Adam Fleming
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Bincike na asali da jagorancin fasaha a cikin geomagnetism, wutar lantarki ta yanayi, aeronomy, kimiyyar sararin samaniya, da kuma kimiyyar da ta shafi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Union Medals, Awards, and Prizes &amp;#124; AGU |url=https://www.agu.org/Honor-and-Recognize/Honors/Union-Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|James B. Macelwane Medal
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Masana kimiyya na farko a fannin Geological da Planetary Sciences &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=James B. Macelwane Medal |url=http://honors.agu.org/medals-awards/james-b-macelwane/ |access-date=27 November 2013 |website=Honors program |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Medal na Maurice Ewing
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Muhimman gudummawa na asali ga fahimtar tsarin jiki, geophysical, da na geological a cikin teku; ga waɗanda ke ci gaba da aikin injiniya, fasaha, da kayan aiki; da kuma waɗanda ke yin hidima mai ban mamaki ga kimiyyar ruwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maurice Ewing Medal |url=http://honors.agu.org/medals-awards/maurice-ewing-medal/ |access-date=26 November 2013 |website=Honors program |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Robert E. Horton
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Kyautattun gudummawa ga fannoni na geophysical na hydrology  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Simon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert E. Horton Medal |url=http://honors.agu.org/medals-awards/robert-e-horton-award/ |access-date=26 November 2013 |website=Honors program |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Medal na Roger Revelle
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Kyakkyawan nasarori ko gudummawa ga fahimtar hanyoyin yanayi na Duniya, gami da ƙarfinta, ilmin sunadarai, da radiation; da kuma rawar da yanayi ke takawa, haɗin yanayi-teku, ko haɗin yanayi-ƙasa wajen tantance yanayi, sake zagayowar halittu, ko wasu mahimman abubuwa na tsarin yanayi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roger Revelle Medal |url=http://honors.agu.org/medals-awards/roger-revelle-award/ |access-date=27 November 2013 |website=Honors program |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Vetlesen
|Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Jami'ar Columbia, G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation
|Amurka
|Nasarar kimiyya da ta haifar da kyakkyawar fahimtar Duniya, tarihinta, ko alakarta da sararin samaniya  
|-
|Kyautar Waldo E. Smith
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Mutanen da suka taka rawar jagoranci ta musamman a fannoni daban-daban kamar ƙungiyoyin kimiyya, ilimi, doka, bincike, fahimtar jama'a game da kimiyya, gudanarwa, da taimakon jama'a, kuma nasarorin da suka samu sun ƙarfafa sosai kuma sun taimaka wajen ci gaba da kimiyyar geophysical &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waldo E. Smith Medal |url=http://honors.agu.org/medals-awards/waldo-e-smith-medal-2/ |access-date=26 November 2013 |website=Honors program |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Whipple
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Mutumin da ke ba da gudummawa mai ban mamaki ga fannin kimiyyar duniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fred Whipple Award |url=http://honors.agu.org/sfg-award-lecture/fred-whipple-award/ |access-date=15 October 2017 |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar William Bowie
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Kyautattun gudummawa ga ilimin ƙasa na asali da kuma hadin kai mara son kai a cikin bincike &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William Bowie Medal |url=http://honors.agu.org/medals-awards/william-bowie/ |access-date=26 November 2013 |website=Honors program |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar William Gilbert
|Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka
|Amurka
|Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da rashin son kai a cikin magnetism na kayan Duniya da na Duniya da taurari 
|}

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Finesse (waƙar Pheelz)</title>
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&quot;Finesse&quot; waƙa ce ta mai gabatar da rikodin Najeriya [[Pheelz]] . An ɗora shi a kan [[TikTok]] a watan Fabrairun 2022 kuma an sake shi a kasuwanci a ranar 3 ga Maris 2022, ta hanyar Riidiimacool . Miichkel ne ya samar da waƙar kuma tana dauke da murya daga mawaƙin Afro-fusion na Najeriya Bnxn . A cikin makon farko, rikodin ya sami karbuwa a duk faɗin TikTok a Turai da Amurka, tare da hashtag #FolakeChallenge.

An sanya ta a lamba daya a jerin sunayen 10 na TCL na mako na ''[[TheCable]]'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2022 |title=TCL radio picks: Asa debuts with Wizkid-assisted 'IGD' as 'Finesse' lands top spot |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/tcl-radio-picks-asa-debuts-with-wizkid-assisted-igd-as-finesse-lands-top-spot/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=TheCable Lifestyle}}&lt;/ref&gt; da lamba biyu a kan Music in Africa's top Afrobeats songs of 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Top Afrobeats songs of 2022 |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/top-afrobeats-songs-2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Music In Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 2 ga Maris 2022, DJ Edu ya fara gabatar da wakar a gidan rediyon BBC 1Xtra na shirin ''Destination Africa'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 1Xtra - DJ Edu - Destination Africa, Davido in conversation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0014whw |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi muhawara a lamba 131 akan Global 200,  kuma a lamba 106 akan ''Billboard'' Global Excl. Taswirar Amurka. 

== Tarihi ==
A cikin tattaunawar da marubucin kiɗa na Pulse Nigeria, Motolani Alake, [[Pheelz]] ya ce, &quot;Ina ratayewa a cikin ɗakin karatu tare da sabon mai gabatarwa, Miichkel (MikeGoCrazy) lokacin da ya buga bugun. Don haka, na kara waƙoƙi, kalmomi, da yadudduka zuwa ga mawaƙa. Sauti na ƙarshe ya zo da kyau sosai dole ne in raba wani sashi a kan TikTok da sauran dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta a wannan dare. &quot;Ya kara da, &quot;Buju (yanzu. Bnxn) ya buge ni bayan ya ga bidiyon, don haka na tambayi shi!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alake |first=Motolani |date=4 March 2022 |title=Pheelz and Buju release Wizkid-endorsed new single, 'Finesse' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/pheelz-and-buju-release-wizkid-endorsed-new-single-finesse/szpecwm |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasuwanci ==
A cikin makon da ya fara farawa, &quot;Finesse&quot; ya kai matsayi na goma a kan ginshiƙi na tallace-tallace na Waƙoƙi na Duniya na Amurka, na mako na 19 Maris 2022.  A ranar 5 ga Maris 2022, rikodin ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a cikin ƙasashe goma, ciki har da Dominica, Jamhuriyar Benin, Kamaru, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Laberiya, Malawi, Nigeria, Saliyo, Uganda a kan ginshiƙi &lt;ref name=&quot;NotjustOk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2022 |title='Finesse' By Pheelz Ft. BNXN Enters Apple Music Global &amp; Spotify Charts {{!}} SEE DETAILS |url=https://notjustok.com/news/finesse-by-pheelz-ft-buju-enters-apple-music-global-charts/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=NotjustOk}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran kasashe 3. 40 na UK Apple Music ginshiƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alake |first=Motolani |date=4 March 2022 |title=Buju and Pheelz's new banger, 'Finesse' hits No. 1 in London, UK |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/buju-and-pheelzs-new-banger-finesse-hits-no-1-in-london-uk/l2hbtly |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi muhawara a lamba 131 akan Global 200,  kuma a lamba 106 akan ''Billboard'' Global Excl. Taswirar Amurka. 

Finesse&quot; ya fara fitowa a kan tashar Spotify Top 50 ta Najeriya a lamba daya, &lt;ref name=&quot;NotjustOk2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2022 |title='Finesse' By Pheelz Ft. BNXN Enters Apple Music Global &amp; Spotify Charts {{!}} SEE DETAILS |url=https://notjustok.com/news/finesse-by-pheelz-ft-buju-enters-apple-music-global-charts/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=NotjustOk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apple Music Top 100 na duniya a lamba arba'in, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alake |first=Motolani |date=9 March 2022 |title=Buju and Pheelz's new chart-topper, 'Finesse' hits No. 1 on Shazam global charts |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/buju-and-pheelzs-new-chart-topper-finesse-hits-no-1-on-shazam-global-charts/52wd3kv |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ita ce mafi yawan waƙar Shazamed a duniya a ranar 8 ga Maris 2022. Ya fara ne a lamba daya a kan TurnTable Top 50 chart,  [[UK Afrobeats Singles Chart]],  kuma lamba hamsin da biyu a kan UK Singles Chard.&lt;ref name=&quot;TurnTable2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=TurnTable Top 50: Pheelz &amp; BNXN's &quot;Finesse&quot; Rises To No.1 |url=https://thenativemag.com/turntable-top-50-pheelz-bnxn-finesse/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=The Native}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCC Afrobeats2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official Afrobeats Chart Top 20 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/afrobeats-chart/20220313/afrobeat/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCC2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official Singles Chart Top 100 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20220311/7501/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, rikodin ya fara ne a lamba tara a kan TurnTable Top 50 Airplay a ranar 15 ga Maris,  kuma ya fara ne akan lamba arba'in da hudu a kan TurnMable Top 50 Streaming Songs a ranar 9 ga Maris 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turntable Top 50 Airplay Chart |url=https://turntablecharts.com/Charts/Airplay |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Turntable Charts |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407131835/http://turntablecharts.com/Charts/Airplay |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turntable Top 50 Streaming Songs |url=https://turntablecharts.com/Charts/Streaming |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Turntable Charts |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331034656/https://www.turntablecharts.com/Charts/Streaming |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da ma'aikata ==

* [[Pheelz]] - murya, rubuce-rubuce
* Bnxn - murya, rubuce-rubuce
* [[Miichkel]] - samarwa

== Shafuka ==

=== Shafuka na mako-mako ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ayyukan jadawalin mako-mako don &quot;Finesse&quot;
!Shafin (2022) 
!Matsayi mafi girma&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Faransa (SNEP) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Singles (Week 18, 2022) |url=http://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=19?&amp;annee=2022&amp;categorie=Top%20Singles |access-date=16 May 2022 |publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|85
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id=]Billboard_Global_200&quot; id=&quot;mwnA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Billboard Global 200&quot;&gt;Duniya 200 (Billboard) 
|131
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ireland (IRMA) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IRMA – Irish Charts |url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&amp;chart=Singles |access-date=16 April 2022 |publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|99
|-{{single chart|Dutch100|84|artist=Pheelz x Buju|song=Finesse|rowheader=true|access-date=30 April 2022}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=NZ Hot Singles Chart |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-09-30 |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|31
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Najeriya (TurnTable Top 50) &lt;ref name=&quot;TurnTable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=TurnTable Top 50: Pheelz &amp; BNXN's &quot;Finesse&quot; Rises To No.1 |url=https://thenativemag.com/turntable-top-50-pheelz-bnxn-finesse/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=The Native}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Afirka ta Kudu (RISA) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Local &amp; International Streaming Chart Top 100 Week 14-2022 |url=https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-14-2022/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=TOSAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|31
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Suriname (Tushen Kasa 40) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=Nationale Top 40 Suriname: Top 5 – 23 June 2022 |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=5664498433580859 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |publisher=[[Nationale Top 40 Suriname]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |UK Singles (OCC) &lt;ref name=&quot;OCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official Singles Chart Top 100 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20220311/7501/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|52
|-{{single chart|UKindie|7|date=20220311|rowheader=true|access-date=20 March 2022|refname=UKIND}}
|-{{single chart|UKrandb|28|date=20220422|rowheader=true|access-date=22 April 2022}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |US Afrobeats Songs (''Billboard'') 
|6
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |US Rhythmic (''Billboard'') 
|15
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |US World Digital Song Sales (''Billboard'') 
|10
|}

=== Shafuka na ƙarshen shekara ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ayyukan jadawalin ƙarshen shekara ta 2022 don &quot;Finesse&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Shafin (2022) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Matsayi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |US Afrobeats Songs (''Billboard'') 
|8
|}

== Takaddun shaida ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+Tarihin saki da tsarin &quot;Finesse&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Yankin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ranar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Tsarin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Alamar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row &quot; |Biyu da Biyu
|3 Maris 2022
|{{Hlist|[[Music download|Digital download]]|[[Streaming media|streaming]]}}
|Riidiimacool
|{{Center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Finesse - Single by Pheelz &amp; Buju |url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/finesse-single/1612319822 |via=Apple Music |access-date=18 March 2022 |date=3 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin jituwa</title>
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        <username>Amama24</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344036387|Diffiety]]&quot;</comment>
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A cikin [[lissafi]], '''bambanci''' / / dəˈfaɪəˌtiː / ) wani abu ne na geometrical wanda ke taka rawa iri ɗaya a cikin ka'idar zamani ta daidaitattun bambance-bambancen da nau'ikan algebra ke takawa don lissafin algebra, wato, don ɓoye sararin mafita ta hanyar da ta fi fahimta. An ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin 1984 ta Alexandre Mikhailovich Vinogradov a matsayin portmanteau daga '''bambancin''' bambance- '''bambance''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vinogradov |first=A. M. |date=March 1984 |title=Local symmetries and conservation laws |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01405491 |journal=Acta Applicandae Mathematicae |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=21–78 |doi=10.1007/BF01405491 |issn=0167-8019 |s2cid=121860845 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anar fahimta ==
A cikin tsarin lissafi na algebra, manyan abubuwan da ake nazari ( iri ) suna yin samfurin sararin mafita na tsarin lissafin algebra (watau wurin sifili na saitin polynomials ), tare da duk &quot;sakamakon algebraic&quot;. Wannan yana nufin cewa, amfani da ayyukan algebraic a cikin wannan saitin (misali ƙara waɗannan polynomials ga juna ko ninka su da wasu polynomials) zai haifar da wurin sifili iri ɗaya. A wata ma'anar, za a iya la'akari da wurin sifili na manufa ta algebraic da saitin polynomials na farko ya samar.

Lokacin da ake mu'amala da lissafin bambanci, banda amfani da ayyukan aljabra kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, mutum yana da zaɓin bambance-bambancen lissafin farawa, samun sabbin ƙuntatawa na bambance-bambance. Saboda haka, bambancin analog na bambancin ya kamata ya zama sararin mafita na tsarin lissafin bambanci, tare da duk &quot;sakamakon bambancinsu&quot;. Maimakon la'akari da wurin sifili na manufa ta aljabra, saboda haka mutum yana buƙatar yin aiki da manufa ta bambancin .

== Ma'anar da aka saba amfani da ita ==
Ma'anar rashin daidaituwa ta asali, wacce ta dogara ne akan tsarin lissafi na lissafi don bambance-bambancen lissafi da mafitarsu, tana buƙatar ra'ayoyin jets of submanifolds, tsawaitawa, da rarrabawar Cartan, waɗanda aka tuna a ƙasa.

=== Kalkuleta na biyu ===
Vinogradov ya ƙirƙiro wata ka'ida, wadda aka sani da kalkuleta ta biyu, don tsara ra'ayin kalkuleta mai bambanci akan sararin mafita na tsarin PDEs da aka bayar (watau sararin maɓallan haɗin gwiwa na wani bambanci). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vinogradov |first=A.M. |date=1984-04-30 |title=The b-spectral sequence, Lagrangian formalism, and conservation laws. I. The linear theory |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022247X84900714 |journal=Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications |language=en |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1016/0022-247X(84)90071-4 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vinogradov |first=A. M. |date=1984-04-30 |title=The b-spectral sequence, Lagrangian formalism, and conservation laws. II. The nonlinear theory |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-247X%2884%2990072-6 |journal=Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications |language=en |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=41–129 |doi=10.1016/0022-247X(84)90072-6 |issn=0022-247X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

A wata ma'anar, ƙasidar sakandare tana ba da madadin ayyuka, filayen vector, siffofi daban-daban, masu aiki daban-daban, da sauransu, akan sarari (galibi) na musamman inda ba za a iya bayyana waɗannan abubuwa ta hanyar da aka saba (santsi) akan sararin mafita ba. Bugu da ƙari, sararin waɗannan sabbin abubuwa an ba su su da tsarin algebra iri ɗaya na sararin abubuwan asali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vitagliano |first=Luca |date=2014 |title=On the strong homotopy Lie–Rinehart algebra of a foliation |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0219199714500072 |journal=Communications in Contemporary Mathematics |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=1450007 |arxiv=1204.2467 |doi=10.1142/S0219199714500072 |issn=0219-1997 |s2cid=119704524}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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A cikin [[lissafi]], '''bambanci''' / / dəˈfaɪəˌtiː / ) wani abu ne na geometrical wanda ke taka rawa iri ɗaya a cikin ka'idar zamani ta daidaitattun bambance-bambancen da nau'ikan algebra ke takawa don lissafin algebra, wato, don ɓoye sararin mafita ta hanyar da ta fi fahimta. An ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin 1984 ta Alexandre Mikhailovich Vinogradov a matsayin portmanteau daga '''bambancin''' bambance- '''bambance''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vinogradov |first=A. M. |date=March 1984 |title=Local symmetries and conservation laws |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01405491 |journal=Acta Applicandae Mathematicae |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=21–78 |doi=10.1007/BF01405491 |issn=0167-8019 |s2cid=121860845 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anar fahimta ==
A cikin tsarin lissafi na algebra, manyan abubuwan da ake nazari ( iri ) suna yin samfurin sararin mafita na tsarin lissafin algebra (watau wurin sifili na saitin polynomials ), tare da duk &quot;sakamakon algebraic&quot;. Wannan yana nufin cewa, amfani da ayyukan algebraic a cikin wannan saitin (misali ƙara waɗannan polynomials ga juna ko ninka su da wasu polynomials) zai haifar da wurin sifili iri ɗaya. A wata ma'anar, za a iya la'akari da wurin sifili na manufa ta algebraic da saitin polynomials na farko ya samar.

Lokacin da ake mu'amala da lissafin bambanci, banda amfani da ayyukan aljabra kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, mutum yana da zaɓin bambance-bambancen lissafin farawa, samun sabbin ƙuntatawa na bambance-bambance. Saboda haka, bambancin analog na bambancin ya kamata ya zama sararin mafita na tsarin lissafin bambanci, tare da duk &quot;sakamakon bambancinsu&quot;. Maimakon la'akari da wurin sifili na manufa ta aljabra, saboda haka mutum yana buƙatar yin aiki da manufa ta bambancin .

== Ma'anar da aka saba amfani da ita ==
Ma'anar rashin daidaituwa ta asali, wacce ta dogara ne akan tsarin lissafi na lissafi don bambance-bambancen lissafi da mafitarsu, tana buƙatar ra'ayoyin jets of submanifolds, tsawaitawa, da rarrabawar Cartan, waɗanda aka tuna a ƙasa.

=== Kalkuleta na biyu ===
Vinogradov ya ƙirƙiro wata ka'ida, wadda aka sani da kalkuleta ta biyu, don tsara ra'ayin kalkuleta mai bambanci akan sararin mafita na tsarin PDEs da aka bayar (watau sararin maɓallan haɗin gwiwa na wani bambanci). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vinogradov |first=A.M. |date=1984-04-30 |title=The b-spectral sequence, Lagrangian formalism, and conservation laws. I. The linear theory |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022247X84900714 |journal=Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications |language=en |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1016/0022-247X(84)90071-4 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vinogradov |first=A. M. |date=1984-04-30 |title=The b-spectral sequence, Lagrangian formalism, and conservation laws. II. The nonlinear theory |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-247X%2884%2990072-6 |journal=Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications |language=en |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=41–129 |doi=10.1016/0022-247X(84)90072-6 |issn=0022-247X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

A wata ma'anar, ƙasidar sakandare tana ba da madadin ayyuka, filayen vector, siffofi daban-daban, masu aiki daban-daban, da sauransu, akan sarari (galibi) na musamman inda ba za a iya bayyana waɗannan abubuwa ta hanyar da aka saba (santsi) akan sararin mafita ba. Bugu da ƙari, sararin waɗannan sabbin abubuwa an ba su su da tsarin algebra iri ɗaya na sararin abubuwan asali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vitagliano |first=Luca |date=2014 |title=On the strong homotopy Lie–Rinehart algebra of a foliation |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0219199714500072 |journal=Communications in Contemporary Mathematics |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=1450007 |arxiv=1204.2467 |doi=10.1142/S0219199714500072 |issn=0219-1997 |s2cid=119704524}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brand Violet</title>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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Violet Brand (née Boughton) MBE ({{Circa}} 1929 - 4 Afrilu 2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;watfordobserver.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 April 2020 |title='Remarkable' grandmother who helped people with learning difficulties dies |url=https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/18384162.grandmother-rickmansworth-dies-aged-91/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kasance marubuciya  a jerin mafi kyawun Spelling na Made Easy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Death announced of Violet Brand MBE |url=http://www.britishbandsman.com/news/2257/death-announced-of-violet-brand-mbe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031153232/http://www.britishbandsman.com/news/2257/death-announced-of-violet-brand-mbe |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=1 October 2020 |publisher=Bandsman}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwarsa ==
An haifi Violet Boughton &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Violet Brand MBE (1929 - 2020) - Obituary |url=https://cdn.bdadyslexia.org.uk/uploads/images/Violet-Brand-Obituary-FINAL-April-9th.pdf?v=1586434451 |access-date=2023-12-24 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; a Kasar [[Canterbury]], ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu a cikin yaran  iyayen ta  da ke cikin Sojojin Ceto. &lt;ref name=&quot;watfordobserver.co.uk&quot;/&gt; Ta kafa Cibiyar kungiya me Suna (Dyslexia) ta Watford kuma ta inganta fahimtar da koyar da yara masu [[Rashin jituwa|dyslexic]] a lokacin da akwai babban ƙiyayya a wurare da yawa ga dukan manufar. Fiye da shekaru da yawa ta ba da lokacinta don taimakawa waɗannan yara da kuma malaman su kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta MBE don nuna godiya a gareta. A shekarar 2011 ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Academic Achievement Award daga [[British Dyslexia Association|Ƙungiyar Dyslexia ta Kasar Burtaniya]]. 

A shekarar 1950, ta auri mijinta me suna Geoffrey Edward Brand, ya kasance ƙwararren mawaƙi kuma mai gudanarwa, kuma mai gabatarwa na Tashar  BBC; 'ya'yansu sun kasance biyu wato Michael da kuma Gill. &lt;ref name=&quot;watfordobserver.co.uk&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geoffrey Brand |url=https://www.world-projects.net/faculty/geoffrey-brand/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geoffrey Edward BRAND personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/XGSO7JkjTOXVqztAG26Y9A14xso/appointments}}&lt;/ref&gt; Violet ita ce kakarta ga mai wasan kwaikwayo Katy Brand . 

== Inda Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Somto</title>
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'''Emmanuel Somto''' (an haife shi 5 Fabrairu 1997) abin ƙira ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]], halayen talabijin  da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.

Ya lashe [[Mr Teen Nigeria|Mista Teen Nigeria]] a 2016, ya kare a matsayin zakaran nahiyar Afirka a gasar Mister Model International ta 2019 a [[Bangkok|Bangkok, Thailand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Emmanuel Somto to Represent Nigeria at Mister Global Competition 2021 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/emmanuel-somto-to-represent-nigeria-at-mister-global-competition-2021/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne Fuskar [[Oppo|Oppo Mobile]] a cikin 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;Olajide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olajide |first=Ola |date=2020-06-26 |title=OPPO Mobile Nigeria Unveils Two Winners from the OPPO Reno3 Urban24 Contest with Prizes Worth Millions of Naira in Cash and Endorsements |url=https://www.gistreel.com/oppo-mobile-nigeria-unveils-two-winners-from-the-oppo-reno3-urban24-contest-with-prizes-worth-millions-of-naira-in-cash-and-endorsements/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma shi ne ɗan Najeriya na farko da ya zama na sama na goma sha bakwai a gasar Mister Global . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oyemolade |first=Eniola |date=2022-04-02 |title=Emmanuel Somto Becomes First Nigerian to Make Top 17 Since Inception of Mister Global |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/emmanuel-somto-becomes-first-nigerian-to-make-top-17-since-inception-of-mister-global/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Somto dan [[Imo|jihar Imo]] ne, amma an haife shi a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a gidan Mbah kuma shi daya tilo. Ya yi wani bangare na karatun firamare a Kano kafin ya koma garinsu [[Eziama Ikeduru]] a jihar Imo yana dan shekara shida inda ya zauna da kakarsa sakamakon rikicin addini da ya addabi Kano. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vanguard |first=Newspaper |date=2018-08-30 |title=Ex Mr Teen, Emmanuel Somto, Donates to 2,164 Prison Inmates |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/08/ex-mr-teen-emmanuel-somto-donates-2164-prison-inmates/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya samu [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|shaidar kammala jarabawar sa ta yammacin Afrika (WAEC)]] daga makarantar kasuwanci ta Eziama Ikeduru a shekarar 2013, sannan ya samu shaidar kammala difloma a fannin kasuwanci daga [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Nekede|Federal Polytechnic, Nekede]], dake [[Nekede]], jihar Imo.

A kokarinsa na ci gaba da karatunsa, Somto ya tafi kasar Thailand a shekarar 2019 domin karanci harkokin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa a jami'ar Siam dake Bangkok. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maidawa |first=Alpha |date=2020-06-17 |title=This Story of Emmanuel Somto, Mr Model International Africa 2019 Will Inspire You |url=https://daybreak.ng/this-story-of-emmanuel-somto-mr-model-international-africa-2019-will-inspire-you/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Daybreak, Politics, Entertainment, Sport |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610064137/https://daybreak.ng/this-story-of-emmanuel-somto-mr-model-international-africa-2019-will-inspire-you/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Somto ta sami sha'awar yin ƙirar ƙira bayan kammala karatun sakandare yayin da take aiki a gidan baƙi a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . A shekarar 2012 ne aka dauke shi aiki a kamfanin talla na [[Dhabry|Dabary]] . Ya samu nasarar lashe zaben [[Glo (kamfani)|Glo Ultimate model]] Nigeria, amma ba ya cikin wadanda suka yi nasara.

Daga baya ya tsaya takarar [[Mr Tourism Nigeria|Mista Tourism Nigeria]] a shekarar 2013, amma ya kasa ci gaba da gasar bayan da wasu ‘yan daba suka yi masa fashi a ‘yan kwanaki kafin babban gasar.

A shekarar 2016, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Mr Teen Nigeria, inda ya doke sauran wakilai ashirin daga jihohi daban-daban don lashe kambun. A yayin da Mista Teen Nigeria, Somto ta ba da gudummawar abinci, tufafi da sauran kayayyaki ga fursunoni 2,164 na gidan yari na tarayya a [[Owerri]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 2016, Somto ya koma wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya fito a cikin fina-finan [[Nollywood]] guda biyu, ''Sparking Stone'' da ''Child of Mercy'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=N |first=Ojonubi |date=2020-06-22 |title=Mister Model Africa, Emmanuel Somto Set to Join Nollywood Industry |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2020/06/22/mister-model-africa-emmanuel-somto-set-to-join-nollywood-industry/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Within Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ci gaba da wakiltar Najeriya a Mister Model International da ke kasar Thailand a shekarar 2019 inda ya kare a matsayin zakaran nahiyar Afrika. A wani yunkuri na karfafa gwiwar matasan ' [[Inyamurai|yan kabilar Igbo]] masu sana'ar kasuwanci a kasashen waje, kogin Ohanaeze Ndigbo Mekong na kasar Thailand, ya karbi bakuncin Somto a birnin Bangkok, domin nuna farin cikinsa a wajen bikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-09 |title=Nigeria Emmanuel Somto makes history in Thailand, Crowned Mister Model Intl Africa |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,388092.0.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Gistmania |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anyanwu |first=Ikechukwu |date=2019-04-29 |title=Somto Wins Mister Model International (Africa) |url=https://ariseafrika.com/2019/04/somto-wins-mister-model-international-africa.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=AriseAfrika |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapheal |date=2019-07-19 |title=Igbo in Thailand Host Award-Winning Model, Somto |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/igbo-in-thailand-host-award-winning-model-somto/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, ya zama fuskar [[Oppo|Oppo Mobile]] Nigeria a rukunin maza inda ya doke sauran 2,500. Wannan kuma ya ba shi yarjejeniya don tauraro a matsayin murfin ''mujallar Genevieve'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Olajide&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Somto ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar Mr Global a kasar Thailand inda ya zama dan Najeriya na farko da ya samu matsayi na goma sha bakwai a gasar. Ya kuma samu lambar yabo ta Mr Popularity Award a gasar.

Ya kafa Misters of Nigeria a cikin 2021, wanda ke rike da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon mallakar Faransa zuwa gasa hudu na kasa da kasa kuma ya samar da zakara uku kawo yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Misters of Nigeria Pageant competition partners 1XBET for 2023 edition |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/02/17/misters-of-nigeria-pageant-competition-partners-1xbet-for-2023-edition/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da zaɓe ==
Somto ta samu lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da Male Model na shekara a lambar yabo ta 2016 [[Nigeria Heritage Icons Award]], da kuma gwarzon sarkin shekara a lambar yabo ta 2018 [[Nigeria Achiever's Awards]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nollywood |first=Gists |date=2020-06-14 |title=Inspiring Story of Somto Emmanuel, Nigeria Most Sought-After Model |url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/50727/inspiring-story-of-somto-emmanuel-nigeria-most-sou.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Nollywood Gists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A wata hira da yayi da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwdA&quot;&gt;Daily Post&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a shekarar 2020, Somto ya bayyana soyayyar sa ga jarumar Nollywood [[Genevieve Nnaji]] . Ya bayyana cewa zai so ya auri jarumar duk da bambancin shekarun da ke tsakaninsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=John Owen |date=2020-06-12 |title=I Want to Marry Genevieve Nnaji – 23-Year-Old Nigerian Model, Somto |url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/06/12/i-want-to-marry-genevieve-nnaji-23-year-old-nigerian-model-somto/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magana ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gaurav Singh Chouhan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Gaurav Singh Chouhan''' sananne ne a [[Indiya]], [[marubuci]] kuma mai ƙarfafa gwiwa. An haife shi a [[Delhi]], asalinsa kuma daga Mainpuri a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh]].[[BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY]] Ya taɓa yin aiki a fim da talabijin.&lt;ref&gt;https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/gaurav-singh-chouhan-diary-to-success-indian-actor-public-figure-9540308.html{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na mutum sananne, yana rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan zamantakewa da fitattun mutane, tare da ƙarfafa matasa da ƙwararru ta hanyar jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa. Hakanan shi ne marubucin littafin A Journey Through Broken Dreams (2025).&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=maVkEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da ilimi ==
An haifi Gaurav Singh Chouhan a Delhi, Indiya, a cikin iyali na matsakaicin matsayi wanda ke daraja ilimi da al’adun gargajiya. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a [[Delhi]], inda ya fara nuna sha’awa a fannin adabi, rubuce-rubuce, da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo.

Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami’ar Chaudhary Charan Singh]], Meerut, domin yin karatun B.A. LL.B. (digiri a fannin shari’a). Hada karatun shari’a da sha’awarsa ta rubuce-rubuce da jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa ya taimaka wajen gina aikinsa mai fannoni da dama.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AOFTEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

== Falsafar Rayuwa ==
Chouhan yana jaddada muhimmancin juriya, gaskiya, da iya daidaitawa da yanayi. Yana ɗaukar cewa ƙimomi (values) su ne ya kamata su zama hanyar jagora ga mutum a cikin rayuwa da aiki.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Elliot Lee</title>
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'''Elliot Robert Lee''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1994) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Wrexham ta EFL .

Lee ya aro aikinsa a ƙungiyar [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], inda aka ba da rancensa ga Colchester United, Southend United, Blackpool da Luton Town, kafin ya shiga Barnsley a 2016 don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. Lee ya bar Barnsley bayan shekara guda don sanya hannu a Luton kuma bayan shekaru biyar tare da kulob din, ya sanya hannu a kulob din na yanzu, Wrexham . Shi ne ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Rob Lee kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙafa Olly Lee.

== Ayyuka ==

=== West Ham United ===
[[Fayil:Elliot_Lee_2014.jpg|left|thumb|394x394px|Lee yana dumi ga [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a shekarar 2014.]]
An haife shi a Durham,  Lee ya kasance dan wasan matasa ne tare da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], inda ya fara bugawa tawagar ajiya a shekarar 2011 kafin ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko a watan Agustan 2012 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=West Ham reserves coach Lomas happy with Elliott Lee debut |url=http://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/west-ham-reserves-coach-lomas-happy-elliott-lee-debut-1538431 |access-date=16 January 2013 |publisher=www.tribalfootball.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=McCartney completes Hammers switch |url=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120701/mccartney-completes-hammers-switch_2236884_2825510 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704091026/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120701/mccartney-completes-hammers-switch_2236884_2825510 |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=16 January 2013 |publisher=www.whufc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farkon bayyanarsa a cikin tawagar farko ya kasance a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2013 lokacin da ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan Premier League da Norwich City. Lee daga nan ya fara bugawa West Ham wasa na farko, a matsayin mai maye gurbin Ricardo Vaz Tê na minti na 78, a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2013 a cikin shan kashi 1-0 a gasar cin Kofin FA ta uku a Old Trafford da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]. 

A ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, Lee ya zira kwallaye biyu na farko a kungiyar West Ham a kan Aston Villa Under-21s. A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta ya fara buga wasan Premier na West Ham, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Mohammed Diamé a minti na 88 a wasan da Stoke City ta yi a gida 1-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2013 |title=West Ham United 0–1 Stoke City FT |url=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20130831/west-ham-united-0-1-stoke-city-ft_2236884_3443388 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031225055/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20130831/west-ham-united-0-1-stoke-city-ft_2236884_3443388 |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=31 October 2014 |publisher=www.whufc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makonni uku bayan haka, Lee ya zira kwallaye a kan Newcastle Reserves a cikin nasara 5-4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Starforth |first=Miles |date=2 September 2013 |title=Rob Lee's son nets hat-trick for West Ham against Newcastle |url=http://www.shieldsgazette.com/sport/football/newcastle-united/rob-lee-s-son-nets-hat-trick-for-west-ham-against-newcastle-1-6005911 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217025134/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/sport/football/newcastle-united/rob-lee-s-son-nets-hat-trick-for-west-ham-against-newcastle-1-6005911 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=The Shields Gazette}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye 11 a wannan kakar don tawagar ci gaba.

==== Rance ga Colchester United ====
A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2013 ya sanya hannu a kan Colchester United a kan rance matasa na wata daya. An zira kwallaye guda daya da ya ci a Colchester a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba a wasan da ya yi da Rotherham United: a lokacin dakatarwa a rabi na biyu, tare da Rotherhan ta ci 2-1, Lee ya zira kwallayen da ya buga mashaya kuma ya sake bugawa a kan layin don yin wasan karshe 2-2. Ya koma West Ham a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba bayan wasanni hudu da kwallo daya ga Colchester United . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=Lee Returns to the Hammers |url=http://www.cu-fc.com/news/article/211113-elliot-lee-returns-to-hammers-1187353.aspx |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=www.cu-fc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kudin zuwa Southend United ====
A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2014 Lee ya koma Southend United kan rancen watanni uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 October 2014 |title=Southend United bring in Jakub Sokolik and Elliot Lee |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29848801 |access-date=31 October 2014 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin sa'o'i na sanya hannu ga Southend, Lee ya sami rauni a hamstring kuma ya koma West Ham don magani. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba an cire Lee daga wasa na akalla watanni biyu. An soke rancensa a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba kuma ya koma West Ham United, kulob din iyayensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2014 |title=West Ham's Elliot Lee injured 95 minutes into Southend United loan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29938407 |access-date=6 November 2014 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kudin Luton Town ====
A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Lee ya koma Luton Town kan aro na wata daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 February 2015 |title=West Ham striker Elliot Lee joins Luton Town on loan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31541185 |access-date=22 February 2015 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lee ya zaɓi ya sa rigar lamba 38 don tunawa da tsohon abokin aikinsa a West Ham, Dylan Tombides wanda shi ma ya sa lambar 38.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luton Town: Elliot Lee 'delighted' to make poignant tribute to West Ham United friend Dylan Tombides |url=http://www.bedfordshire-news.co.uk/Luton-Town-Elliot-Lee-delighted-make-poignant/story-26228955-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130823/http://www.bedfordshire-news.co.uk/Luton-Town-Elliot-Lee-delighted-make-poignant/story-26228955-detail/story.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=25 March 2015 |website=www.bedfordshire-news.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko a Luton kwana biyu bayan haka, minti hudu bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Andy Drury a cikin nasarar 3-2 ga AFC Wimbledon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2015 |title=AFC Wimbledon 3–2 Luton Town |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31466398 |access-date=22 February 2015 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Lee ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a wasan da Wycombe Wanderers suka yi a gida 2-3. A lokacin da ya zira kwallaye ya bayyana T-shirt wanda ke nuna hoton Tombides, wanda ya keɓe burinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 March 2015 |title=Hammers striker dedicates Luton Towngoal to Dylan Tombides |url=http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/sport/11878590.Hammers_striker_dedicates_Luton_Town_goal_to_Dylan_Tombides/ |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=www.guardian-series.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashegari an tsawaita kwangilar rancensa tare da Luton har zuwa karshen kakar 2014-15. Manajan Luton John Still ya ce game da Lee &quot;Elliot ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a gare mu kuma muna farin cikin samun shi a sauran wannan kakar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;all201415&quot; /&gt;

==== Komawa zuwa West Ham ====
Lee ya sake zira kwallaye ga tawagar ci gaba lokacin da suka fuskanci kungiyar Firimiya ta Woking a wasan sada zumunci kafin kakar wasa a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elliot Lee nets West Ham hat-trick |url=http://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/elliot-lee-nets-west-ham-hat-trick-4034523#.U_0BZMVdVvE |publisher=Tribal Football}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lee ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a gasar cin Kofin League da Sheffield United ta yi a zagaye na biyu a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 2014. An ba shi lambar 36 ga tawagar farko a wannan rana. A farkonsa na West Ham, a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2015, Lee ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din. A wasan farko na Europa League da ya yi da FC Lusitanos na Andorra, ya zira kwallaye guda daya daga giciye daga Matt Jarvis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hammers ease into round two |url=http://www.whufc.com/News/Articles/2015/July/9-July/Hammers-ease-into-round-two |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710155751/http://www.whufc.com/News/Articles/2015/July/9-July/Hammers-ease-into-round-two |archive-date=10 July 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |publisher=www.whufc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kudin zuwa Blackpool ====
A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2015, an ba da rancen Lee ga kungiyar Blackpool ta League One har zuwa 3 ga Janairun 2016.  Ya fara bugawa kwanaki biyu bayan haka, a matsayin mai maye gurbin Bright Osayi-Samuel a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan abokan hamayyar Fleetwood Town a Bloomfield Road. A watan Janairun 2016, bayan ya samu rauni, Lee ya ki tayin tsawaita rancensa kuma ya koma West Ham. Rashin amincewarsa ya fusata kocin Blackpool, Neil McDonald, wanda aka nakalto yana cewa Lee &quot;zai fi so ya kasance a gida tare da mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa&quot; fiye da buga wa Blackpool wasa.

==== Lambar ta biyu ga Colchester United ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 2016, Lee ya sanya hannu kan aro ga Colchester United har zuwa karshen kakar 2015-16.  Ya zira kwallaye na farko a karo na biyu a ranar 12 ga watan Maris a wasan 3-3 tare da Wigan Athletic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2016 |title=Colchester United 3–3 Wigan Athletic |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35733033 |access-date=12 March 2016 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake zira kwallaye sau ɗaya, inda ya buga wasanni 15 gabaɗaya.

=== Barnsley ===
A ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, Lee ya sanya hannu a kulob din Barnsley na gasar zakarun Turai don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2016 |title=Elliott Lee: Barnsley sign striker from West Ham for undisclosed fee |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36625078 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni shida a lokacin kakar 2016-17, duk a matsayin mai maye gurbin, amma ya bar kulob din da yardar juna a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 July 2017 |title=Elliot Lee Departs Oakwell |url=https://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/2017/july/elliot-lee-departs/ |access-date=5 July 2017 |publisher=Barnsley F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Luton ===
Bayan da aka sake shi daga Barnsley a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2017, Lee ya sanya hannu kan tsohon kulob dinsa na Luton Town kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 July 2017 |title=Luton Bring in Striker Lee from Barnsley |url=http://www.lutontoday.co.uk/sport/football/luton-town/luton-bring-in-striker-lee-from-barnsley-1-8039721 |access-date=4 July 2017 |publisher=lutontoday.co.uk |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801044025/http://www.lutontoday.co.uk/sport/football/luton-town/luton-bring-in-striker-lee-from-barnsley-1-8039721 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zira kwallaye a nasarar 8-2 a kan Yeovil Town a ranar bude kakar 2017-18 a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2017. 

An tsawaita kwantiraginsa da ƙarin shekara a ƙarshen kakar 2017-18 bayan an gabatar da sashi na gabatarwa sakamakon ci gaba Luton zuwa League One . 

A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2022, an sanar da cewa Lee zai bar kulob din bayan karshen kakar 2021-22. 

==== Kudin zuwa Oxford United ====
Ya shiga Oxford United a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2021. Ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni goma sha takwas, duk a League One.

==== Rance ga Charlton Athletic ====
A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2021, Lee ya shiga Charlton Athletic a kan rancen kakar wasa ta 2021-22. Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Charlton a wasan EFL Trophy da Crawley Town a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 2021.

=== Wrexham ===
On 8 July 2022, Lee signed a three-year deal with Wrexham. On 6 August 2022, Lee scored twice on his debut to help Wrexham come from behind to beat Eastleigh 2–1  He was named in the National League Team of the Year at the end of the 2022–23 season as Wrexham won the division.&lt;ref name=&quot;22/23 NL Annual Awards2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Tom |date=11 May 2023 |title=Vanarama National League Big Winners Announced |url=https://www.thenationalleague.org.uk/vanarama-national-league-big-winners-announced-76017 |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=The National League}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 January 2024, Lee signed a contract extension with Wrexham, signing until the end of the 2026–27 season. Wrexham earned promotion as runners-up at the end of the 2023–24 season. Lee was nominated for the PFA League Two Player of the Year.&lt;ref name=&quot;PFA23242&quot; /&gt; He was also included in the PFA and EFL League Two Team of the Year.&lt;ref name=&quot;PFA23242&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Shi ne ɗan tsohon dan wasan tsakiya na Charlton Athletic, [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da Ingila Rob Lee . Babban ɗan'uwansa, Olly, shi ma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne.

Ya halarci Makarantar Brentwood a Essex. 

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Elaph</title>
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'''Elaph''' ( Arabic   ; ''Solidarity'' ) &lt;ref name=&quot;mpack1011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elaph. Media Pack 2010/11 |url=http://www.elaph.com/elaph_media_pack.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121152600/http://www.elaph.com/elaph_media_pack.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2010 |access-date=2 June 2012 |website=Elaph}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce jarida ta Larabci mai zaman kanta ta yau da kullun kuma ba ta da alaƙa da kowane kafaffen bugu ko watsa shirye-shirye. &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Khoder |date=30 January 2009 |title=Elaph: The Number Online Newspaper in the Arab World |url=http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=3002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728081555/http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=3002 |archive-date=28 July 2013 |access-date=2 June 2012 |website=The Arab Press Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da bayanin martaba ==
Elaph Publishing ne ya kaddamar da Elaph a Landan a cikin 2001. [1] Dalilin zabar London a matsayin hedkwatarta shi ne ya zama 'yanci daga ka'idojin tauhidi na Saudi Arabia da kuma ba da ra'ayi na sassaucin ra'ayi, musamman na adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini. [2] An bayyana manufar Elaph don ba da haɗin bugawa, sauti da kayan gani ga masu karatun sa. [3] Jaridar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba ta yi wa masu karatun Saudiyya hari ba, sai dai dukan Larabawa. [4]

Ma'abucin tashar tashar labarai shine ɗan kasuwan Saudiyya, ɗan jarida kuma marubuci Othman Al Omeir, wanda shine tsohon editan jaridar mako-mako mai suna ''The Majalla'' da Larabci kullum ''[[Asharq Al-Awsat|Al Sharq Al Awsat]]'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;mme&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elaph Publishing |url=http://whoswho.mediame.com/profile-view/91 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427144938/http://whoswho.mediame.com/profile-view/91 |archive-date=27 April 2012 |access-date=31 May 2012 |website=Media Me}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Zvi Barel |date=12 December 2010 |title=Talking peace in cyberspace |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/talking-peace-in-cyberspace-1.330127 |access-date=10 December 2012 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928163154/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/talking-peace-in-cyberspace-1.330127 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bayan haramcin ''Elaph'' a Saudi Arabia a watan Mayu 2006, an yi rajista a Burtaniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;mvox&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 July 2007 |title=Elaph Editor: Saudi Conservatives Block Critical Online News |url=http://www.marketingvox.com/elaph-editor-saudi-conservatives-block-critical-online-news-031320/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925113344/http://www.marketingvox.com/elaph-editor-saudi-conservatives-block-critical-online-news-031320/ |archive-date=25 September 2013 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=Marketing Vox}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'aikata da gudanarwa ==
Wanda ya kafa kuma babban editan ''Elaph'' shine Othman Al Omeir. &lt;ref name=&quot;tarabia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2012 |title=Elaph launches new website |url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/MEDIA_217561.html |access-date=31 May 2012 |website=Trade Arabia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emile Isaac ita ce manajan darakta kuma Samar Abdul Malak mataimakin babban editan ''Elaph'' . Shafin yada labarai yana da 'yan jarida a Saudi Arabia, [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Iraƙi|Iraq]], [[Misra|Egypt]], [[Siriya|Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Palestine]], [[Yemen]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] and [[Moroko|Morocco]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;mpack1011&quot;/&gt; {{As of|2007}} , tashar tashar ta dauki 'yan jarida 90 aiki a duk duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;mvox&quot;/&gt;

Integrated Intelligent Solutions (IN2SOL) ce ke sarrafa ''Elaph'', mai ba da sabis na IT na Gabas ta Tsakiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;fvc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Google Search Appliance Helps Elaph Deliver Accurate Search Results to Visitors |url=http://www.fvc.com/fvc/fvcweb/Files/Elaph%20-%20Google%20case%20study.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117143633/http://fvc.com/fvc/fvcweb/Files/Elaph%20-%20Google%20case%20study.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2011 |access-date=2 June 2012 |website=FVC}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Zvi Barel |date=12 December 2010 |title=Talking peace in cyberspace |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/talking-peace-in-cyberspace-1.330127 |access-date=10 December 2012 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928163154/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/talking-peace-in-cyberspace-1.330127 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Yuni 2014 ''Elaph'' ya ba da rahoton cewa za ta yi amfani da jirage marasa matuki don rufewa da isar da labarai. 

== Abun ciki ==
Tashar labarai ''ta Elaph'' tana ba wa masu karatu labarai nan take daga ko'ina cikin duniya, suna mai da ita ƙwaƙƙwarar mai fafatawa ga kamfanonin labaran Larabawa da na duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;fvc&quot;/&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ya ƙunshi shafuka akan siyasa, kasuwanci, al'ada, kiwon lafiya, wasanni, kiɗa, sinima, salon, fasali, rahotanni, jaridu, fasaha, marubuta, ra'ayoyi, da labarai na musamman. &lt;ref name=&quot;mme&quot;/&gt; Elaph.com kuma yana ba da labaran bidiyo kuma yana ƙoƙarin samar da dandamali mai ma'amala ga masu karatun sa. &lt;ref name=&quot;fup&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elaph |url=http://www.foldedup.com/elaph |access-date=2 June 2012 |publisher=Folded Up |archive-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923095613/http://www.foldedup.com/elaph |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, a cikin Janairu 2009, an nemi masu karatunta su aika wasiku na bankwana ga shugaban Amurka na lokacin [[George W. Bush]] . 

A watan Satumba na 2011, ''Elaph'' ya ruwaito cewa Jakadan Saudiyya a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Ahmad Abdelaziz Kattan, ya tsira daga yunkurin kashe shi ta hanyar guba, wanda ake zargin Iran ce ta shirya. Ta kara da cewa, tun da jami'an diflomasiyyar Saudiyya, ciki har da Adel Al Jubeir, dukkansu na da kusanci da Yarima Bandar wanda aka san shi ne mai tsananin adawa da tasirin Iran a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya]], mai yiwuwa su fuskanci irin wannan lamari. Jaridar e-e-jarida ta kuma ruwaito sharhin wani Shaihin [[Salafiyya]] a Masar, [[Abu Ishaq al-Heweny|Sheik Abu Ishaq al Heweny]] a watan Disambar 2011 wanda ya ce &quot;fuskar mace kamar farji ne don a rufe ta da mayafi&quot;. 

== Traffic da tasiri ==
A cikin 2003, an ba da rahoton cewa ''Elaph'' ya sami ɗimbin jama'a a tsakanin marubuta masu sassaucin ra'ayi da dimokuradiyya.  Ya fi shahara fiye da nau'ikan kan layi na manyan jaridun da aka buga irin su ''Al Hayat'' a cikin 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;ahof&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ahof&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Albrecht Hofheinz |year=2005 |title=The Internet in the Arab World: Playground for Political Liberalization |url=https://gssd.mit.edu/search-gssd/site/internet-arab-world-playground-political-59835-tue-10-16-2012-1115 |journal=IPG |volume=3 |pages=78–96}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya zama gidan yanar gizo mafi mashahuri, gaba da gidan yanar gizon Al Jazeera, a Saudi Arabia a 2005. (8.0%), Iraki (6.8%), [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] (6.4%), Libya (5.0%), Kuwait (4.9%), Aljeriya (4.8%), Lebanon (4.6%) da Qatar (4.0%). Sauran kasashen da ake karanta ''Elaph'' sun hada da Jamus, Sweden, Kanada, Denmark, Netherlands, Austria, Faransa, Finland da Switzerland. &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot;/&gt; A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2008, washegarin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka, ''Elaph'' ya kai mafi girman tarihin da ya kai miliyan 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon shahararsa da masu karatu na duniya, Elaph.com ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin labarai a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Zvi Barel |date=12 December 2010 |title=Talking peace in cyberspace |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/talking-peace-in-cyberspace-1.330127 |access-date=10 December 2012 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928163154/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/talking-peace-in-cyberspace-1.330127 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ofishin Audit of Circulations (ABC) ne ya duba gidan yanar gizon bisa hukuma. &lt;ref name=&quot;fup&quot; /&gt; An tabbatar da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar sa a cikin Mayu 2010 wanda ya samar da takaddun shaida na ABC na masu amfani da 1,179,801 &lt;ref name=&quot;fup&quot;/&gt; da 8,565,601 ra'ayoyin shafi. Bugu da ƙari, bisa bayanai daga watan Agustan 2010, gidan yanar gizon yana da masu amfani da duniya miliyan 1.3 a kowane wata. &lt;ref name=&quot;mme&quot;/&gt; ''Elaph'' shine gidan yanar gizo na goma da aka fi ziyarta a duniyar Larabawa a cikin 2012. 

== Bans ==
An toshe ''Elaph'' a Saudi Arabia a watan Mayu 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;mvox&quot;/&gt;  da shingen da ba a bayyana wani dalili na  a cikin  An ci gaba da toshe shafin, tare da sauran tashar labarai ''ta Al Quds Al Arabi'', ba tare da toshe shi ba a Saudiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma toshe shi a Yemen a cikin 2004 na wani lokaci bisa da'awar cewa ta buga &quot;kayan jima'i&quot;. Sai dai kuma, ya yi gardama ne daga ''Yemen Observer'' cewa ainihin dalilin da ya sa aka toshe shi ne rahotannin ''Elaph'' da ke kunshe da sukar shugaban Yemen na lokacin Ali Abdallah Saleh da babban dansa Ahmed. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Zvi Barel |date=12 December 2010 |title=Talking peace in cyberspace |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/talking-peace-in-cyberspace-1.330127 |access-date=10 December 2012 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928163154/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/talking-peace-in-cyberspace-1.330127 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya da Syria kuma sun toshe ''Elaf'' kafin 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;mvox&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Fasahar gano Lahani</title>
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'''Fasahar gano nakasa''' ( '''IDT''' ) tana nufin kayan aiki da tsarin da aka tsara don tantance ko mutum yana da nakasa a wani lokaci, ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba. Ba kamar gwaje-gwajen ƙwayoyi da barasa da ke gano abubuwa ko abubuwan da ke cikin jiki ba, IDTs suna kimanta aikin fahimta ko na jiki na ainihin lokaci don gano nakasa mai aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spindle |first=Tory R. |last2=Martin |first2=Erin L. |last3=Grabenauer |first3=Megan |last4=Woodward |first4=Thomas |last5=Milburn |first5=Michael A. |last6=Vandrey |first6=Ryan |date=July 2021 |title=Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=786–803 |doi=10.1177/02698811211021583 |issn=1461-7285 |pmc=9361180 |pmid=34049452}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan tsarin suna da mahimmanci inda aminci yake da mahimmanci, kamar wuraren aiki da [[Tabbatar da doka|tilasta bin doka]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection Technology Makes Workplaces Safer - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/newsroom/impairment-detection-technology-makes-workplaces-s?srsltid=AfmBOopbMT9pBSIQv79F2pd1_svjtj9ud6B8PRY34sa6_AXP-6cIJpju |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Impairment Detection Technology and Workplace Safety': NSC releases report {{!}} 2022-08-18 {{!}} Safety+Health |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/22945-impairment-detection-technology-and-workplace-safety-nsc-releases-report |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

IDTs ba su gano takamaiman dalilin raunin ba, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]], ko rashin lafiya, amma a maimakon haka suna gano alamun halayyar ko na jiki kamar jinkirin lokacin amsawa, rashin daidaituwa, ko rashin motsi na ido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sha'awar IDT ta ƙaru yayin da wuraren aiki da hukumomin tsaro ke magance iyakokin hanyoyin gwajin magunguna na gargajiya. Halatta cannabis ya nuna ƙalubalen da ke tattare da gwaje-gwajen da aka yi bisa ga metabolite, waɗanda za su iya samar da sakamako mai kyau kwanaki bayan amfani, koda kuwa mutumin bai sake samun matsala ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=harvardgazette |date=2022-01-11 |title=Harvard-led research identifies potential test for cannabis impairment |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/01/research-describes-brain-based-method-for-identifying-cannabis-impairment/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya nuna cewa matakan tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) a cikin jini ko yau ba su da alaƙa da rashin aiki yadda ya kamata, saboda masu amfani da yawa na iya riƙe yawan THC ba tare da fuskantar maye ba, kuma metabolites na iya kasancewa ana iya gano su tsawon lokaci bayan tasirin psychoactive ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nau'o'in ==
IDTs suna tantance yanayin aiki na mutum a ainihin lokacin ta hanyar saka idanu kan aikin fahimta ko martani na jiki. Wadannan fasahohin sun fada cikin nau'o'i da yawa:

=== Motar ido ===
Waɗannan tsarin suna nazarin motsin ido ba da gangan ba da kuma martanin ɗalibi, kamar nystagmus ko jinkirin amsawa don gano rauni. Na'urori kamar belun kunne na Gaize's VR suna amfani da na'urori masu auna ido da kuma koyon injin don gano maye bisa ga halayen ido. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwaje-gwajen dijital suna auna lokacin amsawa, hankali, da daidaitawa don gano ƙarancin fahimta saboda gajiya ko abubuwa. An nuna cewa Gwajin Kula da Hankali na Psychomotor (PVT), wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin nazarin gajiya, yana gano kurakurai a cikin direbobin ƙwararru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ci gaba da tabbatar da ingancin kimiyya don gwaje-gwajen psychomotor, amma binciken da aka yi da farko da takwarorinsu suka yi yana da kyau. Misali, wani bincike da Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa a shekarar 2021 ya tabbatar da AlertMeter, wani kayan aiki na tantance gajiyar psychomotor ta wayar hannu, a kan PVT da Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Sakamakon ya nuna inganci mai ƙarfi a lokaci guda, yana nuna cewa AlertMeter yana gano matsaloli masu alaƙa da gajiya a wuraren aiki yadda ya kamata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spindle |first=Tory R. |last2=Martin |first2=Erin L. |last3=Grabenauer |first3=Megan |last4=Woodward |first4=Thomas |last5=Milburn |first5=Michael A. |last6=Vandrey |first6=Ryan |date=July 2021 |title=Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=786–803 |doi=10.1177/02698811211021583 |issn=1461-7285 |pmc=9361180 |pmid=34049452}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin halittar jiki ===
Na'urorin da ake sawa da kuma tsarin da ke cikin mota suna gano barci ko rauni ta hanyar lura da ƙyaftawar ido, motsin kai, ko kuma yanayin tuƙi. Wasu na'urori masu ci gaba suna amfani da hanyoyin duba kwakwalwa kamar aikin spectroscopy na kusa-infrared (fNIRS) don gano canje-canjen da suka shafi cannabis a cikin aikin kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Daga 2024, [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] ta ba da umarnin tsarin gano barci a cikin duk sabbin motoci don inganta tsaron hanya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikace-aikace ==

=== Tsaron wurin aiki ===
Ana amfani da IDTs a masana'antu masu haɗari kamar gini, [[hakar ma'adinai]], da sufuri don tantance lafiyar ma'aikata. Gwaje-gwajen yau da kullun kafin aiki ta amfani da allunan hannu ko na'urorin da za a iya sawa suna taimakawa wajen hana haɗurra ta hanyar gano mutanen da ke da nakasa kafin su fara ayyukan da suka shafi aminci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Impairment Detection Technology &amp; Workplace Safety |url=https://predictivesafety.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/860208_Impairment-Detection-Technology-Report-fnl-3.pdf |journal=National Safety Council |via=Predictive Safety |access-date=2025-12-30 |archive-date=2025-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230125655/https://predictivesafety.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/860208_Impairment-Detection-Technology-Report-fnl-3.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto na Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta 2021 ya gano cewa kashi 82% na ma'aikata da ke amfani da IDTs sun ga ingantattun sakamakon tsaro. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin marasa amfani, saboda suna guje wa samfuran jiki kuma suna mai da hankali kan aikin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Jihohin da ke da izinin cannabis suna tura ma'aikata su nuna ainihin raunin aiki a wurin aiki, suna mai da IDTs kayan aiki mai amfani na bin ƙa'idodi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spindle |first=Tory R. |last2=Martin |first2=Erin L. |last3=Grabenauer |first3=Megan |last4=Woodward |first4=Thomas |last5=Milburn |first5=Michael A. |last6=Vandrey |first6=Ryan |date=July 2021 |title=Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=786–803 |doi=10.1177/02698811211021583 |issn=1461-7285 |pmc=9361180 |pmid=34049452}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsaron wurin aiki tabbas babban abin damuwa ne domin rauni ba wai kawai yana fitowa ne daga ƙwayoyi ko barasa ba. Gajiya, damuwa, rashin lafiya, da shan ƙwayoyi su ne abin da Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta ruwaito a matsayin mafi yawan lahani. Duk waɗannan na iya taimakawa ga mutumin da ke aiki saboda yana shafar su ta jiki da ta hankali. Saboda waɗannan, abubuwa da yawa da suka faru sun haɗa da ma'aikatan da ba su da &quot;sinadarai&quot; har yanzu suna da rauni a fasaha kamar yadda duk wani tasiri ga lafiyarsu zai iya zama alhaki kuma ya haifar da haɗurra a wurin aiki. Don haka, wuraren aiki suna buƙatar fara amfani da kayan aikin gano rauni waɗanda ke neman alamun rauni daban-daban fiye da barasa ko ƙwayoyi kawai. Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa. &quot;Magance Matsalar Wurin Aiki da Fasaha.&quot; 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jami'an tsaro ===
Jami'an tsaro suna amfani da IDTs don tallafawa rashin aikin tuƙi. Kayan aiki na yau da kullun kamar na'urorin numfashi suna gano barasa, amma magunguna ba su da gwaje-gwajen gefen hanya iri ɗaya. Sabbin na'urori kamar gilashin ido (misali, Gaize) da allunan gwajin fahimta suna ba da alamun rashin lafiya ba tare da la'akari da abu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan kayan aikin suna ƙara wa gwaje-gwajen shan giya a fagen amma har yanzu ana duba su bisa doka don amincewa.

Gwamnatin Amurka kuma tana ba da umarnin gano nakasa a cikin mota. A ƙarƙashin Dokar HALT, NHTSA za ta buƙaci sabbin motoci su haɗa da tsarin kamar kyamarorin sa ido kan direbobi da na'urori masu auna barasa nan da shekarar 2026 don hana tuƙi mara kyau . Ana hasashen waɗannan fasahohin za su hana mace-mace sama da 10,000 a kowace shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasu yankuna ===
IDTs suna da aikace-aikace a fannin sufurin jiragen sama, [[jirgin ƙasa]], [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]], soja, da [[wasanni]], inda shirye-shiryen fahimta ko na jiki suke da mahimmanci. Kamfanonin jiragen sama na iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen faɗakarwa ga matukan jirgi, asibitoci na iya tantance likitocin da suka gaji, kuma ƙungiyoyin wasanni na iya amfani da kayan aikin lokacin amsawa don tantance raunin da ya shafi bugun jini. Waɗannan fasahohin suna aiki a matsayin kayan aikin rigakafi duk inda aminci da aikinsu suka zama dole.

== Halalci ==
Gwajin nakasa ya bambanta bisa doka da gwajin magunguna na gargajiya, sakamakon haka, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen galibi ba sa cikin ƙa'idodin gwajin magunguna na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Amurka, sauye-sauyen dokoki kamar Dokar Majalisar Dokokin California ta 2188 sun takaita yanke shawara kan aiki bisa ga abubuwan da ke haifar da maye gurbin cannabis marasa tasiri, wanda ke ƙarfafa ɗaukar kimantawar nakasa aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spindle |first=Tory R. |last2=Martin |first2=Erin L. |last3=Grabenauer |first3=Megan |last4=Woodward |first4=Thomas |last5=Milburn |first5=Michael A. |last6=Vandrey |first6=Ryan |date=July 2021 |title=Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=786–803 |doi=10.1177/02698811211021583 |issn=1461-7285 |pmc=9361180 |pmid=34049452}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin kayan aikin gano nakasa ba sa tattara samfuran biometric ko bayanai da za a iya gane su da kansu don bin dokokin sirri kamar Dokar Sirrin Bayanan Halitta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection Technology Makes Workplaces Safer - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/newsroom/impairment-detection-technology-makes-workplaces-s?srsltid=AfmBOopbMT9pBSIQv79F2pd1_svjtj9ud6B8PRY34sa6_AXP-6cIJpju |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misalin shari'a kamar shari'ar TJ Hooper ya nuna cewa ma'aikata na iya fuskantar haɗarin ɗaukar alhakin rashin ɗaukar matakan tsaro masu ma'ana kamar gwajin nakasa a cikin mahalli masu saurin kamuwa da rashin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Kanada, gwajin wurin aiki dole ne ya yi daidai da dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, yana mai da hankali kan dacewa da aiki da ƙarancin kutse.  Hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Kanada a shekarar 2013 a cikin Irving Pulp &amp;amp;amp; Paper ya jaddada cewa gwajin bazuwar yana buƙatar shaidar babban haɗarin aminci.  Hukumomin sirri na Kanada kuma sun ba da shawarar iyakance tattara bayanan sirri yayin gwaji. 

== Dokoki ==
A cikin dokar sufuri, [[Dokar saka hannun jari da ayyukan yi|Dokar Zuba Jari da Ayyuka ta Bunkasa Kayayyaki]] ta ba da umarnin fasahar rigakafin nakasa a cikin dukkan sabbin motoci nan da shekarar 2026, kodayake ta bar aiwatarwa ga masana'antun. Hakazalika, [[Tarayyar Turai]] tana buƙatar gano barcin direbobi a cikin sabbin motoci, wanda ke nuna yanayin hana haɗurra ta hanyar fasaha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ga jami'an tsaro, dole ne masu fasaha masu rauni su cika manyan ƙa'idodi (kamar Daubert ) don a amince da su a kotu. Na'urori kamar kayan aikin bin diddigin ido suna ƙarƙashin gwajin gwaji, amma har zuwa 2025, babu IDT mara barasa da ke da cikakkiyar amincewa ta doka a shari'o'in DUI. Ana ci gaba da tabbatar da doka a jihohi kamar [[Minnesota]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wuraren aiki, OSHA ba ta fitar da takamaiman ƙa'idodin IDT ba tukuna, amma dole ne ma'aikata su tabbatar da aminci. Masana sun ba da shawarar amfani da IDTs a matsayin kayan aikin tantancewa a cikin wani tsari mai faɗi wanda ya haɗa da kimantawa na mataki na biyu.

== Iyakoki ==
IDTs suna alƙawarin fa'idodin aminci na ainihin lokaci, amma aikinsu ya bambanta kuma samfuran da yawa har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ba ne kawai. Sharhin da Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta yi ya lura cewa, yayin da aka kafa ƙa'idodin kimiyya da ke bayan matakan kamar amsawar yara ko gwajin lokacin amsawa, yawancin na'urorin kasuwanci ba su da shaidar da aka yi nazari a kansu a tsakanin al'ummomi da tushen rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, tabbataccen ƙarya da mummunan ƙarya har yanzu abin damuwa ne; sakamakon na iya shafar yanayin gwaji, bambancin mutum da tasirin koyo.

Hanyoyi biyu na daidaitawa suna gabatar da bambance-bambance. '''Tsarin tushe''' yana kwatanta kowane mai amfani da nasa ma'aunin hankali, yana inganta hankali amma yana buƙatar gwaji na farko da sake daidaita su lokaci-lokaci; kuma ana iya &quot;yi wasa&quot; idan mai amfani ya gaza yin aiki da gangan lokacin saita tushen. '''Tsarin yankewa da aka gyara''' sun fi sauƙi amma suna iya ɓatar da rarrabuwar mutane marasa tsari amma marasa nakasa.

IDTs ba sa nuna alamun cutarwa: gazawar gwajin lura da ido ko kuma gwajin bin diddigin ido yana nuna ƙarancin aiki amma ba wai ko ya samo asali ne daga shan ƙwayoyi, gajiya, rashin lafiya ko wani abu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, ana buƙatar matakan bibiya kamar binciken lafiya ko guba don ɗaukar matakin shari'a ko ladabtarwa.

Karɓar mai amfani da kuma amfani da shi wajen aiki suma suna iyakance amfani. Gwaje-gwaje dole ne su kasance masu sauri, marasa kutse kuma masu ƙarfi ga yanayin masana'antu; in ba haka ba suna fuskantar juriya ko ƙalubalen dabaru. Kulawa da daidaitawa akai-akai (misali, ga tsarin da aka yi amfani da kyamara) yana ƙara farashi da sarkakiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana tsaro suna gargaɗin dogaro da na'ura ɗaya fiye da kima. IDTs ya kamata su dace da, ba maye gurbin, tsarin kula da lafiyar jiki da kuma hukunci na mai kula da lafiya ba. Saboda nakasa tana da fuskoki da yawa, babu wani ma'auni guda ɗaya da ke kama kowace matsala; hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa waɗanda suka haɗa siginar ido, fahimta da kuma ilimin halittar jiki ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mafita mafi kyau ta dogon lokaci.

== Duba kuma ==

* Manhajar gano gajiya
* Gwajin shan giya a fagen
* Gano barcin direba

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}} 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Na'urar gano nakasa bisa ga [https://gaize.ai Gaize] - VR
* [https://predictivesafety.com AlertMeter] - Kayan aikin gano gajiya na ainihin lokaci
[[Rukuni:Fasaha]]</text>
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    <title>Gidauniyar Kasa da Kasa ta yaki da farauta</title>
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'''Akashinga''', (wanda a da ake kira '''International Anti-Poaching Foundation''' ( '''IAPF''' )) ƙungiya ce [[Not-for-profit|mai zaman kanta]] da aka yi wa rijista a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce galibi ke aiki a nahiyar Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;age2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=A different battle |url=http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/a-different-battle-20121125-2a25x.html |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ia2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IAPF – International Anti-poaching Foundation |url=http://www.iapf.org |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wata hanya mai kama da ta soja don kiyayewa, tana amfani da dabaru da fasaha da aka keɓe musamman don fagen fama na zamani,  kuma tun daga lokacin ta koma ga hanyar da ta dace da al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da horar da mata na gida a matsayin masu kula da gandun daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nuwer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Nuwer |title=Meet the 'Brave Ones': The women saving Africa's wildlife |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180926-akashinga-all-women-rangers-in-africa-fighting-poaching |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Damien Mander ne ya kafa wannan ƙungiyar, &lt;ref name=&quot;age&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=A different battle |url=http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/a-different-battle-20121125-2a25x.html |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan tafiya zuwa [[Afirka]] inda ya yi niyyar amfani da ƙwarewarsa ta jiragen ruwa don kiyayewa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;beat.com.au&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damien Mander – Beat Magazine |url=http://www.beat.com.au/category/machine-tags/damien-mander |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828113911/http://www.beat.com.au/category/machine-tags/damien-mander |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lura da matsalolin da masu tsaron gaba da namun daji suka fuskanta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conservation Rambo – Mindfood, Smart Thinking |url=http://www.mindfood.com/at-conservation-rambo-damien-mander.seo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223040201/http://www.mindfood.com/at-conservation-rambo-damien-mander.seo |archive-date=23 December 2010 |access-date=14 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya kafa IAPF a 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damien's War |url=http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8095372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820004030/http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8095372 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IAPF – International Anti-poaching Foundation |url=http://www.iapf.org |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anti Poaching in Zim – Africa Media Online |url=http://www.africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/events/anti-poaching-in-zim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112021213/http://www.africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/events/anti-poaching-in-zim |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2010, shirin talabijin ''na 60 Minutes'' ya dauki hotunan ayyukan IAPF a [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]], [[Zimbabwe]], wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kokarin kiyaye kare bakaken karkanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 2012, ''60 Minutes'' ya dauki hotunan IAPF ta amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuki a yankin Niassa na kasar Mozambique. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jungle Warfare – 60 Minutes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jungle Warfare |url=http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8553858 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820011043/http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8553858 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, IAPF ta sauya daga dabarun soja zuwa dabarun da suka shafi al'umma don aikinsu na hana farautar namun daji, tana ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa mazauna yankin su shiga cikin ƙoƙarin kiyayewa. Wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙarin shine horar da mata su zama masu kula da namun daji, suna taimakawa wajen kare namun daji da kuma ƙarfafa mata. Shirin farko da IAPF ta kafa wa mata shine Akashinga a Lower Zambezi Valley da Phundundu, Zimbabwe. Shirin farko da aka fara yi wa 'yan takara ya mayar da hankali kan &quot;wadanda aka ci zarafinsu ta hanyar jima'i ko cin zarafin gida; waɗanda uwaye ne marasa aure ko matan da aka yi watsi da su; ko kuma waɗanda marayu ne na Aids&quot;, a cewar BBC. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nuwer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Nuwer |title=Meet the 'Brave Ones': The women saving Africa's wildlife |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180926-akashinga-all-women-rangers-in-africa-fighting-poaching |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sun kuma kafa shirye-shiryen horarwa ga mata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iapf.org/images/documents/riseofthedronesjan2013.pdf Rise of the Drones – Africa Geographic] {{Webarchive}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar farko da suka fara aiki, rundunar mata masu yaki da farautar dabbobi ta sami damar kama mutane kusan 70 a cikin shekarar farko. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iapf.org/images/documents/riseofthedronesjan2013.pdf Rise of the Drones – Africa Geographic] {{Webarchive}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dauki hoton ''60 Minutes'' a karo na uku a shekarar 2018, wanda ya shafi shirin Akashinga a kwarin Lower Zambezi na Zimbabwe, wanda shine wurin ajiyar namun daji na farko a duniya da mata ke kula da shi kuma ke kare shi. [[Jane Goodall]] ma'aikaciyar kungiyar ce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conservation Rambo – Mindfood, Smart Thinking |url=http://www.mindfood.com/at-conservation-rambo-damien-mander.seo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223040201/http://www.mindfood.com/at-conservation-rambo-damien-mander.seo |archive-date=23 December 2010 |access-date=14 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
IAPF tana gudanar da wani sashe na hana farautar namun daji, tana kare shirin kiwon namun daji baƙaƙe a Stanley &amp; Livingstone Private Game Reserve.  Ba a kashe wani karkanda ba a lokacin da IAPF ta yi aiki a can.  IAPF kuma tana ba da horo kyauta ga masu kula da namun daji a [[Zimbabwe]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Voice of America&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2012 |title=Iraq War Veteran Battles Rhino Poachers in Africa |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iraq-war-veteran-battles-rhino-poachers-in-africa-138338229/159563.html |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana koyar da masu kula da namun daji na IAPF ƙwarewa ciki har da kwanton bauna, sintiri, kamawa, kiyaye wuraren da aka aikata laifuka, &lt;ref name=&quot;Voice of America&quot; /&gt; da ɓoyewa da ɓoyewa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iapf.org/images/documents/riseofthedronesjan2013.pdf Rise of the Drones – Africa Geographic] {{Webarchive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu ƙwarewa an daidaita su ne da darussan soja, waɗanda aka daidaita su don dacewa da ƙoƙarin kiyayewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;contactairlandandsea.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raw for Africa – Military skills applied in a new fight – Contact Magazine |url=http://www.contactairlandandsea.com/2009/Past_Editions/issue29/con29_africa.pdf |access-date=2026-01-02 |archive-date=2023-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628165948/http://www.contactairlandandsea.com/2009/Past_Editions/issue29/con29_africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An gyara wasu mafarauta da aka yanke wa hukunci kuma an tura su aiki a matsayin masu kula da gandun daji. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iapf.org/images/documents/riseofthedronesjan2013.pdf Rise of the Drones – Africa Geographic] {{Webarchive}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Afirka ta Kudu, IAPF ta haɓaka ƙa'idar cancantar hana farautar namun daji ta ƙasar tare. &lt;ref name=&quot;kruger2canyon.linmedia.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Details |url=http://kruger2canyon.linmedia.co.za/details/19-10-2012/training_is_the_best_weapon_against_poaching/15394 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413175351/http://kruger2canyon.linmedia.co.za/details/19-10-2012/training_is_the_best_weapon_against_poaching/15394 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganewar IAPF ==
A shekarar 2013, an zaɓi mutane uku a bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Genesis ta shekara-shekara ta 28 ga Ƙungiyar Humane Society of the United States, waɗanda suka yi nasara a zaɓen IAPF. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iapf.org/images/documents/riseofthedronesjan2013.pdf Rise of the Drones – Africa Geographic] {{Webarchive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Georgie Parker (wasan hockey)</title>
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'''Georgina &quot;Georgie&quot; Parker''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Australiya kuma tsohuwar 'yar wasan hockey ta filin wasa a ƙungiyar Hockeyroos.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hockey Australia - Hockeyroos athlete profiles - Georgie Parker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hockeyroos athlete profiles – Georgie Parker |url=http://www.hockey.org.au/National-Teams/Hockeyroos-women/Hockeyroos-Squad/ContentId/25 |access-date=5 August 2014 |publisher=[[Hockey Australia]] |archive-date=29 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829121625/http://www.hockey.org.au/National-Teams/Hockeyroos-women/Hockeyroos-Squad/ContentId/25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Parker ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon hockey ta mata ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda ƙungiyar ƙwallon hockey ta mata ta ƙasar Netherlands ta sha kashi a wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta Hockey ta mata ta 2014, ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Commonwealth ta 2014 kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar da ta je gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hockey SA About Us - South Australian Olympians&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hockey SA About Us – South Australian Olympians |url=http://www.hockeysa.com.au/About-Us/History |access-date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Koninklijke Nederlandse Hockey Bond - Player detail - Hockey World Cup 2014 - Georgie Parker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Player detail – Hockey World Cup 2014 – Georgie Parker |url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/country/australia/782/player/939131 |access-date=5 August 2014 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Nederlandse Hockey Bond]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hockey na filin wasa ==

=== Wasan hockey na kulob ===
Parker ta buga wasan hockey na kulob a Riverland a lokacin da take ƙarama, sannan daga baya ta buga wasa a Adelaide a ƙungiyar Hockey ta Adelaide. Ta kuma buga kakar wasa a ƙungiyar Hockey ta Royal Antwerp da ke Belgium a shekarar 2016/17.

=== Hockey na Jiha ===
A shekarar 2011, Parker ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon Hockey ta Australiya, SA Suns (wadda a da Southern Suns ce) wadda ta lashe gasar ƙasa a Darwin. Ita ce kaɗai mai zura ƙwallo a wasan ƙarshe da ta yi nasara da ci 1-0 a kan NSW Arrows.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hockey SA - SA Suns Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hockey SA – SA Suns Profile |url=http://www.hockeysa.com.au/State-Teams/AHL/SA-Suns |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215225453/http://hockeysa.com.au/State-Teams/AHL/SA-Suns |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hockey na ƙasa da ƙasa ===
Parker ya buga wasanni sama da 100 na ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙungiyar Hockeyroos, ciki har da wasannin Commonwealth, Olympics na bazara da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya.

Gasar da ta fafata sun hada da:

* 2011 – Kofin Zakarun Turai (Amstelveen, Netherlands) – na 6
* 2013 – Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya (Tucuman, Argentina) – na 2
* 2013 - Kofin Oceania (Stratford, New Zealand) – na 1
* 2013 – Wasan kusa da na karshe na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya (London, Ingila) – na 1
* 2013 - Wasannin Hockey Super Series 9 (Perth, Ostiraliya) – na 1
* Wasannin Commonwealth na 2014 - 2014 (Glasgow, Scotland) – na 1 &lt;ref name=&quot;Rio 2016 Olympic Profiles - Georgie Parker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Georgie Parker |url=http://rio2016.olympics.com.au/athlete/georgie-parker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004026/http://rio2016.olympics.com.au/athlete/georgie-parker |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Official Site of the [[2016 Australian Olympic Team]] |publisher=[[Australian Olympic Committee]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 – Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta Hockey (The Hague, Netherlands) – na 2 &lt;ref name=&quot;Rio 2016 Olympic Profiles - Georgie Parker&quot; /&gt;
* 2015 – Wasan kusa da na karshe na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya (Antwerp, Belgium) – na 3
* 2015 – Bikin Hockey na Hawke's Bay (Hawke's Bay, New Zealand) – 1st
* 2016 – Bikin Hockey na Hawke's Bay (Hawke's Bay, New Zealand) – na 3
* Kofin Zakarun Hockey na Mata na 2016 – 2016 (London, Birtaniya) – na 4
* 2016 - 2016 Gasar Olympics (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) - wasan kusa da na karshe &lt;ref name=&quot;Hockey Australia - Hockeyroos athlete profiles - Georgie Parker&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;South Australians Karri McMahon, Georgie Parker and Jane-Anne Claxton to debut at Olympic Games in Rio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Australians Karri McMahon, Georgie Parker and Jane-Anne Claxton to debut at Olympic Games in Rio |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/olympics-2016/south-australians-karri-mcmahon-georgie-parker-and-janeanne-claxton-to-debut-at-olympic-games-in-rio/news-story/2dfce8b57615982c6e67267c0c3aacb8 |access-date=9 January 2017 |publisher=[[Hockey Australia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fawzia Gilani-Williams</title>
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'''Fawzia Gilani-Williams''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar adabin yara ce 'yar Birtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-13 |title=She's Rewriting Western Fairy Tales for Muslim Children |url=https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/shes-rewriting-western-fairytales-for-muslim-children/276617/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803000519/https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/shes-rewriting-western-fairytales-for-muslim-children/276617/ |archive-date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=OZY}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Robert A. |year=2020 |title=Passing on religion as identity? Anglo-western Islamic children's literature and Muslim acculturation |journal=Journal for Cultural Research |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=85–100 |doi=10.1080/14797585.2020.1771910 |s2cid=219741934}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ma marubuciya ce ta adabin yara a matsayin 'littattafan madubi', wata hanya ce ta rubutu da bayar da labarai da ke nuna ganuwa ga masu karatu a cikin labarai.  Yawancin littattafan 'ya'yanta sun kasance gyare-gyare na Musulunci na tatsuniyoyi na Yamma, galibi suna nuna halayen Musulmai a cikin hulɗar kulawa da juna da kuma haruffan Ibrananci ko Hindu.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=Md Mahmudul |last2=Abdul Hamid |first2=Nor Adilah |last3=Ramlan |first3=Wan Nur Madiha |date=2020-12-01 |title=Adapting fairy tales through an Islamic lens: a study of Gilani-Williams' Cinderella: an Islamic tale |url=http://www.hecl.it/ |journal=History of Education &amp; Children's Literature |language=en |volume=xv |issue=2 |pages=891–905 |issn=1971-1093 |access-date=2026-01-03 |archive-date=2026-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103163930/https://www.hecl.it/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
Littafin 'ya'yanta mai suna Yaffa da Fatima: Shalom, Salaam, wanda Chiara Fedele ta zana, ya sami kyautar littattafai ta Sydney Taylor a shekarar 2018 daga Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Yahudawa .

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* Gilani-Williams, F., Bridget Hodder.(2023) Alƙawarin. 
* Gilani-Williams, F., Bridget Hodder.(2022) Akwatin Maɓalli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-13 |title=She's Rewriting Western Fairy Tales for Muslim Children |url=https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/shes-rewriting-western-fairytales-for-muslim-children/276617/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803000519/https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/shes-rewriting-western-fairytales-for-muslim-children/276617/ |archive-date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=OZY}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2020). ''Henna a hannuna'' . Bengaluru: Littattafan Tulika.
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2019). ''Takalmin Adil Ali'' . Damisar da ke magana  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Robert A. |year=2020 |title=Passing on religion as identity? Anglo-western Islamic children's literature and Muslim acculturation |journal=Journal for Cultural Research |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=85–100 |doi=10.1080/14797585.2020.1771910 |s2cid=219741934}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2017). ''Yaffa da Fatima: salam, salam'' . Minneapolis: Kar-Ben Publishing. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781467794237|&lt;bdi&gt;9781467794237.&lt;/bdi&gt;]] &lt;ref&gt;Pennington, R. 2017. Author's Emirati illustration books bring joy to pupils used to 'Anglocentric' teaching texts. ''The National''. https://www.thenationalnews.com/author-s-emirati-illustration-books-bring-joy-to-pupils-used-to-anglocentric-teaching-texts-1.671358 . Retrieved 1/1/2021.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Hasan, M.M.; Hamid, A.; Adilah, N. &amp; Ramlan, W.N.M. (2020) Adapting fairy tales through an Islamic lens: a study of Gilani-Williams’ Cinderella: an Islamic tale. ''History of Education &amp; Children’s Literature''. 891-905. ISSN 1971-1093 E-ISSN 1971-1131. http://irep.iium.edu.my/85910/ . Retrieved 1/1/2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2010). ''Sabbin Wandon Nabeel: Labarin Idi'' . New York: Marshall Cavendish. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-761-45629-5|&lt;bdi&gt;0-761-45629-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=Md Mahmudul |last2=Abdul Hamid |first2=Nor Adilah |last3=Ramlan |first3=Wan Nur Madiha |date=2020-12-01 |title=Adapting fairy tales through an Islamic lens: a study of Gilani-Williams' Cinderella: an Islamic tale |url=http://www.hecl.it/ |journal=History of Education &amp; Children's Literature |language=en |volume=xv |issue=2 |pages=891–905 |issn=1971-1093 |access-date=2026-01-03 |archive-date=2026-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103163930/https://www.hecl.it/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2013). ''Snow White - Labarin Musulunci'' . Leicester. Ingila: Gidauniyar Musulunci. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0860375269|&lt;bdi&gt;0860375269&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* Gilani, F. (2002). ''Kasadar Musab'' . London: Ta-Ha Publishers. ASIN B01FELR78W

== Littattafai da aka zaɓa ==

* Gilani-Williams, Fawzia. (2016). &quot;Fitowar littattafan yara na Musulunci ta Yamma&quot;. ''Mousaion'', 34 (2), 113-126.
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2014). Ka'idar sukar Musulunci: Kayan aiki don ilimin 'yanci. ''Mujallar Duniya ta Tunanin Musulunci'', 5, 16-27. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-13 |title=She's Rewriting Western Fairy Tales for Muslim Children |url=https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/shes-rewriting-western-fairytales-for-muslim-children/276617/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803000519/https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/shes-rewriting-western-fairytales-for-muslim-children/276617/ |archive-date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=OZY}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*
* Gilani, F. &amp; Bigger, S. (2010) Ɗaliban Musulmi, Almarar Yara da Fahimtar Kai. ''Mujallar Bincike ta Duniya ta Almas ta Urdu'', 12, 1-9. Bugawa. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1818-9296 1818-9296] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Robert A. |year=2020 |title=Passing on religion as identity? Anglo-western Islamic children's literature and Muslim acculturation |journal=Journal for Cultural Research |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=85–100 |doi=10.1080/14797585.2020.1771910 |s2cid=219741934}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ethel Rudkin</title>
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Ethel Rudkin (1893) – 21 ga Satumba, 1985) marubuciya ce 'yar Ingila, masanin tarihi, masanin kayan tarihi da kuma mai sharhi kan al'adun gargajiya daga Lincolnshire . Ta fara tattara kayan tarihi na gargajiya, musamman daga Lincolnshire, kuma tarin kayan tarihinta yanzu wani bangare ne na cibiyoyin gwamnati da dama, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na North Lincolnshire .

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Ethel Hutchinson a shekara ta 1893 a Willughton, Lincolnshire . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel Rudkin |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100432502 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta Richard da Ethel Hutchinson ne; dangin mahaifiyarta asalinsu daga Suffolk ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da take ƙarama, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mai kula da gida da kuma ango a gida ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1917 ta auri George Rudkin daga Folkingham, &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=George Henry Rudkin |url=https://southlincolnshirewarmemorials.org.uk/our-villages/folkingham/george-henry-rudkin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095017/https://southlincolnshirewarmemorials.org.uk/our-villages/folkingham/george-henry-rudkin/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=South Lincolnshire War Memorials |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma bisa ga labarin mutuwarta a cikin ''littafin Folklore,'' ta yi &quot;aure mai daɗi amma mai ɗan gajeren lokaci har zuwa rasuwarsa da wuri a 1918&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; George ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in da aka naɗa a rundunar 'yan bindiga ta Machine Gun Corps' a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya kuma ya mutu a lokacin annobar mura. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Temple |first=Mark |date=2012 |title=Ethel H Rudkin |url=https://www.lincolnshirelife.co.uk/?ACT=33&amp;FI=TmpOZGtkM0JlcW4wU3dmUDNudXQvaTVGM1VCbmhSM0hib2tzVWY1Vy82bEk0WDZNdzloZU54ZzVVbFg1Q0pSYnBGQ3RtTGVpMis5WEJCU2pZb1p6V1hpTVZ1eDM4ZTVvdHZ4b3ZWa0luNFFTWk9tMkNVbEw5SUNHMjVxV0JUU3pneUwvUXZmR1RTVi9YVWhxLzY4NkxuaDdwN0tVcU5WeUlqQTVyZmRmMlZZPQ%3D%3D |journal=The Lincolnshire Poacher |volume=Winter }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Soja. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Gidan Tarihi na North Lincolnshire yana ɗauke da jaka mai ɗauke da furannin aurenta da wasiƙu daga gare shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwar George, ta koma Willughton don ta zauna da kula da iyayenta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A rayuwarta ta baya, Lucy Arliss ta ƙaura tare da Rudkin, ta taimaka mata a fannin binciken kayan tarihi kuma sun zauna tare har tsawon rayuwar Arliss. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 1972 ita da Arliss suka ƙaura zuwa wani ƙaramin gida a Toynton All Saints, kusa da Spilsby . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Arliss ta mutu bayan 'yan shekaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A tsawon rayuwarta, abokai sun san Rudkin da laƙabin 'Peter'. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Rudkin tana da sha'awar al'adu da tatsuniyoyi na Lincolnshire kuma ta fara tattara labarai da abubuwan da ke nuna waɗannan abubuwan, ba tare da son iyayenta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Theo |date=1 January 1986 |title=Obituary: Ethel H. Rudkin, 1893–1985 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384 |journal=Folklore |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=222–223 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384 |issn=0015-587X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrown1986&quot;&gt;Brown, Theo (1 January 1986). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384|&quot;Obituary: Ethel H. Rudkin, 1893–1985&quot;]]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Folklore''. '''97''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;222–&lt;/span&gt;223. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384|10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-587X 0015-587X].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin a shekarun 1920 da 1930 ne aka yi yawancin tarin ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1927 ta taimaka wa CW Phillips wajen gyara tsoffin abubuwan tarihi don taswirar binciken makamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1931 ta shiga ƙungiyar Al'adu, inda aikinta a kan Lincolnshire ya sami ƙarfafa gwiwa, musamman daga [[Margaret Murray]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1936, Rudkin ta buga littafinta ''na Lincolnshire Folklore'', tare da gabatarwa daga Murray. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A wannan shekarar, an buga babban rubutunta na ''Black Dogs'' a cikin mujallar ƙungiyar Al'adu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sauran labaran sun haɗa da al'adun kalanda, mayu da kuma labaran dutse. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekarun 1930, ta kuma kasance mai himma a ƙungiyar tarihin yankin Lincolnshire, waɗanda ke fatan kafa gidan tarihi na gundumar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1931–32 ta tona wani gini na zamanin da kusa da Willoughton. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heritage Gateway - Results |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MLI50735&amp;resourceID=1006 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=www.heritagegateway.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Plough_jag.jpg|thumb|Plow jag (Arewacin Gidan Tarihi na Lincolnshire)]]
Kiɗan gargajiya wani ƙarin abin sha'awa ne ga Rudkin kuma ta yi aiki tare da Robert Pacey a cikin ''Littafin Waƙoƙin Lincolnshire.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A rayuwarta ta baya, ta yi rikodin waƙoƙin gargajiya da ta koya tun tana ƙarama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ta kuma tattara ''Plough Plays'', inda ta gina wani tarihi wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a Ingila. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cass |first=Eddie |date=1 January 2002 |title=J. M. Carpenter, Ethel Rudkin and The Plough Plays of Lincolnshire |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/flk.2002.41.1.96 |journal=Folk Life |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=96–112 |doi=10.1179/flk.2002.41.1.96 |issn=0430-8778 |s2cid=161628970 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga wasannin kwaikwayo da kansu, Rudkin ta yi magana da masu wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta rubuta nata bayanan dangane da waɗannan tattaunawar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1952 ta buga kwafin ''The Later Bassingham Plough Play'', wanda ta yi aiki a kai daga wani rubutun hannu da aka gudanar a Gidan Tarihi na North Lincolnshire . 

A shekarun 1970, Rudkin ta ƙara sha'awar wuraren fences na kudu na Lincolnshire. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Toynton All Saints, Rudkin tana da tarin abubuwa da yawa har ta yi hayar injin niƙa iska don adana su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma fara haƙa a Eresby manor a wannan lokacin, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; da kuma aikin tubali a East Keal . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ta kuma yi nazarin wuraren girki na tukwane da tukwane daga Toynton All Saints da Bolingbroke . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1977, an yi bikin ƙarshen mako a Horncastle don murnar rayuwar Rudkin da gudummawarta ga tarihin Lincolnshire da kuma nazarin tatsuniyoyi a gundumar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Masu bincike masu karɓar baƙi sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwarta kuma ɗalibai da yawa sun yi aiki tare da ita tsawon shekaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan ɗaliba ita ce masanin ilmin kayan tarihi Hilary Healey. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rudkin ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1985, yana da shekaru 92. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
[[Fayil:Coote_Lake_Medal_awarded_to_Ethel_Rudkin.jpg|thumb|An ba Ethel Rudkin lambar yabo ta Coote Lake (Gidan Tarihi na North Lincolnshire)]]

* 1984 – Lambar Yabo ta Coote Lake, wacce aka ba ta tare da Dr Hilda Davidson &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rudkin ya ƙi amincewa da [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] a shekarar 1976 

== Littattafai ==

=== Littattafai ===

* ''Lincolnshire Folklore'' (EP Publishing, 1974) 
* ''Bayanan kula game da Tarihin Toynton All Saints da Toynton St Peter'' (Littattafan Old Chapel Lane) 

=== Labarai ===

* 'Bayanin wasan Haxey hood na 1932' ''Tatsuniyoyi'' (1932) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 'Wuraren Romawa a arewacin Lincoln: bayanai kan wasu sanannun da ba a sani ba' ''Mujallar Lincolnshire'' (1932) 
* ''Tatsuniyar'' 'Collecteana' (1933) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heritage Gateway - Results |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MLI50735&amp;resourceID=1006 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=www.heritagegateway.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tatsuniyar'' 'Mayu da Aljanu na Lincolnshire' (1934) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tatsuniyar'' 'Baƙin Kare' (1938) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tatsuniyar'' 'Will O'the Wisp' (1938) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heritage Gateway - Results |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MLI50735&amp;resourceID=1006 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=www.heritagegateway.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tatsuniyar'' 'Willoughton, Lincolnshire' (1939) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 'Al'adun Lincolnshire, musamman yankunan da ke ƙasa da Lindsey' ''Al'adun'' Lindsey (1955) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 'Masana'antar Gishiri ta Tsakiya a Lindsey Marshland' ''Rahoton da Takardu na Ƙungiyar Gine-gine da Kayayyakin Tarihi ta Lincolnshire'' (1960) 

== Liyafar maraba ==
Da farko littafin Rudkin mai suna ''Lincolnshire Folklore'' bai shahara ba, amma bayan lokaci ya zama abin godiya; lokacin da EP Publishing ta sake buga shi a shekarar 1976, ya yi tsada nan take. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1984 aka buga ''A Prospect of Lincolnshire'' .  Wannan ''Festschrift'', wanda ya girmama sha'awar Rudkin da kuma iliminsa, Naomi Field da Andrew White ne suka gyara shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:The_Black_Dog_book.jpg|thumb|Littafin Baƙar Kare, mallakar Ethel Rudkin a Gidan Tarihi na North Lincolnshire]]
A shekarar 1938, Rudkin ta buga abin da ya zama babban takarda kan tatsuniyar Baƙar Kare a Lincolnshire kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi cika a kowane yanki na Ingila, gami da waƙoƙi, gani da tatsuniyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quaile |first=Sheilagh |date=1 January 2013 |title=&quot;The black dog that worries you at home&quot;: The Black Dog Motif in Modern English Folklore and Literary Culture |url=https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol1/iss1/3 |journal=The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=37–61 |issn=2563-2124}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1958, mai ba da labarin tatsuniyoyi Theo Brown tana magana ne game da &quot;shahararren labarin&quot; na Rudkin a cikin bincikenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani fanni mai ban sha'awa ga masu ba da labarin tatsuniyoyi a yau shine cewa Rudkin ba wai kawai ta rubuta bahaya mai ban tsoro na kare ba, har ma da lokutan da mutane suka ba da rahoton cewa kare yana kare su daga wasu alamu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Rudkin ta yi iƙirarin cewa an kalli wannan lamari a cikin haske mai kyau a Lincolnshire fiye da sauran gundumomi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma rubuta misalan 'kare baƙi' da al'ummomin yankin suka sanya wa suna kuma suka san su.  A gaskiya ma, ita ce ta farko da ta yi bincike a fannin lissafi wajen rarraba ganin 'kare baƙi'. 

Nazarin ilimi na jerin Harry Potter ya kuma dogara ne akan aikin Rudkin akan ƙirar Black Dog.

An ambaci binciken Rudkin a cikin takardu daban-daban na bincike, ciki har da: akan Mutumin Kore ;  tarihin yanayin ƙasa a matsayin al'ada; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da alamun mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heritage Gateway - Results |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MLI50735&amp;resourceID=1006 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=www.heritagegateway.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
[[Fayil:The_diaries_of_Ethel_Rudkin.jpg|thumb|Littattafan tarihin Ethel Rudkin (Gidan Tarihi na North Lincolnshire)]]
Takardu da bayanan Rudkin suna ƙarƙashin Lincolnshire Archives, kuma sun haɗa da littattafan tarihinta na kayan tarihi, bayanan da ke kan tarin kayan tarihinta, hotuna, littattafan tarihi da wasiƙu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidajen tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na North Lincolnshire sun ƙunshi kayan tarihi da na tarihi da ta tattara, waɗanda suka haɗa da: gatari na Neolithic jade daga Wroot ; ƙwallon mayu ; da doki mai sha'awa daga ƙungiyar jag na garma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma haɗa da duwatsu hamsin da biyar na garma daga yankin Scunthorpe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heritage Gateway - Results |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MLI50735&amp;resourceID=1006 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=www.heritagegateway.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bulala mai kama da gad mallakar Rudkin yana cikin tarin Caistor Heritage Trust. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Folklore at North Lincolnshire Museums |url=http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095016/http://humbermuseums.com/stores/folklore-north-lincolnshire-museums/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Humber Museums Partnership |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin manyan abubuwan da Rudkin ya tattara suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Lincolnshire Life, wanda mai kula da Brian Loughborough ya fara siyan su a 1966. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Fraser Masin</title>
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'''Fraser James Masin''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya. Kwanan nan ya buga wa Calgary Stampeders na Canadian Football League (CFL). Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Ole Miss.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Fraser James Masin a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2001, a Ostiraliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;cfl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fraser Masin |url=https://www.cfl.ca/players/fraser-masin/184011/ |access-date=15 August 2025 |publisher=[[CFL.ca]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fraser Masin |url=https://olemisssports.com/sports/football/roster/fraser-masin/3980 |access-date=15 August 2025 |publisher=[[University of Mississippi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makarantar sakandare, ya halarci [[Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee|Kwalejin St Joseph's, Nudgee]] a Boondall, Queensland . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; Ya girma yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙa'idojin Australiya, kuma an naɗa shi cikin ƙungiyar jihar a shekarun 2016 da 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Katz, Michael |date=Aug 21, 2024 |title=Fraser Masin is finally comfortable with life in the United States |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/fraser-masin-finally-comfortable-life-035900693.html |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=[[Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal]] |archive-date=29 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929182312/https://sports.yahoo.com/fraser-masin-finally-comfortable-life-035900693.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; Masin kuma ya buga ƙwallon raga da [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] a makarantar sakandare. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; Ya fara sha'awar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka]] bayan ya kalli ''ƙungiyar Blind Side.''&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Masin ya koma Amurka a shekarar 2022 don buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji ga Ole Miss Rebels na Jami'ar Mississippi.&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo&quot;/&gt; Lokacin da yake da shekaru 21, an sanya shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na ƙarami a kakar wasa ta 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;/&gt; Ya buga wasanni 12 a shekarar 2022, ya buga sau 41 don yadi 1,727 (matsakaicin 42.1) yayin da kuma ya buga tackle ɗaya da kuma tackle ɗaya da aka taimaka masa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr&quot; /&gt; Masin ya buga dukkan wasanni 13 a shekarar 2023, ya buga sau 48 don yadi 2,038 (matsakaicin 42.5) yayin da kuma ya yi rikodin ƙoƙari ɗaya na gudu don yadi 24 da kuma tackle ɗaya da aka taimaka masa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fraser Masin |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/fraser-masin-1.html |access-date=15 August 2025 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kakar wasa ta 2023, NCAA ta ba shi wata shekara ta cancanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo&quot; /&gt; Ya buga bugun sau 36 don yadi 1,676 da matsakaicin 46.6 a matsayinsa na ɗalibi na farko a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr&quot; /&gt; Pro Football Focus (PFF) ya lura cewa Masin ya jagoranci taron Southeastern Conference (SEC) kuma ya kasance na huɗu a ƙasar a cikin bugun net na mutum ɗaya da matsakaicin yadi 44.4.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; PFF kuma ta sanya shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na biyar mafi kyau a cikin ƙasar tare da maki 82.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; Phil Steele ya naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na huɗu na All-SEC a kakar wasa ta 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; Masin kuma ya kasance ɗan wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na Ray Guy Award.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; An naɗa shi a cikin SEC Fall Academic Honor Roll kowace shekara daga 2022 zuwa 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; Ya kammala karatunsa daga Ole Miss a watan Disamba na 2023 tare da digiri na farko a fannin nazarin fannoni daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==
A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2025, Calgary Stampeders ta zaɓi Masin tare da zaɓin farko na daftarin CFL na duniya na 2025. [1] Ya halarci ƙaramin sansanin rookie bisa ga gwaji tare da Pittsburgh Steelers a watan Mayu na 2025 amma ba a sanya hannu ba. [2] Daga nan ya sanya hannu a hukumance tare da Stampeders a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2025. [3] Ya buga wasanni biyar na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun inda ya yi bugun 27 tare da matsakaicin yadi 46.0. Ya kammala kakar wasa a cikin jerin 'yan wasan atisaye kuma kwangilarsa ta ƙare a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2025. [4]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eric Montross</title>
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      <text bytes="4573" sha1="8ll37xzpkd4201qsei5hwt4m3qa7m2i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Eric Scott Montross''' (Satumba 23, 1971 - Disamba 17, 2023) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya buga wasa a [[National Basketball Association|Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa]] (NBA) tsawon shekaru takwas tare da Boston Celtics, Dallas Mavericks, New Jersey Nets, Philadelphia 76ers, Detroit Pistons, da Toronto Raptors . An haife shi a Indianapolis, ya buga wa Makarantar Sakandare ta Lawrence North kafin ya yi rajista a Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill don buga wa Tar Heels wasa.

== Makarantar sakandare ==
Ya buga wa makarantar sakandare ta Lawrence North, an zaɓe shi a matsayin McDonald's All American a shekarar 1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNC Tar Heels McDonald's All-Americans |url=http://www.tarheeltimes.com/basketball/mcdonalds-all-americans.aspx |access-date=April 30, 2015 |publisher=Tar Heel Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya jagoranci Lawrence North zuwa gasar ƙwallon kwando ta makarantar sakandare ta Indiana, Montross ya sadaukar da kansa ga North Carolina Tar Heels . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 22, 1990 |title=7-footer From Indiana Picks N. Carolina |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1990/03/22/7-footer-from-indiana-picks-n-carolina/ |access-date=April 30, 2015 |website=Chicago Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma sanya Montross a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta USA Today All-American. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eric Montross |url=https://hoopshall.com/inductees/eric-montross/ |access-date=December 19, 2023 |website=[[Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Montross kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne a makarantar sakandare kuma Chicago Cubs ta zaɓe shi da ɗan wasa na 1,547 a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da aka zaɓa a gasar MLB ta 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNC Tar Heels McDonald's All-Americans |url=http://www.tarheeltimes.com/basketball/mcdonalds-all-americans.aspx |access-date=April 30, 2015 |publisher=Tar Heel Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Montross yana cikin ƙungiyar UNC da ta lashe gasar NCAA Championship da Michigan a shekarar 1993 kuma an naɗa shi All-American a matsayin ɗan ƙarami da babba . Mahaifin Montross da kakansa sun buga wa Michigan wasa. [1] Mahaifinsa Scott abokin wasan Cazzie Russell ne a shekarun 1960s kuma kakansa na mahaifiyarsa John Townsend ɗan Amurka ne a shekarun 1930s. [2] A cikin shekaru huɗu a UNC, Montross ya buga wasanni 139, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 11.7, bugun 6.8 da kuma toshe 1.2 a kowane wasa.

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==

=== Boston Celtics (1994–1996) ===
Boston Celtics ta zaɓi Montross a matsayin ɗan wasa na tara a cikin jerin 'yan wasan NBA na 1994. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2023 |title=Former UNC star Eric Montross, 52, dies of cancer |url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/39139942/north-carolina-basketball-star-eric-montross-dies-age-52 |access-date=December 18, 2023 |website=[[ESPN]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekararsa ta farko a NBA, ya sami matsakaicin maki 10 da kuma ƙwallo 7.3 a kowane wasa,  kuma an zaɓe shi a cikin Gasar NBA Rookie Challenge ta 1995 kuma an sanya shi cikin Ƙungiyar NBA All-Rookie ta Biyu . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Easton Jr. |first=Ed |date=March 26, 2023 |title=Former Boston Celtics center Eric Montross reveals cancer diagnosis |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/former-boston-celtics-center-eric-235527437.html |access-date=December 18, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo Sports]] |language=en-US |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218221552/https://sports.yahoo.com/former-boston-celtics-center-eric-235527437.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 22, 1990 |title=7-footer From Indiana Picks N. Carolina |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1990/03/22/7-footer-from-indiana-picks-n-carolina/ |access-date=April 30, 2015 |website=Chicago Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Montross ba zai sake kai wannan matakin ba. Celtics ta fuskanci suka saboda zaɓar Montross a kan 'yan wasa kamar Eddie Jones, Jalen Rose, da Aaron McKie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eric Montross |url=https://hoopshall.com/inductees/eric-montross/ |access-date=December 19, 2023 |website=[[Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Iyalan Montross sun ce a cikin wata sanarwa a ƙarshen Maris 2023 cewa an gano Montross yana da cutar kansa kwanan nan kuma zai sami magani a Cibiyar Cutar Daji ta UNC Lineberger Comprehensive . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ya mutu daga baya a wannan shekarar a ranar 17 ga Disamba yana da shekaru 52. 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
===MANAZARTA===</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Geoffrey Dutton</title>
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'''Geoffrey 'Geppie' Piers Henry Dutton''' AO (2 ga Agusta 1922){{Spaced en dash}} 17 ga Satumba 1998) marubuci ne kuma masanin tarihi ɗan ƙasar Australiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Austlit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Austlit — Geoffrey Dutton |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A.. |access-date=13 October 2024 |publisher=Austlit }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Dutton a tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Anlaby kusa da Kapunda, Kudancin Ostiraliya a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1922.&lt;ref name=&quot;trovebio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Papers of Geoffrey Dutton |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-234718152 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=[[Trove]] 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakansa shine Henry Dutton, &quot;Squire of Anlaby&quot;; iyayensa 'yar kasada ce Henry Hampden Dutton da kuma hazakar zamantakewa Emily Dutton .

Dutton ya girma a gidaje huɗu mallakar iyayensa: Tashar Anlaby kusa da Kapunda; Gidan Kalymna (ko Kalimna) a gefen wuraren shakatawa na gabas, [[Adelaide]] ; Ooraminna, a gefen gabar teku a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Victor ; da kuma Rocky Point, wani gidan dutse mai duwatsu da ke kallon Eastern Cove, [[Tsibirin Kangaroo]]. An koya masa Faransanci tun yana ƙarami.&lt;ref name=&quot;outintheopen&quot; /&gt;

Yana da shekaru takwas, an tura shi zuwa Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Wykeham kusa da Belair, wani yanki na [[Adelaide]]. Bayan an koyar da shi a gida daga kusan 1934 zuwa 1939, ya tafi [[Makarantar Grammar ta Geelong|Makarantar Grammar Geelong]], a Geelong, Victoria, yana kammala karatunsa a 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;trovebio&quot;/&gt;

Dutton ya ji daɗin haskakawa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, yana gyara motar Morris da ake amfani da ita a Anlaby don tattara wasiku don amfani da su wajen bin diddigin zomaye da dila. 

Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide daga 1941 zuwa 1945, yana zaune a Kwalejin St Mark.[1] Ya yi rajista don Turanci, Tarihi, da Faransanci, kuma ya ci gaba da darussan piano a ƙarƙashin Hooper Brewster-Jones.[2] Kafin ya fara, an gabatar da Dutton ga Arthur Boyd, Gino Nibbi, da Max Nicholson. Yayin da yake Jami'ar Adelaide, ya yi rubutu ga jaridar ɗalibai ta On Dit da mujallar avant-garde mai suna Angry Penguins. Malamansa sun haɗa da GV Portus, JIM Stewart, da Brian Elliott.[3]

Daga baya ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Magdalen da [[Jami'ar Oxford|ke Oxford]].

== Sabis na lokacin yaƙi ==
Geoffrey ya shiga rundunar sojin sama ta Royal Australian Air Force da ke Keswick, Kudancin Ostiraliya, a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1940. Ya yanke shawarar shiga a ranar haihuwarsa ta 18, inda ya raba labarai da mahaifiyarsa a lokacin cin abincin rana a [https://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/files/extracts/City_Streets_extract.pdf Covent Garden Cafe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730164544/https://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/files/extracts/City_Streets_extract.pdf |date=2024-07-30 }}, Adelaide.  An ɗauke shi aiki a watan Mayu, 1941, da farko a matsayin matukin jirgin sama na aji biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Firamare ta 1 RAAF a Filin Jirgin Sama na Parafield, a watan Yulin 1941, kafin ya koma Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Sabis ta 1 a Point Cook . Daga baya ya sami horo a Makarantar Koyon Jiragen Sama ta Tsakiya RAAF, Tamworth da [https://vwma.org.au/explore/units/1047 Makarantar Koyon Jiragen Sama ta Wireless Air Gunnery ta 1 (WAGS)] a Ballarat. 

== Sana'a ==
A lokacin aikinsa, Dutton ya rubuta ko ya gyara littattafai sama da 200, ciki har da waƙoƙi, almara, tarihin rayuwa, godiya ga fasaha, tarihin fasaha da adabi, littattafan tafiye-tafiye, littattafai ga yara da kuma kasidu masu suka.

A shekarar 1965, tare da [[Max Harris (mai waka)|Max Harris]] da Brian Stonier, sun kafa kamfanin buga littattafai na Australiya mai suna Sun Books.  Dutton shi ma ya kafa Adelaide Festival da Adelaide Writers Week.

A watan Yunin 1968, an naɗa Dutton a matsayin memba na farko na Majalisar Fasaha ta Australiya. 

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Gidan Sarki Louis</title>
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'''Gadar Sarki Louis''' (Jamusanci: König-Ludwig-Brücke) ta ratsa kogin Iller a garin Kempten da ke Allgäu a kudancin Jamus. Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Royal Bavarian State ne ya gina ta a tsakiyar karni na 19. Bayan an sake gina ta kuma aka canza ta sau da yawa, a halin yanzu an rufe gadar saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali da ake kyautata zaton ba ta da tabbas.

== Wuri ==
Gadar ta ratsa hanyar rafin kogin Iller da ke Kudancin Kempten. A lokacin da aka gina gadar, yankin da ke kewaye da gadar ya kasance ƙarami. [[Ilmin duwatsu|A fannin ilimin ƙasa,]] ginin yana kan rufin [[Terminal moraine|moraine na ƙarshe]] da kuma [[Moraine#Ground moraines|moraines na koma bayan tattalin arziki]] na [[Würm glaciation]] .

== Tarihi ==
An gina gadar [[katako]], wadda aka raba zuwa sassa uku, bisa ga tsarin [[Howe truss|truss na Howe]], wanda injiniyan Amurka [[William Howe (architect)|William Howe]] ya ƙirƙiro, tsakanin 1847 da 1851. Tana da manyan gine-gine guda biyu a jere, tare da layin dogo na sama don [[Ludwig South-North Railway|layin dogo na Ludwig South-North]] .

Yayin da nauyin jiragen ƙasa da na locomotives ke ƙaruwa, an yarda a yi amfani da shi ta hanya ɗaya kawai. A shekarar 1880, an saka wani ƙarfe mai ƙarfi a tsakiyar gadar don ya tallafa mata.

An rufe ginin ga jiragen ƙasa a shekarar 1905, saboda gadojin siminti da ke makwabtaka da su ( ''Obere Illerbrücken'' ), waɗanda suka kusa kammalawa. A shekarar 1911, garin Kempten ya sayi gadar truss kuma ya canza ta don zirga-zirgar ababen hawa. ''Wehrmacht'' ta fashe yankin gabas na gine-ginen katako a watan Afrilun 1945. An cike gibin da ya taso a cikin wannan shekarar, ta amfani da gadar wucin gadi ta katako, wadda aka maye gurbinta da ginin haɗin gwiwa a shekarar 1957.

Bayan gina sabuwar tashar Kempten a shekarar 1969, an rufe ɗaya daga cikin gadojin siminti ga jiragen ƙasa kuma an canza shi don zirga-zirgar hanya. Don haka garin ya iya sake gina gadar da ta fi tsufa ga masu tafiya a ƙasa da masu kekuna a shekarar 1970. Gadar ta sami sunanta na yanzu 'King Louis Bridge' a shekarar 1988, hukumomin kiyaye muhalli suna kiranta da 'Iller Bridge I' a hukumance. Kafin wannan, an cire sassan gadar daga 1957 saboda lalacewar tsatsa. Bugu da ƙari, an cire sassan tsakiya da yamma na babban ginin katako na arewa daga 1986 da crane mai motsi kuma ɓangaren yamma ya gajarta, an juya shi digiri 180 sannan aka sanya shi a cikin gibin gabas.

Ita ce kawai gadar da ta rage da aka gina bisa tsarin ginin truss na Howe kuma ita ce mafi tsawo a cikinsu a Jamus, &lt;ref name=&quot;dresden&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-10-03 |title=Weltrekord-Brücke in Kempten |url=http://baublog.file1.wcms.tu-dresden.de/2007/10/03/weltrekord-brucke-in-kempten/ |access-date=2011-03-06 |publisher=TU-Dresden}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai yiwuwa a duk duniya. A shekara ta 2005, an kare itacen larch da itacen oak na gadar daga hasken rana tare da raga da aka yi da zare na roba, don magance lalacewar itace.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-04-04 |title=König-Ludwig-Brücke |url=http://de.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0005949 |access-date=2011-03-06 |archive-date=2013-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030223046/http://de.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0005949 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;gotsch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karl Gotsch |date=February 2007 |title=Illerbrücken in Kempten |url=http://www.karl-gotsch.de/Monatsbruecken/2006Feb.htm |access-date=2011-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko, an gina gadar ne don kare itacen daga yanayi. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ba zai iya hana lalacewa saboda danshi ba.

A tsawon lokaci, barnar da yanayi ya haifar ta ci gaba sosai, har garin ya yanke shawarar rufe gadar saboda dalilan tsaro a watan Disamba na 2013. Mutane kaɗan ne suka yi tambaya game da gyaran gadar kuma suka nemi a rushe ta. Majalisar Kempten ta yanke shawara kan gyaran. Kudaden wannan ya fito ne daga masu ba da gudummawa daban-daban, da sauransu Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya, Kare Yanayi da Tsaron Nukiliya . Tun daga ranar 1 ga Satumba na 2017, an rufe gadar hanya ta maƙwabta don jigilar ginin katako, wanda aka raba shi gida uku, tare da manyan cranes guda biyu, da farko zuwa gadar sannan zuwa wurin ajiye motoci a kan hanyar Kotterner. An gyara sassan gadar a can a wani bita na wucin gadi kuma an shirya don sake ginawa.   An mayar da tsakiyar gadar - wanda shi ma ya fi nauyi - a kan ginshiƙanta bayan gyarawa a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2018. 

== Gine-gine ==
Gadar ta mamaye fadin mita 120 da zurfin mita 34 na kwarin Iller tare da katako uku, faɗin faɗinsu mita 35, 52 da 26 (daga Yamma zuwa Gabas).  Sashen giciye na babban ginin katako, gine-gine biyu masu siffar akwati, waɗanda ke da tsarin tallafi guda biyu na girder mai tsayin mita 5,26 kowannensu yana da saman sama da kuma abin ƙarfafa iska a ƙarƙashinsa. An tallafa wa waɗannan gine-ginen masu siffar akwati kusan kowace mita 12 tare da Saint Andrew's Cross.  Tsarin tallafi na girder yana da layuka uku. Dukansu layukan waje sun ƙunshi manyan rafters guda biyu, waɗanda ke tashi zuwa tsakiyar gadar. Katako mai ɗaure suna samar da tsakiyar layin tsarin tallafi na girder. Katako suna da sashin giciye mai murabba'i mai tsawon santimita 19 kuma an yi su da dutse kuma an gama su da katakon larch [[Switzerland|na Swiss]] da itacen oak da aka jika mai mai.  Katakororin kwance (bel na sama da bel na ƙasa) kowannensu ya ƙunshi katako uku masu layi ɗaya tare da girman sassan giciye na santimita 22 x 28 kuma suna da tsawon mita 10.6. An shirya sandunan rataye na ƙarfe biyu-biyu a kowane mita 2.12 a sassan gadar. Girman sassan giciye ya bambanta tsakanin santimita biyar kusa da ɗaukar gadar da santimita huɗu a tsakiyar sashe.  Wannan yana nuna cewa lissafin Carl Culmann an yi shi ne bisa ga Howe Truss.  [https://www.bhs-sonthofen.de/en.html BHS-Sonthofen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618213946/https://www.bhs-sonthofen.de/en.html |date=2021-06-18 }} ne ya samar da sandunan rataye. Gine-ginen biyu masu siffar akwati suna tallafawa layukan dogo biyu na layin dogo a kan katakon giciye. Duk ginin katako yana jingina akan ginshiƙai biyu kusan tsayin mita 25 da kuma kan bearings biyu na counter, waɗanda aka gina da dutse tare da revement na ashlar. Duk bearings ɗin counter suna da sassan da aka yi da baka mai kaifi, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman ajiya don ruwan kashe gobara.  An isa wurin da aka gina katakon daga gefe da bangon katako da aka rataye ta hanyar &quot;rufin&quot; da aka yi da katako mai bango biyu da kuma rufin kwano.  Wannan rufin ya kasance mai jure yanayi (ruwan sama, rana) kuma yana jure wa tartsatsin wuta da tokar jiragen ƙasa masu tururi. 

Saboda ƙaruwar nauyin jiragen ƙasa (a shekara ta 1854 kusan 19, a shekara ta 1859 kusan 30, a shekarun 1890 kimanin tan 60  ) an yi amfani da gadar daga baya a hanya ɗaya. A shekara ta 1880, an gina flanges na ƙarfe (marasa ƙarfin lantarki) a tsakiyar gadar, waɗanda aka haɗa su da katako na sama, suna aiki azaman flanges na matsewa.  

Bayan da garin Kempten ya sayi gadar a shekarar 1911, layukan dogo sun lalace kuma an sanya wa ginin asali na gadar jirgin ƙasa hanya.

A shekarar 1986, an sake gina dukkan gadar gaba ɗaya. An cire mai ɗaukar kaya na arewa, gami da dukkan sassa uku, an canza mai ɗaukar kaya na yamma, an juya shi kuma an maye gurbin tsarin haɗin gwiwa daga 1951 a ɓangaren gabas na mai ɗaukar kaya na kudu.  An cire itacen ginshiƙin tsakiya na arewa. An cire bangarorin katako da aka rataye a gefen gadar don bayyana tsarin mai ɗaukar kaya. Garin Kempten ya rufe gadar a watan Disamba na 2013. An naɗe masu ɗaukar kaya da foil a cikin wani tsari mai rikitarwa don hana ƙarin lalacewa saboda yanayin yanayi.  An duba kwanciyar hankalin gadar, sakamakon ya haifar da bayanin tsarin gyara. Majalisar birnin Kempten ta amince ta gyara gadar a watan Agusta na 2015. Da farko, an kiyasta kuɗin da aka kashe shine 3.3&amp;nbsp;Yuro miliyan, amma farashin ƙarshe shine 5&amp;nbsp;Yuro miliyan.  An dauki nauyin kashi biyu bisa uku na kudin ne ta hanyar Shirin Kasa na Gina Hanya. Bayan gyara, za a bude gadar ga masu tafiya a ƙasa da masu keke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-04-04 |title=König-Ludwig-Brücke |url=http://de.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0005949 |access-date=2011-03-06 |archive-date=2013-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030223046/http://de.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0005949 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmanci ==
[[Fayil:König-ludwig-brücke-1853.jpg|right|thumb|Zane na Eberhard Emminger na gadar Sarki Louis mai zaman kanta daga kusan 1853]]

* Gadar Sarki Louis wani abin tarihi ne da aka lissafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Monument ta Bavarian. 
* A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2012, Majalisar Injiniya ta Ƙasa ta lissafa ginin a matsayin wani muhimmin tarihi na Injiniyan Jamus. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-04-04 |title=König-Ludwig-Brücke |url=http://de.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0005949 |access-date=2011-03-06 |archive-date=2013-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030223046/http://de.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0005949 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilin bayar da kyautar ba wai kawai shine kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin gadojin jirgin ƙasa na katako (fiye da shekaru 150) a duk duniya ba kuma gadar Howe mafi tsufa a Turai,  amma kuma gaskiyar cewa an gina gadar ne bisa lissafi, maimakon a yi ta bisa ga ma'auni . Gadar tana nuna sauyawa zuwa gine-ginen da aka gina bisa ga ka'ida na ƙarni na 19. &quot;Mutum zai iya faɗi, ba tare da yin ƙarin bayani ba, cewa za a ɗauki wannan a matsayin wani abin tarihi na injiniyan gine-gine na duniya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Source&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historische Wahrzeichen Ingenieurbaukunst in Deutschland |url=http://www.wahrzeichen.ingenieurbaukunst.de/html/1891.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707172031/http://www.wahrzeichen.ingenieurbaukunst.de/html/1891.htm |archive-date=2014-07-07 |access-date=2014-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wakilci a cikin fasaha ==
Gina ginin yana nuna farkon masana'antu da ci gaban fasaha. Saboda haka, an samar da zane- zane da yawa na gadar a wancan lokacin. Wannan ya canza bayan gina gadar siminti da ke makwabtaka da ita. An cire ginin katako gaba ɗaya a cikin hotunan zamani. Tun lokacin da aka gina gadar, an yi mata katako, har zuwa 1986, lokacin da aka cire bangarorin katako, waɗanda suka toshe ganin tsarin ginin. Duk da haka, yawancin hotunan abin tunawa - har ma da hotuna daga ranar da aka fara aikin - suna nuna gadar da tsarin ginin gini da ake iya gani.&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Oberen_Illerbrücken_in_Kempten-by_Alofok_(39).JPG|alt=Lower Howe carriers| Masu jigilar kaya na Lower Howe
Fayil:Oberen_Illerbrücken_in_Kempten-by_Alofok_(43).JPG|alt=Bearing in detail| Dangane da cikakkun bayanai
Fayil:Auszeichnung_KLB_-_Wahrzeichen_der_Ingenieursbaukunst.JPG|alt=Badge of the award given by the National Chamber of Engineers| Alamar kyautar da Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Ƙasa ta bayar
Fayil:Illerbrücke_I_-_Verkleidung_über_Brückenlänge.jpg|alt=Panelling| Paneling
Fayil:Illerbrücke_I_-_Fahrbahn_Widerlager_West.jpg|alt=Barrier| Shimfida
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Khair Muhammad Jalandhari</title>
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'''Khair Muhammad Jalandhari''' (daga shekarar 1895-Zuwa 1970) ([[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko Jamia Khairul Madaris . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan . 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 ga Elahi Bakhsh a Nakodar, Gundumar Jalandhar [[Indiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=27 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala Alkur'ani daga Mian Imam Din da kawunsa Shah Muhammad . A cikin 1905, ya tafi Madrasa Rasheedia a Nakodar kuma ya yi nazarin littattafan Farisa na farko a can. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Madrasa Arabi Raipur, Madrasa Sabria Raipur a Gojran da Madrasa Manba ul Uloom Gulauthi, Bulandshahr . Ya shiga Madarsa Isha Atul Uloom Bareilly a 1913 kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami na gargajiya a 1917. A can ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Muhammad Yasin Sirhindi, ɗalibin Mahmud Hasan Deobandi . &lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot; /&gt;

Jalandhari almajirin Ashraf Ali Thanwi ne .&lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot; /&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na hukumar Darul Uloom Deoband a watan Mayu 1944 zuwa 1947. &lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==

* ''Khair Ul Usool Fi Hadith Ur Rasool'' 
* ''Aasar-e-Khair'' 
* ''Khair ul Fatawa'' 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}  
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'''Khair Muhammad Jalandhari''' (daga shekarar 1895-Zuwa shekarar 1970) ([[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko Jamia Khairul Madaris . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan . 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 ga Elahi Bakhsh a Nakodar, Gundumar Jalandhar [[Indiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=27 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala Alkur'ani daga Mian Imam Din da kawunsa Shah Muhammad . A cikin 1905, ya tafi Madrasa Rasheedia a Nakodar kuma ya yi nazarin littattafan Farisa na farko a can. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Madrasa Arabi Raipur, Madrasa Sabria Raipur a Gojran da Madrasa Manba ul Uloom Gulauthi, Bulandshahr . Ya shiga Madarsa Isha Atul Uloom Bareilly a 1913 kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami na gargajiya a 1917. A can ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Muhammad Yasin Sirhindi, ɗalibin Mahmud Hasan Deobandi . &lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot; /&gt;

Jalandhari almajirin Ashraf Ali Thanwi ne .&lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot; /&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na hukumar Darul Uloom Deoband a watan Mayu 1944 zuwa 1947. &lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==

* ''Khair Ul Usool Fi Hadith Ur Rasool'' 
* ''Aasar-e-Khair'' 
* ''Khair ul Fatawa'' 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}  
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]]</text>
      <sha1>rc9mby4qrmv2uq9ltreo016trsv19jd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858359</id>
      <parentid>858358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:00:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saudarh2</username>
        <id>14842</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */</comment>
      <origin>858359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1776" sha1="3g01j16jubyju1ofbt4c0lx62nadx76" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Khair Muhammad Jalandhari''' (daga shekarar 1895-Zuwa shekarar 1970) ([[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko Jamia Khairul Madaris . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan . 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 ga Elahi Bakhsh a Nakodar, Gundumar Jalandhar [[Indiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=27 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala Alkur'ani daga Mian Imam Din da kawunsa Shah Muhammad . A cikin 1905, ya tafi Madrasa Rasheedia a Nakodar kuma ya yi nazarin littattafan Farisa na farko a can. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Madrasa Arabi Raipur, Madrasa Sabria Raipur a Gojran da Madrasa Manba ul Uloom Gulauthi, Bulandshahr . Ya shiga Madarsa Isha Atul Uloom Bareilly a 1913 kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami na gargajiya a 1917. A can ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Muhammad Yasin Sirhindi, ɗalibin Mahmud Hasan Deobandi . &lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot; /&gt;Jalandhari almajirin Ashraf Ali Thanwi ne .&lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot; /&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na hukumar Darul Uloom Deoband a watan Mayu 1944 zuwa 1947. &lt;ref name=&quot;pakistan&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==

* ''Khair Ul Usool Fi Hadith Ur Rasool'' 
* ''Aasar-e-Khair'' 
* ''Khair ul Fatawa'' 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}  
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]]</text>
      <sha1>3g01j16jubyju1ofbt4c0lx62nadx76</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdur Razzaq Iskander</title>
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        <id>14842</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
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'''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan.Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . 

Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' .

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad .  Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . &lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. &lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt; Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . &lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt;

Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN .  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . 

A watan Agustan shekarar 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, &quot;Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki&quot;. Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]].

Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021 a [[Karachi]] .  Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;express&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris .
* ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah ''
* ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲''
* ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah''

== Dubi ƙarin bayani ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]]</text>
      <sha1>qeed7mtj418uug7gi0lnin3g3ajzem9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858370</id>
      <parentid>858369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saudarh2</username>
        <id>14842</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>858370</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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'''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan.Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] .Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . 

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad .  Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . &lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. &lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt; Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . &lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt;

Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN .  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . 

A watan Agustan shekarar 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, &quot;Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki&quot;. Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]].

Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021 a [[Karachi]] .  Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;express&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris .
* ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah ''
* ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲''
* ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah''

== Dubi ƙarin bayani ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]]</text>
      <sha1>evwxjgwas4ktr65ld1t8aqru7f96uiy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858371</id>
      <parentid>858370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:08:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saudarh2</username>
        <id>14842</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tarihin rayuwa */</comment>
      <origin>858371</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3742" sha1="o2med18ckxymch4mi72ut5vag78mjrk" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan.Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] .Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . 

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad .  Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . &lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a shekarar 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. &lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt; Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . &lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt;

Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;alert&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN .  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . 

A watan Agustan shekarar 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, &quot;Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki&quot;. Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]].

Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021 a [[Karachi]] .  Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;express&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris .
* ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah ''
* ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲''
* ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah''

== Dubi ƙarin bayani ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]]</text>
      <sha1>o2med18ckxymch4mi72ut5vag78mjrk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134290</id>
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      <id>858363</id>
      <parentid>856331</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:04:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saudarh2</username>
        <id>14842</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mutuwa */</comment>
      <origin>858363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3076" sha1="k822gdrjc1juxevevpd30kt6hp2ao70" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's &quot;Tibyān al-Furqān&quot; |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat .  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin, shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . 

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==

* Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) 
* Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) 

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan .  Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin),  [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. 

== Dubi ƙarin bayani ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]</text>
      <sha1>k822gdrjc1juxevevpd30kt6hp2ao70</sha1>
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'''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's &quot;Tibyān al-Furqān&quot; |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat .  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin, shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . 

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==

* Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) 
* Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) 

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan .  Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin),  [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. 

== Dubi ƙarin bayani ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]</text>
      <sha1>jlmogrmkhj8z65w5kfeswq5x7rwxd3x</sha1>
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'''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's &quot;Tibyān al-Furqān&quot; |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat .  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin, shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . 

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==

* Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) 
* Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) 

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan .  Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin),  [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. 

== Dubi ƙarin bayani ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]</text>
      <sha1>8qeym7s73b64d28vdrb5r579hv5w1fd</sha1>
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'''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's &quot;Tibyān al-Furqān&quot; |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat .  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin, shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . 

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==

* Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) 
* Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) 

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015, daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan .  Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin),  [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. 

== Dubi ƙarin bayani ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]</text>
      <sha1>7acvf0wztg3vx5iuj1m5qg0zrnt4sub</sha1>
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'''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's &quot;Tibyān al-Furqān&quot; |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat .  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin, shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . 

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==

* Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) 
* Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) 

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015, daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan .  Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin),  [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. 

== Dubi ƙarin bayani ==

* Jerin Deobandis.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]</text>
      <sha1>jgq6wgd8yv96134v71ofwo5uv3md4d3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Folk dances of Assam</title>
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'''Rawar gargajiya ta [[Assam]]''' ta haɗa da [[Bihu dance|Bihu]] da [[Bagurumba]] (dukansu suna rawa a lokacin bukukuwan da ake gudanarwa a lokacin bazara), Bhortal, da kuma rawar Ojapali . [[Assam]] gida ne ga ƙungiyoyi da yawa: Musulmai, Indo-Aryan, Rabha, Bodo, Dimasa, Karbi, Mising, Sonowal Kacharis, Mishmi da Tiwa (Lalung) da sauransu. Waɗannan al'adu sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar al'adun Assamese . Mazauna jihar Assam ana kiransu da &quot;Axomiya&quot; (Assamese). Yawancin kabilu suna da nasu yare, kodayake Assamese shine babban harshen jihar. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Travelmasti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dances of Assam |url=http://www.travelmasti.com/domestic/assam/dances.htm |access-date=2012-08-24 |publisher=Travelmasti.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Web.com(india) Pvt. Ltd. |date=2007-02-18 |title=Culture of Assam |url=http://assam.gov.in/culture.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128042429/http://assam.gov.in/culture.asp |archive-date=2012-11-28 |access-date=2012-08-24 |publisher=Assam.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana gudanar da bukukuwa da bukukuwa da yawa a Assam. Kusan dukkan bukukuwan ƙabilu ana yin su ne a lokacin bazara kuma ana bikin noma ko girbi. Daga cikin bukukuwa a Assam, Bihu ya fi shahara; yana haɗa dukkan mutanen Assam, ba tare da la'akari da asalinsu ba.

== Rawar Bihu ==
Koda yake asalin rawan [[Bihu dance|Bihu]] ( Assamese   ) ba a san su ba, an ce rikodin farko na hukuma game da shi shine lokacin da sarki Ahom Rudra Singha ya gayyaci masu rawa na Bihu su yi wasa a filin Rang Ghar a kusan 1694 &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Travelmasti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dances of Assam |url=http://www.travelmasti.com/domestic/assam/dances.htm |access-date=2012-08-24 |publisher=Travelmasti.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.travelmasti.com/domestic/assam/dances.htm &quot;Dances of Assam&quot;]. Travelmasti.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; don ''Rongali Bihu'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Web.com(india) Pvt. Ltd. |date=2007-02-18 |title=Culture of Assam |url=http://assam.gov.in/culture.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128042429/http://assam.gov.in/culture.asp |archive-date=2012-11-28 |access-date=2012-08-24 |publisher=Assam.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayani ===
Bihu rawa ce ta rukuni inda maza da mata ke rawa tare, amma suna riƙe da rawar jinsi daban-daban. Gabaɗaya, mata suna bin tsari mai tsauri ko da'ira. Masu rawa maza da mawaƙa suna shiga yankin rawa da farko, suna kula da layukansu kuma suna bin tsarin da aka daidaita. Lokacin da mata masu rawa suka shiga, mazan suna raba layukansu don su haɗu da mata masu rawa (waɗanda ke kiyaye tsari mai tsauri da tsarin rawa). Yawanci ana siffanta shi da takamaiman matsayi: motsin kwatangwalo, hannaye da wuyan hannu; juyawa, tsugunnawa da lanƙwasawa. Motsin rawa na maza da mata suna kama da juna, tare da bambance-bambance kaɗan kawai.
[[Fayil:Bihu_dance_of_Assam.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|{{Center|Bihu dance.}}]]

=== Aiki ===
Ana yin rawar ne bisa ga waƙar gargajiya ta Bihu. Mawakan da suka fi muhimmanci su ne masu buga ganga ( ''dhulia'' ), waɗanda ke buga ganga mai fuskoki biyu ( ''dhol'', wanda aka rataye daga wuya) da sanda ɗaya da tafin hannu. Yawanci akwai fiye da ''dhulia'' ɗaya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo; kowannensu yana buga waƙa daban-daban a sassa daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon. Waɗannan waƙoƙin da aka yi da ƙarfi, waɗanda ake kira ''seus'', suna da tsari na al'ada. Kafin shiga wurin rawa, masu buga ganga suna buga waƙa mai sauƙi da sauri. Ana canza ''seu'', kuma masu buga ganga yawanci suna shiga yankin rawa a layi. Ana buga ''mohor xingor pepa'' (yawanci a farkon) ta hanyar ɗan wasa ɗaya, wanda ke shimfida wani abu na farko wanda ke saita yanayi na rawa. Sai masu rawa maza su shiga yankin a cikin tsari kuma su yi wasa (tare da waƙa, wanda duk ke shiga). Sauran kayan kida da ke tare da wannan rawa sune ''taal'', wani nau'in cymbal; ''gogona'', kayan kida na reed-and-bamboo; ''toka'', mai buga bamboo da kuma ''xutuli'', busar yumbu. Ana kuma amfani da sarewa ta bamboo sau da yawa. Waƙoƙin ( ''bihu geet'' ) da ke tare da rawa an daɗe ana bayarwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin waƙoƙin sun haɗa da maraba da sabuwar shekarar Assamese, suna bayyana rayuwar manomi, tarihi da kuma barkwanci. Duk da cewa maza da mata suna yin rawar Bihu, rawar Bihu ta mata tana da ƙarin bambance-bambance (gami da hannu da hannu, juyawa, da ''pepa'' mai ƙarfi, da ''kahi'' (faranti na ƙarfe na gargajiya) da kuma hular ''jaapi'' (hula mai siffar Assamese mai siffar conical). Wasan kwaikwayon na iya zama mai tsawo, amma yana rayar da sauye-sauye cikin sauri a cikin kauri, yanayi, motsi, saurin gudu da haɓakawa. Ana ba wa masu rawa da mawaƙa damammaki don nuna baiwarsu.

=== Nau'o'i ===
Rawar tana da siffofi daban-daban a cikin ƙungiyoyin arewa maso gabashin Indiya daban-daban (misali rawa ta Deori Bihu, rawa ta Mising Bihu ko kuma rawa ta Rati Bihu da Morans ke yi). &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;AssamClicks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moran Bihu |url=http://www.assamclicks.com/rati-bihu-spring-festival-of-the-morans/ |access-date=2016-03-29 |publisher=AssamClicks.com |archive-date=2016-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408033311/http://www.assamclicks.com/rati-bihu-spring-festival-of-the-morans/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, manufar rawa ta kasance iri ɗaya: don bayyana sha'awar jin zafi da farin ciki.

== Rawar Sattriya ==
Wani nau'in rawa na Assam da ake yi a Tols ko Namghar wanda maza da mata suka yi daban-daban. Rawar Sattriya tana ɗaya daga cikin salon rawa takwas na Indiya da aka amince da su a matsayin rawa ta gargajiya ta Kwalejin Sangeet-Natak. Kalmar Sattriya ta fito ne daga kalmar Satra. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2000, Kwalejin Sangeet-Natak ta amince da rawa ta Sattriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin raye-rayen gargajiya na Indiya.

== Jumura ==
Juhumura aji ne na rawan Sattriya. Juhumura kuma nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ne da Madhavdeva ya rubuta. Yana buga &quot;Chordhara&quot;, &quot;Pimpora Gusuwa&quot;, &quot;Bhoomi Leta&quot; da &quot;Bhojan Bihar&quot; ana kiransa Jhumura. Rawar da ke cikin Jhumura ta Madhava ita ake kira Juhumura Dance. Ana yin raye-rayen a cikin The Satras na Kamalabari, Jarabari, Belguri da sauransu a cikin Assam. Akwai nau'ikan raye-rayen Jhumura da yawa kamar &quot;Ramadani&quot;, &quot;Geetar Nach&quot;, &quot;Mela Nach&quot;.

== Rawar Bagurumba ==
[[Fayil:Bodo_dance.jpg|thumb|{{Center|''[[Bagurumba]]'', a dance performed by Bodo girls.}}]]
''[[Bagurumba]]'' rawa ce ta gargajiya a Assam wadda 'yan Bodo ke yi. Ita ce wacce ake yi a lokacin bikin Bwisagu, wani biki na Bodo a Vishuva Sankranti (tsakiyar Afrilu). ''Bwisagu'' yana farawa da bautar shanu ; sannan, matasa suna yin sujada ga iyayensu da dattawansu cikin girmamawa.

Bayan haka, ana bauta wa [[Bathow]] ta hanyar miƙa wa allahn kaza da giyar ''zou'' (giyar shinkafa). Matan Bodo sanye da ''dokhna'' da ''aronai'' masu launuka iri-iri suna yin rawar Bagurumba (wanda kuma aka sani da rawar Bardwisikhla). Ana tare da kayan kida kamar ''serja'' (kayan kida mai lanƙwasa), ''sifung'' (salo), ''tharkha'' (bamboo mai rabe-rabe), ''kham'' ko ''madal'' (dogon ganguna, wanda aka yi da itace da fatar akuya). Bikin ya ƙare da addu'ar al'umma a Garjasali. Ana yin wannan rawa a yankunan da Bodo ke zaune a cikinsu na Udalguri, Kokrajhar, Baksa, Chirang, Bongaigaon, Nalbari, Darrang da Sonitpur.

== Rawar Bhortal ==
[[Fayil:Bhortal_Dance.jpeg|thumb|{{Center|''Bhortal'' dance.}}]]
An san cewa Bhortal Nritya ya ƙirƙira shi ne ta hannun Narahari Burha Bhakat. Shahararren mai zane ne na Satriya. An ce wannan Bhortal Nritya na gundumar Barpeta ya samo asali ne daga salon rawa na gargajiya na jihar. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun raye-rayen a jihar Assam.

Wasan kwaikwayo— ana yin wannan rawa ne a cikin rukuni. Masu rawa shida ko bakwai galibi suna gabatar da rawar Bhortal ta Assam tare. Ana iya yin wannan rawa a cikin manyan rukuni. Ana yin ta da sauri sosai. Wannan rawar ana kiranta 'Zhiya Nom'. Masu rawa suna da kuge yayin da suke yin wannan rawa. Amfani da kuge yana sa gabatarwar rawa ta yi kama da mai launi sosai. An tsara motsin rawa don su iya samar da wasu launuka masu launuka iri-iri. Wannan shine keɓancewar wannan rawa daga Assam.

== Rawar Jumur ==
[[Fayil:Tea_Tribe_Dance_of_Assam.jpg|thumb|{{Center|''Jhumur'' dance.}}]]
[[Jhumair|Jhumur]] wani nau'in rawa ne na gargajiya na &quot;Adivasi&quot; ko kuma al'ummar ƙabilun Tea na Assam. 'Yan mata da samari ƙanana ne ke yin rawar tare. Maza suna sanya dogayen riguna na gargajiya kuma suna riƙe da salon kida kaɗan, galibi Dhol ko Mandar, waɗanda aka rataye a kafadu, sarewa da kuma faifan &quot;Taal&quot; guda biyu (faifan ƙarfe biyu). 'Yan matan galibi suna yin rawar, suna riƙe kugunsu da kuma motsa hannaye da ƙafafu gaba da baya a lokaci guda. Rawar tana da mabiya da yawa a gundumomin &quot;ƙabilar Tea&quot; da ke da rinjaye a Assam, kamar Udalguri, Sonitpur, Golaghat, [[Jorhat]], Sivasagar, [[Dibrugarh]] da Tinsukia .

== Rawar Deodhani ==
Deodhani wata tsohuwar rawa ce ta Assam. Ita ce hanyar bauta wa tsohuwar addinin Shakti. A cikin wannan rawa, mai rawa yana rawa akai-akai don faranta wa allahiya rai ta hanyar cin jinin da ba a yanka ba da naman dabbobin da aka miƙa wa allahiya. Wannan rawa ta Deodhani tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bautar Tamreswari ko Kechaikhati, Manashadevi da sauransu.

== Ojapali Nritya ==
Oja-Pali wani nau'in rawa ne na gargajiya na Assam. Oja-Pali a zahiri ƙungiyoyi ne na mawaƙa da masu rawa, tare da Oja a matsayin shugaba da Palis a matsayin mataimakansa. Ana iya buƙatar Palis uku ko huɗu don rawa kuma babban cikinsu ana kiransa Daina Pali. Baya ga rawa, suna kuma rera waƙa da kunna ƙananan kuge, suna ba da labarai daga almara da Puranas. Akwai tsarin sutura na yau da kullun ga Ojas. Dole ne ya sanya pag-jama ko ghuri, tare da bangs, unti, zobe da nupur kuma dole ne ya ɗaure tangali. Rawar Oja-Pali ta sake raba zuwa nau'i uku-

# Vyasageet Oja
# Suknarayani Oja
# Ramayani Oja

== Rawar Devadasi ==
Rawar da alloli ke yi a cikin wasu gidajen ibada na Assam. A wasu tsoffin gidajen ibada akwai wani rukunin masu rawa da aka yi amfani da su don faranta wa alloli rai. An san su da Devadasi, wato bayin alloli. Haikalin Hoygriva Madhav da ke Hajo, Haikalin Parihareshwar da ke Dubi kusa da Bajali, Haikalin Shiva da ke Negheriting, Haikalin Biswanath da ke Sala, Muktinath Shiv Daul da ke Rangpur da kuma Baidyanath Daul da ke Jaysagar su ne suka fi shahara.

== Thiyo Naam ==
Thiyo Naam wani nau'in rawa ne na Assam. A cewar tatsuniyoyi, a zamanin Dvapa, Sarki Bali ya bai wa kattai sunan Harinam Ta hanyar aikin jiki. An san cewa Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankardeva ya gabatar da na'urar Thiyo bisa ga wannan al'ada. An san ta da Thiyo Naam saboda ana yin ta a tsaye. Ana buƙatar kimanin mutane 25 zuwa 30 su yi na'urar Thiyo Naam. A bisa al'adar Shankari, na'urar Thiyo Naam ta samo asali ne daga Barpeta Satra. Rawar Bhortal, wadda aka samo daga na'urar Thiyo Naam, ita ma ta shahara a wajen Indiya. Akwai al'adar rera wannan naam a rana ta biyu ta Magh a Barpeta.

== Rawar Gumrag ==
Gumrag wata rawa ce mai ban sha'awa ta mutanen Mishing. Ana yin wannan rawa ne tare da bikin Ali-Ai-Ligang. Bayan bikin Ali-Ai-Ligang na rana, matasan Mishing suna rawa da Gumrag da yamma. Kayan kwalliya masu launi da mahalarta suka saka wani abin birgewa ne na rawar.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Faustina Caley</title>
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 {{Authority control}}'''Faustina Namutenya Caley''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1956) 'yar siyasar [[Namibiya]] ce. Wani memba na [[SWAPO]], Caley ya shiga majalisa a shekarar 2015 kuma an nada shi mataimakin Ministan Ilimi, Fasaha da Al'adu daga 2020 zuwa 21 ga Maris 2025.

== Rayuwa ta farko da sana'a ==
An haifi Faustina Caley a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1956, a Ruurumwe, Kavango West, kuma ta girma a Sarusungu yanzu da ake kira Kaisosi, a Kavango East. Ta fara makarantar firamare a yankin Kavango kuma ta kammala aji na 12 a Makarantar Sakandare ta Rundu . Caley ya halarci Kwalejin Horar da Augustineum kuma ya kammala karatu tare da takardar shaidar ma'aikacin zamantakewa a shekarar 1979. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ga gwamnati har zuwa 1983. &lt;ref name=&quot;parliament&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caley, Faustina Namutenya |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/caley-faustina-namutenya/ |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=Namibian Parliament |publisher=[[Government of Namibia]] |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1990, ta zama shugabar riko na Makarantar Sakandare ta Dokta Romanus Kampungu da ke Rundu. Daga 1991 Caley ya yi aiki da ma'aikatar ilimi a wurare daban-daban har zuwa 2014, ya zama daraktan ilimi na yankin Otjozondjupa. A layi daya ta sami digiri na uku daban-daban, difloma a Ilimin Firamare daga Jami'ar Namibia (1997), Bachelor of Philosophy daga Jami'ar Hull, United Kingdom (1998), Masters in Education (M.Ed) daga Jami'ar Manchester (1999), da difloma na biyu a cikin Nazarin Gudanarwa daga MANCOSA, Afirka ta Kudu (2003).

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Caley ya zama memba na [[SWAPO]] na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a shekarar 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;parliament&quot;/&gt; kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dokoki kan ICT da Innovation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cyber Security Conference for Members of Parliament in Windhoek |url=http://www.namibia-botschaft.de/regierungs-mitteilungen/812-cyber-security-conference-for-members-of-parliament-in-windhoek.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=www.namibia-botschaft.de }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=NUST and Parliament host Cyber Security Conference |url=https://www.nust.na/?q=news/nust-and-parliament-host-cyber-security-conference |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=www.nust.na |publisher=[[Namibia University of Science and Technology]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin majalisa na 2020-2025 an nada ta mataimakiyar ministan ilimi, fasaha da al'adu.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alice Domon</title>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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[[Fayil:Plaque_rue_Domon_Duquet_Paris_1.jpg|thumb|Alamar titi da ke nuna tunawa da wasu 'yan uwa mata biyu 'yan addinin Kirista da aka kashe a Faransa, a titin Alice-Domon-et-Léonie-Duquet da ke birnin Paris, Faransa.]]
'''Alice Domon''', SME, wacce aka fi sani da '''Sister Alicia''', (23 ga Satumba 1937 - 17 ko 18 ga Disamba 1977) ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'Yan'uwa Matan Addini na Faransa guda biyu a Argentina, membobin 'Yan'uwa Matan Ofishin Jakadancin Ƙasashen Waje da ke Seysses, Faransa, waɗanda mulkin kama-karya na soja na Tsarin Sake Tsarin Ƙasa ya &quot; ɓace &quot; a watan Disamba 1977. Tana cikin mutane goma sha biyu da ke da alaƙa da Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, wata ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, waɗanda aka sace aka kai su cibiyar tsare mutane ta sirri da ke [[Makarantar Sojojin Ruwa|ESMA]].

A cewar shaidun da suka ga Domon a wurin, tsawon kimanin kwanaki 10 an yi mata tambayoyi aka kuma azabtar da ita, aka tilasta mata rubuta wasiƙa tana ikirarin shiga cikin ƙungiyar 'yan daba da ke adawa da gwamnati, sannan aka ɗauki hotonta a wani wuri a gaban wani tuta a Montoneros. An &quot;dauki&quot; wannan rukunin fursunonin, ciki har da Sister Léonie Duquet, a matsayin &quot;masu ɗaukar kaya&quot;, wato ana nufin an fitar da su aka kashe su. An wanke gawarwakin a bakin teku a kudancin Buenos Aires a watan Disamba na 1977 kuma an binne su cikin gaggawa a cikin kaburbura, amma wani labarin da kamfanin dillancin labarai na AFP ya wallafa a watan Maris na 1978 ya ruwaito cewa an yi imanin gawarwakin 'yan'uwa mata biyu na Faransa da suka ɓace da kuma wasu da ke da alaƙa da Uwaye suna cikin su. &lt;ref name=&quot;nunsdeath&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Documento Secreto de la Embajada de EEUU en Argentina, Nº 1978-BUENOS-02346, March 30, 1978, ''Report of nuns death'' |url=http://foia.state.gov/documents/argentina/0000A5AF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104033159/http://foia.state.gov/documents/argentina/0000A5AF.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2006 |access-date=17 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya gwajin DNA ya tabbatar da cewa ɗaya daga cikin gawarwakin na Duquet ne. Duk da haka, ba a taɓa samun gawar Domon ba.

A shekara ta 2000, an sanya wa wani ƙaramin fili a Buenos Aires suna ''&quot;Hermana Alice Domon y Hermana Leonie Duquet,&quot;'' don girmama 'yan'uwa mata. Ana bikin rayuwarsu a wani bikin tunawa da shekara-shekara a cocin cocin San Cristobal, inda suka yi aiki kuma inda aka binne gawarwakin Duquet da wasu Uwayen Plaza de Mayo.

A shekarar 2011, Alfredo Astiz, wanda ya kutsa kai cikin Uwayen Plaza kuma ya shirya sace mutane goma sha biyu a watan Disamba na 1977, an yanke masa hukunci ''a bayan fage'' kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai saboda laifin da ya aikata da sauran laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama . Saboda azabtarwar da ya yi a ESMA, an yi masa lakabi da &quot;Mala'ikan Mutuwa Mai Farin Fata.&quot;

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Alice Domon a Charquemont da ke yankin Doubs na Faransa. Tun tana yarinya ta shiga ƙungiyar ayyukan ƙasashen waje ta [[Faris|Paris]]. Ta gayyace ta zuwa Argentina a shekarar 1967, inda ta zauna a Hurlingham da Morón, na hanyar masana'antu ta [[Buenos Aires]]. Ta koyar da katolika ga nakasassu kuma ta yi aiki tare da talakawa.

Domon memba ne na wata ƙungiya da Father Ismael Calcagno ya jagoranta, ɗan uwan Jorge Rafael Videla, mai mulkin kama karya da ke kan mulki daga 1976 zuwa 1981, a lokacin da aka yi garkuwa da shi da kuma kisan kai. An gabatar da Alice Domon da wata 'yar'uwarta mai suna Léonie Duquet zuwa Videla saboda yana buƙatar taimako ga ɗansa Alejandro, wani yaro nakasasshe wanda suka koyar kuma suka kula da shi a Casa de la Caridad da ke Morón. A Buenos Aires, 'yan'uwan biyu sun sadaukar da lokacinsu ga aikin zamantakewa tsakanin mazauna garuruwan da ke cikin talauci a birnin. [1] An tura Alice Domon can tare da Léonie Duquet, wata 'yar'uwa 'yar Faransa mai addini wacce ta ƙulla abota mai zurfi da ita. [2]

Domon ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukanta na zamantakewa tare da mazauna garuruwan ƙauye . A shekarar 1971 ta je Corrientes don yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar [[Ligas Agrarias]], wacce ƙananan masu samar da [[auduga]] suka kafa. 

Bayan juyin mulkin soja na ranar 24 ga Maris 1976, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta fara danne masu adawa da siyasa da ta'addancin gwamnati. Domon ta yanke shawarar shiga cikin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Bayan ta koma Corrientes, ta kwana a gidan Léonie Duquet.

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1977, 'Yan'uwa mata Alice da Léonie, tare da Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo da sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, sun shirya bukatar neman sunayen wadanda suka bace da kuma gwamnati ta bayyana inda suke. An wallafa amsar a jaridar ''La Nación'' a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1977, ranar da Alice Domon ta bace. An gano sunan Gustavo Niño a cikin sa hannun a matsayin sunan karya, wanda kyaftin din sojojin ruwa Alfredo Astiz ya yi amfani da shi a watan Mayu, don shiga cikin Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo. 

== &quot;Bacewa&quot;: sace mutane, azabtarwa, da kisan kai ==
[[Fayil:ESMA_6.JPG|thumb|Ginin ESMA.]]
Tsakanin Alhamis 8 zuwa Asabar 10 ga Disamba 1977, wata ƙungiya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alfredo Astiz, wani kyaftin na rundunar ruwa kuma jami'in leƙen asiri, ta sace wasu mutane 12 da ke da alaƙa da Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo.  Daga cikinsu akwai 'yan mata 'yan Faransa Alice Domon da Léonie Duquet, tare da [[Azucena Villaflor]] da wasu biyu da suka kafa Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo . Astiz ya kutsa kai cikin ƙungiyar, yana yin kamar ɗan gidan wani ''mai son ɓata suna'' kuma yana amfani da sunan ƙarya.

An sace Alice Domon da yawancin matan daga [[Church of Santa Cruz (Buenos Aires)|Cocin Santa Cruz]], inda Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo ke haɗuwa. Yana cikin gundumar San Cristóbal a cikin birnin Buenos Aires.

An kai Sister Alice kai tsaye zuwa cibiyar tsare sirri da ke [[Makarantar Sojojin Ruwa|Makarantar Makanikai ta Sojojin Ruwa]] (ESMA), a ƙarƙashin ikon Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Argentina . An ce an tsare ta sanye da hular rufe fuska wadda ke hana gani. An tsare ta na tsawon kimanin kwanaki 10, inda aka ci gaba da azabtar da ita da kuma yi mata tambayoyi. Horacio Domingo Maggio da Lisandro Raúl Cubas, waɗanda suka tsira daga tsarewar da aka yi a ESMA, sun bayyana abin da suka sani game da batun a matsayin shaida ga hukumar ƙasa a shekarar 1985:

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Geneviève Inagosi</title>
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      <text bytes="3717" sha1="e461fbfxgi72wv1xbvbf1qa4a4y5qct" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Geneviève_Inagosi,_Minister_of_Gender,_Family_and_Children_from_DR_Congo_addresses_the_meeting_(10841449794).jpg|thumb|Geneviève Inagosi]]
'''Geneviève Inagosi Bulo Ibambi Kassongo''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1970) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Congo. Ita mataimakiya ce a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, tana wakiltar Yankin Wamba a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Jama'a don Sake Ginawa da Dimokuraɗiyya  (PPRD). Daga shekarun 2012 zuwa 2014 ta kasance Ministar Jinsi, Iyali da Yara a gwamnatin Joseph Kabila.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Inagosi a shekara ta 1970 a [[Bamapuno]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Talatala&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geneviève Inagosi Bulo Ibambi Kassongo |url=https://talatala.cd/deputes/117/ |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=Talatala |language=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2011, an zaɓi Inagosi a matsayin mataimakiyar Wamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2011 |title=Les premiers résultats partiels des législatives |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2011/12/22/les-premiers-resultats-partiels-des-legislatives |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=Radio Okapi |language=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2012, an naɗa Inagosi a majalisar ministocin Joseph Kabila a matsayin Ministar Jinsi, Iyali da Yara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2021 |title=Kabila Names Members of New Government |url=https://www.congoplanet.com/news/1968/joseph-kabila-names-ministers-matata-dr-congo-government.jsp |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=Congo Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hau kan mulki a hukumance a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maricha Ohanga Kalombo |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Geneviève Inagosi s'engage à protéger les droits de la femme et de l'enfant ! |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201205111186.html |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=AllAfrica |language=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani sauyi da aka yi a watan Disamba a 2014, [[Bijou Mushitu Kat]] ya maye gurbinta da minista a gwamnatin haɗin kan ƙasa ta 'Matata II'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title=RDC : qui sont les femmes membres du Gouvernement Matata II |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/12/11/rdc-qui-sont-les-femmes-membres-du-gouvernement-matata-ii |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=Radio Okapi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2018, an sake zaɓen Inagosi a matsayin mataimakiyar Wamba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Talatala&quot;/&gt; A watan Afrilun 2021, ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta inganta ababen more rayuwa a Haut-Uélé, tare da taimakawa wajen gyara sashen Ninya- Isiro na National Road No. 25. Ta kuma nemi a kawo ƙarshen wariya ga albashi tsakanin malaman larduna da waɗanda ke babban birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Reagan Ndota | title=Programme du gouvernement : le plaidoyer de Geneviève Inagosi pour le Haut-Uele | lang=FR | newspaper=L'Ouragan | date=26 April 2021 | url=https://ouragan.cd/2021/04/programme-du-gouvernement-le-plaidoyer-de-genevieve-inagosi-pour-le-haut-uele/?_ | access-date=7 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta soki shugabancin [[Félix Tshisekedi]] saboda yin alkawuran da ba a cika ba:&quot;A yau, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa na ta cin zarafin dokoki ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Mutane suna zuba mana ido. Ba za mu amince da shiririta ba. Idan lokaci ya yi, za mu san matakin da za mu ɗauka. Wannan kasa tawa ce, taka ce, tamu ce baki ɗaya.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Élections-2023 : « Le FCC garde toutes ses chances » (Geneviève Inagosi) | website=24sur24 | date=5 January 2022 | url=https://24sur24.cd/elections-2023-le-fcc-garde-toutes-ses-chances-genevieve-inagosi/ | access-date=7 February 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emilie Manima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Émilie Manima''' (25 Maris 1936 - 11 Fabrairu 2026) 'yar siyasar ƙasar [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Kongo]] ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=|first=|date=22 February 2026|title=Émilie Manima : la pionnière qui ouvrit aux Congolaises les portes du gouvernement|url=https://www.matinlibre.cg/emilie-manima-la-pionniere-qui-ouvrit-aux-congolaises-les-portes-du-gouvernement/|trans-title=|work=Matin Libre|language=French|location=|publisher=|access-date=23 February 2026|archive-date=8 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308034821/https://www.matinlibre.cg/emilie-manima-la-pionniere-qui-ouvrit-aux-congolaises-les-portes-du-gouvernement/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Bayan karatunta a École des sages-femmes da ke [[Dakar]], ta yi aiki a matsayin ungozoma kuma ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, tana haɓaka lafiyar mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Douniama|first=Parfait Wilfried|date=21 February 2026|title=Disparition : l’ancienne ministre Emilie Manima inhumée à Sibiti|url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/disparition-lancienne-ministre-emilie-manima-inhumee-sibiti-169180|trans-title= |work=Agence d'information d'Afrique centrale|language=French|location= |publisher= |access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu 1975, Shugaba Marien Ngouabi ta zaɓe ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Jama'a, mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar gwamnati a ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Boukaka|first=Bertrand|date=13 February 2026|title=Congo – Gouvernement : La première femme ministre a tiré sa révérence|url=https://lesechos-congobrazza.com/politique/11883-congo-gouvernement-la-premiere-femme-ministre-a-tire-sa-reverence|trans-title= |work=Les Échos du Congo-Brazzaville|language=French|location= |publisher= |access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manima ta rasu a [[Brazzaville]] a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, 2026, tana da shekaru 89.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Antoine-Ganga|first=Dieudonné|date=22 February 2026|title=Deux vertus ont caractérisé la vie d’Emilie Manima, première femme ministre au Congo|url=https://www.lhorizonafricain.com/national/deux-vertus-ont-caracterise-la-vie-demilie-manima-premiere-femme-ministre-au-congo/|trans-title= |work=L'horizon Africain|language=French|location= |publisher= |access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emerine Kabanshi</title>
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'''Emerine Kabanshi''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, 1964) 'yar siyasa ce kuma ƙwararriyar mai kula da dabbobi a ƙasar Zambia. Kabanshi ta yi aiki a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasar Zambia mai wakiltar Luapula daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2021, kuma an naɗa ta a majalisar ministocin shugabanni Michael Sata da Edgar Lungu.

Bayan fuskantar zarge-zargen rashin kula da asusun jin daɗin jama'a a lokacin da take ministar ci gaban al'umma da walwalar jama'a, an yanke wa Kabanshi hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari, wacce ta yi aiki daga shekarun 2023 zuwa 2025.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Emerine Kabanshi a shekarar 1964. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emerine Kabanshi |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/224 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da takardar shaidar abinci mai gina jiki da kuma takardar shaidar samar da dabbobi daga wata cibiya a Jamus, kuma kafin ta shiga siyasa ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararriya masaniyar fasahar [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-01-29 |title=High‐level panel discussion on the priority theme 'Strategies for eradicating poverty to achieve sustainable development for all' |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2018/01/CSocD56-List-Panellists.pdf |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ci gaba da karatun ci gaba a [[Jami'ar Lusaka]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 2011, an zaɓi Kabanshi a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa ta Zambia a matsayin wakiliyar ƙungiyar Patriotic Front ta Luapula. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emerine Kabanshi 2011 |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/2749 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Shugaba Michael Sata ya naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministan Jinsi.  A watan Maris a 2012, Sata ya ɗaukaka ta zuwa [[Minister of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs|Ministar Sarakuna da Harkokin Gargajiya]].  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2012 |title=Zambia: Sata Honours Women With Ministry |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201203090904.html |access-date=24 July 2012 |website=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannan, a watan Yuli a 2012, ta zama Ministar Ƙananan Hukumomi da Gidaje a wani sauye-sauyen majalisar ministoci.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-26 |title=Zambia : President Sata reshuffles 4 cabinet positions |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/07/26/president-sata-reshuffles-4-cabinet-positions/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris  a shekarar 2014, a wani sabon garambawul da aka yi wa majalisar ministocin Sata, an mayar da ita Ministar Ci gaban Al'umma, Lafiyar Uwa da Yara . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=Zambia President Sata reshuffles Cabinet, fires minister |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/africa/zambia-president-sata-reshuffles-cabinet-fires-minister-960980 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-03-13 |title=Zambia : President Sata fires Home Affairs Deputy Minister and reshuffles cabinet |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/03/13/president-fires-home-affairs-deputy-minister-reshuffles-cabinet/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007091728/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/03/13/president-fires-home-affairs-deputy-minister-reshuffles-cabinet/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan rasuwar Sata a watan Oktoba, ta goyi bayan dan takarar jam'iyyarta, Edgar Lungu, a zaben maye gurbin shugaban kasa da ya biyo baya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Times of Zambia {{!}} 63 MPs for Edgar |url=https://www.times.co.zm/?p=42472 |access-date=2025-07-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191013/https://www.times.co.zm/?p=42472 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin zabensa a farkon 2015, Lungu ya ci gaba da rike ta a matsayin Ministar Ci gaban Al'umma, Lafiyar Uwa da Yara. 

An sake zaɓen Kabanshi a matsayin kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A wannan shekarar, an naɗa ta Ministar Ci gaban Al'umma da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, wacce ta riƙe matsayinta na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-29 |title=Zambia : President Lungu appoints 9 more ministers to bring his cabinet size to 25 Ministers |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/29/president-lungu-appoints-9-ministers-bring-cabinet-size-25-ministers/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta riƙe wannan matsayin har zuwa shekara ta 2018, lokacin da aka kore ta daga aiki sakamakon zarge-zargen rashin kula da kuɗi wanda ya haifar da ɗage tallafin ƙasashen waje.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chawe |first=Michael |date=2018-09-19 |title=Zambian minister Emerine Kabanshi sacked over graft claims |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/africa/zambian-minister-emerine-kabanshi-sacked-over-graft-claims--88944 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=Zambia Fires Minister Over Graft Scandal |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/zambia-fires-minister-over-graft-scandal/4578324.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Zambian minister sacked over graft claims |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/southern-africa/zambian-minister-sacked-over-graft-claims-1402810 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The EastAfrican |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kama ta a watan Mayun 2019 kuma a shekarar 2021 an same ta da laifi biyu na kin bin doka da gangan kan lamarin, inda wani alkali ya yanke hukuncin cewa ta kasa bin hanyoyin da suka dace wajen rarraba tallafin jin daɗin jama'a ta hanyar wani kamfani mallakar gwamnati, wanda hakan ya sa waɗanda suka amfana ba su sami kuɗaɗen da suka kamata ba.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Zambia arrests ex-minister for graft after British aid freeze |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/southern-africa/zambia-arrests-ex-minister-for-graft-after-british-aid-freeze-1418052 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The EastAfrican |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Zambia arrests ex-minister for graft after British aid freeze |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/zambia-arrests-ex-minister-for-graft-after-british-aid-freeze-2681260 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan da Babbar Kotun ta amince da hukuncin a shekarar 2023, ta yi zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 24, duk da buƙatar wasu abokan jam'iyyar na a sake ta bisa dalilan tausayi bayan ta kamu da [[bugun jini]]; an sake ta a watan Janairun 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-28 |title=Zambia : Former Community Development Minister, Emerine Kabanshi sent to Jail for Two years |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2021/05/28/former-community-development-minister-emerine-kabanshi-sent-to-jail-for-two-years/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Court upholds Kabanshi’s 2 year sentence |url=https://diggers.news/courts/2023/09/16/high-court-upholds-kabanshis-2-year-sentence/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muchinshi |first=Angela |date=2025-01-15 |title=Emerine Kabanshi leaves prison |url=https://diggers.news/local/2025/01/15/emerine-kabanshi-leaves-prison/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muchinshi |first=Angela |date=2024-12-23 |title=Release Emerine Kabanshi on health grounds, Mecha asks to HH |url=https://diggers.news/local/2024/12/23/release-emerine-kabanshi-on-health-grounds-mecha-asks-to-hh/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Olatunji Adesoye</title>
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'''Emmanuel Olatunji Adesoye''' [[Order of the Niger|OON]], CON (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1938 - 2017) ya kasance mai binciken adadi na Najeriya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai riƙe da taken gargajiya. Shi ne mai binciken yawa Arewacin Najeriya na farko kuma mai binciken yawan Najeriya na biyu. A shekara ta 2006 Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta OON (Officer of the Order of the Niger) da CON (Commander of the order of the Niger).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chief Emmanuel Olatunji Adesoye (OON, CON) – DAWN Commission |url=https://dawncommission.org/chief-emmanuel-olatunji-adesoye-oon-con/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=Chief Emmanuel Olatunji Adesoye Archives |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tag/chief-emmanuel-olatunji-adesoye/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Emmanuel a cikin iyalin Adesoye a watan Afrilun 1938 a jihar Offa Kwara Najeriya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saraki, Gov Ahmed, ODU, others mourn foremost industrialist, Adesoye |url=https://thenationalpilot.ng/2017/12/04/saraki-gov-ahmed-odu-others-mourn-foremost-industrialist-adesoye/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=National Pilot Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ya halarci Makarantar Bethel ta Afirka Ebute-Metta Lagos tsakanin 1948 da 1951 da kuma makarantar St Marks a 1952 ya halarci Offa Grammar School tsakanin 1953 da 1957 don makarantar sakandare kafin ya halarci [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] a 1958 ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Ayyuka, Kimiyya, da Fasaha ta Najeriya Enugu a 1959 ya ci gaba da karatunsa zuwa Kwalejin Kudancin Gabas ta Fasaha, Kimiyya da Fasaha a Burtaniya tsakanin 1961 da 1963.

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Adesoye Fellow ne na Quantity Surveyors London (1965); shi ne na farko na Arewacin Najeriya Quantity Surveyor kuma na biyu na Najeriya Quantity Surveyyor. Ya kasance Fellow na Royal Institute of Chartered Quantity Surveyors (1968) kuma Fellow na Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigari ta Najeriya (1985). Ya kasance shugaban tsohuwar bankin Afribank (1987-1989). Ya rike lakabin gargajiya na Maye na Offa (1979) kuma Olofa na 24, HRH Oba Mustapha Olawoore Olanipekun ya girmama shi. A shekara ta 2001, an girmama shi da taken Asiwaju na Offa bayan mutuwar Asiwaju Offa na farko shugaban Josiah Sunday Olawoyin a ranar 28/4/2001 kuma Tajudeen Owoyemi ya gaje shi.[1][2][3][4] Shi ne wanda ya kafa Okin biscuit limited.[5]

== Ayyuka ==
Ya kasance ƙwararren mai binciken adadi, kuma wanda ya kafa kuma Mai mallakar kwalejin Adesoye Offa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet The Founder – Adesoye College Offa |url=https://adesoyecollege.org/about-us/meet-the-founder/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]]</text>
      <sha1>2rddyhsy2kc1l2llhbq6z46qn30qpox</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Fadzayi Mahere</title>
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      <text bytes="4497" sha1="78erfrpjnaidjl3hpbrr0e3yucxka4p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Fadzayi Mahere''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1985) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Zimbabwe]] wanda ya bar matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki na mazabar Mount Pleasant a [[Harare]] .  Ta kasance Kakakin Kasa na Citizens Coalition for Change, jam'iyyar siyasa a Zimbabwe tsakanin 2022 da 2023. Bayan aiki a fannin bayar da shawarwari, ta fito ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 da farko a matsayin dan takarar majalisa mai zaman kanta, kuma ta shiga cikin zaben 2018. Koyaya, a cikin 2019 ta shiga MDC Alliance  kuma daga baya ta lashe Mount Pleasant a cikin zaɓen da aka daidaita na 2023 kafin ta bar a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndlovu |first=Mandipa |date=2019-06-20 |title=Zimbabwe: Fadzayi Mahere's move to the MDC Alliance could rejuvenate the party |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-06-21-zimbabwe-fadzayi-maheres-move-to-the-mdc-alliance-could-rejuvenate-the-party/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin zanga-zangar Zimbabwe ta 2016-2017, an kama ta sau da yawa.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Fadzayi Mahere ya girma a Mount Pleasant, [[Harare]], kuma ya halarci [[Makarantar Arundel]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zvorufura |first=Faith |date=1 December 2017 |title=#16DaysofActivism: Profiling Fadzai Mahere |url=http://www.263chat.com/16daysofactivism-profiling-fadzayi-mahere |website=263 Chat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta shiga a shekara ta 2004 a Jami'ar Zimbabwe, inda ta sami digiri na farko na Shari'a (LLB Hons) a shekara ta 2008. A shekara ta 2010 ta shiga Jami'ar Cambridge don digiri na Master of Laws a cikin Shari'ar Laifuka ta Duniya &amp; Shari'ar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, ta kammala a shekara ta 2011. [1][2]

== Ayyuka ==
A watan Yunin 2016, Lauyan Mahere ya shiga cikin binciken jama'a na Bankin Tsaro na Zimbabwe kan bugawa da gabatar da ƙarin bayanan jingina na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2018 |title=Citizens grill RBZ boss on bond notes |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/citizens-grill-rbz-governor-over-bond-notesthisflag-campaign-founder-pastor-evan-mawarire-with-rbz-boss-john-mangudya/ |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=www.newzimbabwe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A taron, Mahere ya nuna cewa bayanan jingina ba su dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba, bisa ga Babi na 17 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kan kudaden jama'a.

Har ila yau, a cikin 2016, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu fafutuka #thisflagmovement, ta fara motsawa da tattara mutane, ta amfani da manyan tashoshin kafofin watsa labarai kamar Facebook Live da Twitter don tayar da gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gukurume |first=Simbarashe |date=6 November 2017 |title=Young female political activists and the struggle for democracy in Zimbabwe |url=http://www.democracyinafrica.org/young-female-political-activists-and-the-struggle-for-democracy-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Democracy in Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2017 ta sanar da yunkurin da ta yi na wakiltar yankin Harare na Mount Pleasant a zaben 2018 a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa. An kama ta a shekarar 2017 bayan ta shirya gasar kwallon kafa a mazabarta kuma an tuhume ta a karkashin Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Jama'a (POSA). 

A watan Yunin 2019 ta shiga jam'iyyar Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) a matsayin Sakatariyar Ilimi. A watan Mayu 2020 an sanar da ita a matsayin Kakakin Kasa na hadin gwiwar MDC Alliance . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vinga |first=Alois |date=28 May 2020 |title=Chamisa appoints Mahere spokesperson in MDC mini reshuffle |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/chamisa-appoints-mahere-spokesperson-in-mdc-mini-reshuffle/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da aka samu ==
Mahere ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Lead Counsel ([[Zimbabwe]]) wacce ta lashe gasar All Africa International Humanitarian Law Moot Court a Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a 2007 kuma an ba ta kyautar Mafi kyawun Magana a cikin Ƙarshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2010 |title=UZ wins 2010 Law Moot Court competition – NewsDay Zimbabwe |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2010/11/2010-11-01-uz-wins-2010-law-moot-court-competition/ |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=www.newsday.co.zw |language=en-US |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310075742/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2010/11/2010-11-01-uz-wins-2010-law-moot-court-competition/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]</text>
      <sha1>78erfrpjnaidjl3hpbrr0e3yucxka4p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaba Kulka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858560</id>
      <parentid>839998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:24:08Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="10809" sha1="n68sfgjnblteyr6uvq6qke307m2r391" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Gabriela Konstancja Kulka-Stajewska''' ('''Gaba Kulka''', an haife ta a 1979 a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], [[Poland]]) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai zaman kanta ta Poland, marubuciya, kuma [[Yin zane-zane|mai wasan kwaikwayo]].

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Gabriela Kulka ta fito ne daga dangin mawaƙa; mahaifinta dan wasan violin ne kuma farfesa a Poland. Ta dauki shekaru takwas na darussan violin na gargajiya amma daga baya ta yi amfani da piano.

Kundin sa na farko, &quot;Tsakanin Miss Scylla da Hard Place&quot; (2003) da &quot;Out&quot; (2006), an samar da su da kansu. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga tarin murfin &quot;Songs for Wolf,&quot; tare da masu fasaha ciki har da Björk, Ozzy Osbourne, Neil Diamond, [[Stevie Nicks]] da The Church).

A shekara ta 2009, babban lakabin Mystic Production ne ya fitar da kundi na uku, &quot;Hat, Rabbit&quot;. Kundin ya sami matsayi na zinariya a Poland, kuma an buga waƙoƙin &quot;Niejasności,&quot; &quot;Kara Niny,&quot; da &quot;Got a Song&quot; a madadin tashoshin rediyo. A wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙin Poland Konrad Kucz a kan kundin &quot;Sleepwalk . &quot;

== Hanyar kiɗa ==
A cikin shekaru bakwai na rubuce-rubuce da rikodin, Gabriela Kulka ta haɓaka salon da ya bambanta wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na duhu tare da shirye-shiryen tasirin jazz da kuma jaddada waƙoƙi, waƙoƙin da ba a saba da su ba. Ayyukanta suna nuna tasirin Danny Elfman da Kate Bush, kuma suna nuna tushe na salon a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya, jazz, da al'adun gargajiya.

Mawakan da ta ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka fi burge ta su ne, da farko kuma babu shakka - Kate Bush da Tori Amos, amma kuma Peter Gabriel, Kurt Weill, Danny Elfman, The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo, Chroma Key, Queen, ABBA, Bruce Dickinson, Iron Maiden (waɗanda take rera waƙoƙinsu kai tsaye) da kuma  [[Madonna]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}.

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

=== Kayan solo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; |Taken
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Bayanan kundin
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sayarwa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Takaddun shaida
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |POL&lt;ref name=&quot;pol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=671&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=547&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=623&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=510&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=838&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=886&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Daga waje''
|
* An saki shi: Nuwamba 12, 2007 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Out - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gabriela-kulka-out,222384 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Eblok
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref name=&quot;apple&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=Out by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/out/484061567 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|47
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Hatsar, Rabbit''
|
* An saki shi: Mayu 4, 2009 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Hat, Rabbit - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gaba-kulka-hat-rabbit,254452 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref name=&quot;apple2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Hat, Rabbit by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/hat-rabbit/484052133 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|7
|
* POL: 15,000+ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video |url=http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/regulamin.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714000448/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/regulamin.php |archive-date=2014-07-14 |access-date=2014-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
* POL: Zinariya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video |url=http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603082637/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php |archive-date=2013-06-03 |access-date=2014-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Wersje''
|
* An saki shi: Nuwamba 4, 2013 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Wersje - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gaba-kulka-wersje,377383 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref name=&quot;apple3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Wersje (Bonus Tracks) by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/wersje-bonus-tracks/727737549 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|25
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Mai tserewa''
|
* An saki: Satumba 8, 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;mystic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aktualności - GABA KULKA nowy album &quot;The Escapist&quot; już 8 września! - Wytwórnia płytowa - Mystic Production |url=http://www.mystic.pl/aktualnosci,gaba_kulka_nowy_album_the_escapist_juz_8_wrzesnia,1545.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610084458/http://www.mystic.pl/aktualnosci,gaba_kulka_nowy_album_the_escapist_juz_8_wrzesnia,1545.htm |archive-date=2016-06-10 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=mystic.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref name=&quot;apple4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2014 |title=The Escapist by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/the-escapist/908701009 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|9
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Ƙarƙashin''
|
* An saki shi: Satumba 6, 2016
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital
| -
|
|
|-
| colspan=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; |&quot; - &quot; yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba.
|}

=== Kayan haɗin gwiwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Taken
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Bayanan kundin
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |POL &lt;ref name=&quot;pol&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sleepwalk (tare da Konrad Kucz) 
|
* An saki shi: 26 ga Oktoba, 2009 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Sleepwalk - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/kuczkulka-sleepwalk,262761 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Jazzboy Records
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ITunes - Music - Sleepwalk by Kucz/Kulka |url=https://itunes.apple.com/pl/album/sleepwalk/id579365917 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916193952/https://itunes.apple.com/pl/album/sleepwalk/id579365917 |archive-date=2014-09-16 |access-date=2014-08-26 |website=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|11
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Rebeka ya yi tafiya a cikin kolację''&lt;br /&gt;
(tare da Młynarski Plays Młynski) 
|
* An saki shi: Oktoba 10, 2010
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD
|14
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Baaba Kulka'' (tare da Baaba) 
|
* An saki shi: Maris 21, 2011 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Baaba Kulka - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/baaba-kulka-baaba-kulka,296511 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD
|14
|-
| colspan=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; |&quot; - &quot; yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba.
|}

=== Kayan bidiyo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; |Taken
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Bayanan kundin
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Rabbit mai rai''
|
* An saki shi: 26 ga Nuwamba, 2010 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka koncertowo: Wzloty i upadki na DVD - muzyka.interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/alternatywa/news/gaba-kulka-koncertowo-wzloty-i-upadki-na-dvd,1555200,45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712015005/http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/alternatywa/news/gaba-kulka-koncertowo-wzloty-i-upadki-na-dvd,1555200,45 |archive-date=2012-07-12 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: DVD
|-
|}

=== Bidiyo na kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Jagora
!Album
!Tabbacin.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
|&quot;Niejasności&quot;
|{{Center|—}}
|''Hatsar, Rabbit''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;youtube&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka &amp;quot;Niejasności&amp;quot; - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRwNkrUCcvo |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106030738/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRwNkrUCcvo |archive-date=2016-01-06 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Ka sami Waƙar&quot; (tare da Konrad Kucz) 
|Filip Kovcin
|''Gudun Barci''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;youtube2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka i Konrad Kucz - Kucz/Kulka &amp;quot;Got a Song&amp;quot; (oficjalny teledysk) - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpgdJCDaX2Y |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308043601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpgdJCDaX2Y |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|&quot;Wielkie ta rufe&quot;
|Hemmingsen mai hauka
|''Mai tserewa''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;youtube3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Wielkie Wrażenie - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fk4RgHmTFwQ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411052109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fk4RgHmTFwQ |archive-date=2016-04-11 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Amoos</title>
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'''Emmanuel Amoos''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1980) ɗan siyasa ne [[Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Switzerland|na Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Switzerland]] kuma memba ne na Majalisar Ƙasa daga Canton of Valais tun daga 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ratsmitglied ansehen |url=https://www.parlament.ch/fr/biografie/emmanuel-amoos/4320 |access-date=October 13, 2022 |website=[[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Federal Assembly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Emmanuel Amoos a shekarar 1980 a Sierra kuma asalinsa daga Venthône a Valais ne. Ya yi karatun digiri a fannin tattalin arziki a HEC Lausanne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faiss |first=Joakim |date=2022-01-20 |title=Emmanuel Amoos: &quot;Le vélo peut contribuer à désengorger les routes&quot; |url=https://bikinvalais.ch/2022/01/ini-velo-amoos/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Bikin' Valais |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
An zaɓe shi kansilan birni na tsohuwar karamar hukumar Venthône na wa'adi uku na majalisa (2009 - 2020). A shekarar 2013, an zaɓe shi Mataimakin daga Gundumar Sierre zuwa Majalisar Babban Valais kuma ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Kuɗi na wa'adin majalisa kuma aka sake zaɓe shi a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=RhoneFm |title=Emmanuel Amoos : une année au Conseil national et une année pour se faire réélire |url=https://www.rhonefm.ch/actualites/emmanuel-amoos-une-annee-au-conseil-national-et-une-annee-pour-se-faire-reelire |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Rhône FM |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa shi shugaban ƙungiyar Left Alliance a majalisar kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin tattalin arziki da makamashi har zuwa 2019 lokacin da ya tsaya takarar kujera a Majalisar Ƙasa amma ya kasa samun kujerar yayin da ya zo na 2 da ƙuri'u 10,687 a bayan wanda ya yi nasara Mathias Reynard. An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Jiha ta Valais a 2021 kuma an naɗa shi a kwamitin Kimiyya, Ilimi da Al'adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nationalrat - Reynard-Nachfolge: Walliser Emmanuel Amoos als Nationalrat vereidigt |url=https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/news-service/inland-schweiz/vereidigung-walliser-emmanuel-amoos-als-nationalrat-vereidigt-ld.2144576 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=[[Aargauer Zeitung]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fabrício Bento</title>
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'''Fabrício Bento da Silva''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1975), wanda aka fi sani da '''Fabrício Bento''' ko kuma kawai '''Fabrício''', ƙwararren kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Brazil kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya na tsakiya]] .

== Sana'ar wasa ==
An haife shi a [[São Paulo]], Fabrício ya fara aikinsa tare da garin Portuguesa . A cikin 2002, bayan lamuni a São José-SP, Avaí da Mogi Mirim, ya ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje tare da Beitar Urushalima a Isra'ila.

Fabrício ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a shekara ta 2003, tare da Corinthians Alagoano, amma ya koma Isra'ila a shekara mai zuwa bayan ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da ya yi da Maccabi Ahi Nazareth . Daga nan ya wakilci Anapolina na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ya koma Beitar Jerusalem.

Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Anapolina, Fabrício ya buga wa Juventus-SP wasa kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Juventude ta Série A a watan Afrilun 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2006 |title=Atacante João Paulo é apresentado no Jaconi |trans-title=Forward João Paulo is presented at the Jaconi |url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/ESP/Noticia/Arquivo/0,,AA1175851-4412,00.html |access-date=8 February 2022 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|GloboEsporte.com]] |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko ya fara wasa, ya rasa matsayinsa na farko sannan ya koma Avaí a watan Yunin 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2007 |title=Avaí anuncia mais um reforço para a temporada |trans-title=Avaí announce another addition for the season |url=https://www.nsctotal.com.br/noticias/avai-anuncia-mais-um-reforco-para-a-temporada |access-date=8 February 2022 |publisher=NSC Total |language=pt-BR |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208165943/https://www.nsctotal.com.br/noticias/avai-anuncia-mais-um-reforco-para-a-temporada |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2009, an gabatar da Fabrício a Catanduvense . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2009 |title=A2: Catanduvense apresenta zagueiro que subiu com o Avaí |trans-title=A2: Catanduvense present stopper who achieved promotion with Avaí |url=https://www.futebolinterior.com.br/a2-catanduvense-apresenta-zagueiro-que-subiu-com-o-avai/ |access-date=8 February 2022 |publisher=Futebol Interior |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Sendas a shekara mai zuwa, kuma ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2011 yana da shekaru 35.

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya yi ritaya, an nada Fabrício a matsayin kocin Esporte Clube Biguaçu [pt], [1] kuma ya lashe rukuni na uku na Campeonato Catarinense . A shekarar 2013, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin koci a Operario Ferroviário, ya koma Avaí kuma aka nada shi babban kocin tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15. [2]

Fabrício ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20, kafin a naɗa shi kocin riƙo na babban ƙungiyar a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2022, bayan tafiyar Claudinei Oliveira . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2022 |title=Leão se reapresenta e Fabricio Bento comanda a equipe contra o Brusque |trans-title=''Lion'' return and Fabricio Bento is in charge of the team against Brusque |url=https://www.avai.com.br/novo/leao-se-reapresenta-e-fabricio-bento-comanda-a-equipe-contra-o-brusque/ |access-date=8 February 2022 |publisher=Avaí FC |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fabrício ya sake zama mataimakin Avaí a karo na biyu, kafin ya bar ƙungiyar a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023. A ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2024, ya koma ƙungiyarsa ta farko ta Portugal bayan an naɗa shi babban kocin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2024 |title=Ex-zagueiro Fabrício Bento é o novo técnico do Sub-20 da Lusa |trans-title=Former stopper Fabrício Bento is the new head coach of the under-20s of ''Lusa'' |url=https://netlusa.com.br/noticias-da-portuguesa/ex-zagueiro-fabricio-bento-e-o-novo-tecnico-do-sub-20-da-lusa |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=NetLusa |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fernando Quesada</title>
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'''Fernando “Nando” Quesada Gallardo''' (an haife shi 5 Janairu 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] na Badalona Futur .

== Aikin kulob ==
An haife shi a Sabadell, Barcelona, [[Katalunya|Catalonia]], Quesada ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta [[FC Barcelona]] a shekara ta 2003, yana da shekaru tara, bayan ya fara buga wasa a CE Mercantil. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2012 |title=El fulgurante inicio de Nando Quesada |trans-title=The brilliant start of Nando Quesada |url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20120905/mundo-barsa/nando-quesada-juvenil-a-fc-barcelona-promesas_54345976659.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=[[El Mundo Deportivo (newspaper)|El Mundo Deportivo]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake shi a shekara ta 2013, kuma daga baya ya yi gwaji a Stoke City, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 July 2013 |title=Stoke City give trial to Barcelona midfielder Fernando Quesada |url=http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Stoke-City-trial-Barcelona-midfielder-Fernando/story-19534221-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054314/https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Stoke-City-trial-Barcelona-midfielder-Fernando/story-19534221-detail/story.html |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=[[Stoke Sentinel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] da [[PSV Eindhoven]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=PSV heeft Nando Quesada van FC Barcelona op proef |trans-title=PSV has Nando Quesada from FC Barcelona on trial |url=http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/198215862/PSV+heeft+Nando+Quesada+van+FC+Barcelona+op+proef.aspx |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=[[Omroep Brabant]] |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu da Genoa CFC jim kaɗan bayan haka, amma an ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani bayan ya gaza a gwajin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 April 2014 |title=Entrevista. Nando Quesada: &quot;El Barça es el mejor club donde un futbolista puede estar&quot; |trans-title=Interview. Nando Quesada: &quot;''Barça'' is the best club where a footballer can be&quot; |url=http://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/fc-barcelona/340758-entrevista-nando-quesada-el-bara-es-el-mejor-club-donde-un-futbolista-puede-estar.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=Vavel |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2014, Quesada ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da rabi tare da ƙungiyar Eredivisie FC Utrecht . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2014 |title=El ex juvenil del Barça Nando Quesada ficha por el Utrecht |trans-title=Former ''Barça'' youth player Nando Quesada signs for Utrecht |url=http://www.sport.es/es/noticias/futbol-base/juvenil-del-barca-nando-quesada-ficha-por-utrecht-3059953 |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a rukunin a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da AFC Ajax a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2014 |title=Utrecht 1–1 Ajax |url=http://www.football-oranje.com/utrecht-1-1-ajax-match-report/ |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=Football-Oranje}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2015, bayan ya buga wasanni uku kacal a manyan 'yan wasa, an ba Quesada aro ga Achilles '29 a Eerste Division, har zuwa watan Yuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2015 |title=Fernando Quesada naar Achilles '29 |trans-title=Fernando Quesada to Achilles '29 |url=http://www.voetbalzone.nl/doc.asp?uid=236233 |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=Voetbalzone |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kira shi a ranar 24 ga Maris, kuma aka sake shi a watan Satumba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2015 |title=Nando Quesada verlaat FC Utrecht |trans-title=Nando Quesada leaves Utrecht |url=http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/5617/FC-Utrecht/article/detail/4134888/2015/09/03/Nando-Quesada-verlaat-FC-Utrecht.dhtml |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kan 8 Oktoba 2015, wakili na kyauta Quesada ya sanya hannu don Segunda División side UE Llagostera . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2015 |title=Fernando Quesada, nuevo jugador de la Unió Esportiva Llagostera-Costa Brava |trans-title=Fernando Quesada, new player of Uniò Esportiva Llagostera-Costa Brava |url=http://www.uellagostera.cat/es/noticia/fernando-quesada-nuevo-jugador-de-la-unio-esportiva-llagostera-costa-brava |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=UE Llagostera |language=es |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628205023/http://www.uellagostera.cat/es/noticia/fernando-quesada-nuevo-jugador-de-la-unio-esportiva-llagostera-costa-brava |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A kan 10 Yuli 2017, bayan da ya nuna hankali, ya sanya hannu don SD Formentera a Segunda División B. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 July 2017 |title=Nando Quesada, quinto fichaje del Formentera |trans-title=Nando Quesada, fifth signing of Formentera |url=https://www.diariodeibiza.es/deportes/2017/07/10/nando-quesada-quinto-fichaje-formentera/927880.html |access-date=28 June 2018 |publisher=Diario de Ibiza |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2018, Quesada ta amince da kwangila da Elche CF, wacce aka sabunta ta zuwa rukuni na biyu . [1] Duk da haka, a ranar 16 ga Agusta, an ba shi aro ga Atlético Sanluqueño CF a mataki na uku, na tsawon shekara guda, [2] kuma ta sanya hannu na dindindin ga ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe a ranar 5 ga Yuli 2019. [3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gastón Ávila</title>
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'''Gastón Luciano Ávila''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2001) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Argentina wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] ko [[Mai buga baya|na tsakiya]] a Rosario Central, wanda aka aro daga ƙungiyar Ajax ta Holland Eredivisie .

== Sana'a ==

=== 'Yan wasan Boca Juniors ===
An haife shi a Rosario, Ávila ya fara aikinsa da Rosario Central . A ranar 2 ga Janairu 2019, Boca Juniors ta saye shi kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na dala miliyan 2 don kashi 60% na haƙƙinsa na tattalin arziki, matakin da ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce yayin da bai fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko ta Rosario Central ba tukuna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2019 |title=Boca presentó a sus últimos dos refuerzos |url=https://www.infobae.com/deportes-2/2019/02/01/boca-presento-a-sus-ultimos-dos-refuerzos-el-defensor-gaston-avila-y-el-delantero-brandon-cortes/ |website=Infobae |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jim kaɗan bayan isowarsa, a watan Maris na 2019, ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa (ƙafafun jijiyoyi) a lokacin wasan reserve da Banfield, wanda ya sa ya rasa sauran shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Boca confirmó la grave lesión de una de sus jóvenes figuras |url=https://www.infobae.com/deportes-2/2019/03/29/preocupacion-en-boca-por-la-lesion-de-una-de-sus-jovenes-figuras-gaston-avila/ |website=Infobae |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga karshe Ávila ya fara buga wasansa na ƙwararru ga Boca Juniors a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2020 a cikin 2–1 Argentine Primera División ta doke Talleres . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talleres de Córdoba vs. Boca Juniors - 3 February 2020 |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/03/argentina/primera-division/ca-talleres-cordoba/boca-juniors/3070532/ |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lamuni zuwa Rosario Central ====
A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2021, yana neman lokacin wasa akai-akai, Ávila ya koma Rosario Central kan yarjejeniyar aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 2021 |title=Gastón Avila renovó con Boca pero se va a préstamo a Central |trans-title=Gastón Avila renewed with Boca but goes on loan to Central |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/boca-juniors/gaston-avila-boca-rosario-central_0_C271FJ-9I.html |website=Olé |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin zaman aronsa, ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban mai farawa, inda ya zira kwallaye 3 a wasanni 27 na gasar kuma ya nuna ƙarfin ikon sama da kuma ikon wucewa.

=== Antwerp ===
On 23 July 2022, Ávila signed for Belgian Pro League club [[Royal Antwerp|Antwerp]] for a fee reported to be around €4.4 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Gastón Ávila is a Red! 🇦🇷 🔴⚪ |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CgWfCSoIziS/ |publisher=Royal Antwerp FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 2022–23 season, he was part of the historic squad that won the &quot;Double&quot;, securing both the league title and the Belgian Cup. He primarily featured as a left-back under manager Mark van Bommel.

=== Ajax ===
A ranar 22 ga Agusta 2023, ƙungiyar Ajax ta Eredivisie ta sanar da sanya hannu kan Ávila a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, wanda zai fara aiki har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2028. Canja wurin ya ƙunshi kuɗin Yuro miliyan 12.5, wanda zai iya kaiwa Yuro miliyan 14.5 tare da ƙarin kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=Ajax signs Gastón Ávila |url=https://english.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-gaston-avila/ |access-date=22 August 2023 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ávila ya fuskanci matsala a farkon lokacinsa a Amsterdam. Bayan ya buga wasanni kaɗan kacal, kakarsa ta ƙare a watan Janairun 2024 lokacin da ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta hagu (ACL) a lokacin horo. Raunin ya buƙaci tiyata kuma ya hana shi buga wasa na tsawon kimanin watanni 12, inda ya ajiye shi a gefe na sauran kakar wasa ta 2023-24 da kuma rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2024-25. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Long-term injury for Gaston Avila |url=https://english.ajax.nl/articles/long-term-injury-for-gaston-avila/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lamuni zuwa Fortaleza ====
Bayan ya murmure daga raunin da ya ji a gwiwa na dogon lokaci, Ávila ya karɓi aro daga ƙungiyar Fortaleza ta Brazil a ranar 18 ga Janairu 2025 don ya dawo da ƙoshin lafiya a wasa. Yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2025 kuma ta haɗa da zaɓin siye. [1] Ya zama ɗan wasan farko na ƙungiyar Brazil, inda ya buga wasanni 29 a dukkan gasa yayin da yake sake fasalin salon wasansa bayan rashin lafiyarsa ta tsawon shekara guda.

==== Aron kuɗi na biyu ga Rosario Central ====
A ranar 9 ga Janairu 2026, Ávila ya koma Rosario Central akan lamuni na tsawon shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 January 2026 |title=Gaston Ávila vuelve a Central |trans-title=Gaston Avila returns to Central |url=https://rosariocentral.com/noticia/gaston-avila-vuelve-a-central/ |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=Rosario Central |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasan ==
Ávila ɗan wasan baya ne mai ƙafar hagu wanda ke iya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na tsakiya ko na hagu. An san shi da ƙarfinsa na kai hari a fafatawa, ƙarfinsa na sama duk da cewa ɗan wasan tsakiya yana da tsayi kaɗan, da kuma ikonsa na buga ƙwallon ƙafa mai ci gaba daga baya.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ávila ƙani ne ga ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Chimy Ávila, wanda ke buga wasan gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 February 2019 |title=La historia de Gastón Ávila: el hermano de Chimy que le dijo no a River |url=https://www.tycsports.com/nota/boca-juniors/2019/02/03/la-historia-de-gaston-avila-el-hermano-de-chimy-que-le-dijo-no-a-river-y-debuto-en-la-reserva-de-boca.html |website=TyC Sports |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 13 December 2025}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Copa Argentina]], [[Belgian Cup]], [[KNVB Cup]], [[Copa do Brasil]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Boca Juniors
|2019–20
|Argentine Primera División
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Copa de la Liga Profesional]]}}
|0
|5
|0
|-
|2020–21
|Argentine Primera División
|4
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|0
|-
|2022
|Argentine Primera División
|4
|0
|1
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in the [[Copa Libertadores]]}}
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Torneos de Verano (Argentina)|Torneos de Verano]]}}
|0
|9
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!9
!0
!1
!0
!2
!0
!6
!0
!18
!0
|-
|Rosario Central (loan)
|2021
|Argentine Primera División
|27
|3
|0
|0
|8{{Efn|Appearances in [[Copa Sudamericana]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|35
|3
|-
|Royal Antwerp II
|2022–23
|Belgian National Division 1
|5
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Royal Antwerp|Antwerp]]
|2022–23
|Belgian Pro League
|22
|0
|4
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|26
|0
|-
|2023–24
|Belgian Pro League
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Belgian Super Cup]]}}
|0
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!24
!0
!4
!0
!0
!0
!1
!0
!29
!0
|-
|Ajax
|2023–24
|Eredivisie
|5
|0
|1
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|0
|-
|Jong Ajax
|2023–24
|Eerste Divisie
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
|Fortaleza (loan)
|2025
|Série A
|29
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|29
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!100
!4
!6
!0
!12
!0
!7
!0
!125
!4
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>FC Porto</title>
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      <text bytes="7554" sha1="ec144pe6xvm8frd5bo26qn0gvbdd6oc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Equipamento FC Porto (Porto).jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:FC Porto U16.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:The Da Luz Stadium before a game between SL Benfica and FC Porto.jpg|thumb]]
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = FC Porto
| image = FC Porto logo.svg
| fullname = Futebol Clube do Porto
| nickname = ''Os Dragões'' (Dodanni), ''Azuis e Brancos'' (Shuɗi da Fari)
| short_name = Porto
| founded = 28 Satumba 1893
| ground = Estádio do Dragão
| capacity = 50,033
| chairman = André Villas-Boas
| manager = Sérgio Conceição
| league = Primeira Liga
| season = 2024–25
| position = Primeira Liga
| website = {{URL|https://www.fcporto.pt}}
}}

'''Futebol Clube do Porto''' wanda aka fi sani da '''FC Porto''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Portugal]] wadda take a birnin [[Porto]]. An kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1893, kuma tana daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa mafi nasara a Portugal da kuma Turai baki ɗaya. Ana yi wa ƙungiyar laƙabi da ''Os Dragões'' ma’ana “Dodanni”, sannan launinta shuɗi da fari ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcporto.pt/en/club/history|title=FC Porto History|publisher=FC Porto|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

FC Porto na daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi lashe gasar '''Primeira Liga''' ta Portugal tare da kofunan cikin gida daban-daban kamar '''Taça de Portugal''' da '''Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira'''. Ƙungiyar ta shahara wajen fafatawa da manyan abokan hamayyarta guda biyu wato [[SL Benfica]] da [[Sporting CP]], wanda ake kira “Big Three” na Portugal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/FC-Porto|title=FC Porto Portuguese football club|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafuwa da farkon shekaru ===
An kafa FC Porto ne ta hannun António Nicolau de Almeida, wani ɗan kasuwa daga Porto wanda ya kamu da sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa bayan ziyararsa zuwa Ingila. Ya kawo tsarin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa Porto kuma ya taimaka wajen yaɗa wasan a Portugal. A farkon shekarun ƙungiyar, tana buga wasanni ne a ƙananan filaye kafin daga baya ta samu ci gaba sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcporto.pt/en/club/history|title=History of FC Porto|publisher=FC Porto|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun farko na ƙarni na 20, Porto ta fara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Portugal. Ta lashe kofinta na farko na ƙasa a shekarar 1922 kuma ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa. Wannan nasara ta taimaka wajen kafa tubalin ƙungiyar a matsayin babbar ƙungiya ta ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/fc-porto/|title=FC Porto Team History|publisher=WorldFootball.net|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zamanin nasarori ===
FC Porto ta samu babban ci gaba musamman daga shekarun 1970 zuwa gaba, inda ta fara mamaye gasar Portugal akai-akai. Shugaban ƙungiyar Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa wanda ya jagoranci kulob ɗin na tsawon shekaru da dama ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina Porto zuwa babbar ƙungiyar Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50064/profile/index.html|title=FC Porto Profile|publisher=UEFA|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1987, Porto ta lashe kofin '''European Cup''' (wanda yanzu ake kira UEFA Champions League) bayan ta doke Bayern Munich da ci 2–1 a wasan ƙarshe. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da ƙungiyar ta zama zakarar Turai, kuma nasarar ta sanya Porto cikin jerin manyan kulake na Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/history/seasons/1986/|title=1986/87 European Cup|publisher=UEFA|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2003 Porto ta lashe '''UEFA Cup''' ƙarƙashin jagorancin koci [[José Mourinho]]. Bayan shekara guda kacal, ƙungiyar ta sake lashe UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2004 bayan doke AS Monaco da ci 3–0 a wasan ƙarshe da aka buga a Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=30993/index.html|title=FC Porto achievements|publisher=FIFA|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasannin cikin gida ===
FC Porto tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi lashe gasar Primeira Liga a tarihin Portugal. Ƙungiyar ta samu nasarori masu yawa a cikin gida kuma ta kasance tana fafatawa da Benfica da Sporting CP wajen mamaye gasar Portugal. Porto ta kuma yi suna wajen haɓaka matasa da kuma sayar da fitattun ’yan wasa zuwa manyan lig-lig na Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/fc-porto/startseite/verein/720|title=FC Porto Club Profile|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin fitattun ’yan wasan da suka taka leda a Porto akwai [[Deco]], [[Ricardo Carvalho]], [[Pepe]], [[Radamel Falcao]], [[Hulk]], da [[André Villas-Boas]] wanda daga baya ya zama koci. Waɗannan ’yan wasan sun taimaka wajen ɗaukaka sunan Porto a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/porto-greatest-players/|title=Greatest FC Porto Players|publisher=Goal|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filin wasa ==

=== Estádio do Dragão ===
FC Porto tana amfani da filin wasa na '''Estádio do Dragão''' wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 2003 domin maye gurbin tsohon filinta na Estádio das Antas. Filin yana da kujeru sama da dubu 50 kuma yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasa na Portugal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stadiumguide.com/dragao/|title=Estádio do Dragão Guide|publisher=The Stadium Guide|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da filin a lokacin gasar UEFA Euro 2004 da aka gudanar a Portugal. Filin ya karɓi manyan wasanni na ƙasa da na Turai kuma yana da fasahar zamani da kayayyakin more rayuwa masu inganci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/|title=Portugal Euro Stadiums|publisher=UEFA|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magoya baya ==

Magoya bayan FC Porto suna daga cikin mafi yawan masoya ƙwallon ƙafa a Portugal. Kungiyar magoya baya mafi shahara ita ce '''Super Dragões''', wadda take tallafawa ƙungiyar a gida da wajen Portugal. Magoya bayan Porto suna da matuƙar kishin ƙungiyar kuma suna cika filin wasa a lokutan manyan wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/10/31/fc-porto-and-the-rise-of-the-dragons/|title=FC Porto and the rise of the Dragons|publisher=These Football Times|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rivalry ==

Babban hamayyar FC Porto ita ce da [[SL Benfica]]. Wasannin da suke bugawa ana kallonsu a matsayin manyan wasannin Portugal saboda tarihi da gasa tsakanin kulab ɗin biyu. Porto kuma tana da hamayya mai ƙarfi da [[Sporting CP]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37629940/the-portuguese-classico-benfica-vs-porto|title=The Portuguese Classico|publisher=ESPN|access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==

=== Na cikin gida ===
* '''Primeira Liga'''
** Zakara sau da dama
* '''Taça de Portugal'''
** Zakara sau da dama
* '''Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira'''
** Zakara sau da dama

=== Na Turai ===
* '''UEFA Champions League'''
** 1987
** 2004
* '''UEFA Europa League / UEFA Cup'''
** 2003
** 2011
* '''UEFA Super Cup'''
** 1987
* '''Intercontinental Cup'''
** 1987
** 2004

== Fitattun ’yan wasa ==
* [[Deco]]
* [[Pepe]]
* [[Ricardo Carvalho]]
* [[Hulk]]
* [[Radamel Falcao]]
* [[João Moutinho]]
* [[Vítor Baía]]

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Primeira Liga]]
* [[Portugal]]
* [[UEFA Champions League]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Portugal]]
[[Category:FC Porto]]
[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da aka kafa a 1893]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Germán Cano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149797</id>
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'''Germán Ezequiel Cano Recalde''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Fluminense .

== Ayyuka ==

=== Lanús da rance ===
An haife shi a Lomas na Zamora, Cano ya kammala karatun matasa na Lanús. Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Lautaro Acosta a wasan 3-1 na Copa Libertadores a gida da Danube . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 February 2008 |title=Libertadores: Lanús derrota 3–1 a Danubio |trans-title=Libertadores: Lanús defeat Danubio by 3–1 |url=https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Libertadores-Lan-s-derrota-3-1-a-Danubio-8448975.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113201418/https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Libertadores-Lan-s-derrota-3-1-a-Danubio-8448975.php |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=My Plainview |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cano ya fara Guguwa Primera División a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2008, ya fara ne a wasan da ya yi da Huracán 1-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2008 |title=Se animó y festejó |trans-title=Cheered up and partying |url=http://www.espn.com.ar/futbol/reporte?juegoId=235444 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, ya zira kwallaye na farko ta hanyar zira kwallayen tawagarsa kawai a cikin asarar 3-1 a San Lorenzo, kuma ya gama kakar wasa ta farko tare da kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2008 |title=San Lorenzo tiene qué festejar |trans-title=San Lorenzo have to party |url=http://www.espn.com.ar/futbol/reporte?juegoId=235504 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=ESPN |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, an ba da rancen Cano ga sabuwar kungiyar Chacarita Juniors, na shekara guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2009 |title=Germán Cano se sumó a Chacarita |trans-title=Germán Cano joined Chacarita |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1165380-german-cano-se-sumo-a-chacarita |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121112/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1165380-german-cano-se-sumo-a-chacarita |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[La Nación]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya nuna kadan amma yana fama da raguwa ya koma Lanús, amma bayan da ba a yi amfani da shi sosai ba, an ba da rancensa ga Colón a ranar 30 ga Disamba 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2010 |title=Cano es de Colón |trans-title=Cano joins Colón |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/colon/cano-colon_0_ryNe8wLxsng.html |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[Olé (sports newspaper)|Olé]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, Cano ya koma kasashen waje a karo na farko a cikin aikinsa, ya shiga kungiyar Categoría Primera A Deportivo Pereira a aro har zuwa watan Disamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2011 |title=Germán Ezequiel Cano, otro refuerzo del Deportivo Pereira |trans-title=Germán Ezequiel Cano, another addition of Deportivo Pereira |url=https://www.futbolred.com/archivo/documento/CMS-10006048 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=Futbol Red |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, ya koma Paraguay's Nacional kuma a cikin yarjejeniyar wucin gadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2012 |title=Nacional tendrá a Germán Cano en la delantera |trans-title=Nacional will have Germán Cano in the forward line |url=http://www.abc.com.py/deportes/nacional-tendra-a-german-cano-en-la-delantera-361339.html |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[ABC Color]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medellín mai zaman kanta ===
A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2012, Cano ya amince da kwangila na dindindin tare da Independiente Medellín . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2012 |title=Medellín sigue consintiendo a Bolillo: Germán Cano es el quinto refuerzo |trans-title=Medellín keep consisting Bolillo: Germán Cano is the fifth addition |url=https://gol.caracoltv.com/futbol-colombiano/liga-postobon/articulo-259366-medellin-sigue-consintiendo-a-bolillo-german-cano-el-quinto-refuerzo |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[Caracol Televisión]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga kulob din, ya zira kwallaye tara a kakar wasa ta farko da kwallaye 15 a karo na biyu.

A cikin Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2014, Cano ya zira kwallaye 27 kuma shine babban mai zira kwallayen gasar Clausura; abubuwan da suka fi dacewa sun haɗa da hat-trick a cikin hanyar 4-1 na Millonarios a ranar 11 ga Oktoba.

=== Pachuca da rance ===
A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Cano ya sake sauya kungiyoyi da kasashe bayan ya amince da kwangila tare da kungiyar Liga MX ta Pachuca . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2015 |title=Germán Cano se va del DIM y jugará con el Pachuca |trans-title=Germán Cano leaves ''DIM'' and will play with Pachuca |url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/deportes/independiente-medellin/german-cano-se-va-del-dim-y-jugara-con-el-pachuca-AF1142929 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[El Colombiano]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, ya fara ne a cikin asarar 1-0 a Guadalajara, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a ranar 4 ga Maris a cikin 1-1 CONCACAF Champions League da Montreal Impact.

A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, bayan ya kasa fitowa a kowane wasa a lokacin rabin Zaki neman zabe saboda raunin gwiwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2015 |title=Germán Cano, baja seis meses por ruptura del ligamento cruzado de la rodilla derecha |trans-title=Germán Cano, out six months due to ligament tear of the right knee |url=http://estoenlinea.oem.com.mx/72990-german-cano-baja-seis-meses-por-ruptura-del-ligamento-cruzado-de-la-rodilla-derecha/ |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=Esto en Línea |language=es |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124329/http://estoenlinea.oem.com.mx/72990-german-cano-baja-seis-meses-por-ruptura-del-ligamento-cruzado-de-la-rodilla-derecha/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da rancen Cano ga 'yan wasan León. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2015 |title=El argentino Germán Cano es el segundo refuerzo del León |trans-title=The Argentine Germán Cano is the second addition of León |url=http://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/mexico/nota/_/id/2548838/el-argentino-german-cano-es-el-segundo-refuerzo-del-leon |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[ESPN Deportes]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun, ya koma Pachuca kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman maye gurbin.

A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2018, Cano ya koma Independiente Medellín a kan yarjejeniyar aro ta watanni shida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2018 |title=Germán Cano deja Pachuca y ahora es de Independiente de Medellín |trans-title=Germán Cano leaves Pachuca and now is of Independiente Medellín |url=https://mexico.as.com/mexico/2018/01/11/futbol/1515644574_557359.html |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga Mayu, ya tsawaita alakarsa har zuwa ƙarshen shekara,  kuma ya ƙare kakar wasa tare da kwallaye 32 gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title=Germán Cano renueva su contrato seis meses con el Medellín |trans-title=Germán Cano renews his contract six months with Medellín |url=https://www.elespectador.com/deportes/futbol-colombiano/german-cano-renueva-su-contrato-seis-meses-con-el-medellin-articulo-789499 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[El Espectador]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vasco da Gama ===
A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an sanar da Germán Cano a matsayin sa hannu na farko na Cruzmaltino na shekarar 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2019 |title=Presidente do Vasco, Campello anuncia contratação de atacante argentino Germán Cano |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/campello-anuncia-contratacao-de-atacante-argentino-german-cano.ghtml |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasansa na biyu ga Vasco da Gama, Cano ya zira kwallaye na farko tare da rigar cruzmaltina, a cikin lokutan karshe na nasarar 1-0 a kan Boavista a 2020 Campeonato Carioca . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jogo Boavista 0 x 1 Vasco melhores momentos - Campeonato Carioca, Rodada 3 - tempo real |url=https://ge.globo.com/rj/serra-lagos-norte/futebol/campeonato-carioca/jogo/25-01-2020/boavista-vasco.ghtml |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Disamba 2021, an sanar da ficewarsa daga Vasco da Gama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Vasco anuncia saída de Cano, que se declara à torcida: &quot;Espero revê-los em breve&quot; |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/vasco-anuncia-saida-de-cano.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220114002456/https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/vasco-anuncia-saida-de-cano.ghtml |archive-date=14 January 2022 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin duka, Cano ya buga wasanni 101, ya zira kwallaye 43 kuma ya ba da taimako huɗu. Shi ne na biyu mafi girma a kulob din wanda ba dan Brazil ba a karni na 21. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Germán Cano não renova contrato com o Vasco e deixa o clube |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2021/12/06/german-cano-nao-renova-contrato-com-o-vasco-e-deixa-o-clube.htm |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fernando Peyroteo</title>
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{{Infobox ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa
| suna = Fernando Peyroteo
| hoto = Fernando Peyroteo.jpg
| cikakken_suna = Fernando Baptista de Seixas Peyroteo de Vasconcelos
| ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa|1918|3|10}}
| wurin_haihuwa = Humpata, Angola ta Fotigal
| ranar_mutuwa = {{Mutuwa da shekaru|1978|11|28|1918|3|10}}
| wurin_mutuwa = Lisbon, Fotigal
| tsawo = 1.82 m
| matsayi = Mai kai hari
| shekaru = 1937–1949
| kungiyoyi1 = Sporting CP
| wasa1 = 197
| kwallaye1 = 331
| tawaga_ta_kasa1 = Fotigal
| wasa_ta_kasa1 = 20
| kwallaye_ta_kasa1 = 14
}}

'''Fernando Baptista de Seixas Peyroteo de Vasconcelos''' (10 ga Maris, 1918 – 28 ga Nuwamba, 1978), wanda aka fi sani da '''Fernando Peyroteo''', ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a tarihin ƙasar Fotigal. Ya shahara musamman saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen zura ƙwallaye masu yawa a kowane kakar wasa da ya buga. Peyroteo ya yi fice ne a matsayin ɗan wasan kungiyar [[Sporting CP]], inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu cin ƙwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar da kuma ƙwallon ƙafar Turai baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.sporting.pt/en/history/legends/fernando-peyroteo |title=Fernando Peyroteo – Sporting CP Legend |publisher=Sporting CP |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Fernando Peyroteo a garin Humpata da ke Angola ta Fotigal a lokacin mulkin mallakar Fotigal. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da ƙwarewa sosai wajen cin ƙwallaye. Daga baya ya koma ƙasar Fotigal domin ci gaba da rayuwa da kuma neman damar taka leda a manyan ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/player.php?id=13004 |title=Fernando Peyroteo Profile |publisher=Zerozero |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa ==
=== Sporting CP ===
Peyroteo ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar [[Sporting CP]] a shekarar 1937. Cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ya zama babban tauraron ƙungiyar saboda iya cin ƙwallaye cikin sauƙi. Ya kasance cikin fitaccen rukuni na ‘yan wasan Sporting da aka sani da ''Cinco Violinos'' wato “Violin guda biyar”, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan ‘yan wasa masu kai hari da suka mamaye ƙwallon ƙafar Fotigal a shekarun 1940.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.sporting.pt/pt/noticias/clube/historia/2020-03-10/fernando-peyroteo-um-lendario-leao |title=Fernando Peyroteo, Um Lendário Leão |publisher=Sporting CP |language=pt |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake Sporting CP, Peyroteo ya taimaka wajen lashe kofunan liga da dama tare da kofunan cikin gida. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi ingancin masu cin ƙwallaye a tarihin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa saboda yawan ƙwallayen da ya ci idan aka kwatanta da yawan wasannin da ya buga. Ya ci fiye da ƙwallaye 500 a wasannin hukuma duk da cewa bai yi doguwar rayuwar wasa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/peyroteo-intlg.html |title=Fernando Peyroteo - Goalscoring Record |publisher=RSSSF |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peyroteo ya kasance ɗan wasa mai ƙarfi, mai iya bugun kai, da kuma kammala hare-hare cikin sauri. Yana amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu wajen jefa ƙwallo a raga, lamarin da ya sa masu tsaron baya ke fama da wahalar dakile shi. Har ila yau yana da kyakkyawar fahimtar motsi a cikin akwatin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/10/27/fernando-peyroteo-portugals-forgotten-goalscoring-machine/ |title=Fernando Peyroteo: Portugal’s Forgotten Goalscoring Machine |publisher=These Football Times |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cinco Violinos ===
Fernando Peyroteo yana daga cikin shahararrun ‘yan wasan da suka kafa tawagar ''Cinco Violinos'' ta Sporting CP. Wannan rukuni ya ƙunshi Peyroteo, Albano, Jesus Correia, Manuel Vasques da José Travassos. Tawagar ta yi fice sosai saboda haɗin kai da kuma salon kai hari mai kayatarwa wanda ya sa Sporting CP ta zama babbar ƙungiya a Fotigal a wancan lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0268-1215b2f52f1e-b4d0b4d14b0b-1000--sporting-s-famous-five-violins/ |title=Sporting's Famous Five Violins |publisher=UEFA |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tawagar ƙasar Fotigal ===
Peyroteo ya buga wa tawagar ƙasar Fotigal wasanni 20 tsakanin shekarun 1938 zuwa 1949, inda ya ci ƙwallaye 14. Duk da cewa Fotigal ba ta kasance cikin manyan ƙasashen ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin ba, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/712756/contextId/1619470 |title=Fernando Peyroteo |publisher=Federação Portuguesa de Futebol |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
An san Fernando Peyroteo da ƙwarewa wajen kammala hare-hare da kuma kasancewa a daidai wurin da ya dace lokacin da ake bukatar mai kai hari. Yana da ƙarfin jiki da iya sarrafa ƙwallo sosai, tare da bugun kai mai ƙarfi. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya inganci masu cin ƙwallaye a tarihin wasan saboda matsakaicin ƙwallayen da yake ci a kowane wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/forgotten-footballers-fernando-peyroteo/blt6f56ef5d4c2cbb57 |title=Forgotten Footballers: Fernando Peyroteo |publisher=Goal |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ritaya ==
Peyroteo ya yi ritaya daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru 31 kacal. Duk da ƙarancin shekarunsa lokacin da ya ajiye wasa, ya riga ya kafa tarihin da ya sa ake ci gaba da tunawa da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gwarazan Sporting CP da Fotigal baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fernando-Peyroteo |title=Fernando Peyroteo |publisher=Britannica |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Fernando Peyroteo ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1978 a Lisbon, Fotigal. Bayan rasuwarsa, magoya bayan Sporting CP da masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun ci gaba da girmama gudummawar da ya bayar ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/11/28/desporto/noticia/fernando-peyroteo-o-avancado-que-fazia-golos-como-ninguem-1852924 |title=Fernando Peyroteo, o avançado que fazia golos como ninguém |publisher=Público |language=pt |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==
=== Sporting CP ===
* Primeira Liga: 1940–41, 1943–44, 1946–47, 1947–48
* Taça de Portugal: 1940–41, 1944–45, 1945–46, 1947–48

=== Kyaututtuka na mutum ==
* Wanda ya fi cin ƙwallaye a gasar Fotigal sau da dama
* Ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan masu cin ƙwallaye a tarihin Sporting CP
* Memba na tawagar ''Cinco Violinos''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/fernando-peyroteo/ |title=Fernando Peyroteo |publisher=WorldFootball.net |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Sporting CP]]
* [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Fotigal]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Manazarta}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peyroteo, Fernando}}
[[Category:Haihuwar 1918]]
[[Category:Mutuwar 1978]]
[[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Fotigal]]
[[Category:Masu kai hari]]
[[Category:'Yan wasan Sporting CP]]
[[Category:Mutane daga Angola]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edgar Davids</title>
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'''Edgar Steven Davids''' (  ; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Maris 1973) tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Holland. An yi wa Davids lakabi da '''&quot;The Pitbull&quot;''' saboda iyawarsa ta nuna alama, ƙarfin hali, da kuma salon wasansa mai wahala. &lt;ref name=&quot;tuttojuve.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stefano Bedeschi |title=Gli eroi in bianconero: Edgar DAVIDS |url=http://www.tuttojuve.com/gli-eroi-bianconeri/gli-eroi-in-bianconero-edgar-davids-43867 |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=Tutto Juve |language=it |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221172336/https://www.tuttojuve.com/gli-eroi-bianconeri/gli-eroi-in-bianconero-edgar-davids-43867 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;One-on-One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 January 2010 |title=Edgar Davids: One-on-One |url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/edgar-davids-one-one |access-date=19 July 2016 |website=FourFourTwo}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Davids: Dutch can go all the way&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=Davids: Dutch can go all the way |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=803386.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618092022/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=803386.html |archive-date=18 June 2008 |access-date=4 September 2011 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya fara aikinsa da Ajax, inda ya lashe kofuna da dama a cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje, daga baya ya buga wasa a Italiya a AC Milan, daga baya kuma ya ji daɗin zamansa na nasara tare da Juventus, kafin a ba shi aro ga [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] a 2004. Ya ci gaba da bugawa Inter Milan da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] kafin ya koma Ajax. Bayan ya yi fama da raunuka na tsawon shekaru biyu, Davids ya koma gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Crystal Palace kafin ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 37. A shekarar 2012, an naɗa shi ɗan wasa-manaja a ƙungiyar Barnet ta Ingila ta biyu . Ya yi murabus bisa yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a matsayin manaja a watan Janairun 2014. Ya buga wasanni 74 a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa a Netherlands, inda ya zira kwallaye shida, kuma ya wakilci ƙasarsa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1998 da kuma gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA (sau uku: 1996, 2000, da 2004).

Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da aka fi sani a zamaninsa, &lt;ref name=&quot;football-oranje.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Bell |date=18 August 2013 |title=Hall of Fame: Edgar Davids |url=http://www.football-oranje.com/hall-of-fame-edgar-davids/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070307/http://www.football-oranje.com/hall-of-fame-edgar-davids/ |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=31 December 2015 |publisher=Football Oranje.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Davids sau da yawa ya shahara a filin ƙwallon ƙafa saboda gashinsa mai kauri da kuma gilashin kariya da yake sakawa saboda [[glaucoma]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goggles are Davids' most glaring feature |url=http://www.soccertimes.com/oped/2003/mar07.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420084821/http://www.soccertimes.com/oped/2003/mar07.htm |archive-date=20 April 2008 |access-date=19 December 2008 |publisher=Soccer Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2009 |title=Dedicated followers of fashion |url=https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1049031/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117093620/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1049031/index.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |access-date=13 October 2013 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2004, [[Pele|Pelé]] ya zaɓe shi don ya fito a cikin FIFA 100, jerin manyan 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya, a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Edgar Steven Davids a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1973, a [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]] kuma asalinsa ɗan asalin Afro-Surinam ne, tare da asalin Yahudawa daga mahaifiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parents&quot; /&gt; Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Netherlands lokacin da Davids yake jariri.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20180608/281505046913642 |via=PressReader}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗan uwansa Lorenzo shi ma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne.  

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Ajax ===
Bayan da ƙungiyar ta ƙi shi sau biyu a baya,  Davids ya fara aikinsa yana ɗan shekara 12 tare da Ajax .  Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1991 a wasan da suka doke RKC Waalwijk a gida da ci 5-1. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar [[Amsterdam]] ta lashe gasar Eredivisie ta gida sau uku, da kuma nasarar nahiyar Turai a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1992 da kuma gasar zakarun Turai ta 1995. A wasan ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 1996, ya rasa bugun fenariti na farko da Ajax ta yi a bugun fenariti, wanda daga ƙarshe suka sha kashi a hannun Juventus . Yayin da yake Ajax, kocin Ajax Louis van Gaal ya yi wa David lakabi da &quot;The Pitbull &quot; saboda salon wasansa mai zafi a tsakiyar ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;football-oranje.com&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;One-on-One&quot;/&gt;

=== AC Milan da Juventus ===
[[Fayil:Edgar_Davids_(Juventus_F.C.,_no._26)_clashing_with_Gennaro_Gattuso_(A.C._Milan)_-_20030528.jpg|thumb|Davids na Juventus sun fafata da Gennaro Gattuso na AC Milan a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2003.]]
Da farkon kakar wasa ta 1996-97, Davids ya koma Italiya don bugawa AC Milan wasa kyauta tare da abokin wasansa Michael Reiziger, dukkansu sun fara cin gajiyar hukuncin &quot;Bosman &quot;.  A kakar wasa mai cike da rashin nasara inda zakarun da ke kare kambun Milan suka canza manajansu sau biyu kuma suka kare a matsayi na 11 a gasar Serie A, Davids ya karye a kafarsa a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Perugia a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1997.  Bayan ya kasa dawo da matsayinsa a kungiyar, an ba shi damar shiga gasar zakarun Turai Juventus a watan Disamba 1997 kan rage kudin canja wurin Italiya na biliyan 9 (£3 miliyan).   A Milan, Davids ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan takaici a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta Serie A, abokin wasansa [[Alessandro Costacurta]] ya soki halinsa, yana kiransa &quot; lalata apple &quot; na dakin shiryawa. 

A Juventus, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama memba na farko na ƙungiyar a tsakiya, yana wasa da farko a gefen hagu, ko kuma daga baya yawanci a tsakiya, a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya, yana ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa mai kyau tare da ɗan wasan tsakiya na Faransa [[Zinedine Yazid Zidane|Zinedine Zidane]] ; masana sun ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun canja wurin Janairu, yayin da manajan Juventus Marcello Lippi ya ce sabon rawar da Davids ya taka a cikin ƙungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan canje-canje na dabarun kakar wasa, tare da sauya sheka zuwa tsaron 'yan wasa uku da kuma amfani da Zidane a matsayin wani muhimmin matsayi a bayan 'yan wasan gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;One-on-One&quot;/&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 November 2003 |title=David v Goliath? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/scotland/3265413.stm |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru shida masu nasara a [[Torino|Turin]] sun biyo baya, inda Davids ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar Serie A a 1998, 2002, da 2003, da kuma Supercoppa Italiana guda biyu da UEFA Intertoto Cup . Lippi ya taɓa bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;ɗakin injina na mutum ɗaya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;tuttojuve.com&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;One-on-One&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2023 |title=Titolare a sorpresa: anche Mirante è un doppio ex di Milan-Juve |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie-a/milan-juve-ex-giocatori#16 |access-date=21 March 2024 |publisher=sport.sky.it |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Davids ya kasance mai kwarin gwiwa a Turai, inda ya buga wasanni 15 yayin da kungiyar ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2002-03 kafin ta sha kashi a hannun Milan a bugun fenariti . Ya kuma taba samun nasarar kaiwa wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai da Juventus a 1998, sannan ya kare a wasan kusa da na karshe a kakar wasa ta 1998-99, da kuma kaiwa wasan karshe na gasar Coppa Italia ta 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;tuttojuve.com&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;One-on-One&quot;/&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;rivistaundici&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Pitbull |url=https://www.rivistaundici.com/2015/03/14/pitbull/ |access-date=21 March 2024 |publisher=Rivista Undici |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Barcelona (Aro) ====
Bayan wasu takaddama da kocin Juventus Lippi, da kuma gogayya da sabbin 'yan wasa ke yi don fara wasa a Juventus a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2003-04, Davids ya koma [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] a matsayin aro a watan Janairun 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;rivistaundici&quot;/&gt; Da yake shiga tsakiyar kakar wasa inda kungiyar ke fama da rashin nasara a tsakiyar teburi kuma kocin da aka nada kwanan nan Frank Rijkaard yana fuskantar matsin lamba mai yawa, Davids ya jagoranci nasarar sake farfado da kungiyar Barca wanda ya sa ta kare a matsayi na biyu bayan [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] a gasar La Liga .  An ambaci zuwan Davids a matsayin abin da ya haifar da rinjayen kungiyar [[Katalunya|Catalan]] a kwallon kafa ta Sifaniya da Turai a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 (shekaru goma sha biyu), inda Barcelona ta lashe [[La Liga]] a kakar wasa mai zuwa (bayan shekaru biyar ba tare da lashe gasar ba) da kuma lashe gasar La Liga da Champions League a 2005-06 . 

=== Inter Milan da Tottenham Hotspur ===
A lokacin bazara na 2004, Davids ya koma ƙungiyar Inter Milan ta Italiya har abada kan kwantiragin shekaru uku.  Lokacin da Inter ta soke sauran shekarun kwangilarsa a watan Agusta na 2005, ya koma Ingila kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta don bugawa [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] wasa.  Ya yi nasara a Tottenham kuma nan take ya zama abin da magoya baya suka fi so. Kwallonsa ta farko kuma ɗaya tilo ita ce a wasan da suka doke Wigan Athletic da ci 2-1 a waje.  Davids ya buga wa Spurs wasa a kakar wasa ta 2005-06 da 2006-07, inda ƙungiyar ta kare a matsayi na biyar a dukkan kakar wasa biyu.

=== Komawa Ajax ===
[[Fayil:EdgarDavids_Vermaelen_VdWiel.jpg|left|thumb|Davids ya rungumi kocin kungiyar Ajax David Endt a karo na biyu a Ajax, tare da Thomas Vermaelen da Gregory van der Wiel a baya.]]
Davids ya sake sanya hannu a Ajax a ranar 28 ga Janairun 2007  kuma ya buga wasansa na farko da abokan hamayyarsa na kulob din Feyenoord a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tactical Formation |url=http://www.football-lineups.com/match/3656/ |access-date=13 October 2013 |website=Football-Lineups.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sauya sheka a tsakiyar kakar wasa, Davids ya sake tabbatar da darajarsa ga kungiyar Ajax. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan [[Mai buga tsakiya|'yan wasan tsakiya]] a gasar cin kofin Holland da aka sha kashi a hannun [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]] a ranar karshe ta gasar. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a kakar wasa ta cin kofin Ajax. Ya lashe Kofin KNVB ga Ajax ta hanyar zura kwallon karshe a bugun fenariti mai kayatarwa a kan AZ . Kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2007-08, an karya kafar Davids a wasan sada zumunta da Go Ahead Eagles, inda ya ajiye shi na tsawon watanni uku.  A watan Mayun 2008, Davids ya ce zai bar Ajax idan kwantiraginsa ya kare a ranar 30 ga Yuni. 

Davids ya buga wasa da LA Galaxy a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2008 a wani wasan baje koli da aka gudanar a filin wasa na Mount Smart da ke Auckland, New Zealand, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Oceania XI All-Star, duk da cewa ba ɗan Oceania ba ne kuma bai taɓa bugawa ƙungiyar Oceanic ko ƙungiyar ƙasa ba. [1] Davids yana tattaunawa kan kwantiragi da ƙungiyar Leicester City ta gasar zakarun Ingila daga ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2009; [2] duk da haka, ya kasa yanke shawara sama da mako guda kuma ƙungiyar ta janye tayinta a ranar 30 ga Oktoba. [2]

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Ezekiel Ponce</title>
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      <text bytes="12129" sha1="jjt0bax5ncv1q1o7nayjrnltu9t9opo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ezequiel Ponce Martínez''' (Spanish pronunciation: [eseˈkjel ˈponse]; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa ta Houston Dynamo . &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|ezequiel-ponce/317832}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{IPA|es|eseˈkjel ˈponse}}{{IPA|es|eseˈkjel ˈponse}}{{IPA|es|eseˈkjel ˈponse}}

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Tsoffin 'Yan Matan Newell ===
Ponce matashi ne daga ƙungiyar garinsu ta Newell's Old Boys . Ana hasashen cewa Ponce ya koma ƙungiyar Newell's Old Boys yana ɗan shekara takwas, inda ya ci gaba da taka leda a ƙungiyar matasa har ya shiga ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa a shekarar 2013. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2013 a wasan da suka yi da Quilmes a wasan da suka tashi 0-2. &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Quilmes vs. Newell's Old Boys - 5 October 2013 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/05/argentina/primera-division/quilmes-atletico-club/newell-s-old-boys/1505301/ |access-date=20 August 2014 |publisher=soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Maris 2014, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ragar ƙungiyar Racing Club a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-0 a gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Newell's Old Boys vs. Racing Club - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/16/argentina/primera-division/newell-s-old-boys/racing-club-de-avellaneda/1622760/ |access-date=20 August 2014 |publisher=soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Romawa ===
A watan Agusta na 2015, ƙungiyar Roma ta Italiya ta sanar da siyan Ponce daga ƙungiyar Newell's Old Boys akan kuɗin Yuro miliyan 4.2. Ponce ya fara wasa da Roma da kyau ta hanyar zura kwallaye uku a zagayen rukuni na gasar matasa ta UEFA, amma wani bala'i ya faru a watan Disamba, yayin da ɗan wasan ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa, wanda ya sa ya bar ƙungiyar na tsawon watanni huɗu. Ya dawo wasa da ƙarfi a bazara, yana wasa a ƙungiyar da ke riƙe da 'yan wasa, inda ya lashe gasar Campionato Nazionale Primavera kuma ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni goma. An kuma kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan Roma ba tare da an ba shi dama a filin wasa ba. 

==== Aron zuwa Granada ====
A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2016, an ba Ponce aro ga ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] ta Granada CF na tsawon shekara ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.granadacf.es/noticia/ezequiel-ponce-llega-a-nuestra-entidad-cedido-por-un-ano Ezequiel Ponce llega a nuestra entidad cedido por un año (Ezequiel Ponce arrives at our club on loan for one year)]; Granada CF, 5 August 2016 {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana goma sha biyar ya zura kwallaye a wasansa na farko a ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Villarreal CF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2016 |title=Debut y gol para Ponce en el Granada |trans-title=Debut and a goal for Ponce with Granada |url=http://www.marca.com/futbol/argentina/2016/08/20/57b8b6a822601d0e478b4652.html |access-date=13 September 2016 |publisher=Marca |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Aron zuwa Lille ====
[[Fayil:Ezequiel_Ponce_(LOSC).jpg|left|thumb|343x343px|Ponce yana bugawa ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta Lille wasa .]]
A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2017, bayan da tsohon manaja Marcelo Bielsa ya gano shi, an ba Ponce aro ga ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta Lille .  Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka doke Nantes da ci 3-0 a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2017. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba a wasan da suka doke AS Saint-Étienne da ci 3-1. 

==== Lamuni ga AEK Athens ====
[[Fayil:Ezequiel_Ponce_with_AEK.jpg|right|thumb|299x299px|An dauki hoton Ponce a lokacin da yake kulob din Super League AEK Athens .]]
A ranar 19 ga Yulin 2018, an ba Ponce aro ga ƙungiyar AEK Athens ta Girka Super League na tsawon shekara ɗaya tare da siyan €6 miliyan. Roma za ta sami damar samun kashi 30% na duk wani siyar da ɗan wasan, kodayake za a iya cire kuɗin aro idan AEK ta biya ƙarin €1 miliyan. Ɗan wasan gaba mai himma ne, amma idan aka yi la'akari da ɓangarorin da ake buƙatar ingantawa, tabbas dole ne ya fara zura kwallaye. Lokacin da ya shiga AEK, Ponce ya nuna farin cikinsa da damar da ya samu ta nuna hazakarsa a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] .'' &quot;Duk muna son yin wasa a gasar zakarun Turai; babban burinmu ne. Ina farin cikin zama ɗan wasan AEK, ina matukar sha'awar mutanen da na haɗu da su, kuma dole ne mu zama ƙungiya mai haɗin kai.&quot;'' in ji shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 July 2018 |script-title=el:Και επίσημα ο Πόνσε στην ΑΕΚ! |url=http://www.to10.gr/podosfero/superleague/326751/ke-episima-o-ponse-stin-aek/ |publisher=www.to10.gr |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 July 2018 |title=Official: Ponce leaves Roma |url=https://www.football-italia.net/124738/official-ponce-leaves-roma |publisher=www.football-italia.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2018, ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 2018–19 a wasan da suka ci gida 2-0 da PAS Giannina yayin da yake wurin da ya dace a lokacin da ya dace don ya buga ƙwallon da ta yi kyau daga Marko Livaja .  A ranar 16 ga Satumba 2018, ya zira ƙwallo a wasan da suka ci gida 4-0 da Panionios daga kusa da nesa bayan [[Petros Mantalos]] ya zira ƙwallo mai daɗi da daidai.  A ranar 29 ga Satumba 2018, Ponce ya zira ƙwallo ta uku ga ƙungiyar a wasan da suka buga da OFI, bayan ƙwallon ta yi masa rauni a jikinsa kuma ta ƙare a ragar da ba a tsare ba don tabbatar da nasarar da suka samu a waje da ci 3-0. 

A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2018, ɗan wasan Roma mai aro ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin mintuna shida na biyu na wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 4-0 a kan Aris Thessaloniki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=el:ΑΕΚ - Άρης 4-0: &quot;Σόου&quot; από Πόνσε και Μπογέ στο άδειο ΟΑΚΑ |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-arhs-4-0-sooy-apo-ponse-kai-mpoge-sto-adeio-oaka.5348829.html |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=www.sport24.gr |language=el |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413110719/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-arhs-4-0-sooy-apo-ponse-kai-mpoge-sto-adeio-oaka.5348829.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2018, ya fara cin kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Xanthi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2018 |title=ΑΕΚ - Ξάνθη 2-0: Πόνσε και Λιβάγια έδωσαν ανάσα |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-ksanthh-2-0-ponse-kai-livagia-edwsan-anasa.5377864.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327162034/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-ksanthh-2-0-ponse-kai-livagia-edwsan-anasa.5377864.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2018, ya zira kwallaye da ƙwallon da ta yi kyau, bayan ƙwallon da [[Petros Mantalos]] ya zira a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Lamia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2018 |title=ΑΕΚ - Λαμία 2-0: &quot;Καθάρισε&quot; εύκολα, με σούπερ Πόνσε |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-lamia-2-0-katharise-eukola-me-souper-ponse.5383730.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154439/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-lamia-2-0-katharise-eukola-me-souper-ponse.5383730.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2019, Ponce ya tashi sama don kai hari da ƙarfi daga kusurwar Rodrigo Galo, kuma akwai sauran lokaci don ƙarin kwallo ɗaya kafin hutun rabin lokaci yayin da Ponce ya sake tashi ya koma gida a minti na uku na ƙarin lokaci daga ƙwallon da Marko Livaja ya buga masa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 January 2019 |title=ΠΑΣ Γιάννινα - ΑΕΚ 0-4 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1313476/pas-giannina-aek-0-4 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Janairu 2019, ya zira kwallaye da bugun fenariti a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 3-0 a kan Asteras Tripolis . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 January 2019 |script-title=el:ΑΕΚ - Αστέρας 3-0: &quot;Καθάρισε&quot; σε 20 λεπτά η ΑΕΚ |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-asteras-3-0-katharise-se-20-lepta-h-aek.5418546.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064316/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-asteras-3-0-katharise-se-20-lepta-h-aek.5418546.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Janairu 2019, ya zura kwallo a minti na biyu na karin lokaci, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da nasarar da ya samu a wasan da suka yi da Panionios da ci 2-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2019 |title=Πανιώνιος - ΑΕΚ 0-2 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1318056/panionios-aek-0-2 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2019, dan wasan gefe na Argentina ya ci gaba da nuna kwazo a fagen zura kwallo, inda ya tashi ya hadu da wani kyakkyawan cross daga Marko Livaja sannan ya kalli kwallon a kusurwar hagu ta kasa bayan nutsewar Alexandros Paschalakis a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a wasan da suka yi da juna a filin wasa na Olympic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 February 2019 |title=ΑΕΚ - ΠΑΟΚ 1-1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1320815/aek-paok-1-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2019, ya fara cin kwallo yayin da AEK ta fara mafarki a minti na uku lokacin da Viktor Klonaridis ya tare kwallon da mai tsaron baya na Olympiacos Jagoš Vuković ya yi, kuma dan wasan gefe mai sauri ya yi gaba ya kuma yi amfani da kwallon da mai tsaron raga na Olympiacos José Sá ya yi amfani da ita wajen shiga hanyar Ponce, wanda ya buga kwallo da sauri daga kusa da raga. Daga karshe, AEK ta sha kashi 4-1 a hannun abokan hamayyarta Olympiacos a wasan hamayya na [[UEFA Champions League]] a kakar wasa mai zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2019 |title=Ολυμπιακός - ΑΕΚ 4-1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1325686/olympiakos-aek-4-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2019, ɗan wasan gaba na Argentina ya yi ƙoƙarin zura kwallo daga gefen filin bugun fenariti, inda ya jefa ƙwallon rabin raga a kusurwar hagu ta gefen Christos Theodorakis mai cike da damuwa sannan ya fara zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0 a gasar cin kofin Girka da abokan hamayyarsu Atromitos . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=ΑΕΚ - Ατρόμητος 3-0 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/kypello-elladas/article/1329115/aek-atromitos-3-0-vids |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2019, ya fara cin kwallo ta hanyar neman sarari tsakanin 'yan wasan tsakiya na Lamia, yayin da ya hadu da kwallon da [[Petros Mantalos]] ya ci, yana kai kwallon zuwa kusurwar dama a wasan kusa da na karshe na Kofin Girka da suka tashi 2-0 a wasan farko da suka fafata da Lamia . Ya zura kwallaye 18 zuwa yanzu, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar a kakar wasa daya tun bayan da dan wasan Argentina [[Ismael Blanco]] ya zura kwallaye 24 a AEK a kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=ΑΕΚ - Λαμία 2-0 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/kypello-elladas/article/1341751/aek-lamia-2-0 |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Afrilun 2019, ya zura kwallo lokacin da ya yi nasarar jefa kwallo ta hannun Rodrigo Galo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, inda ya doke Živko Živković a wasan karshe da suka yi nasara a waje da ci 3-1, wanda hakan ya sa kungiyar ta koma matsayi na uku a gasar Super League. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2019 |title=Ξάνθη-ΑΕΚ 1-3: Ανατροπή και.. πάρτι στο Β' ημίχρονο |url=https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/880014/super-league-live-xanthi-aek-0-0-a-imihrono/ |website=protothema.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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    <title>Gianluca Mancini</title>
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      <text bytes="6363" sha1="gdyac4n6ufsamqn2tskfuga32hetljf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:FC Salzburg gegen AS Roma (UEFA Euroleague play-off, 2023-02-16) 15 (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
{{Infobox dan kwallon kafa
| suna = Gianluca Mancini
| hoto = Gianluca Mancini 2023.jpg
| cikakken_suna = Gianluca Mancini
| ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1996|4|17}}
| wurin_haihuwa = Pontedera, Italiya
| tsawo = 1.90 m
| matsayi = Mai tsaron baya
| kungiyar_yanzu = [[AS Roma]]
| lamba = 23
| kungiyoyin_yara1 = [[Fiorentina]]
| shekaru1 = 2015–2016
| kungiyoyi1 = Fiorentina
| wasa1 = 0
| kwallaye1 = 0
| shekaru2 = 2015–2016
| kungiyoyi2 = → [[Perugia Calcio|Perugia]] (aro)
| wasa2 = 1
| kwallaye2 = 0
| shekaru3 = 2016–2020
| kungiyoyi3 = [[Atalanta BC|Atalanta]]
| wasa3 = 41
| kwallaye3 = 5
| shekaru4 = 2017–2018
| kungiyoyi4 = → [[Perugia Calcio|Perugia]] (aro)
| wasa4 = 40
| kwallaye4 = 5
| shekaru5 = 2019–2020
| kungiyoyi5 = → Roma (aro)
| wasa5 = 30
| kwallaye5 = 1
| shekaru6 = 2020–
| kungiyoyi6 = Roma
| wasa6 = 150+
| kwallaye6 = 10+
| kungiyar_kasa1 = [[Italiya 'yan kasa da shekaru 21|Italiya U21]]
| shekaru_kasa1 = 2017–2019
| wasa_kasa1 = 13
| kwallaye_kasa1 = 2
| kungiyar_kasa2 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Italiya|Italiya]]
| shekaru_kasa2 = 2019–
| wasa_kasa2 = 10+
| kwallaye_kasa2 = 0
}}
'''Gianluca Mancini''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[AS Roma]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. An san shi da ƙwarewa wajen tsaron gida, ƙarfin jiki, iya cin ƙwallaye daga bugun kai da kuma jagoranci a cikin fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.asroma.com/en/teams/men/gianluca-mancini|title=Gianluca Mancini Profile|website=AS Roma}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Gianluca Mancini a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1996 a garin Pontedera na ƙasar Italiya. Tun yana ƙarami ya fara sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa inda ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta kungiyar Fiorentina domin bunƙasa basirarsa. A lokacin yana matashi ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a matsayin mai tsaron baya wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin masu horaswa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/gianluca-mancini/profil/spieler/315853|title=Gianluca Mancini - Player Profile|website=Transfermarkt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙungiya ==

=== Fiorentina da Perugia ===
Mancini ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da kungiyar Fiorentina amma bai samu damar buga wasa sosai a babbar ƙungiyar ba. Daga baya an bayar da shi aro zuwa kungiyar Perugia domin samun ƙarin ƙwarewa da damar taka leda. A Perugia ya fara nuna bajintarsa a matakin Serie B inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan baya masu tasowa a Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/gianluca-mancini/398217/|title=Gianluca Mancini Career Statistics|website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atalanta ===
A shekarar 2016 Mancini ya koma kungiyar Atalanta. Bayan wani lokaci na haɓaka a kungiyar ya samu damar shiga cikin tawagar farko. Ya yi fice sosai a kakar wasa ta 2018–19 inda ya taimaka wa Atalanta wajen samun gurbin shiga gasar [[UEFA Champions League]]. Haka kuma ya zura ƙwallaye masu muhimmanci duk da kasancewarsa mai tsaron baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atalanta.it/en/players/gianluca-mancini/|title=Gianluca Mancini Atalanta Profile|website=Atalanta BC}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salon wasansa a Atalanta ya haɗa da tsauraran matakan tsaro, iya karanta wasa da kuma taimakawa wajen kai hari musamman daga bugun kusurwa. Wannan bajinta tasa manyan ƙungiyoyi suka fara nuna sha’awa a kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-gianluca-mancini-the-atalanta-defender-wanted-by-top/|title=Who is Gianluca Mancini?|publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Roma ===
A shekarar 2019 Mancini ya koma kungiyar Roma a matsayin aro tare da sharadin saye na dindindin. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan tsaron kungiyar cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan saboda jajircewa da ƙwazon da yake nunawa a wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/2019/7/roma-sign-gianluca-mancini-on-loan|title=Roma sign Gianluca Mancini|website=AS Roma}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan Roma ta saye shi kai tsaye, Mancini ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙarƙashin masu horaswa daban-daban ciki har da José Mourinho. Ya taimaka wa Roma wajen lashe gasar UEFA Europa Conference League a shekarar 2022 wanda ya kasance babban nasara a tarihin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaconferenceleague/news/0275-152d2e301f6d-33d4c9cf6c9f-1000--roma-win-europa-conference-league/|title=Roma win Europa Conference League|publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin tawagar ƙasa ==
Mancini ya wakilci Italiya a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya samu kiran shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa a shekarar 2019. Ya fara buga wasa a tawagar ƙasa a karkashin mai horaswa Roberto Mancini. Duk da yawan gasa a matsayin masu tsaron baya a Italiya, Gianluca Mancini ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da ake dogaro da su saboda ƙwarewa da jajircewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/gianluca-mancini/|title=Gianluca Mancini National Team Profile|website=FIGC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
An san Gianluca Mancini da ƙarfi a wasan sama, iya shiga ƙwallo da kuma jagoranci daga baya. Yana da ƙarfin jiki da kuma iya fara gina hari daga baya ta hanyar dogayen passes. Haka kuma yana da haɗari wajen bugun kusurwa saboda iya cin ƙwallaye da kai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2019/oct/17/gianluca-mancini-roma-italy-defender|title=Gianluca Mancini tactical analysis|newspaper=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==

=== Roma ===
* UEFA Europa Conference League: 2021–22&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaconferenceleague/history/seasons/2022/|title=UEFA Europa Conference League 2021/22|publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Manazarta}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* {{Official website|https://www.asroma.com/en/teams/men/gianluca-mancini}}
* {{Soccerbase}}
* {{Transfermarkt}}
* {{WorldFootball.net}}

{{Dan kwallon kafa stub}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Italian footballers]]
[[Category:AS Roma players]]
[[Category:Atalanta BC players]]
[[Category:Fiorentina players]]
[[Category:Serie A players]]
[[Category:Italy international footballers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ebenezer Ackon</title>
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{{Databox}}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|ebenezer-ackon/446866|accessdate=8 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/24801713 |title=Ebenezer Ackon|accessdate=8 February 2019|publisher=USL League Two}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}'''Ebenezer &quot;Eby&quot; Ackon''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebenezer Ackon |url=https://www.midwestprocombine.com/ebenezer-ackon/ |access-date=8 February 2019 |publisher=Midwest Pro Soccer Combine |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124406/https://www.midwestprocombine.com/ebenezer-ackon/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida.

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
|Ebusua Dwarfs
|2016
|Gasar Firimiya ta Ghana
|9
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|9
|0
|-
|Lansing United
|2018
|PDL
|11
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]
|0
|12
|0
|-
|San Antonio FC
|2019
|Gasar USL
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''Cikakken aikinsa'''
!20
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!1
!0
!21
!0
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gianluca Scamacca</title>
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{{Infobox dan kwallon kafa
| suna = Gianluca Scamacca
| hoto = Gianluca Scamacca 2023.jpg
| cikakken_suna = Gianluca Scamacca
| ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1999|1|1}}
| wurin_haihuwa = Roma, Italiya
| tsawo = 1.95 m
| matsayi = Mai kai hari
| kungiyar_yanzu = [[Atalanta BC|Atalanta]]
| lamba = 90
| matasa1 = Lazio
| matasa2 = Roma
| matasa3 = PSV
| shekaru1 = 2015–2017
| kungiya1 = Sassuolo
| wasa1 = 1
| kwallaye1 = 0
| shekaru2 = 2017–2018
| kungiya2 = Cremonese (aro)
| wasa2 = 14
| kwallaye2 = 1
| shekaru3 = 2018
| kungiya3 = PEC Zwolle (aro)
| wasa3 = 8
| kwallaye3 = 0
| shekaru4 = 2019
| kungiya4 = Ascoli (aro)
| wasa4 = 14
| kwallaye4 = 1
| shekaru5 = 2019–2020
| kungiya5 = Trapani (aro)
| wasa5 = 35
| kwallaye5 = 13
| shekaru6 = 2020–2022
| kungiya6 = Sassuolo
| wasa6 = 61
| kwallaye6 = 24
| shekaru7 = 2022–2023
| kungiya7 = West Ham United
| wasa7 = 16
| kwallaye7 = 3
| shekaru8 = 2023–
| kungiya8 = Atalanta
| wasa8 = 30
| kwallaye8 = 12
| kungiyar_kasa1 = Italiya U15
| kungiyar_kasa2 = Italiya U16
| kungiyar_kasa3 = Italiya U17
| kungiyar_kasa4 = Italiya U19
| kungiyar_kasa5 = Italiya U21
| kungiyar_kasa6 = Italiya
| wasannin_kasa6 = 20
| kwallayen_kasa6 = 1
}}

'''Gianluca Scamacca''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar [[Atalanta BC]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. An haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1999 a birnin Roma. Scamacca ya shahara saboda tsayinsa, ƙarfin jikinsa, da kuma iya zura ƙwallaye daga nesa ko cikin akwatin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atalanta.it/en/players/gianluca-scamacca/|title=Gianluca Scamacca Profile|publisher=Atalanta BC|access-date=2026-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
Scamacca ya taso ne a Roma inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami. Ya yi karatu da horo a makarantar matasa ta Lazio kafin daga bisani ya koma tsarin matasa na Roma. Bayan wasu shekaru a Italiya, ya koma ƙasar Netherlands domin shiga makarantar matasa ta PSV Eindhoven, inda ya samu ƙwarewa a wasan Turai tun yana matashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/gianluca-scamacca/profil/spieler/315867|title=Gianluca Scamacca Career History|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar ƙungiya ==

=== Sassuolo ===
A shekarar 2015 Scamacca ya koma ƙungiyar [[US Sassuolo Calcio|Sassuolo]]. Ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar wasa yana matashi sosai, duk da cewa bai samu yawan damar buga wasa a farkon aikinsa ba. Hakan ya sa aka rika bayar da shi aro zuwa wasu ƙungiyoyi domin samun ƙwarewa da yawan wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/gianluca-scamacca/429801/|title=Gianluca Scamacca Matches|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aro zuwa Cremonese, Zwolle da Ascoli ===
Scamacca ya yi zaman aro a ƙungiyar Cremonese a shekarar 2017 inda ya fara gwada kansa a gasar Serie B. Daga baya ya tafi PEC Zwolle a Netherlands sannan kuma Ascoli a Italiya. Duk da cewa bai yi fice sosai a waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba, zaman aron ya taimaka masa wajen samun gogewa da ci gaba a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/gianluca-scamacca/|title=Gianluca Scamacca Statistics|publisher=WorldFootball.net|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Trapani ===
Lokacin da aka bayar da Scamacca aro zuwa Trapani a kakar 2019–2020, ya nuna bajinta sosai ta hanyar zura ƙwallaye da dama a Serie B. Wannan kakar ta taimaka wajen dawo da martabarsa kuma ta nuna cewa yana da damar zama babban ɗan wasa a gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legab.it/giocatore/gianluca-scamacca/|title=Gianluca Scamacca Serie B Profile|publisher=Lega B|access-date=2026-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa Sassuolo ===
Bayan dawowarsa Sassuolo, Scamacca ya fara nuna ƙwarewarsa a Serie A. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasan gaba masu tasowa a Italiya saboda yawan ƙwallayen da yake ci da kuma salon wasansa na zamani. A kakar 2021–2022 ya zura ƙwallaye masu muhimmanci wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin manyan ƙungiyoyin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/player/gianluca-scamacca/|title=Gianluca Scamacca Player Profile|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== West Ham United ===
A shekarar 2022 Scamacca ya koma ƙungiyar [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] ta ƙasar Ingila. Ya shiga gasar Premier League tare da fatan ƙara bunƙasa aikinsa. Duk da samun wasu matsalolin rauni da rashin daidaituwa, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe gasar UEFA Europa Conference League a kakar 2022–2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.whufc.com/player/131|title=Gianluca Scamacca at West Ham United|publisher=West Ham United|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atalanta ===
A shekarar 2023 Scamacca ya koma [[Atalanta BC|Atalanta]] a Serie A. Komawarsa Italiya ya taimaka masa wajen sake nuna ƙwarewarsa a gaban raga. Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsarin kocin Atalanta saboda iya riƙe ƙwallo, haɗa wasa da kuma zura ƙwallaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.seriea.com/en/player/scamacca|title=Serie A Player Profile|publisher=Serie A|access-date=2026-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar ƙasa ==
Scamacca ya wakilci Italiya a matakan ƙananan shekaru daban-daban kamar U15, U16, U17, U19 da U21. Daga bisani ya samu damar shiga babbar tawagar ƙasar Italiya. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan gaba masu tasowa da za su taimaka wajen gina sabon tsarin tawagar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/gianluca-scamacca/|title=Gianluca Scamacca National Team Profile|publisher=FIGC|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
Scamacca ɗan wasa ne mai tsayi da ƙarfi wanda yake iya amfani da ƙafarsa ta dama sosai. Ya shahara wajen bugun ƙwallo daga nesa, cin ƙwallayen kai, da kuma iya riƙe ƙwallo domin bai wa abokan wasansa damar shiga hari. Wasunsa sun sa ake kwatanta shi da wasu manyan ‘yan wasan gaba na Italiya saboda haɗa ƙarfi da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theanalyst.com/eu/2022/04/gianluca-scamacca-the-next-great-italian-striker/|title=The Rise of Gianluca Scamacca|publisher=The Analyst|access-date=2026-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==

=== West Ham United ===
* UEFA Europa Conference League: 2022–2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaconferenceleague/history/seasons/2023/|title=UEFA Europa Conference League 2022/23|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Manazarta}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* {{Official website|https://www.atalanta.it/}}
* {{Soccerway|gianluca_scamacca}}
* {{Transfermarkt|gianluca-scamacca}}

{{Dan wasan kwallon kafa}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Italiya]]
[[Category:Yan wasan Atalanta BC]]
[[Category:Yan wasan West Ham United FC]]
[[Category:Yan wasan Sassuolo]]
[[Category:Yan wasan Serie A]]
[[Category:Yan wasan Premier League]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emem Bob</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150494</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:21:46Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1190" sha1="pdowhvju1b60s1ms71x0v5714z09uu5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Emem Almond Bob''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, 1972) ɗan Najeriya ne mai aikin banki kuma [[ɗan siyasa]]. Shi ne Kwamishinan Kuɗi na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a yanzu. 

== Rayuwar Farko da Tarihi ==
An haifi Bob a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, 1972. Ya fito ne daga Mkpa Eto a karamar hukumar [[Onna]], na jihar Akwa ibom. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=Mr. Emem Bob - Akwa Ibom State Government |url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/mr-emem-bob/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/mr-emem-bob/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Emem yana da digirin Master akan Business Administration (MBA) daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar [[Port Harcourt]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kwararren mai kuɗi ne mai shekaru 23 na gogewa a fannin banki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

An fara naɗa Bob a matsayin Kwamishinan ci gaban tattalin arziki kuma daga baya Gwamna Umo Eno ya naɗa shi Kwamishinan kuɗi na Jihar Akwa Ibom.   

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ewa Pajor</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Ewa Barbara Pajor''' (  ; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1996) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Poland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta La Liga F ta Barcelona kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Poland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Polki mistrzyniami Europy U-17 |url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/214/news2147395-Polki-mistrzyniami-Europy-U-17.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045742/http://www.90minut.pl/news/214/news2147395-Polki-mistrzyniami-Europy-U-17.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=www.90minut.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun lokacin da ta fara aikinta na babbar makaranta da Medyk Konin, ta lashe kofuna biyu na Ekstraliga da kofuna uku na ƙasa tare da Medyk cikin shekaru uku. A shekarar 2015, ta koma VfL Wolfsburg, inda ta lashe kofuna biyar na Frauen-Bundesliga, DFB-Pokals tara a jere, kyaututtuka biyu mafiya yawan zura kwallaye a gasar, kuma ta fito a wasannin karshe na gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA guda uku. A shekarar 2024, ta koma Barcelona . A kakar wasa ta farko, ita ce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a kulob din a dukkan gasannin da suka fafata, inda ta lashe kofuna uku a gida, sannan ta kammala gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA ta 2024–25 a matsayin ta biyu.

An nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan mata ta Poland ta shekara sau shida a ''[[:pl:Piłka Nożna (tygodnik)|Piłka Nożna]]'' mako-mako, sannan ta lashe Kofin Gerd Müller na mata a 2025, sannan ta zo ta 8 a [[Ballon d'Or|gasar Ballon d'Or]] [[Ballon d'Or na 2025|ta wannan shekarar]] .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Matasa ===
Pajor ta fito ne daga Pęgów . Ta fara atisayen ƙwallon ƙafa tana da shekaru 8 a Orlęty Wielenin. Bayan kammala karatunta na firamare, ta koma Konin ta kuma yi horo tare da Medyk Konin . A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2012, ta fara buga wasa a Ekstraliga, inda ta shiga wasan a minti na 55 na wasan da suka yi da AZS PWSZ Biała Podlaska, inda ta ci 3-0. A wasanta na farko, ta zura kwallaye biyu. An zura kwallo ta farko mintuna biyu bayan shiga filin wasa. Ta zama ƙaramar 'yar wasa da ta taɓa bugawa a Ekstraliga tana da shekaru 15 da kwana 133. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=Olimpiko Uniejów – Oficjalna Strona Internetowa – Polska – Ewa Pajor |url=http://olimpiko.pl/viewpage.php?page_id=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409180856/http://olimpiko.pl/viewpage.php?page_id=11 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domin samun damar shiga wannan wasan, ana buƙatar izini na musamman daga PZPN, saboda ƙa'idodin sun ba wa 'yan wasa sama da 16 damar yin wasa kawai.

=== Medyk Konin ===
A kakar wasa ta 2012–13, tare da Medyk, ta lashe gasar mataimakin koci da kuma Kofin Poland . A wasan karshe da ta yi da KP Unia Racibórz, ta ci 2–1, Pajor ta ci kwallaye biyu a ragar kungiyarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 November 2013 |title=Forum – epoznan.pl – Pierwszy Portal Poznania |url=http://www.epoznan.pl/forum-topic-43381 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102203357/http://www.epoznan.pl/forum-topic-43381 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=3 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakar wasa ta 2013–14 da 2014–15 ta fi samun nasara a gare ta. Tare da Medyk Konin ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai da kuma Kofin Poland sau biyu. Ta buga wasanta na karshe a kungiyar Konin lokacin da Medyk ta doke Górnik Łęczna a wasan karshe na Kofin Poland da ci 5–0. Pajor ta zura kwallaye uku a wannan wasan. Jimilla, ga babbar kungiyar Medyk, ta zura kwallaye 74 a dukkan wasannin da aka buga a hukumance, wadanda suka hada da kwallaye 64 a Ekstraliga (a cikin wasanni 60). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pierwsza godzina Pajor w Bundeslidze – KobiecaPilka.pl – piłka nożna kobiet |url=http://www.pilkakobieca.pl/news,12773.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724214140/http://www.pilkakobieca.pl/news,12773.html |archive-date=24 July 2020 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=www.pilkakobieca.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== VfL Wolfsburg ===
A watan Yunin 2015, Pajor ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu da VfL Wolfsburg, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2015 |title=VfL Wolfsburg ǀ Detailseite |url=https://www.vfl-wolfsburg.de/info/frauen/aktuelles/detailseite/artikel/ewa-pajor-wechselt-nach-wolfsburg-38851.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124335/https://www.vfl-wolfsburg.de/info/frauen/aktuelles/detailseite/artikel/ewa-pajor-wechselt-nach-wolfsburg-38851.html |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=3 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PKO Ekstraklasa |url=https://www.sport.pl/pilka/0,65039.html |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=Sport.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda daga nan ta tsawaita a watan Disamba na 2017 don ta kasance mai aiki har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2017 |title=Oficjalnie: Ewa Pajor przedłużyła kontrakt z Wolfsburgiem |url=http://nowinkitransferowe.pl/3057/Niemcy/oficjalnie-ewa-pajor-przedluzyla-kontrakt-z-wolfsburgiem |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411192057/http://nowinkitransferowe.pl/3057/Niemcy/oficjalnie-ewa-pajor-przedluzyla-kontrakt-z-wolfsburgiem |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=nowinkitransferowe.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2020, Pajor ta sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwangilar da Wolfsburg har zuwa 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=vavel.com |date=24 April 2020 |title=Ewa Pajor extends VfL Wolfsburg contract until 2023 |url=https://www.vavel.com/en/football/2020/04/24/womens-football/1019756-ewa-pajor-extends-vfl-wolfsburg-contract-until-2023.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614223937/https://www.vavel.com/en/football/2020/04/24/womens-football/1019756-ewa-pajor-extends-vfl-wolfsburg-contract-until-2023.html |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=vavel.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta 2018–19, ta lashe gasar zakarun Jamus, gasar cin kofin Jamus, da kuma kambun gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga, inda ta zura kwallaye 24 a wasanni 19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Transmisje |url=https://sport.tvp.pl/transmisje |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=sport.tvp.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta 2023–24, ta zura kwallaye hudu a wasan da ta doke Nürnberg da ci 9-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1. FC Nürnberg - VfL Wolfsburg 1:9 (Women Bundesliga 2023/2024, 14. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/report/report/frauen-bundesliga-2023-2024-1-fc-nuernberg-vfl-wolfsburg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319030537/https://www.worldfootball.net/report/report/frauen-bundesliga-2023-2024-1-fc-nuernberg-vfl-wolfsburg/ |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== FC Barcelona ===
A watan Yunin 2024, Pajor ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da FC Barcelona .  A ranar 12 ga Disamba 2024, ta zura kwallaye biyu a wasan rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai da Hammarby, wanda ya ƙare a wasan da Barcelona ta yi nasara da ci 3-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2024 |title=Barcelona grabs last quarterfinal spot in Women's Champions League with 3-0 win in Stockholm |url=https://apnews.com/article/women-champions-league-barcelona-arsenal-bayern-mancity-161feb069c4a0923ffdb7035b618171b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213072750/https://apnews.com/article/women-champions-league-barcelona-arsenal-bayern-mancity-161feb069c4a0923ffdb7035b618171b |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=apnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Barcelona 3-0 Hammarby IF (Dec 12, 2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/721655 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213220415/https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/721655 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=espn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2024, ta zura kwallaye uku a wasan Copa de la Reina, wanda ya taimaka wa Barcelona ta yi nasara da ci 6-2 a kan UD Tenerife . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lydia Navarro |date=21 December 2024 |title=El Barcelona aplasta la ilusión del Tenerife en la Copa de la Reina |url=https://www.articulo14.es/deportes/el-barcelona-aplasta-la-ilusion-del-tenerife-en-la-copa-de-la-reina-20241221.html |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=articulo14.es |language=es |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123094557/https://www.articulo14.es/deportes/el-barcelona-aplasta-la-ilusion-del-tenerife-en-la-copa-de-la-reina-20241221.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
A gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 2013, tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Poland, ta lashe lambar zinare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2013 |title=Ewa Pajor okrzyknięta polskim Messim – Piłka nożna – Przegladsportowy.pl |url=http://pilka-nozna.przegladsportowy.pl/Pilka-nozna-Ewa-Pajor-okrzyknieta-polskim-Messim,artykul,174538,1,279.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014125253/http://pilka-nozna.przegladsportowy.pl/Pilka-nozna-Ewa-Pajor-okrzyknieta-polskim-Messim,artykul,174538,1,279.html |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=3 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, an ba ta lambar yabo ta UEFA Golden Player Award don mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da shekara 17 a Turai.

Ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Poland a ƙarƙashin koci Wojciech Basiuk, a wasan da aka buga tsakanin Poland da Jamhuriyar Czech, a gasar cin kofin Balaton Cup da aka yi a Hungary a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2013. Pajor ta shiga filin wasa ne kawai a minti na 75, amma a minti na farko bayan shiga ta ci bugun fenariti, wanda Patrycja Pożerska ta ci. A minti na 84, Pajor ta ci kwallo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PKO Ekstraklasa |url=https://www.sport.pl/pilka/0,65039.html |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=Sport.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta shiga gasar cin kofin Istria daga ranakun 4 zuwa 11 ga Maris, 2015 a Croatia, inda ta lashe matsayi na farko tare da tawagarta a wasan karshe da Slovakia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2015 |title=Poland – &quot;Istria cup&quot; 2015. |url=http://www.istriacup2015.com/poland.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308114231/http://www.istriacup2015.com/poland.html |archive-date=8 March 2015 |access-date=7 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Satumba 2022, bayan ya zura kwallaye uku a kan tawagar Kosovo ta ƙasa, Pajor ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙwarewa a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Poland, inda ya wuce tsohon mai riƙe da tarihin Marta Otrębska . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Wirtualna Polska |date=7 September 2022 |title=To już najlepsza strzelczyni w historii reprezentacji Polski. Ewa Pajor pobiła rekord |url=https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/pilka-nozna/1019612/to-juz-najlepsza-strzelczyni-w-historii-reprezentacji-polski-ewa-pajor-pobila-re |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045745/https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/pilka-nozna/1019612/to-juz-najlepsza-strzelczyni-w-historii-reprezentacji-polski-ewa-pajor-pobila-re |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=sportowefakty.wp.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pajor ta jagoranci Poland a gasar UEFA Euro 2025, wasan farko da Poland ta buga a gasar Euro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2025 |title=Ewa Pajor zabrała głos po historycznej wygranej na Euro. &quot;Na tym będziemy się skupiać&quot; |url=https://przegladsportowy.onet.pl/pilka-nozna/pilka-nozna-kobiet/pajor-zabrala-glos-po-historycznej-wygranej-na-tym-bedziemy-sie-skupiac/flnrh2z |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=przegladsportowy.onet.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga Yuli, ta zura kwallonta ta farko a wani babban gasa a wasan rukuni da suka doke Denmark da ci 3-2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ewa Pajor strzela dla Polski na EURO! Biało-Czerwone wygrały z Danią [WIDEO] › FCBarca.com |url=https://www.fcbarca.com/127763-ewa-pajor-strzela-dla-polski-na-euro-bialo-czerwone-wygraly-z-dania-wideo.html |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=FCBarca.com |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[DFB-Pokal Frauen|DFB-Pokal]] and [[Copa de la Reina de Fútbol|Copa de la Reina]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |UWCL
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |VfL Wolfsburg
|2015–16
|Frauen-Bundesliga
|7
|1
|2
|1
|7
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|2
|-
|2016–17
|Frauen-Bundesliga
|12
|5
|4
|3
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|17
|8
|-
|2017–18
|Frauen-Bundesliga
|15
|4
|3
|3
|7
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|25
|11
|-
|2018–19
|Frauen-Bundesliga
|19
|24
|3
|2
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|27
|28
|-
|2019–20
|Frauen-Bundesliga
|17
|16
|3
|2
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|24
|18
|-
|2020–21
|Frauen-Bundesliga
|6
|8
|3
|3
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|13
|11
|-
|2021–22
|Frauen-Bundesliga
|7
|8
|2
|2
|5
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|14
|13
|-
|2022–23
|Frauen-Bundesliga
|19
|12
|5
|3
|11
|9
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|35
|24
|-
|2023–24
|Frauen-Bundesliga
|19
|18
|4
|2
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|25
|20
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!121
!96
!29
!21
!46
!18
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!196
!135
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Barcelona
|2024–25
|Liga F
|28
|25
|5
|9
|11
|7
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Supercopa de España Femenina|Supercopa de España]]}}
|2
|46
|43
|-
|2025–26
|Liga F
|20
|16
|4
|3
|7
|7
|2[b]
|1
|33
|27
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!48
!41
!9
!12
!18
!14
!4
!3
!79
!70
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!169
!137
!38
!33
!64
!32
!4
!3
!275
!205
|}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]


==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fahd Aktaou</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1962" sha1="83urjxik52ps8f8sww9zhx0u1c4qh63" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Fahd Aktaou''' ( Arabic   ; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1993) tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] . 

== Aikin kulob ==
Ya taɓa bugawa SC Heerenveen wasa, wanda ya ba shi aro ga Almere City . [1] Ya koma Heracles a lokacin bazara na 2014, [2] amma aka sake ba shi aro ga FC Dordrecht a lokacin bazara na 2015. [3] An kore shi daga ƙungiyar Dordrecht a watan Fabrairun 2016 saboda dalilai da ba a bayyana ba. [4]

A watan Yunin 2016, Aktaou ya koma ƙungiyar [[Wydad AC|WAC Casablanca]] [[Moroko|ta Morocco]] . &lt;ref&gt;[http://lematin.ma/journal/2016/fahd-aktaou----je-veux-tout-gagner-avec-le-wac-/250077.html Wydad de Casablanca Fahd Aktaou : «Je veux tout gagner avec le WAC»] - Le Matin {{In lang|fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin bazara na 2018, ya koma Italiya, inda ya sanya hannu da kulob din Juve Stabia na rukuni na uku na Serie C. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aktaou profile on Juve Stabia website |url=http://ssjuvestabia.it/prima-squadra/la-rosa/fahd-aktaou/ |access-date=22 October 2018 |publisher=[[S.S. Juve Stabia|Juve Stabia]] |language=Italian |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022193517/http://ssjuvestabia.it/prima-squadra/la-rosa/fahd-aktaou/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An sallame shi daga kwantiraginsa da Juve Stabia bisa amincewar juna a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2019 |title=Risolto consensualmente il contratto di Aktaou |url=http://ssjuvestabia.it/blog/risolto-consensualmente-contratto-aktaou/ |publisher=[[S.S. Juve Stabia|Juve Stabia]] |language=Italian |access-date=12 May 2026 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015306/http://ssjuvestabia.it/blog/risolto-consensualmente-contratto-aktaou/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elizabeth Maria Molteno</title>
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'''Elizabeth Maria Molteno''' (24 Satumba 1852 - 25 Agusta 1927), ta kasance 'yar gwagwarmayar Birtaniya ta Afirka ta Kudu don kare hakkin bil'adama da na mata a Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Elizabeth a cikin wani iyali mai tasiri na Cape na asalin [[Italiya]]. Ita ce 'yar John Molteno, Firayim Minista na farko na Cape, kuma yawancin 'yan uwanta 18 sun zo ne don rike mukamai masu tasiri a harkokin [[kasuwanci]] da gwamnati. Ta yi shekaru na farko a cikin kariya da ke kewaye da gidan Claremont na iyalinta a Cape Town, inda ta yi karatu. Mahaifinta ya yi tafiya akai-akai, saboda dalilai na diflomasiyya ko kasuwanci, kuma sau da yawa yakan bar 'ya'yansa manya su bi shi a irin waɗannan tafiye-tafiye. Sakamakon haka, Elizabeth ta yi tafiya sosai tun tana yarinya, musamman zuwa Italiya da [[Landan]], kuma ta girma don raba sha'awar mahaifinta a siyasa da [[Labarai|al'amuran yanzu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/downloads/351/craven.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060426/http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/downloads/351/craven.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mai basira sosai, tare da hali mai ƙarfi da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ban mamaki, ta haɓaka ra'ayoyi da halaye waɗanda ba su da kyau ga yarinya a [[Zamanin Victorian]]. &quot;Betty&quot;, kamar yadda ta fi so a kira ta, ta watsar da tufafi masu kyau da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ƙuruciyarta. Ta ɗauki salon rayuwa mai sauƙi, tufafi masu laushi da cin ganyayyaki, kuma ta nuna sha'awar kimiyya da siyasa, fiye da aure da yara. A cikin imanin kansa ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kasance ta ruhaniya amma ba ta addini ba, kuma ta sami imani mai ƙarfi na rayuwa a cikin ka'idodin [[Daidaito a Fuskar Doka|jinsi da daidaiton launin fata]]. Bayan yin rajista, ta zaɓi kada ta yi aure, amma ta ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herstory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Maria Molteno: Profile at ''Feminists South Africa.'' |url=http://feministssa.com/2011/01/03/herstory-profile-betty-molteno/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133012/http://feministssa.com/2011/01/03/herstory-profile-betty-molteno/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New light on Gandhi's decisive South African Confrontation &amp;#124; Martin Plaut - Academia.edu |url=https://www.academia.edu/5986381 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140812043556/http://www.academia.edu/5986381/New_light_on_Gandhis_decisive_South_African_Confrontation |archive-date=12 August 2014 |access-date=2 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai koyarwa ==
Zaɓin ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ayyukan da aka buɗe wa mata a ƙarni na 19, ta zama malama, sannan kuma shugabar makarantar koleji ta 'yan mata a Port Elizabeth. A can ta sauya tsarin ilimin Victorian, wanda ya dogara sosai da ilmantarwa kuma an ƙuntata shi ga batutuwan da aka ɗauka sun dace da mata. Ta yi amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa waɗanda suka ci gaba da sassaucin ra'ayi a lokacin, gami da abin da tabbas shine tsarin farko na ilimin jima'i ga 'yan mata a kasar. Tana da imani mai karfi game da muhimmancin ilimin 'yan mata, har ta ki karbar albashi don aikin gudanarwa da ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herstory&quot;/&gt;

== Yunkurin siyasa ==
[[Fayil:Hobhouse.jpg|right|thumb|Emily Hobhouse, mai fafutukar jin dadin Burtaniya kuma abokiyar Elizabeth Molteno]]
Ta kasance a bayyane a kan Yakin Anglo-Boer lokacin da ya fara, kuma saboda wannan dalili an tilasta mata barin aikinta. Masu gwagwarmayar adawa da yaki galibi abokan adawarsu sun kira su &quot;masu goyon bayan Boer&quot;, kuma an sanya su ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Har ila yau, fararen al'umma na Port Elizabeth sun kasance masu goyon bayan Burtaniya kuma lokacin da Miss Molteno ta ki dakatar da zanga-zangar ta an tilasta mata ta yi murabus, duk da kamfen ɗin goyon baya daga tsoffin ɗalibanta da abokan aiki.

[[Fayil:Gandhi_Kasturbhai.jpg|left|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] da matarsa Kasturbha a shekara ta 1914.]]
Bayan yakin, Miss Molteno ta yi tsayayya da sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta tafi Ingila. A can ta sadu da [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] a cikin 1909. Sun zama abokai, sun musayar ra'ayoyi kuma suna rubutu akai-akai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka biyo baya. A Landan ta kuma zama mai bin ƙungiyar suffragette, da kuma shugabannin da suka fi tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar su Christabel Pankhurst . &lt;ref&gt;M.Plaut: ''Promise and Despair: The First Struggle for a Non-racial South Africa''. Jacana, Cape Town. 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-4314-2375-0}}. p.120.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta koma Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1912, kuma ta shiga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin wariyar launin fata. Ta kasance mai ba da jawabi ga jama'a sosai kuma wannan, tare da amincewarta da matsayinta na zamantakewa, yana nufin cewa tana da matukar bukatar yin jawabi ga tarurrukan jama'a a kan waɗannan dalilai. A duk rayuwarta ta kasance marubuciya ga littattafan Burtaniya da Afirka ta Kudu. Emily Hobhouse daga baya ta rubuta game da ita: &quot;Kyawunka na gani cikin zuciyar abubuwa yana da girma sosai, kuma kuna da iko da irin wannan harshen mai kyau don bayyana al'amuran ɗabi'a da na ruhaniya&quot;. Bugu da ƙari, rubuce-rubucenta sun jawo hankali sosai saboda yarensu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi (kuma sau da yawa mai adawa da mulkin mallaka).

Ta kasance tana hulɗa da [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhis]], a kai a kai tana ziyartar Mr da Mrs Gandhi a Phoenix Settlement, kuma ta koma can don shiga yakin satyagraha. Ta sayi wani gida da ke kusa da Ohlanga, a matsayin tushe don aikinta don tallafawa ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ke aiki daga yankin, gami da Gandhis, da na 'yan siyasa na Afirka na farko kamar [[John Langalibalele Dube|John Dube]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South African History -Biographies |url=http://sahistory.org.za/people/elizabeth-maria-molteno}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin jawabai da aka bayar tare da Gandhi a tarurruka a [[Durban]] ta bukaci Indiyawa su nuna kansu ga Afirka. Gandhis sun zo Cape Town a shekara ta 1914 kuma Miss Molteno ta yi aiki don sauƙaƙe taronsu tare da manyan 'yan siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kuma sauƙaƙa gabatarwarsu ga Emily Hobhouse da Firayim Minista da kansa, Janar Botha, wanda ya daɗe ya yi watsi da buƙatun Gandhi don hira amma daga baya ya ci gaba da sadarwa mai kyau. Gandhi daga baya ya rubuta game da rawar da Miss Molteno ta taka a matsayin &quot;mai kawo sulhu&quot;, wanda ya ba shi damar yin hulɗa da wasu daga cikin manyan mutane a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South African History Online: Some Remarkable Women who helped Gandhi in South Africa |url=http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages//library-resources/articles_papers/remarkable-women-gandhi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024236/http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages//library-resources/articles_papers/remarkable-women-gandhi.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Articles : On and By Gandhi |url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/kasturbaandsatyagraha.htm |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=Mkgandhi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ta shiga kamfen da yawa don tallafawa 'y[[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|ANC]] siyasa da na ƙasa ga' yan Afirka ta Kudu, tana aiki tare da manyan shugabannin baƙar fata kamar [[John Langalibalele Dube|John Dube]] (Shugaba Janar na farko na ANC) da Sol Plaatje . 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2012 |title=Who's Who in the Family – thumbnail sketches &amp;#124; Molteno Family History |url=http://www.moltenofamily.net/people-and-places/whos-who/ |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=Moltenofamily.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Olive Schreiner Letters Online |url=http://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&amp;entry=98 |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=Oliveschreiner.org |archive-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917182257/http://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&amp;entry=98 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani muhimmin dalili a gare ta shine cin zarafin fursunoni a hannun 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu. Yayinda Gandhi da kansa yake cikin kurkuku, ta yi aiki tare da fursunoni da aka yi musu duka ko kuma aka yi musu fyade kuma ta ba da shaida a binciken. Ta yi tir da rashin kulawar da Mrs Gandhi ta sha wahala yayin da take kurkuku kuma, a cikin wani lamari mai tsanani, ta ziyarci Soorzai da aka tsare kuma aka yi masa mummunan rauni, wanda aka yi masa hari saboda zargin ya jagoranci yajin aiki. Mutumin ya mutu daga raunin da ya ji, kuma Miss Molteno ta shiga cikin shari'ar shari'a (wanda bai yi nasara ba) game da maganin sa.

Elizabeth Molteno ta kasance mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin mata, kuma ta zama mai tuba ga ƙungiyar mata a Afirka ta Kudu. A Afirka ta Kudu ta yi aiki tare da mata masu adawa da kowane kabila da kuma asali. Ta kuma kasance mai magana na yau da kullun a tarurrukan motsi, kuma ta nuna fatan cewa a nan gaba ta Afirka ta Kudu mai launin fata, za a ba mata damar taka muhimmiyar rawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Europeans who helped Gandhi |url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/gandhi/6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990221203436/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/gandhi/6.html |archive-date=21 February 1999 |access-date=25 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women and Empire, 1750–1939: Primary Sources on Gender and Anglo-Imperialism. |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415310925/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917224843/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415310925/ |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=28 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1914, ta haɗu da abokanta na kusa Emily Hobhouse da Olive Schreiner a lokacin yaƙi Ingila, don yin aiki tare da masu adawa da lamiri. Koyaya, mafi yawan ayyukanta a Ƙasar Ingila duk da haka sun kasance don ƙananan ƙwarewar haƙƙin mata da wakilci. Lokacin da Juyin Juya Halin Rasha ya ɓarke bayan 'yan shekaru kuma Yaƙin Duniya na kusa da ƙarshe, mutane da yawa da farko sun yi tunanin shi farkon babban &quot;yancin bil'adama&quot;. Miss Molteno ba banda ba ce, kuma a cikin 1919 ta rubuta game da fatanta na makomar lokacin da: &quot;...Duk bambance-bambance na launin fata, jinsi, addini; duk tsoffin shibboleths da ake amfani da su har zuwa yanzu don ci gaba da jama'a, sun ba da hanya ga ra'ayoyi masu zurfi da zurfi na bil'adama&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Vlaeberg&quot;&gt;Phillida Brooke-Simons: ''Apples of the sun''. Vlaeberg: Fernwood Press, 1999. {{ISBN|1-874950-45-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta mutu a 1927 a kudancin Ingila, kuma tun daga lokacin ana kiranta da yiwuwar &quot;...&quot;...ɗaya daga cikin mata masu tasiri a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin&quot;.. &quot; [1] kuma a matsayin &quot;&quot;Daya daga cikin manyan matan Afirka ta Kudu na ƙarni&quot;. na biyu. &quot; [2] Duk da haka, dabi'unta da abubuwan da suka haifar da su sun kasance masu ci gaba sosai ga zamanin da ta rayu, cewa za a yi shekaru da yawa kafin su zama karɓa (musamman a Afirka ta kudu), kuma an manta da rawar da yawa a yada su.[1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Michael</title>
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'''Emmanuel Michael''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yuni 2006) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake buga wasa a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na gaba]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Austria wato LASK .

== Aikin kulob ==
An yi wa Michael kallon ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar Simoiben Football Academy lokacin da yake buga wasa babu takalmi a kan titunan [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;sports&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ochicha |first=Lovette |date=16 February 2024 |title=Rising Star: Emmanuel Michael's Inspirational Journey From Streets Of Kaduna To Flying Eagles U-20 |url=https://www.sports247.ng/rising-star-emmanuel-michaels-inspirational-journey-from-streets-of-kaduna-to-flying-eagles-u-20/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=sports247.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya taka rawar gani a makarantar da kuma ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Najeriya, ƙungiyoyin Midtjylland da Huesca na Denmark da Spain sun yi masa bincike. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports&quot; /&gt; Ƙungiyoyin Ajax da AS Monaco na Holland da Faransa sun kuma nemi shi, inda aka ruwaito cewa na biyun ya yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukarsa kafin ya cika shekara 18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Like Endrick - Monaco Pushing To Sign Nigeria U17 Star Emmanuel Michael Before He Turns 18 |url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2022/12/28/like-endrick-monaco-pushing-to-sign-nigeria-u17-star-emmanuel-michael-before-he-turns-18/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=owngoalnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da wannan sha'awar, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya [[Gombe United F.C.|ta Gombe United]] a kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon shekara guda a watan Oktoban 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeyanju |first=Oluwayemisi Afolabi |date=2 October 2023 |title=U17 AFCON Star, Emmanuel Michael Joins Gombe United |url=https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/u17-afcon-star-emmanuel-micheal-joins-gombe-united |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=ckdmedia.ng |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009205001/https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/u17-afcon-star-emmanuel-micheal-joins-gombe-united |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan watan, jaridar ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta Ingila ta naɗa shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa da aka haifa a shekarar 2006 a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christenson |first=Marcus |last2=Bloor |first2=Steven |last3=Blight |first3=Garry |date=11 October 2023 |title=Next Generation 2023: 60 of the best young talents in world football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2023/oct/11/next-generation-2023-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=theguardian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Nigeria U17 Star Emmanuel Michael In List Of Best Young Talents In The World |url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2023/10/12/nigeria-u17-star-emmanuel-michael-in-list-of-best-young-talents-in-the-world/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=owngoalnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2024, ya koma ƙungiyar LASK ta ƙasar Austria, inda aka tura shi ƙungiyar 'B' ta ƙungiyar, Juniors OÖ . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=LASK signs Emmanuel Michael for the amateurs |url=https://www.lask.at/de/m/news/lask-verpflichtet-emmanuel-michael-fuer-die-amateure |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=lask.at |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abel |first=Kelechi |date=10 August 2024 |title=Golden Eaglets Star Officially Joins Austrian Club |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/transfer-news/golden-eaglets-star-officially-joins-austrian-club/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=footballinnigeria.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
An kira shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekara 17 don shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 (wanda aka sanya wa suna ''WAFU-B U17 na 2022'' ), Michael ya zura kwallaye a wasan farko, inda ya yi nasara da ci 4-2 a kan Ghana . Ya biyo baya da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Ivory Coast da ci 3-1, inda ya lashe kyautar ''Man Of the Match'' sau uku a jere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2022 |title=Emmanuel Michael tops List Of Five Nigeria U17 Players Shining Bright At WAFU B Championship |url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2022/06/22/emmanuel-michael-tops-list-of-five-nigeria-u17-players-shining-bright-at-wafu-b-championship/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=owngoalnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe gasar WAFU-B U17 ta 2022, abokan wasansa a Kwalejin Simoiben Football Academy sun karrama shi lokacin da ya dawo Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afolayan |first=Toyosi |date=12 July 2022 |title=Simoiben football academy honor Golden Eaglets' star Emmanuel Michael |url=https://myleaguewire.com/2022/07/12/simoiben-football-academy-honor-golden-eaglets-star-emmanuel-michael/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=myleaguewire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya aka bayyana cewa ya kusa rasa gasar; bayan ya isa sansanin horo a makare, masu horar da 'yan wasan Najeriya da farko sun so a cire shi daga ƙungiyar, amma bayan wata ganawa tsakanin shugaban [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya|hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]], [[Ibrahim Musa Gusau]], da mamallakin Kwalejin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Simoiben, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya [[Moses Simon]], an dawo da shi. 

An kira shi cikin tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta wucin gadi don gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2023, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hawkson |first=Leroy |date=17 February 2024 |title=Nigeria name provisional football squad for 13th African Games |url=https://www.asaaseradio.com/nigeria-name-provisional-football-squad-for-13th-african-games/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=asaaseradio.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma bai samu shiga cikin tawagar ƙarshe ba saboda raunin da ya samu a idon sawu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2024 |title=Emmanuel Michael's Fitness Concerns Ahead of All Africa Games |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/player-health-and-injuries/emmanuel-michaels-fitness-concerns-ahead-of-all-africa-games/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=footballinnigeria.com.ng |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009203459/https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/player-health-and-injuries/emmanuel-michaels-fitness-concerns-ahead-of-all-africa-games/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasan ==
Kwararren mai buga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, [1] [2] Michael ya yaba wa dan wasan Najeriya Moses Simon saboda ba shi takalma bayan ya ci kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da Najeriya ta yi da Ghana a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta 2023. [3] Ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Ivory Coast da ci 3-1 a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar. [4]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>First Bank FC</title>
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      <text bytes="3150" sha1="ejlhh77s1fmhno6clbobkesejicoykq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox kungiyar kwallon kafa
| suna = First Bank FC
| cikakken_suna = First Bank Football Club
| lakabi = Bankers
| kafa = 1984
| wuri = Lagos, Najeriya
| filin_wasa = Onikan Stadium
| karfin_wasa = 10,000
| shugaba = 
| mai_horo = 
| gasar = Nigeria Nationwide League
| kaya1 = 
| kaya2 = 
}}

'''First Bank FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wacce ke da hedikwata a birnin Lagos, Najeriya. Ƙungiyar tana da alaƙa da [[First Bank of Nigeria]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan bankunan Najeriya. An kafa ƙungiyar domin bunƙasa wasanni da kuma bai wa matasa damar nuna ƙwarewarsu a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://firstbanknigeria.com/ |title=First Bank of Nigeria Official Website |publisher=First Bank of Nigeria |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa First Bank FC a shekarar 1984 a matsayin ƙungiyar wasanni ta ma’aikatan bankin First Bank of Nigeria. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta bunƙasa tare da shiga gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa daban-daban a Najeriya. A tsawon lokaci, ƙungiyar ta zama sananniya wajen haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa masu tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigchamp.html |title=Nigeria League History |publisher=RSSSF |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

First Bank FC ta taɓa taka rawa a manyan matakan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya, musamman a shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Ƙungiyar ta yi gogayya da manyan kungiyoyi kamar [[Enyimba F.C.]], [[Rangers International F.C.]] da [[Shooting Stars SC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npfl.ng/ |title=Nigeria Professional Football League |publisher=NPFL |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2026-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305231352/http://npfl.ng/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da wasanninta a filin wasa na Onikan Stadium da ke Lagos. Filin wasan yana daga cikin tsofaffin filayen wasa a Najeriya kuma ya karɓi wasanni daban-daban na cikin gida tsawon shekaru masu yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/onikans-stadium-history/ |title=History of Onikan Stadium |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

First Bank FC ta fi mayar da hankali wajen horas da matasa da samar da sababbin ‘yan wasa ga ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin ‘yan wasan ƙungiyar sun ci gaba zuwa manyan kungiyoyi a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.brila.net/ |title=Nigerian Football Development News |publisher=Brila FM |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ba ta cikin fitattun kungiyoyin Najeriya a halin yanzu, har yanzu tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙasa. First Bank FC na daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka taimaka wajen ci gaban wasannin kamfanoni a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thenff.com/ |title=Nigeria Football Federation |publisher=NFF |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[First Bank of Nigeria]]
* [[Nigeria Professional Football League]]
* [[Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da aka kafa a 1984]]
[[Category:Lagos]]</text>
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    <title>Ezekiel Bassey</title>
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'''Ezekiel Joe Bassey''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1996) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon gefe]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Akwa Utd Begin Title Defence in Style, Crumble Pillars in Uyo |url=https://akwaunitedfc.com/2021/12/20/akwa-utd-begin-title-defence-in-style-crumble-pillars-in-uyo/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=akwaunitedfc.com |language=english |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222144354/https://akwaunitedfc.com/2021/12/20/akwa-utd-begin-title-defence-in-style-crumble-pillars-in-uyo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗan wasan gefe ne mai saurin gudu, wanda aka san shi da iyawarsa ta yin dribbling da kuma yawan aiki. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
An haifi Bassey a [[Akwa Ibom]], kuma ya fara aikinsa ne da Akwa Starlet.

=== Akwa United ===
Bassey ya sanya hannu da Akwa United a kakar wasa ta 2013-2014. 

=== Enyimba ===
An ɗauke Bassey daga ƙungiyar masu neman 'yan wasa ta Enyimba a farkon kakar wasa ta 2014-2015, kuma ya riga ya yi suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin taurarin da ke tasowa a gasar.  Ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a ƙungiyar da kwallaye 3 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye sama da 10 a gasar, wanda hakan ya kai Enyimba ga lashe gasar ta bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=http://npfl.ng/index.php/2016-03-08-11-00-23/2014-2015-season/top-goal-scorers-chart |access-date=2026-05-16 |archive-date=2017-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226024435/http://npfl.ng/index.php/2016-03-08-11-00-23/2014-2015-season/top-goal-scorers-chart |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Barcelona (Aro) ===
Bayan yawon shakatawa na NPFL All-Star a gasar La Liga a shekarar 2016, Barcelona ta yi masa bincike kuma daga baya ta samu aro daga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba FC]] . Ezekiel Bassey ya koma Barcelona B a ranar da aka kayyade lokacin canja wurin 'yan wasa, 31 ga Janairu 2017. Kwantiraginsa yana da zabin a mayar da shi na dindindin a karshen aro.

=== Paykan ===
A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2017, Bassey ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da Paykan . Ya buga wasanni uku a gasar lig a kulob din. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=باشگاه پیکان با بازیکن سابق بارسلونای B قرارداد امضا کرد |trans-title=Former Barcelona B player signed a contract with Paykan |url=https://www.tarafdari.com/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1/803467/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-b-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3 |access-date=20 September 2017 |publisher=Tarafdari |language=Persian |archive-date=17 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517190908/https://www.tarafdari.com/%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1/803467/%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-b-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA-%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25B9%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwa United ===
Bassey ya sake komawa Akwa United kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya a shekarar 2018 bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci da Paykan .

=== Al Masry SC ===
A ranar 21 ga Janairun 2019, an sanar da cewa Bassey ya koma kulob din Al Masry SC na Masar kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=Al Masry complete signing of ex-Barcelona B winger |url=https://www.kingfut.com/2019/01/21/al-masry-sign-barcelona-b-winger/ |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=kingfut.com |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ezekiel Bassey |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe431002/ezekiel-bassey/ |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=worldfootball.net |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ezekiel Bassey joins Al Masry from Akwa United |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/ezekiel-bassey-joins-al-masry-from-akwa-united/1s5lt3xiqz6rp1viqe0qbpiqb1 |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=goal.com |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ezekiel Bassey - Soccer player profile &amp; career statistics - Global Sports Archive |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/ezekiel-bassey/85642/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jirgin Petrojet SC ===
Bayan watanni kaɗan da ya yi yana wasa a Al Masry SC, Bassey ya jawo hankalin wasu ƙungiyoyi kuma ya sami tayi da yawa amma ya zaɓi ya koma ƙungiyar Petrojet SC ta Masar a yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya a watan Yulin 2019. [1] [ ]

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Ya fara buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] wasa a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2015 a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta CAF da Swaziland. &lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - E. Bassey - Profile with news, career statistics and history |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ezekiel-bassey/429284/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma zai buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka da Tunisia a watan Janairun 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2021 |title=Who is Ezekiel Bassey? Wiki, Biography, Age, Spouse, Net Worth |url=https://itsbiography.com/ezekiel-bassey/ |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=ItsBiography |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Enyimba International Stadium</title>
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{{Infobox football stadium
| stadium_name = Enyimba International Stadium
| nickname = Aba Stadium
| image = Enyimba International Stadium.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| fullname = Enyimba International Stadium
| location = Aba, Abia State, Nigeria
| coordinates = {{coord|5|7|N|7|22|E|type:landmark_region:NG|display=inline,title}}
| broke_ground = 
| built = 
| opened = 1986
| renovated = 2018
| owner = Abia State Government
| operator = Abia State Government
| surface = Grass
| construction_cost = 
| architect = 
| former_names = 
| tenants = [[Enyimba F.C.]]
| seating_capacity = 16,000
| dimensions = 
}}

'''Enyimba International Stadium''' wanda ake kira '''Aba Stadium''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke cikin garin Aba a jihar Abia ta ƙasar Najeriya. Filin wasan yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasa da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida a Najeriya, musamman wasannin [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]. Hakanan filin yana zama gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Enyimba F.C.]], ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi samun nasara a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enyimba FC Profile |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/team/enyimba/8gxg8j7t0j5r9m5i7h7h2qz2n |website=Goal.com |access-date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An buɗe filin wasan a shekarar 1986 domin karɓar manyan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran harkokin wasanni a jihar Abia. A tsawon shekaru, filin wasan ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar wasanni a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Bayan wasu shekaru na lalacewa da ƙarancin kulawa, gwamnatin jihar Abia ta gudanar da gyare-gyare domin dawo da martabar filin wasan da kuma tabbatar da ya dace da ƙa’idodin zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abia Government Renovates Enyimba Stadium |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/abia-govt-renovates-enyimba-stadium/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enyimba International Stadium ya shahara musamman saboda kasancewarsa gidan ƙungiyar [[Enyimba F.C.]], wacce ta lashe kofin [[CAF Champions League]] sau biyu a shekarun 2003 da 2004. Magoya bayan ƙungiyar suna cika filin wasan yayin manyan wasanni, abin da ke sa filin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi armashi wajen kallon ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enyimba FC History |url=https://www.cafonline.com/clubs/enyimba-fc/ |website=CAF Online |access-date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018 an sake gyara filin wasan tare da inganta kujeru, filin ciyawa, ɗakunan ‘yan wasa, da kuma tsarin hasken wuta. Wannan gyaran ya taimaka wajen dawo da damar karɓar manyan wasannin cikin gida da na nahiyar Afirka. An kuma yi ƙoƙarin inganta tsaro da jin daɗin masu kallo a filin wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enyimba Stadium Gets Major Upgrade |url=https://punchng.com/enyimba-stadium-gets-major-upgrade/ |website=Punch Newspapers |access-date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin wasan na da damar ɗaukar kusan mutane 16,000, kuma ana amfani da shi wajen wasu tarukan jama'a da bukukuwan gwamnati a wasu lokuta. Duk da cewa ba shi ne mafi girma a Najeriya ba, amma yana da muhimmanci sosai ga ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin kudu maso gabashin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Stadiums in Nigeria |url=https://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml |website=World Stadiums |access-date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Enyimba F.C.]]
* [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
* [[CAF Champions League]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://www.cafonline.com/ CAF Official Website]
* [https://npfl.ng/ Nigeria Premier Football League] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305231352/http://npfl.ng/ |date=2026-03-05 }}

[[Category:Football venues in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Sport in Abia State]]
[[Category:Aba, Nigeria]]
[[Category:Enyimba F.C.]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elia Béatrice Assoumacou</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Elia Béatrice Assoumacou''' [[Jami'a|malami]] ne kuma [[ɗan siyasa]] [[Madagaskar|a Malagasy]] .

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Elia Béatrice Assoumacou, cikakkiyar Farfesa, masanin zamantakewa da ɗan adam kuma ƙwararriya a fannin Ilimi, Horar da Manyan Mutane da Jinsi, tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Mahajanga &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elia Béatrice Assoumacou : Livres, Biographie, Livres Audio, Bibliographie... - La Boutique Africavivre |url=https://www.laboutiqueafricavivre.com/s/24040/elia-beatrice-assoumacou |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=www.laboutiqueafricavivre.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; . A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2020, ta karɓi ragamar shugabancin Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma da Binciken Kimiyya ta Malagasy bayan sake fasalin Gwamnatin Ntsay tun daga29 janvier 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nouveau remaniement ministériel à Madagascar, un an après l’élection d’Andry Rajoelina – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/888886/politique/nouveau-remaniement-ministeriel-a-madagascar-un-an-apres-lelection-dandry-rajoelina/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Redaction Midi |date=2020-01-30 |title=Équipe gouvernementale : 40% de femmes ministres |url=https://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/politique/2020/01/30/equipe-gouvernementale-40-de-femmes-ministres/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=Midi Madagasikara |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-24 |title=Corruption au Mesrs : la ministre Béatrice A. dément {{!}} NewsMada |url=https://newsmada.com/2020/12/24/corruption-au-mesrs-la-ministre-beatrice-a-dement/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=newsmada.com |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121092612/https://newsmada.com/2020/12/24/corruption-au-mesrs-la-ministre-beatrice-a-dement/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Membres du Gouvernement {{!}} Primature |url=https://www.primature.gov.mg/index.php/gouvernement/membres-du-gouvernement/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121084956/https://www.primature.gov.mg/index.php/gouvernement/membres-du-gouvernement/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madagascar : 32 ministres nommés dont 22 arrivants |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-le-nouveau-gouvernement-comprend-22-nouveaux-ministres-et-10-reconduits-1081165.html |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=Réunion la 1ère |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta zama mace Musulma ta farko 'yar ƙasar Madagascar da ta riƙe wannan matsayi, inda ta maye gurbin Blanche Nirina Richard &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique à Madagascar |url=http://www.mesupres.gov.mg/?Elia-Beatrice-ASSOUMACOU-prend-du-service |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=www.mesupres.gov.mg}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ta ba da gudummawa ga horar da ɗalibai da yawa da kuma yin bincike tun daga shekarar 2008 a Faculty of Law, Management, Economics, and Sociology of the University of Antananarivo kafin ta ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Harsuna da Wayewa a Jami'ar Mahajanga a shekarar 2011. Ta kuma jagoranci wannan Cibiyar, inda ta kafa ƙungiya mai fannoni daban-daban don haɓaka Ilimi Mai Girma da Bincike. Ta ci gaba da zama a matsayin shugabar Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma da Binciken Kimiyya a Madagascar dagajanvier 2020 yana dajanvier 2024 A wannan lokacin, ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye da dama kuma ta mai da hankali kan haɓaka ilimi mai zurfi ta hanyar kafa manufar buɗewa da jagoranci mai laushi don haɓaka zaman lafiya a zamantakewa. Tsakanin watan Mayu da [wata da ya rage]août 2020 An naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, Ilimin Fasaha da Horar da Sana'o'i, kuma a shekarar 2003, ta kasance memba a gwamnatin jami'a. A halin yanzu, ita ce Shugabar Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Zamantakewa da Bil Adama kuma Daraktar Makarantar Digiri na Biyu ta Injiniya da Tsarin Zane-zane ta Jami'ar Mahajanga.mars 2025 An zaɓe ta a matsayin Daraktar Makarantar Digiri na uku ta Injiniya da Tsarin Zane-zane ta Jami'ar Mahajanga.

An haife ta a cikin dangin sarautar Sakalava na Ambato Boeny, ga mahaifinta wanda malami ne kuma uwa ce mai ungozoma, ta halarci Makarantar Notre-Dame da ke Mahajanga kuma ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar farko ta makarantar sakandare a 1998. Daga 2002 zuwa 2010 ta yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Faculty of Law, Economics, Management and Sociology a Jami'ar Antananarivo, inda ta sami digirinta na uku a fannin ilimin zamantakewa; daga 2008-2009, ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai Masu Girma ta Fianarantsoa kuma ta sami difloma ta gaba a fannin Ilimin Manya da Horar da Manya, kafin ta ci gaba da karatun digirinta na uku a Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Duniya da ke Lausanne, Switzerland da kuma horo kan Jinsi da Hulɗar Jinsi da Zamantakewa ta Jima'i a Jami'ar Rennes 2, Faransa. A shekarar 2019, ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin nazarin zamantakewa da zamantakewa (HDR) a Jami'ar Mahajanga, inda ta sake tsara matsayinta, sannan ta zama Farfesa mafi karancin shekaru a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da ilmin dan Adam a Madagascar.

A shekarar 2023, bayan sake tsara wasu matsayi, ta zama mace ta farko kuma musulma tilo da ke da matsayin cikakken farfesa a Madagascar.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{Liens}}{{Portail|politique|Madagascar}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elkanah Onyeali</title>
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'''Elkanah Bollington Onyeali''' (7 ga Yuni 1939 – 11 ga Agusta 2008) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya ga Tranmere Rovers, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 a wasanni 13 a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a kakar wasa ta 1960–61. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tranmere Rovers: 1946/47 – 2009/10 |url=http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/tranmere/tranmere.html |access-date=3 May 2012 |publisher=Neil Brown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onyeali yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka na farko da suka buga wasa a Ingila, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phil Vasili |date=30 May 2008 |title=The Occluded History of Black Footballers in Britain |url=http://pitchinvasion.net/blog/2008/05/30/the-occluded-history-of-black-footballers-in-britain/ |access-date=6 November 2010 |publisher=Pitch Invasion |archive-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128210219/http://pitchinvasion.net/blog/2008/05/30/the-occluded-history-of-black-footballers-in-britain/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ɗan wasa baƙar fata na farko da ya buga wasa a Merseyside . &lt;ref name=&quot;trfc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black History Month – Elkanah Onyeali |url=https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2020/october/black-history-month---elkanah-onyeali/?fbclid=IwAR38MsjyIHiftizuUA6zotUx2s3DIybeYYEgvALaLq-seN2mUqovPsVNf2E |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=[[Tranmere Rovers F.C.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zo Ingila a shekarar 1960, don yin karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Birkenhead, kuma ƙungiyar Tranmere Rovers ta ba shi kwangila. Duk da haka, an sake shi bayan kakar wasa ɗaya saboda sabon manajan bai so ya ɗauki ɗan wasa na ɗan lokaci ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trfc&quot;/&gt; Kafin da kuma bayan zuwansa Ingila, ya kuma buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye 11 a wasanni da dama tsakanin 1959 da 1961. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Solaja |first=Kunle |date=26 April 2011 |title=Elkanah Onyeali, the unsung scorer |url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria50/news/110426/Elkanah_Onyeali_the_unsung_scorer |access-date=10 February 2012 |website=SuperSport |publisher=MultiChoice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin Satumba 1961 da Oktoba 1962, Oneyali ya buga wa Prescot Cables wasa yayin da yake karatu a Jami'ar Liverpool kuma shi ne babban ɗan wasan da ya zira kwallaye a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 1961-62. Ya koma Najeriya a ƙarshen karatunsa. 

Daga baya ya yi karatu a Amurka kafin ya koma Najeriya, inda ya horar da ƙungiyoyi ciki har da Trojans da Spartans. [1]

Onyeali ya mutu a watan Agusta na 2008, yana da shekaru 69. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nick Hilton |date=23 August 2008 |title=Death of a pioneering footballer |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/columnists/2008/08/23/death-of-a-pioneering-footballer-100252-21588531/ |access-date=6 November 2010 |publisher=The Liverpool Echo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fustat</title>
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{{Infobox settlement
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Fustat&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;nickname ib-settlement-native&quot;&gt;Tsuntsu&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;category&quot;&gt;Babban birnin Masar, 641-750, 905-1168&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:Fostat-329.jpg|333x333px|A drawing of Fustat, from Rappoport's ''History of Egypt'']]&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption&quot;&gt;Hoton Fustat, daga ''Tarihin Masar'' na Rappoport&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Sunan laƙabi: &lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-nickname nickname&quot;&gt;Birnin Tents&lt;/div&gt; 
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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Hanyar sadarwa: 30°00′18′′N 31°14′15′′E / 30.00500°N 31.23750°E / 30.00.500; 31.23750) &lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fustat&amp;params=30_00_18_N_31_14_15_E_region:EG-C_type:city &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;30°00′18″N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;31°14′15″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;30.00500°N 31.23750°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;30.00500; 31.23750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |A halin yanzu wani bangare ne na
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Tsohuwar Alkahira|Tsohon Alkahira]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun|Rashidun Khalifa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |641–661
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Halittar Umayyad]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |661–750
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Daular Abbasiyyah|Halifa ta Abbasid]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |750–969
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Halifancin Fatimid|Halifa ta Fatimid]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |969–1168
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |641
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi da
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |'Amr ibn al-'As
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Yawan jama'a &lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt; (karni na 12) &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;• Jimillar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |200,000
|}
'''Fusṭāṭ''' (Larabci: اَلۡفُسۡطَاط) ita ce babban [[Masar|birnin Masar]] na farko ƙarƙashin mulkin Musulmi, duk da cewa daga baya ta haɗe da birnin [[Alkahira|Alƙahira]]. Janar ɗin Musulmi na Daular Rashidun, wato [[ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ]] ne ya gina ta a shekarar 641 Miladiyya bayan cin nasarar Musulmai a Masar. An kafa birnin ne kusa da yankin da ake kira 'Tsohuwar Alƙahira' a yau, kuma a cikinsa ne aka gina 'Masallacin ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ', wanda shi ne masallaci na farko da aka gina a ƙasar Masar.


Birnin ta kai kololuwar bunƙasarta a ƙarni na goma sha biyu, inda yawan mutanenta ya kai kusan 200,000. Birnin ya kasance cibiyar mulki da gudanarwa a Masar har zuwa shekarar 1168, lokacin da wazirin ƙasar mai suna Shawar ya bayar da umarnin a ƙona shi domin hana mayaƙan Salibiyya masu mamaya kwace dukiyoyinsa.

Daga baya, ragowar birnin sun haɗe da Alƙahira, wadda aka gina a arewacin Fusṭāṭ a shekarar 969 lokacin da Daular Fatimiyya ta mamaye yankin kuma ta kafa sabon birni a matsayin mazaunin halifa da fadarsa. Bayan haka yankin ya shiga lalacewa na tsawon ƙarni da dama, har ma aka riƙa amfani da shi a matsayin wurin zubar da shara.


A yau, Fusṭāṭ wani yanki ne da ke cikin gundumar [[Tsohuwar Alkahira|Tsohuwar Alƙahira]] ta zamani, kuma kaɗan daga cikin gine-ginen zamanin da suka rage daga lokacin da take babban birni. Sai dai binciken kayan tarihi da aka gudanar a yankin sun gano dimbin abubuwan tarihi da aka binne a ƙasa. Yawancin kayayyakin da aka tono daga wurin ana nuna su a Museum of Islamic Art da ke birnin Cairo.

A yau, Fustat wani yanki ne wanda ke cikin gundumar zamani ta [[Tsohuwar Alkahira|Tsohon Alkahira]], tare da wasu gine-gine da suka rage daga kwanakinsa a matsayin babban birni. Yawancin binciken archaeological sun bayyana wadatar kayan da aka binne a yankin. Abubuwa da yawa na dā da aka dawo da su daga shafin suna nunawa a Gidan Tarihin Musulunci na Alkahira.

== Babban birnin Masar ==
Fustat ita ce babban birnin Masar na kimanin shekaru 500. Bayan da aka kafa birnin a cikin 641, ikonsa ba a katse shi ba har zuwa 750, lokacin da daular [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] ta yi tawaye da [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyawa]]. Wannan rikici ba a mayar da hankali ba a Misira ba, amma a wasu wurare a duniyar Larabawa. Lokacin da Abbasids suka sami iko, sun ƙaura manyan birane daban-daban zuwa yankuna masu sarrafawa. Sun kafa cibiyar Khalifancin su a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], suna motsa babban birnin daga wurin Umayyad na baya a Damascus. An yi irin wannan motsi a duk lokacin da aka fara mulkin mallaka. A Misira, sun ƙaura babban birnin daga Fustat dan kadan zuwa arewa zuwa birnin Abbasid na al-Askar, wanda ya kasance babban birnin har zuwa 868. Lokacin da Daular Tulunid ta karɓi iko a cikin 868, babban birnin Masar ya koma ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa wani birni na arewacin da ke kusa, al-Qatta'i .  Wannan ya kasance har zuwa 905, lokacin da aka lalata al-Qatta'i kuma aka mayar da babban birnin zuwa Fustat. Birnin ya sake rasa matsayinsa na babban birni lokacin da mai kula da shi, Shawar, ya ba da umarnin ƙone shi a cikin 1168, yana tsoron zai iya fadawa hannun Amalric, sarkin Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. An tura babban birnin Masar zuwa [[Kairo|Alkahira]].

== Asalin sunan ==
A cewar labari, tsuntsu ne ya zaɓi wurin Fustat: Wani kurciya ya sa kwai a cikin alfarwar 'Amr ibn al-'As (585-664), musulmi mai cin nasara a Masar, kafin ya yi tafiya a kan Alexandria a 641. Sansaninsa a wannan lokacin yana arewacin sansanin [[Romawa na Da|Roman]] na Babila. Amr ya ayyana gidan kurciya a matsayin alamar daga Allah, kuma an bar alfarwar ba tare da taɓawa ba yayin da shi da dakarunsa suka tafi yaƙi. Lokacin da suka dawo da nasara, Amr ya gaya wa sojojinsa su kafa alfarwarsu a kusa da shi, ya ba sabon babban birninsa sunansa, ''Miṣr al-Fusṭāṭ'', ko ''Fusṭāṭ Miṣr'',  wanda aka fassara shi a matsayin &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, kodayake wannan ba ainihin fassarar ba ce.

Kalmar ''Miṣr'' tsohuwar tushen Semitic ce da ke nuna Misira, amma a cikin Larabci kuma tana da ma&lt;nowiki&gt;'anar 'babban birni, birni' (ko, a matsayin aikatau, ''&lt;/nowiki&gt;), don haka sunan ''''Miṣr'' al-Fusṭāṭ'' na iya nufin 'birni na alfarwa'. ''Fusṭāṭ Miṣr'' zai nufin 'gidan Masar'.  (Tun da ba ta da labarin a kan kalmar Miṣr ba za ta zama 'gidan babban birni'.) ''Masarauta'' har zuwa yau suna kiran Alkahira Miṣr, ko, a cikin Larabci na Masar, Maṣr, duk da cewa wannan shine sunan dukan ƙasar Masar. Masallaci na farko na kasar, [[Masallacin Amr ibn al-As|Masallacin Amr]], daga baya aka gina shi a cikin 642 a wannan shafin na alfarwar kwamandan.

== Tarihin Farko ==
[[Fayil:Le_Caire_mosquée_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg|left|thumb|[[Masallacin Amr ibn al-As]]. Kodayake babu wani tsari na asali da ya rage, wannan masallaci shine na farko da aka gina a Misira, kuma yana kusa da wannan wurin, a shafin alfarwar kwamandan Amr ibn al-As, cewa an gina birnin Fustat.]]
Shekaru dubbai, an motsa babban birnin Masar tare da al'adu daban-daban ta wurare da yawa sama da ƙasa da Kogin Nilu, kamar [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] da [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], dangane da wane daular da ke cikin iko. Bayan Alexander the Great ya ci Masar a kusa da 331 BC, babban birnin ya zama birni mai suna, Alexandria, a bakin tekun [[Bahar Rum]]. Wannan yanayin ya kasance mai ɗorewa kusan kusan shekaru dubu. Bayan sojojin Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na Larabawa sun kama yankin a karni na 7, jim kadan bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], ya so ya kafa sabon babban birnin. Lokacin da [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]] ta fadi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 641, Amr ibn al-As, kwamandan sojojin da suka ci nasara, ya kafa sabon babban birni a gabashin kogin.

Jama'ar farko na birnin sun hada da kusan dukkanin sojoji da iyalansu, kuma tsarin birnin yayi kama da na garuruwa. Amr ya yi niyya ga Fustat ya zama tushe daga abin da za a ci Arewacin Afirka, da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarin kamfen akan Byzantium. Ya kasance babban tushe na fadada Larabawa a Afirka har sai an kafa Qayrawan a [[Tunisiya]] a cikin 670.

Fustat ya bunkasa a matsayin jerin yankunan kabilanci, ''Khitas'', a kusa da masallacin tsakiya da gine-ginen gudanarwa. Yawancin mazauna sun fito ne daga [[Yemen]], tare da rukuni mafi girma na gaba daga yammacin [[Yankin Larabawa|Arabiya]], tare da wasu [[Yahudawa]] da sojojin Romawa. Larabci shine ainihin yaren da ake magana a Misira, kuma shine harshen rubutu. Har yanzu ana magana da Coptic a Fustat a karni na 8.
[[Fayil:Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg|thumb|Lustreware Plate tare da Bird Motif, karni na 11. Binciken archaeological ya sami murhu da yawa da raguwar yumbu a Fustat, kuma mai yiwuwa wuri ne mai mahimmanci na samar da yumbu na Islama a lokacin Fatimid.]]
Fustat ita ce cibiyar iko a Misira a ƙarƙashin daular Umayyad, wanda ya fara da mulkin [[Mu'awiya|Muawiyah I]], kuma ya jagoranci K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Musulunci daga 660 zuwa 750. Koyaya, an ɗauki Masar a matsayin lardin da ya fi girma, kuma gwamnonin da aka nada daga wasu cibiyoyin musulmai kamar Damascus, [[Madinah|Madina]], da Baghdad ne ke mulkinta. Fustat babban birni ne, kuma a karni na 9, yana da yawan jama'a kusan 120,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kjeilin, Tore |title=Fustat |url=http://i-cias.com/e.o/fustat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629175726/http://i-cias.com/e.o/fustat.htm |archive-date=2020-06-29 |access-date=2007-08-13 |publisher=Encyclopaedia of the Orient}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma lokacin da Janar Gawhar na [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimids]] na [[Tunisiya|Tunisian]] ya kama yankin, wannan ya ƙaddamar da sabon zamani lokacin da Masar ta kasance cibiyar ikonta. Gawhar ya kafa sabon birni a arewacin Fustat a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 969, yana mai suna ''Al Qahira'' (Cairo),  kuma a cikin 971, Khalifa Fatimid al-Mu'izz ya tura kotunsa daga al-Mansuriya a Tunisia zuwa Al Qahir .&lt;ref name=&quot;Millennial&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=24, 26–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma ba a yi niyyar [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a matsayin cibiyar gwamnati a lokacin ba - an yi amfani da ita da farko a matsayin sansanin sarauta ga Khalifa da kotunsa da sojojinsa, yayin da Fustat ya kasance babban birni dangane da ikon tattalin arziki da gudanarwa. Birnin ya bunƙasa kuma ya girma, kuma a cikin 987, masanin ilimin ƙasa Ibn Hawkal ya rubuta cewa al-Fustat kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na girman [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]]. A shekara ta 1168, tana da yawan mutane 200,000.

An san birnin da wadata, tare da tituna masu inuwa, lambuna, da kasuwanni. Ya ƙunshi gine-ginen zama masu tsawo, wasu hawa bakwai masu tsawo. Al-Muqaddasi a cikin karni na 10 ya bayyana su a matsayin [[Hasumiya|minaret]], yayin da Nasir Khusraw a farkon karni na 11 ya bayyana wasu daga cikinsu suna tashi har zuwa hawa 14, tare da lambuna na rufin a saman bene cikakke tare da ƙafafun ruwa da aka jawo don ban ruwa.

Matafiyi na [[Iran|Farisa]] Nasir-i-Khusron ya rubuta game da kyawawan kayayyaki a cikin kasuwannin Fustat: tukwane mai haske, lu'ulu'u, da 'ya'yan itatuwa da furanni da yawa, har ma a lokacin watanni na hunturu. Daga 975 zuwa 1075, Fustat babbar cibiyar samar da fasahar Islama ce da yumbu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi arziki a duniya. Wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa ya biya haraji wanda ya yi daidai da US $ 150,000 a kowace rana, ga gwamnatin Khalifa al-Mu'izz. Binciken archaeological na zamani ya haifar da kayan kasuwanci daga nesa kamar Spain, China, da [[Vietnam]]. Har ila yau, binciken ya bayyana gidaje masu rikitarwa da tsare-tsaren titi; wani sashi na asali ya ƙunshi ɗakunan da aka gina a kusa da farfajiyar tsakiya, tare da wani arcade na arches a gefe ɗaya na farfajilar zama babbar hanyar samun dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;P91&quot; /&gt;

== Halaka da raguwa ==
[[Fayil:CairoFustatLandscape.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Rushewar Fustat a Tsohon Alkahira]]
A tsakiyar karni na 12, Khalifa na Masar shine matashi Atid, amma matsayinsa na farko shine bikin. Ikon gaskiya a Misira shine na vizier, Shawar. Ya kasance cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa na shekaru da yawa, yana aiki don kawar da ci gaban Krista, da sojojin Nur al-Din daga Siriya. Shawar ya gudanar da wannan ta hanyar sauya kawance tsakanin su biyu, yana wasa da juna, kuma a zahiri yana kiyaye su a cikin wani rikici inda babu wani soja da zai iya kai hari kan Masar ba tare da ɗayan ya hana su ba.

Koyaya, a cikin 1168, Sarki Kirista Amalric I na Urushalima, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari na shekaru da yawa don kaddamar da nasarar kai hari kan Masar don fadada yankunan Crusader, a ƙarshe ya sami wani nasara. Shi da sojojinsa sun shiga Misira, suka kwace birnin Bilbeis, suka kashe kusan dukkanin mazaunanta, sannan suka ci gaba zuwa Fustat. Amalric da dakarunsa sun kafa sansani a kudancin birnin, sannan suka aika da sako ga saurayi Khalifa na Masar Atid, mai shekaru 18 kawai, don mika birnin ko kuma su sha wahala kamar Bilbeis.&lt;ref name=&quot;tyerman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Christopher Tyerman}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa harin Amalric ya yi kusa, Shawar ya ba da umarnin a ƙone birnin Fustat, don kiyaye shi daga hannun Amalric. A cewar masanin tarihin Masar al-Maqrizi (1346-1442):
{{Blockquote|text=Shawar ordered that Fustat be evacuated. He forced [the citizens] to leave their money and property behind and flee for their lives with their children. In the panic and chaos of the exodus, the fleeing crowd looked like a massive army of ghosts.... Some took refuge in the mosques and bathhouses...awaiting a Christian onslaught similar to the one in Bilbeis. Shawar sent 20,000 [[naphtha]] pots and 10,000 lighting bombs [mish'al] and distributed them throughout the city. Flames and smoke engulfed the city and rose to the sky in a terrifying scene. The blaze raged for 54 days....&lt;ref name=weapons&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm |date=January–February 1995 |magazine=[[Saudi Aramco World]] |pages=20–27 |author=Zayn Bilkadi |title=The Oil Weapons |access-date=2007-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609223628/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm |archive-date=2011-06-09 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[Fayil:Fustat_Indian.jpg|right|thumb|Yankin masana'antar Indiya, kusan 1545-1645, wanda aka samo a Fustat. Tsohon, raguwar kayan ado, ana samun su a yankin, an kiyaye su a cikin yanayin busassun Masar.]]
Bayan halakar Fustat, sojojin Siriya sun isa kuma sun sami nasarar fatattakar sojojin Amalric. Bayan haka, da Kiristoci suka tafi, Siriyawa sun sami damar cin nasarar Masar da kansu. An kashe Shawar wanda ba a amince da shi ba, kuma mulkin Fatimids ya ƙare yadda ya kamata. An sanya Janar Shirkuh na Siriya a mulki, amma ya mutu saboda rashin lafiya bayan 'yan watanni, bayan haka dan uwansa Saladin ya zama vizier na Masar a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1169, ya kaddamar da daular Ayyubid. &lt;ref name=&quot;tyerman&quot;/&gt;

Tare da Fustat ba fiye da unguwar da ke mutuwa ba, cibiyar gwamnati ta koma dindindin zuwa Alkahira da ke kusa. Saladin daga baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa Alkahira da Fustat cikin birni ɗaya ta hanyar kewaye su a cikin manyan ganuwar, kodayake wannan ya zama mafi yawan rashin nasara.

A cikin 1166 Maimonides ya tafi Misira kuma ya zauna a Fustat, inda ya sami shahara sosai a matsayin likita, yana aiki a cikin Iyalin Saladin da na vizier dinsa Ōaḍi al-Faḍil al-Baisami, da kuma magajin Saladin. An ba shi taken ''Ra'is al-Umma'' ko ''al-Millah'' (Shugaban Al'umma ko Bangaskiya). A Fustat, ya rubuta Mishneh Torah (1180) da The Guide for the Perplexed .  Daga baya aka gano wasu rubuce-rubucensa a cikin gutsuttsarin rubuce-aikacen a cikin geniza (storeroom) na Majami'ar Ben Ezra, wanda ke cikin Fustat.

Yayinda Mamluk ke mulki daga karni na 13 zuwa karni na 16, an yi amfani da yankin Fustat a matsayin zubar da shara, kodayake har yanzu yana riƙe da dubban mutane, tare da sana'o'i na farko sune na tukwane da tattara shara. Layer na sharar gida ya tara sama da daruruwan shekaru, kuma sannu a hankali yawan jama'a ya ragu, ya bar abin da ya taɓa zama birni mai bunƙasa ya zama hamada.

== Fustat na zamani ==
A yau, ƙananan abubuwan da suka rage na girman tsohon birni. Manyan birane guda uku, Fustat, al-Askar da al-Qatta'i sun shiga cikin birni mai girma na Alkahira. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin gine-ginen sun kasance a bayyane a yankin da aka sani da &quot;[[Tsohuwar Alkahira|Tsohon Alkahira]]&quot;, amma yawancin sauran sun fada cikin lalacewa, sun cika da ciyawa ko kuma an yi amfani da su azaman [[Wajen zubar da shara|zubar da shara]].

Ginin da ya fi tsufa daga yankin tabbas shine [[Masallacin Ibn Tulun]], daga karni na 9, wanda aka gina yayin da babban birnin yake a al-Qatta'i. Masallaci na farko da aka gina a Misira (kuma ta hanyar fadada, ɗaya daga cikin masallatai na farko da ake gina a Afirka), [[Masallacin Amr ibn al-As|Masallacin Amr]], har yanzu ana amfani da shi, amma an sake gina shi sosai a cikin ƙarni, kuma babu wani abu da ya rage daga tsarin asali. A watan Fabrairun 2017 an kaddamar da Gidan Tarihi na Masar a wani shafin da ke kusa da masallacin.

It is believed that further archaeological digs could yield substantial rewards, considering that the remains of the original city are still preserved under hundreds of years of rubbish. Some archaeological excavations have taken place, the paths of streets are still visible, and some buildings have been partially reconstructed to waist-height. Some artifacts that have been recovered can be seen in Cairo's Museum of Islamic Art.&lt;ref name=&quot;gascoigne&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alison Gascoigne |title=Islamic Cairo |url=http://www.egyptvoyager.com/towns_cairo_history_islamic_fustat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202123922/http://www.egyptvoyager.com/towns_cairo_history_islamic_fustat.htm |archive-date=2014-12-02 |access-date=2007-08-13 |publisher=egyptvoyager.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* Abu-Lughod, Janet L. Cairo: Shekaru 1001 na Birnin Nasara (Princeton University Press, 1971). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-691-03085-5|&lt;bdi&gt;0-691-03085-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]].{{ISBN|0-691-03085-5}}&amp;nbsp;
*  
*  
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* Ghosh, Amitav, A cikin Tsohon Ƙasa (Littattafai na Tsohon, 1994). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-679-72783-3|&lt;bdi&gt;0-679-72783-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].{{ISBN|0-679-72783-3}}&amp;nbsp;
* [Hasiya] ''Tarihin Al'ummomin Musulunci'' . Jami'ar Cambridge Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-521-22552-3|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-22552-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].{{ISBN|0-521-22552-3}}&amp;nbsp;
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Crusades Ta hanyar Ido na Larabawa . Littattafan Al Saqi. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8052-0898-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8052-0898-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].{{ISBN|0-8052-0898-4}}&amp;nbsp;
* {{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=Robert B. |year=1995 |title=New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World |journal=Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |volume=XII |isbn=90-04-10314-7}}
*  
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== Ƙarin karantawa ==
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*  
*  
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* {{Cite journal |last=Scanlon, George T. |year=1974 |title=The Pits of Fustat: Problems of Chronology |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |publisher=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 60 |volume=60 |pages=60–78 |doi=10.2307/3856171 |jstor=3856171}}
*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Stewart, W. A. |date=July 1921 |title=The Pottery of Fostat, Old Cairo |journal=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs |volume=39 |issue=220 |pages=11–13 + 16–18}}
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] [http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/January-2016/In-Fragments-from-Fustat,-Glimpses-of-a-Cosmopolit &quot;A cikin Fragments daga Fustat, Glimpses na Tsohon Alkahira na Cosmopolitan&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806042113/http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/January-2016/In-Fragments-from-Fustat,-Glimpses-of-a-Cosmopolit |date=2016-08-06 }} Aramco World. Littafi na 67 (1), shafuffuka na 4-9. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:895830331|895830331]]&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;
* {{Cite journal |last=Gascoigne |first=Alison L. |last2=Sheehan |first2=Peter D. |date=2024-08-17 |title=Sherds and the City: Pottery Production, Society, and the Changing Urban Fabric of Fustat, Egypt |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2024.2374148 |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=433–452 |doi=10.1080/00934690.2024.2374148 |issn=0093-4690}}
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'''Ester Haikola-Sakaria''' 'yar siyasar Namibiya ce daga Affirmative Repositioning wacce ta kasance memba na Majalisar dokokin Namibia tun 2025. An zabe ta a Babban zaben Namibia na 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education Officials advised to take measured approach to interventions {{!}} nbc |url=https://nbcnews.na/node/111831 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715181008/https://nbcnews.na/node/111831 |archive-date=2025-07-15 |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=nbcnews.na |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakanninta ne suka tashe ta. Ita ce ta kafa kuma darakta na kungiyar Wakapinya Environmental Education NGO . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=An exclusive interview with Ester Haikola-Sakaria, Environmentalist – Windhoek Observer |url=https://www.observer24.com.na/an-exclusive-interview-with-ester-haikola-sakaria-environmentalist/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Namibia ta 8

== Manazarta ==
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'''Garissa''' (Somali: Gaarrisa [[Larabci|Arabic]]:  قارسا) is the capital of Garissa County, [[Kenya]]. It is situated in the former North Eastern Province.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Kogin Tana, wanda ya tashi a [[Dutsen Kenya]] a gabashin Nyeri, yana gudana ta hanyar Garissa. Gidan Giraffe na Bour-Algi, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 5 a kudancin Garissa, gida ne ga namun daji da ke cikin haɗari ciki har da Giraffe na Rothschild, gerenuk da sauran masu cin ganyayyaki ciki har da dik-dik na Kirk, ƙaramin kudu, warthog da waterbuck.&amp;nbsp;

== Yawan jama'a ==
Yawancin mazaunan Garissa 'yan kabilar Somaliya ne daga Ogaden . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya Police Service |url=http://www.kenyapolice.go.ke/nep.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113021738/http://www.kenyapolice.go.ke/nep.asp |archive-date=2011-11-13 |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=www.kenyapolice.go.ke |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
[[Fayil:Garissa_downtown.jpg|left|thumb|Tashar man fetur ta BP a cikin garin Garissa.]]
Garissa cibiyar kasuwa ce kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta Garissa County . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garissa |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226009/Garissa |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin yana da jami'a, Kwalejin Jami'ar Garissa da kwalejoji da yawa ciki har da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an kaddamar da Garissa Solar Power Station, yana ba da wutar lantarki ga garin Garissa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Uhuru launches Sh13b solar power plant |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001353188/uhuru-launches-sh13b-solar-power-plant |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Standard Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bankuna da ke cikin Garissa sun haɗa da Bankin Gulf African da ke cikin gidan Al-Wayf Alkur'ani, Postbank a Cibiyar Siyayya ta Garissa, da Bankin Al'umma na Farko (FCB) a cikin Ginin Bajwed . &lt;ref name=&quot;Grsb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=garissacity.com |url=http://garissacity.com/mps/ |website=garissacity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran bankunan da ke da rassa a cikin birni sun haɗa da [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Bankin Absa]], Bankin Kasuwanci na Kenya, Bankin Kasa na Kenya, Chase Bankin da Bankin hadin gwiwa na Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Equity Bank Kenya • GARISSA - Branches |url=http://www.equitybank.co.ke/index.php/branches/view/garissa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522172545/http://www.equitybank.co.ke/index.php/branches/view/garissa |archive-date=2013-05-22 |website=equitybank.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Personal |url=http://www.kcbbankgroup.com/ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=73&amp;Itemid=78 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410152638/http://www.kcbbankgroup.com/ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=73&amp;Itemid=78 |archive-date=2013-04-10 |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=www.kcbbankgroup.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Bank of Kenya |url=http://www.nationalbank.co.ke/index.php?page=branch-networks-contacts |website=nationalbank.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiwon dabbobi wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin garin. Tsakanin shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2007, manoman shanu na Garissa sun sami sama da KES1.8 biliyan a cikin tallace-tallace a cikin gida da na kasashen waje. An kuma fara gina sabon wurin yanka a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007. Dangane da shigo da dabbobi, yawancin shanu na Garissa sun fito ne daga cinikin kan iyaka tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na dabbobi na Somaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livestock Farming in Kenya |url=http://softkenya.com/farming/livestock-supply-in-kenya/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326042454/http://softkenya.com/farming/livestock-supply-in-kenya/ |archive-date=2013-03-26 |access-date=2013-04-07 |website=Farming in Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harin ta'addanci na 2015 ==
A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2015, wasu 'yan bindiga sun kai hari Kwalejin Jami'ar Garissa, inda suka kashe mutane 147 tare da jikkata akalla 79. Kungiyar 'yan bindiga da kuma reshen Al-Qaeda, [[Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)|Al-Shabaab]], sun dauki alhakin harin. 'Yan bindigar sun yi garkuwa da dalibai sama da 700, inda suka 'yantar da Musulmai suka kuma kashe wadanda suka bayyana a matsayin Kiristoci. Kawancen ya kare a ranar da aka kashe dukkan maharan hudu. Daga baya an kama mutane biyar dangane da harin, kuma an bayar da lada ga wanda ake zargi da shirya harin, Mohamed Mahmoud, wanda aka fi sani da Dulyadeyn. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Daga baya an kashe Dulyadeen daga hannun kwamandojin Somaliya da Amurka ta horar daga Rundunar Sojin Ƙasa ta Somaliya a daren ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2016, a Bulo Gadud, wani gari mai biyayya ga Al-Shabaab, kimanin kilomita 30 a arewa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kismayo a Somaliya. 

Harin Jami'ar Garissa shi ne hari na biyu mafi muni a tarihin Kenya tun bayan samun 'yancin kai (bayan hare-haren bama-bamai na ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Nairobi a shekarar 1998, inda mutane 213 suka mutu).

== Shugabanci ==
A matsayinsa na babban birnin Garissa, Garissa ita ce hedikwatar Gwamnatin Gundumar Garissa da kuma Majalisar Gundumar. Gwamnan gundumar shine Nathif Jama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Governor – Garissa County Government |url=http://garissa.go.ke/staff/governor/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724063843/https://garissa.go.ke/staff/governor/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mohamed Dekow Barow|Mohammed Dekow Barow]], ɗan Majalisar Somaliya mai wakiltar Gundumar Garissa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Kenya ne ke wakiltar birnin. An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Kenya ta hanyar [[UDA Party|Jam'iyyar UDA]] . A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Garissa, da sauran sassan NFD, an haɗa su wuri ɗaya a matsayin lardin ''Trans-juba'' na Birtaniya a Gabashin Afirka, daga baya kuma za a kira shi Jubaland, wanda ya rabu biyu a tsakiyar shekarun 1920. 

== Yanayi ==
Garissa tana da yanayi mai zafi na bushewa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen category]] ''BWh'' ), duk da cewa tana samun kimanin {{Convert|375|mm|in|0}} na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, saboda yawan kwararar ruwa. Yanayin Garissa galibi busasshiyar ƙasa ce, hamada. Birnin yana kusa da Kogin Tana, kuma yana da yanayi mai zafi saboda ƙarancin tsayi da nisan da ke tsakanin yankunan bakin teku masu sanyi. Zafin rana yakan tashi sama da {{Convert|33|C|F|1}} kowace rana, amma yana sanyaya kowace dare.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Mali</title>
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'''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Mali''' suna da ƙalubale da yawa. Mali ƙasa ce mai ƙarancin kuɗi a arewa maso yammacin Afirka: Ya zuwa 2025, tana cikin matsayi na 188 a kan Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (daga cikin ƙasashe 193).  Saurin karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɗe da iyakantaccen ababen more rayuwa, ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙuntataccen ruwa mai tsabta da tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aikins |first=Enoch |date=August 14, 2025 |title=Mali: current Path |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ML&amp;topic=02-current-path |journal=ISS African Future}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen da gwamnati, USAID da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka yi sun inganta damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin daidaito tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ya ci gaba da ci gaba: Kimanin kashi 68% na yawan mutanen karkara a Mali suna da damar samun sabis na ruwan sha na asali, yayin da kashi 27% na yawan mutanen ƙauyuka ke amfani da albarkatun ruwa marasa kariya don ruwan sha ko amfani da gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa mara kyau yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da ke cikin ruwa waɗanda zasu iya zama masu haɗari. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da cututtukan cututtukani ko cututtuken zawo kamar kwalara, [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], da dysentery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ruwan sama shine kogin Nijar da Senegal da kuma yankunansu. Ruwan sama na yau da kullun da raguwar ruwan sama yana shafar wadatar albarkatun ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga tsaron abinci a Mali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Ci gaban Mali a fadada ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsaftacewa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kamar canjin manufofi da haɓaka ilimin al'umma, da kuma albarkatun don aiwatar da ababen hawa sun dogara sosai ga kudade na waje da manufofin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Matsayin yanzu na samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa a Mali an tsara shi ne ta hanyar tarihin kasar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Mali ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. Babban kashi na yawan jama'arta yana cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, kuma tun daga 2023, kashi 33% na GDP ya fito ne daga bangaren da na al'umma ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali - ISS African Futures |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=futures.issafrica.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri: Yawan jama'a ya ninka sau huɗu daga miliyan 5 a cikin 1960 zuwa sama da miliyan 21 a cikin 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali ta fuskanci fari na shekaru goma daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 har zuwa shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahel Drought and Famine, 1968–1985 |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/sahel-drought-and-famine-1968-1985 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Environment &amp; Society Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rikicin ya karkatar da hankalin manufofi ga samar da ruwa na gaggawa Ba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ba ne aka kaddamar da aikin samar da ruwa ta farko a yankunan karkara ta hanyar mai saka hannun jari na waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four-year effort kicks off in rural Mali to bring clean water to a growing population |url=https://www.niras.com/news/four-year-effort-kicks-off-in-rural-mali-to-bring-clean-water-to-a-growing-population/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Niras |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mali tana fuskantar matsalolin kudi a ci gaban ababen more rayuwa: Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da raunin tattalin arziki bayan 2012 sun hana ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sahel-adaptive-social-protection-program-trust-fund/country-work/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi, gami da hamada, fari, mamayewar fari, da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, tsaro, zamantakewa, da siyasa na 2020 sun haifar da karuwar kashewa da ci gaban yawan talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Don haka, Mali ta dogara da kudade na waje don fadada ababen more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa: USAID ta goyi bayan ayyukan ci gaban noma a Mali tun 1961, kuma ta kara ayyukan ci gabanta a Kudancin kasar tare da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtatawa na karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=USAID Mali: Agriculture and Economic Growth Program Overview (July 2023) - Mali {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/usaid-mali-agriculture-and-economic-growth-program-overview-july-2023 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan shekaru da yawa a Mali, gami da rigakafin makantar kogi, taimakon fari, ci gaban karkara, taimakon bashi da ayyukan sake gina ruwa da ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Bold Vision to Defeat River Blindness |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/exhibits/A-Bold-Vision-to-Defeat-River-Blindness |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - Archives Country Historical Profiles |url=https://countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org/home?year=2024 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank |url=https://ida.worldbank.org/en/country/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ida.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da Canjin Yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Mali_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|thumb|Yanayin yanayi, Mali]]
Canjin yanayi yana ƙara tasiri ga samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Mali. Rashin yanayin zafi, fari mai yawa, ruwan sama mara kyau da raguwar sake caji na ruwa na ƙasa sun rage yawan ruwan sama da ruwan ƙasa da ke cikin ƙasar. Mali ta dogara sosai da rijiyoyi da aquifers don samar da ruwa. Rage wadatar ruwa kai tsaye yana tasiri ga ruwan sha, ayyukan noma da tsaro na abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kwanciyar hankali na ruwa wanda ya haifar da yanayi na iya kara tsananta gasar albarkatu, musamman a yankunan karkara, yana ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankali na zamantakewa da rashin tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank: the importance of groundwater on climate resilience in the Sahel |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/10/05/afw-world-bank-the-importance-of-groundwater-on-climate-resilience-in-the-sahel |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanin Sashe ==

=== Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 6 ===
[[Fayil:ISS-66_Niger_River,_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja a Mali]]
Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba sun haɗa da SDG 6, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana a matsayin tabbatar da wadata da kuma gudanar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ga kowa da kowa nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=Goal 6: Water and Sanitation |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da ci gaba tare da SDG 6, yawan mutanen da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan shan giya na asali sun inganta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=Sustainable Development Report |title=SDG Progress in Mali |url=https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/mali/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yawan jama'a da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun tsaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Infrastructure na fasaha ===
Wells yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga al'ummomi da yawa a Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Birhanu |first=Birhanu Zemadim |last2=Tabo |first2=Ramadjita |date=2016-04-30 |title=Shallow wells, the untapped resource with a potential to improve agriculture and food security in southern Mali |journal=Agriculture &amp; Food Security |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=5 |bibcode=2016AgFS....5....5B |doi=10.1186/s40066-016-0054-8 |issn=2048-7010 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin rijiyoyi da famfo, tare da kula da su, sau da yawa yana da yawa kuma sabili da haka yana haifar da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Water Initiative: Mali |url=https://www.iied.org/global-water-initiative-mali |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.iied.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yawan haƙa rijiyoyin da hannu, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da karuwar matakan rushewa wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga turɓaya da tarkace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin ruwa mai tsayawa wanda ke samar da wurin haifuwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta da [[sauro]] waɗanda ke haifar da batun wurin haifuwar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dao |first=A. |last2=Yaro |first2=A. S. |last3=Diallo |first3=M. |last4=Timbiné |first4=S. |last5=Huestis |first5=D. L. |last6=Kassogué |first6=Y. |last7=Traoré |first7=A. I. |last8=Sanogo |first8=Z. L. |last9=Samaké |first9=D. |last10=Lehmann |first10=T. |date=2014-12-18 |title=Signatures of aestivation and migration in Sahelian malaria mosquito populations |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7531 |pages=387–390 |bibcode=2014Natur.516..387D |doi=10.1038/nature13987 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=4306333 |pmid=25470038}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ana barin rijiyoyin ba a rufe su ba kuma ba a kula da su ba, saboda ana ɗaukar magani a matsayin mai tsada ko wanda ba a iya isa ba. Wannan yana gabatar da haɗari ga batutuwan lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman ta hanyar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashin Ruwa ===
Sanya farashin ruwa batu ne mai matukar rudarwa: A garin Kayes na ƙasar Mali, wani bincike da aka gudanar a farkon shekarun 2000 ya gano cewa gidaje suna kashe matsakaicin kashi 23% na kuɗan shigarsu na wata-wata wajen siyan ruwa. Farashin lita 1,000 na ruwa ya kasance tsakanin $1.50 USD zuwa $2 USD a cikin samfuran da aka ɗauka, wanda hakan babban farashi ne idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kuɗin shigar mazauna yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla shi ne babban hanyar samun ruwa ga matalautan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su haɗa da babban layin rarraba ruwa na gwamnati ba. Ana sayar da ruwan rijiya, kuma farashinsa ya kan bambanta dangane da nisan da ke tsakanin mutum da rijiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Champetier |first=S |year=2008 |title=Potable water production in Mali is mainly supplied by the mixed-economy company (EDM) |url=https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/202.6-00INBA-18941.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |publisher=IRC International Water &amp; Sanitation Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingancin Ruwa a Cibiyoyin Gwamnati ===
Tsaftar ruwa da ingancinsa su ma manyan matsaloli ne a asibitocin ƙasar Mali. A asibitoci, mata da ke shirin haihuwa suna fuskantar babban haɗari na matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin ƙarfin cibiyoyin lafiya wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban. Yawancinsu kan tilastu su yi baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin rukunonin gidajen wanka na jama'a. Kashi 20% ne kawai na cibiyoyin lafiya a Mali aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna da tsaftataccen ruwa. Irin wannan yanayi yana faruwa idan aka zo batun makarantun Mali. Kashi 57% ne kawai na makarantu ke samar da wani nau'i na wuraren tsafta, kuma mafi ƙanƙantar kaso na wannan adadin ne ke samar wa ɗalibai bandakuna daban-daban tsakanin maza da mata. Don magance wannan matsala, wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai suna BECEYA ta yi aiki don inganta samar da ruwa, dakunan kewayawa, da kayan aikin tsafta a cibiyoyin lafiya na Mali. A cewar ma'aikata da masu amfani da cibiyoyin, inganta tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) a cibiyoyin lafiya ya inganta ingancin kulawa, ya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka, sannan ya samar da kyakkyawan yanayi na lafiya ga marasa lafiya, ma'aikata, da ma al'umma baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ngangue |first1=Patrice |last2=Robert |first2=Katherine |last3=Ly |first3=Birama Apho |last4=Traoré |first4=Fatoumata |last5=Philibert |first5=Leonel |last6=Vezina |first6=Maude |last7=Bationo |first7=Nestor |date=2023-03-17 |title=Evaluating the effects of an intervention to improve the health environment for mothers and children in health centres (BECEYA) in Mali: a qualitative study |url=https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/44/138/full |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=44 |issue=138 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2023.44.138.36736 |issn=1937-8688|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake a cikin shekarar 2022, cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Mali sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) sun lakume kiyasin kuɗi dala miliyan 73 USD, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 0.4% na jimillar arzikin ƙasar (GDP). Waɗannan cututtuka sun kuma yi sanadin mace-macen mutane kusan 5,300 na gaba da kiyasi a waccan shekarar, lamarin da ke nuna irin tasirin kai-tsaye da ƙarancin ruwa ko rashin tsafta a cibiyoyin gwamnati ke da shi a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |year=2024 |title=Costs of healthcare-acquired infections due to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities in Mali |url=https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/2024-04/Costs-healthcare-acquired-infections-Mali.pdf |access-date=2025-11-20 |publisher=WaterAid}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Mali''' suna da ƙalubale da yawa. Mali ƙasa ce mai ƙarancin kuɗi a arewa maso yammacin Afirka: Ya zuwa 2025, tana cikin matsayi na 188 a kan Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (daga cikin ƙasashe 193).  Saurin karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɗe da iyakantaccen ababen more rayuwa, ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙuntataccen ruwa mai tsabta da tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aikins |first=Enoch |date=August 14, 2025 |title=Mali: current Path |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ML&amp;topic=02-current-path |journal=ISS African Future}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen da gwamnati, USAID da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka yi sun inganta damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin daidaito tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ya ci gaba da ci gaba: Kimanin kashi 68% na yawan mutanen karkara a Mali suna da damar samun sabis na ruwan sha na asali, yayin da kashi 27% na yawan mutanen ƙauyuka ke amfani da albarkatun ruwa marasa kariya don ruwan sha ko amfani da gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa mara kyau yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da ke cikin ruwa waɗanda zasu iya zama masu haɗari. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da cututtukan cututtukani ko cututtuken zawo kamar kwalara, [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], da dysentery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ruwan sama shine kogin Nijar da Senegal da kuma yankunansu. Ruwan sama na yau da kullun da raguwar ruwan sama yana shafar wadatar albarkatun ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga tsaron abinci a Mali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Ci gaban Mali a fadada ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsaftacewa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kamar canjin manufofi da haɓaka ilimin al'umma, da kuma albarkatun don aiwatar da ababen hawa sun dogara sosai ga kudade na waje da manufofin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Matsayin yanzu na samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa a Mali an tsara shi ne ta hanyar tarihin kasar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Mali ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. Babban kashi na yawan jama'arta yana cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, kuma tun daga 2023, kashi 33% na GDP ya fito ne daga bangaren da na al'umma ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali - ISS African Futures |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=futures.issafrica.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri: Yawan jama'a ya ninka sau huɗu daga miliyan 5 a cikin 1960 zuwa sama da miliyan 21 a cikin 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali ta fuskanci fari na shekaru goma daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 har zuwa shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahel Drought and Famine, 1968–1985 |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/sahel-drought-and-famine-1968-1985 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Environment &amp; Society Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rikicin ya karkatar da hankalin manufofi ga samar da ruwa na gaggawa Ba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ba ne aka kaddamar da aikin samar da ruwa ta farko a yankunan karkara ta hanyar mai saka hannun jari na waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four-year effort kicks off in rural Mali to bring clean water to a growing population |url=https://www.niras.com/news/four-year-effort-kicks-off-in-rural-mali-to-bring-clean-water-to-a-growing-population/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Niras |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mali tana fuskantar matsalolin kudi a ci gaban ababen more rayuwa: Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da raunin tattalin arziki bayan 2012 sun hana ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sahel-adaptive-social-protection-program-trust-fund/country-work/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi, gami da hamada, fari, mamayewar fari, da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, tsaro, zamantakewa, da siyasa na 2020 sun haifar da karuwar kashewa da ci gaban yawan talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Don haka, Mali ta dogara da kudade na waje don fadada ababen more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa: USAID ta goyi bayan ayyukan ci gaban noma a Mali tun 1961, kuma ta kara ayyukan ci gabanta a Kudancin kasar tare da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtatawa na karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=USAID Mali: Agriculture and Economic Growth Program Overview (July 2023) - Mali {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/usaid-mali-agriculture-and-economic-growth-program-overview-july-2023 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan shekaru da yawa a Mali, gami da rigakafin makantar kogi, taimakon fari, ci gaban karkara, taimakon bashi da ayyukan sake gina ruwa da ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Bold Vision to Defeat River Blindness |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/exhibits/A-Bold-Vision-to-Defeat-River-Blindness |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - Archives Country Historical Profiles |url=https://countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org/home?year=2024 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank |url=https://ida.worldbank.org/en/country/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ida.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da Canjin Yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Mali_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|thumb|Yanayin yanayi, Mali]]
Canjin yanayi yana ƙara tasiri ga samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Mali. Rashin yanayin zafi, fari mai yawa, ruwan sama mara kyau da raguwar sake caji na ruwa na ƙasa sun rage yawan ruwan sama da ruwan ƙasa da ke cikin ƙasar. Mali ta dogara sosai da rijiyoyi da aquifers don samar da ruwa. Rage wadatar ruwa kai tsaye yana tasiri ga ruwan sha, ayyukan noma da tsaro na abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kwanciyar hankali na ruwa wanda ya haifar da yanayi na iya kara tsananta gasar albarkatu, musamman a yankunan karkara, yana ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankali na zamantakewa da rashin tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank: the importance of groundwater on climate resilience in the Sahel |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/10/05/afw-world-bank-the-importance-of-groundwater-on-climate-resilience-in-the-sahel |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanin Sashe ==

=== Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 6 ===
[[Fayil:ISS-66_Niger_River,_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja a Mali]]
Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba sun haɗa da SDG 6, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana a matsayin tabbatar da wadata da kuma gudanar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ga kowa da kowa nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=Goal 6: Water and Sanitation |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da ci gaba tare da SDG 6, yawan mutanen da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan shan giya na asali sun inganta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=Sustainable Development Report |title=SDG Progress in Mali |url=https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/mali/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yawan jama'a da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun tsaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Infrastructure na fasaha ===
Wells yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga al'ummomi da yawa a Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Birhanu |first=Birhanu Zemadim |last2=Tabo |first2=Ramadjita |date=2016-04-30 |title=Shallow wells, the untapped resource with a potential to improve agriculture and food security in southern Mali |journal=Agriculture &amp; Food Security |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=5 |bibcode=2016AgFS....5....5B |doi=10.1186/s40066-016-0054-8 |issn=2048-7010 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin rijiyoyi da famfo, tare da kula da su, sau da yawa yana da yawa kuma sabili da haka yana haifar da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Water Initiative: Mali |url=https://www.iied.org/global-water-initiative-mali |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.iied.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yawan haƙa rijiyoyin da hannu, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da karuwar matakan rushewa wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga turɓaya da tarkace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin ruwa mai tsayawa wanda ke samar da wurin haifuwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta da [[sauro]] waɗanda ke haifar da batun wurin haifuwar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dao |first=A. |last2=Yaro |first2=A. S. |last3=Diallo |first3=M. |last4=Timbiné |first4=S. |last5=Huestis |first5=D. L. |last6=Kassogué |first6=Y. |last7=Traoré |first7=A. I. |last8=Sanogo |first8=Z. L. |last9=Samaké |first9=D. |last10=Lehmann |first10=T. |date=2014-12-18 |title=Signatures of aestivation and migration in Sahelian malaria mosquito populations |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7531 |pages=387–390 |bibcode=2014Natur.516..387D |doi=10.1038/nature13987 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=4306333 |pmid=25470038}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ana barin rijiyoyin ba a rufe su ba kuma ba a kula da su ba, saboda ana ɗaukar magani a matsayin mai tsada ko wanda ba a iya isa ba. Wannan yana gabatar da haɗari ga batutuwan lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman ta hanyar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashin Ruwa ===
Sanya farashin ruwa batu ne mai matukar rudarwa: A garin Kayes na ƙasar Mali, wani bincike da aka gudanar a farkon shekarun 2000 ya gano cewa gidaje suna kashe matsakaicin kashi 23% na kuɗan shigarsu na wata-wata wajen siyan ruwa. Farashin lita 1,000 na ruwa ya kasance tsakanin $1.50 USD zuwa $2 USD a cikin samfuran da aka ɗauka, wanda hakan babban farashi ne idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kuɗin shigar mazauna yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla shi ne babban hanyar samun ruwa ga matalautan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su haɗa da babban layin rarraba ruwa na gwamnati ba. Ana sayar da ruwan rijiya, kuma farashinsa ya kan bambanta dangane da nisan da ke tsakanin mutum da rijiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Champetier |first=S |year=2008 |title=Potable water production in Mali is mainly supplied by the mixed-economy company (EDM) |url=https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/202.6-00INBA-18941.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |publisher=IRC International Water &amp; Sanitation Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingancin Ruwa a Cibiyoyin Gwamnati ===
Tsaftar ruwa da ingancinsa su ma manyan matsaloli ne a asibitocin ƙasar Mali. A asibitoci, mata da ke shirin haihuwa suna fuskantar babban haɗari na matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin ƙarfin cibiyoyin lafiya wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban. Yawancinsu kan tilastu su yi baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin rukunonin gidajen wanka na jama'a. Kashi 20% ne kawai na cibiyoyin lafiya a Mali aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna da tsaftataccen ruwa. Irin wannan yanayi yana faruwa idan aka zo batun makarantun Mali. Kashi 57% ne kawai na makarantu ke samar da wani nau'i na wuraren tsafta, kuma mafi ƙanƙantar kaso na wannan adadin ne ke samar wa ɗalibai bandakuna daban-daban tsakanin maza da mata. Don magance wannan matsala, wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai suna BECEYA ta yi aiki don inganta samar da ruwa, dakunan kewayawa, da kayan aikin tsafta a cibiyoyin lafiya na Mali. A cewar ma'aikata da masu amfani da cibiyoyin, inganta tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) a cibiyoyin lafiya ya inganta ingancin kulawa, ya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka, sannan ya samar da kyakkyawan yanayi na lafiya ga marasa lafiya, ma'aikata, da ma al'umma baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ngangue |first1=Patrice |last2=Robert |first2=Katherine |last3=Ly |first3=Birama Apho |last4=Traoré |first4=Fatoumata |last5=Philibert |first5=Leonel |last6=Vezina |first6=Maude |last7=Bationo |first7=Nestor |date=2023-03-17 |title=Evaluating the effects of an intervention to improve the health environment for mothers and children in health centres (BECEYA) in Mali: a qualitative study |url=https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/44/138/full |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=44 |issue=138 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2023.44.138.36736 |issn=1937-8688|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake a cikin shekarar 2022, cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Mali sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) sun lakume kiyasin kuɗi dala miliyan 73 USD, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 0.4% na jimillar arzikin ƙasar (GDP). Waɗannan cututtuka sun kuma yi sanadin mace-macen mutane kusan 5,300 na gaba da kiyasi a waccan shekarar, lamarin da ke nuna irin tasirin kai-tsaye da ƙarancin ruwa ko rashin tsafta a cibiyoyin gwamnati ke da shi a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |year=2024 |title=Costs of healthcare-acquired infections due to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities in Mali |url=https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/2024-04/Costs-healthcare-acquired-infections-Mali.pdf |access-date=2025-11-20 |publisher=WaterAid}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin Samun Ruwa ==
=== Noma ===
[[File:Mali ricefarmers.jpg|thumb|Manoman shinkafa a ƙasar Mali]]
Noma shi ne babban fannin tattalin arziki na farko a ƙasar Mali. Ana ɗaukar Mali a matsayin 'kwandon abinci' na yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Fiye da kadada 200,000 (2000&amp;nbsp;km^2) na fili ne a halin yanzu aka bayar da hayarsa don amfani da shi wajen shashen amfanin gona da ke buƙatar ruwa mai yawa kamar shinkafa da rake, wanda hakan ke haifar da buƙata ta gaggawa ta inganta tsarin sarrafa ruwa. Yawancin 'yan ƙasar Mali mazauna yankunan karkara matalauta ne masu harkar noman da na fita na daji, waɗanda suka dogara kacokan ga albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna fuskantar barazana daga matsalolin muhalli da rashin samun ruwa mai sauƙi. Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa ruwa ya haifar da almubazzaranci da rashin ingancin amfani da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli kamar lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, lalacewar muhalli, da matsalolin samun ruwa ga wasu mutanen. Sakamakon karuwar birane da haɓakar masana'antu, tare da raguwar samun ruwan sama saboda canjin yanayi, ƙarancin kayan aiki da iyakokin samun ruwa sun fito fili sosai. An kafa hukumar Office du Niger (ON) don gudanarwa da haɓaka filaye da kafofin ruwa a yankin. Hukumar ON ba ta kai-tsaye take kula da kariyar muhalli ba amma tana iya shiga tsakani idan matsalolin muhalli suka shafi tsarin sarrafa ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Sidibé, Y., &amp; Williams, T. O. (2016). Agricultural land investments and water 
management in the office du niger, mali: Options for improved water pricing. Water International, 41(5), 738-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1178900&lt;/ref&gt;

Noma a ƙasar Mali mafi yawancinsa ya gudanar ne ta hanyar noman dogaro da ruwan sama, wanda hakan ke sa manoma fuskantar babban haɗari idan aka sami ƙarancin ruwa kuma ya sa sun dogara kacokan ga yanayi. Mafi yawancin ƙasashe masu kyau don noma a Mali sun dogara ne ga ruwan sama, ba ban ruwa ba, wanda hakan ke rage yawan amfanin gona baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Mabhaudhi |first1=Tafadzwanashe |title=A Systematic Review of Irrigation Development and Agricultural Water Management in Mali |date=2025 |work=Enhancing Water and Food Security Through Improved Agricultural Water Productivity: New Knowledge, Innovations and Applications |pages=299–340 |editor-last=Mabhaudhi |editor-first=Tafadzwanashe  |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-96-1848-4_14 |isbn=978-981-96-1848-4 |last2=Dirwai |first2=T. L. |last3=Taguta |first3=C. |last4=Kanda |first4=E. K. |last5=Nhamo |first5=L. |last6=Cofie |first6=O. |editor2-last=Chimonyo |editor2-first=Vimbayi G. P. |editor3-last=Senzanje |editor3-first=Aidan |editor4-last=Chivenge |editor4-first=Pauline P.|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai babbar damar gudanar da tsarin ban ruwa a Mali, amma ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na kusan kadada 566,000 na yankin da ya cancanta ake ban-ruwa a halin yanzu ta hanyar amfani da famfo, tsarin dogaro da magudanar ruwa na gravity, ko ma tsarin ban-ruwa da hannu. Ƙananan gonaki da yawa sun dogara ne akan sauƙaƙan dabarun amfani da famfo, igiya, da guga saboda ba su da damar samun sabbin fasahohi masu inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, rashin amfanon ruwa a harkar noma kuma yana faruwa ne saboda canjin yanayi da fari. Farra a yankunan karkara na Mali yana da ikon iyakance wadatar ruwa ga amfanin gona da kuma damar samun ruwan sha ga mutane. Musamman ma, wadatar ruwa a wasu sassan ƙasar Mali galibi tana dogara ne akan sauye-sauyen yanayi na lokuta. Wannan yana nufin a lokutan rani ko kuma a yankuna masu nisa da manyan koramu, ruwa yakan yi ƙaranci ga amfanin gona da kuma mutanen da ke noman su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/drought-portal/preparedness/vulnerability-and-impact-assessment/national-case-studies/mali/en |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=drought-portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sauyin yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Duk da samun gagarumin albarkatun ruwa a matakin ƙasa a Mali, rashin daidaiton rarraba wannan ruwan da kuma raunin tsarin sarrafa ruwa yana iyakance damar manoma da yawa da amfanin gona, kuma galibi ba sa samun nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |year=2024 |title=Mali — Water Resource Challenges and Landscape Restoration |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010225144542712/pdf/BOSIB11ae327ab049180221182b6ac50ed1.pdf |access-date=2025-11-21 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Men and children withdrawing water for irrigation in the Dogon plateau (Mali) during a sandstorm day.jpg|thumb|Gibar ruwa don ban-ruwa a Dogon Plateau, Mali]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Mali''' suna da ƙalubale da yawa. Mali ƙasa ce mai ƙarancin kuɗi a arewa maso yammacin Afirka: Ya zuwa 2025, tana cikin matsayi na 188 a kan Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (daga cikin ƙasashe 193).  Saurin karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɗe da iyakantaccen ababen more rayuwa, ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙuntataccen ruwa mai tsabta da tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aikins |first=Enoch |date=August 14, 2025 |title=Mali: current Path |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ML&amp;topic=02-current-path |journal=ISS African Future}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen da gwamnati, USAID da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka yi sun inganta damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin daidaito tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ya ci gaba da ci gaba: Kimanin kashi 68% na yawan mutanen karkara a Mali suna da damar samun sabis na ruwan sha na asali, yayin da kashi 27% na yawan mutanen ƙauyuka ke amfani da albarkatun ruwa marasa kariya don ruwan sha ko amfani da gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa mara kyau yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da ke cikin ruwa waɗanda zasu iya zama masu haɗari. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da cututtukan cututtukani ko cututtuken zawo kamar kwalara, [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], da dysentery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ruwan sama shine kogin Nijar da Senegal da kuma yankunansu. Ruwan sama na yau da kullun da raguwar ruwan sama yana shafar wadatar albarkatun ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga tsaron abinci a Mali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Ci gaban Mali a fadada ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsaftacewa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kamar canjin manufofi da haɓaka ilimin al'umma, da kuma albarkatun don aiwatar da ababen hawa sun dogara sosai ga kudade na waje da manufofin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Matsayin yanzu na samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa a Mali an tsara shi ne ta hanyar tarihin kasar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Mali ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. Babban kashi na yawan jama'arta yana cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, kuma tun daga 2023, kashi 33% na GDP ya fito ne daga bangaren da na al'umma ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali - ISS African Futures |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=futures.issafrica.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri: Yawan jama'a ya ninka sau huɗu daga miliyan 5 a cikin 1960 zuwa sama da miliyan 21 a cikin 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali ta fuskanci fari na shekaru goma daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 har zuwa shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahel Drought and Famine, 1968–1985 |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/sahel-drought-and-famine-1968-1985 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Environment &amp; Society Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rikicin ya karkatar da hankalin manufofi ga samar da ruwa na gaggawa Ba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ba ne aka kaddamar da aikin samar da ruwa ta farko a yankunan karkara ta hanyar mai saka hannun jari na waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four-year effort kicks off in rural Mali to bring clean water to a growing population |url=https://www.niras.com/news/four-year-effort-kicks-off-in-rural-mali-to-bring-clean-water-to-a-growing-population/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Niras |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mali tana fuskantar matsalolin kudi a ci gaban ababen more rayuwa: Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da raunin tattalin arziki bayan 2012 sun hana ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sahel-adaptive-social-protection-program-trust-fund/country-work/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi, gami da hamada, fari, mamayewar fari, da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, tsaro, zamantakewa, da siyasa na 2020 sun haifar da karuwar kashewa da ci gaban yawan talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Don haka, Mali ta dogara da kudade na waje don fadada ababen more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa: USAID ta goyi bayan ayyukan ci gaban noma a Mali tun 1961, kuma ta kara ayyukan ci gabanta a Kudancin kasar tare da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtatawa na karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=USAID Mali: Agriculture and Economic Growth Program Overview (July 2023) - Mali {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/usaid-mali-agriculture-and-economic-growth-program-overview-july-2023 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan shekaru da yawa a Mali, gami da rigakafin makantar kogi, taimakon fari, ci gaban karkara, taimakon bashi da ayyukan sake gina ruwa da ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Bold Vision to Defeat River Blindness |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/exhibits/A-Bold-Vision-to-Defeat-River-Blindness |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - Archives Country Historical Profiles |url=https://countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org/home?year=2024 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank |url=https://ida.worldbank.org/en/country/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ida.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da Canjin Yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Mali_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|thumb|Yanayin yanayi, Mali]]
Canjin yanayi yana ƙara tasiri ga samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Mali. Rashin yanayin zafi, fari mai yawa, ruwan sama mara kyau da raguwar sake caji na ruwa na ƙasa sun rage yawan ruwan sama da ruwan ƙasa da ke cikin ƙasar. Mali ta dogara sosai da rijiyoyi da aquifers don samar da ruwa. Rage wadatar ruwa kai tsaye yana tasiri ga ruwan sha, ayyukan noma da tsaro na abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kwanciyar hankali na ruwa wanda ya haifar da yanayi na iya kara tsananta gasar albarkatu, musamman a yankunan karkara, yana ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankali na zamantakewa da rashin tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank: the importance of groundwater on climate resilience in the Sahel |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/10/05/afw-world-bank-the-importance-of-groundwater-on-climate-resilience-in-the-sahel |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanin Sashe ==

=== Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 6 ===
[[Fayil:ISS-66_Niger_River,_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja a Mali]]
Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba sun haɗa da SDG 6, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana a matsayin tabbatar da wadata da kuma gudanar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ga kowa da kowa nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=Goal 6: Water and Sanitation |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da ci gaba tare da SDG 6, yawan mutanen da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan shan giya na asali sun inganta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=Sustainable Development Report |title=SDG Progress in Mali |url=https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/mali/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yawan jama'a da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun tsaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Infrastructure na fasaha ===
Wells yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga al'ummomi da yawa a Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Birhanu |first=Birhanu Zemadim |last2=Tabo |first2=Ramadjita |date=2016-04-30 |title=Shallow wells, the untapped resource with a potential to improve agriculture and food security in southern Mali |journal=Agriculture &amp; Food Security |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=5 |bibcode=2016AgFS....5....5B |doi=10.1186/s40066-016-0054-8 |issn=2048-7010 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin rijiyoyi da famfo, tare da kula da su, sau da yawa yana da yawa kuma sabili da haka yana haifar da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Water Initiative: Mali |url=https://www.iied.org/global-water-initiative-mali |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.iied.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yawan haƙa rijiyoyin da hannu, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da karuwar matakan rushewa wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga turɓaya da tarkace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin ruwa mai tsayawa wanda ke samar da wurin haifuwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta da [[sauro]] waɗanda ke haifar da batun wurin haifuwar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dao |first=A. |last2=Yaro |first2=A. S. |last3=Diallo |first3=M. |last4=Timbiné |first4=S. |last5=Huestis |first5=D. L. |last6=Kassogué |first6=Y. |last7=Traoré |first7=A. I. |last8=Sanogo |first8=Z. L. |last9=Samaké |first9=D. |last10=Lehmann |first10=T. |date=2014-12-18 |title=Signatures of aestivation and migration in Sahelian malaria mosquito populations |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7531 |pages=387–390 |bibcode=2014Natur.516..387D |doi=10.1038/nature13987 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=4306333 |pmid=25470038}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ana barin rijiyoyin ba a rufe su ba kuma ba a kula da su ba, saboda ana ɗaukar magani a matsayin mai tsada ko wanda ba a iya isa ba. Wannan yana gabatar da haɗari ga batutuwan lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman ta hanyar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashin Ruwa ===
Sanya farashin ruwa batu ne mai matukar rudarwa: A garin Kayes na ƙasar Mali, wani bincike da aka gudanar a farkon shekarun 2000 ya gano cewa gidaje suna kashe matsakaicin kashi 23% na kuɗan shigarsu na wata-wata wajen siyan ruwa. Farashin lita 1,000 na ruwa ya kasance tsakanin $1.50 USD zuwa $2 USD a cikin samfuran da aka ɗauka, wanda hakan babban farashi ne idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kuɗin shigar mazauna yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla shi ne babban hanyar samun ruwa ga matalautan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su haɗa da babban layin rarraba ruwa na gwamnati ba. Ana sayar da ruwan rijiya, kuma farashinsa ya kan bambanta dangane da nisan da ke tsakanin mutum da rijiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Champetier |first=S |year=2008 |title=Potable water production in Mali is mainly supplied by the mixed-economy company (EDM) |url=https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/202.6-00INBA-18941.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |publisher=IRC International Water &amp; Sanitation Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingancin Ruwa a Cibiyoyin Gwamnati ===
Tsaftar ruwa da ingancinsa su ma manyan matsaloli ne a asibitocin ƙasar Mali. A asibitoci, mata da ke shirin haihuwa suna fuskantar babban haɗari na matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin ƙarfin cibiyoyin lafiya wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban. Yawancinsu kan tilastu su yi baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin rukunonin gidajen wanka na jama'a. Kashi 20% ne kawai na cibiyoyin lafiya a Mali aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna da tsaftataccen ruwa. Irin wannan yanayi yana faruwa idan aka zo batun makarantun Mali. Kashi 57% ne kawai na makarantu ke samar da wani nau'i na wuraren tsafta, kuma mafi ƙanƙantar kaso na wannan adadin ne ke samar wa ɗalibai bandakuna daban-daban tsakanin maza da mata. Don magance wannan matsala, wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai suna BECEYA ta yi aiki don inganta samar da ruwa, dakunan kewayawa, da kayan aikin tsafta a cibiyoyin lafiya na Mali. A cewar ma'aikata da masu amfani da cibiyoyin, inganta tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) a cibiyoyin lafiya ya inganta ingancin kulawa, ya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka, sannan ya samar da kyakkyawan yanayi na lafiya ga marasa lafiya, ma'aikata, da ma al'umma baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ngangue |first1=Patrice |last2=Robert |first2=Katherine |last3=Ly |first3=Birama Apho |last4=Traoré |first4=Fatoumata |last5=Philibert |first5=Leonel |last6=Vezina |first6=Maude |last7=Bationo |first7=Nestor |date=2023-03-17 |title=Evaluating the effects of an intervention to improve the health environment for mothers and children in health centres (BECEYA) in Mali: a qualitative study |url=https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/44/138/full |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=44 |issue=138 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2023.44.138.36736 |issn=1937-8688|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake a cikin shekarar 2022, cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Mali sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) sun lakume kiyasin kuɗi dala miliyan 73 USD, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 0.4% na jimillar arzikin ƙasar (GDP). Waɗannan cututtuka sun kuma yi sanadin mace-macen mutane kusan 5,300 na gaba da kiyasi a waccan shekarar, lamarin da ke nuna irin tasirin kai-tsaye da ƙarancin ruwa ko rashin tsafta a cibiyoyin gwamnati ke da shi a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |year=2024 |title=Costs of healthcare-acquired infections due to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities in Mali |url=https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/2024-04/Costs-healthcare-acquired-infections-Mali.pdf |access-date=2025-11-20 |publisher=WaterAid}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin Samun Ruwa ==
=== Noma ===
[[File:Mali ricefarmers.jpg|thumb|Manoman shinkafa a ƙasar Mali]]
Noma shi ne babban fannin tattalin arziki na farko a ƙasar Mali. Ana ɗaukar Mali a matsayin 'kwandon abinci' na yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Fiye da kadada 200,000 (2000&amp;nbsp;km^2) na fili ne a halin yanzu aka bayar da hayarsa don amfani da shi wajen shashen amfanin gona da ke buƙatar ruwa mai yawa kamar shinkafa da rake, wanda hakan ke haifar da buƙata ta gaggawa ta inganta tsarin sarrafa ruwa. Yawancin 'yan ƙasar Mali mazauna yankunan karkara matalauta ne masu harkar noman da na fita na daji, waɗanda suka dogara kacokan ga albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna fuskantar barazana daga matsalolin muhalli da rashin samun ruwa mai sauƙi. Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa ruwa ya haifar da almubazzaranci da rashin ingancin amfani da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli kamar lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, lalacewar muhalli, da matsalolin samun ruwa ga wasu mutanen. Sakamakon karuwar birane da haɓakar masana'antu, tare da raguwar samun ruwan sama saboda canjin yanayi, ƙarancin kayan aiki da iyakokin samun ruwa sun fito fili sosai. An kafa hukumar Office du Niger (ON) don gudanarwa da haɓaka filaye da kafofin ruwa a yankin. Hukumar ON ba ta kai-tsaye take kula da kariyar muhalli ba amma tana iya shiga tsakani idan matsalolin muhalli suka shafi tsarin sarrafa ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Sidibé, Y., &amp; Williams, T. O. (2016). Agricultural land investments and water 
management in the office du niger, mali: Options for improved water pricing. Water International, 41(5), 738-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1178900&lt;/ref&gt;

Noma a ƙasar Mali mafi yawancinsa ya gudanar ne ta hanyar noman dogaro da ruwan sama, wanda hakan ke sa manoma fuskantar babban haɗari idan aka sami ƙarancin ruwa kuma ya sa sun dogara kacokan ga yanayi. Mafi yawancin ƙasashe masu kyau don noma a Mali sun dogara ne ga ruwan sama, ba ban ruwa ba, wanda hakan ke rage yawan amfanin gona baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Mabhaudhi |first1=Tafadzwanashe |title=A Systematic Review of Irrigation Development and Agricultural Water Management in Mali |date=2025 |work=Enhancing Water and Food Security Through Improved Agricultural Water Productivity: New Knowledge, Innovations and Applications |pages=299–340 |editor-last=Mabhaudhi |editor-first=Tafadzwanashe  |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-96-1848-4_14 |isbn=978-981-96-1848-4 |last2=Dirwai |first2=T. L. |last3=Taguta |first3=C. |last4=Kanda |first4=E. K. |last5=Nhamo |first5=L. |last6=Cofie |first6=O. |editor2-last=Chimonyo |editor2-first=Vimbayi G. P. |editor3-last=Senzanje |editor3-first=Aidan |editor4-last=Chivenge |editor4-first=Pauline P.|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai babbar damar gudanar da tsarin ban ruwa a Mali, amma ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na kusan kadada 566,000 na yankin da ya cancanta ake ban-ruwa a halin yanzu ta hanyar amfani da famfo, tsarin dogaro da magudanar ruwa na gravity, ko ma tsarin ban-ruwa da hannu. Ƙananan gonaki da yawa sun dogara ne akan sauƙaƙan dabarun amfani da famfo, igiya, da guga saboda ba su da damar samun sabbin fasahohi masu inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, rashin amfanon ruwa a harkar noma kuma yana faruwa ne saboda canjin yanayi da fari. Farra a yankunan karkara na Mali yana da ikon iyakance wadatar ruwa ga amfanin gona da kuma damar samun ruwan sha ga mutane. Musamman ma, wadatar ruwa a wasu sassan ƙasar Mali galibi tana dogara ne akan sauye-sauyen yanayi na lokuta. Wannan yana nufin a lokutan rani ko kuma a yankuna masu nisa da manyan koramu, ruwa yakan yi ƙaranci ga amfanin gona da kuma mutanen da ke noman su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/drought-portal/preparedness/vulnerability-and-impact-assessment/national-case-studies/mali/en |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=drought-portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sauyin yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Duk da samun gagarumin albarkatun ruwa a matakin ƙasa a Mali, rashin daidaiton rarraba wannan ruwan da kuma raunin tsarin sarrafa ruwa yana iyakance damar manoma da yawa da amfanin gona, kuma galibi ba sa samun nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |year=2024 |title=Mali — Water Resource Challenges and Landscape Restoration |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010225144542712/pdf/BOSIB11ae327ab049180221182b6ac50ed1.pdf |access-date=2025-11-21 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Men and children withdrawing water for irrigation in the Dogon plateau (Mali) during a sandstorm day.jpg|thumb|Gibar ruwa don ban-ruwa a Dogon Plateau, Mali]]

=== Tsarin Ban-ruwa na Ƙananan Ma'asuni ===
Sakamakon rashin kyawun rarraba ruwa a fadin ƙasa a Mali, manoma ba sa iya gudanar da daidaitaccen tsarin noma da samun nasarar girbi don ciyar da al'ummominsu. An ɗauki tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita ga wannan matsala. Buƙatar ruwan ban-ruwa ga manoman Mali na da wuyar gaske kuma ta wuce adadin da ake da shi, don haka al'ummomi da yawa suna buƙatar sabbin madatsun ruwa na micro-dams ko wuraren tara ruwa, duk da haka ikon ginawa da kula da su zai kasance mai tsada kuma mai iyakancewa. An kuma inganta famfo masu amfani da hasken rana, amma neman gina kasuwa mai dorewa kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi ga waɗannan famfuna tsakanin manoma ya kasance mai wahala kuma ya tsayar da ci gaba. An bayyana tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita, amma tare da fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, kamar rashin rance, raunin tsarin kasuwannin gida na kayan aikin ban-ruwa, da iyakantaccen ƙarfin fasaha tsakanin manoma, ba cikakkiyar mafita ba ce baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://ilssi.tamu.edu/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Innovation Lab For Small Scale Irrigation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lafiya ==

=== WASH ===
WASH yana nufin Ruwa, Tsaftar Muhalli, da Tsaftar Jiki (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) kuma wani shiri ne da ke gudana a duk faɗin duniya da ke da nufin inganta wadatar ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun tsaftar jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda mafi kyawun ƙididdiga na Hukumar Asusun Tallafin Yara ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya nuna, a ƙasar Mali, kashi 51% na makarantu ne kawai a yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ke da damar samun ruwa, kuma kashi 45% ke da isassun wuraren tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 20% na makarantu ke da bandakuna daban na maza da mata masu aiki yadda ya kamata. Haka kuma, kusan kashi 80% na 'yan ƙasar Mali sun ba da rahoton samun damar yin amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwan sha, amma idan aka je yankunan karkara, wannan adadin yana sauka zuwa kusan kashi 70%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen WASH a Mali don inganta waɗannan adadi da kuma ƙara damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Ƙungiyoyi irin su UNICEF, World Vision, da CARE suna haɗuwa tare da tallafawa WASH don faɗaɗa tasirin ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;/&gt;

=== Cututtuka Masu Alƙaba da Ruwa ===
Cututtuka masu alƙaba da ruwa suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar shan ko haɗuwa da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin ingantacciyar tsaftar ruwa yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka sosai, inda ya zama babban barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wurare kamar Mali da ke fama da rashin albarkatun tsafta. Cututtuka irin su kwalara, taifot (typhoid), da zawayi na dundee (dysentery) yawanci suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar ruwa kuma duk suna da alamomi kamar amai, ciwon ciki, murɗawar tsoka, da matsanancin zawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;/&gt; Rashin isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantacciyar tsafta a Mali bugu da ƙari yana kawo haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan parasitic na ruwa. Cryptosporidium da Giardia wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ne (parasites) guda biyu na gama-gari da ke yaɗuwa ta ruwa a Mali da sauran sassan duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=M. Jahangir |last2=Powell |first2=Helen |last3=Sow |first3=Samba O. |last4=Omore |first4=Richard |last5=Roose |first5=Anna |last6=Jones |first6=Joquina Chiquita M. |last7=Zaman |first7=Syed M. A. |last8=Badji |first8=Henry |last9=Sarwar |first9=Golam |last10=Kasumba |first10=Irene N. |last11=Onwuchekwa |first11=Uma |last12=Doh |first12=Sanogo |last13=Awuor |first13=Alex O. |last14=Ochieng |first14=John B. |last15=Verani |first15=Jennifer R. |date=2023-04-19 |title=Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrheal Disease Among Young Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=76 |issue=76 Suppl1 |pages=S97–S105 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciad044 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=10116562 |pmid=37074443}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fofana |first1=Hassan K. M. |last2=Schwarzkopf |first2=Maren |last3=Doumbia |first3=Mama N. |last4=Saye |first4=Rénion |last5=Nimmesgern |first5=Anna |last6=Landouré |first6=Aly |last7=Traoré |first7=Mamadou S. |last8=Mertens |first8=Pascal |last9=Utzinger |first9=Jürg |last10=Sacko |first10=Moussa |last11=Becker |first11=Sören L. |date=2019-05-23 |title=Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis Infection in Schistosomiasis-Endemic Areas in South-Central Mali |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=86 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4020086 |doi-access=free |issn=2414-6366 |pmc=6630589 |pmid=31126163}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shigar waɗannan parasites cikin jiki na kai tsaye ga alamomi iri ɗaya da suka haɗa da zawo, ciwon ciki, da amai.

Cututtuka da cututtukan parasitic irin waɗannan na iya zama masu kaza-kaza muddin babu ingantaccen magani. Matsanancin zawo da yawancin cututtukan ruwa na gama-gari ke haifarwa na iya janyo matsananciyar tamowa (rashin abinci mai gina jiki) da rashin ruwa a jiki (dehydration) wanda ke kai ga ramewa da yuwuwar mutuwa idan ba a yi jiyya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Cryptosporidiosis |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250806024040/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-11-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali na fama da ƙarancin isassun albarkatu da ababen more rayuwa don yi wa mutanen da ke nuna waɗannan alamun magani. Suna kuma fuskantar matsanancin matakin talauci da ke sa mutane kasa sayen iyakataccen magungunan da ake da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana barin mutane cikin haɗari ga illolin waɗannan alamun kuma ba sa iya samun damar yin jiyya. Saboda wannan dalili, cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa mutuwa a ƙasar Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reports |first=Staff |date=2016-10-14 |title=Top Diseases in Mali: The Impact &amp; Possible Solutions |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/impact-solutions-top-diseases-in-mali/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Mali''' suna da ƙalubale da yawa. Mali ƙasa ce mai ƙarancin kuɗi a arewa maso yammacin Afirka: Ya zuwa 2025, tana cikin matsayi na 188 a kan Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (daga cikin ƙasashe 193).  Saurin karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɗe da iyakantaccen ababen more rayuwa, ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙuntataccen ruwa mai tsabta da tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aikins |first=Enoch |date=August 14, 2025 |title=Mali: current Path |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ML&amp;topic=02-current-path |journal=ISS African Future}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen da gwamnati, USAID da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka yi sun inganta damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin daidaito tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ya ci gaba da ci gaba: Kimanin kashi 68% na yawan mutanen karkara a Mali suna da damar samun sabis na ruwan sha na asali, yayin da kashi 27% na yawan mutanen ƙauyuka ke amfani da albarkatun ruwa marasa kariya don ruwan sha ko amfani da gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa mara kyau yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da ke cikin ruwa waɗanda zasu iya zama masu haɗari. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da cututtukan cututtukani ko cututtuken zawo kamar kwalara, [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], da dysentery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ruwan sama shine kogin Nijar da Senegal da kuma yankunansu. Ruwan sama na yau da kullun da raguwar ruwan sama yana shafar wadatar albarkatun ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga tsaron abinci a Mali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Ci gaban Mali a fadada ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsaftacewa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kamar canjin manufofi da haɓaka ilimin al'umma, da kuma albarkatun don aiwatar da ababen hawa sun dogara sosai ga kudade na waje da manufofin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Matsayin yanzu na samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa a Mali an tsara shi ne ta hanyar tarihin kasar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Mali ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. Babban kashi na yawan jama'arta yana cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, kuma tun daga 2023, kashi 33% na GDP ya fito ne daga bangaren da na al'umma ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali - ISS African Futures |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=futures.issafrica.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri: Yawan jama'a ya ninka sau huɗu daga miliyan 5 a cikin 1960 zuwa sama da miliyan 21 a cikin 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali ta fuskanci fari na shekaru goma daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 har zuwa shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahel Drought and Famine, 1968–1985 |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/sahel-drought-and-famine-1968-1985 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Environment &amp; Society Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rikicin ya karkatar da hankalin manufofi ga samar da ruwa na gaggawa Ba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ba ne aka kaddamar da aikin samar da ruwa ta farko a yankunan karkara ta hanyar mai saka hannun jari na waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four-year effort kicks off in rural Mali to bring clean water to a growing population |url=https://www.niras.com/news/four-year-effort-kicks-off-in-rural-mali-to-bring-clean-water-to-a-growing-population/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Niras |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mali tana fuskantar matsalolin kudi a ci gaban ababen more rayuwa: Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da raunin tattalin arziki bayan 2012 sun hana ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sahel-adaptive-social-protection-program-trust-fund/country-work/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi, gami da hamada, fari, mamayewar fari, da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, tsaro, zamantakewa, da siyasa na 2020 sun haifar da karuwar kashewa da ci gaban yawan talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Don haka, Mali ta dogara da kudade na waje don fadada ababen more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa: USAID ta goyi bayan ayyukan ci gaban noma a Mali tun 1961, kuma ta kara ayyukan ci gabanta a Kudancin kasar tare da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtatawa na karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=USAID Mali: Agriculture and Economic Growth Program Overview (July 2023) - Mali {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/usaid-mali-agriculture-and-economic-growth-program-overview-july-2023 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan shekaru da yawa a Mali, gami da rigakafin makantar kogi, taimakon fari, ci gaban karkara, taimakon bashi da ayyukan sake gina ruwa da ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Bold Vision to Defeat River Blindness |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/exhibits/A-Bold-Vision-to-Defeat-River-Blindness |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - Archives Country Historical Profiles |url=https://countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org/home?year=2024 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank |url=https://ida.worldbank.org/en/country/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ida.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da Canjin Yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Mali_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|thumb|Yanayin yanayi, Mali]]
Canjin yanayi yana ƙara tasiri ga samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Mali. Rashin yanayin zafi, fari mai yawa, ruwan sama mara kyau da raguwar sake caji na ruwa na ƙasa sun rage yawan ruwan sama da ruwan ƙasa da ke cikin ƙasar. Mali ta dogara sosai da rijiyoyi da aquifers don samar da ruwa. Rage wadatar ruwa kai tsaye yana tasiri ga ruwan sha, ayyukan noma da tsaro na abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kwanciyar hankali na ruwa wanda ya haifar da yanayi na iya kara tsananta gasar albarkatu, musamman a yankunan karkara, yana ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankali na zamantakewa da rashin tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank: the importance of groundwater on climate resilience in the Sahel |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/10/05/afw-world-bank-the-importance-of-groundwater-on-climate-resilience-in-the-sahel |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanin Sashe ==

=== Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 6 ===
[[Fayil:ISS-66_Niger_River,_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja a Mali]]
Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba sun haɗa da SDG 6, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana a matsayin tabbatar da wadata da kuma gudanar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ga kowa da kowa nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=Goal 6: Water and Sanitation |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da ci gaba tare da SDG 6, yawan mutanen da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan shan giya na asali sun inganta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=Sustainable Development Report |title=SDG Progress in Mali |url=https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/mali/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yawan jama'a da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun tsaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Infrastructure na fasaha ===
Wells yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga al'ummomi da yawa a Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Birhanu |first=Birhanu Zemadim |last2=Tabo |first2=Ramadjita |date=2016-04-30 |title=Shallow wells, the untapped resource with a potential to improve agriculture and food security in southern Mali |journal=Agriculture &amp; Food Security |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=5 |bibcode=2016AgFS....5....5B |doi=10.1186/s40066-016-0054-8 |issn=2048-7010 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin rijiyoyi da famfo, tare da kula da su, sau da yawa yana da yawa kuma sabili da haka yana haifar da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Water Initiative: Mali |url=https://www.iied.org/global-water-initiative-mali |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.iied.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yawan haƙa rijiyoyin da hannu, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da karuwar matakan rushewa wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga turɓaya da tarkace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin ruwa mai tsayawa wanda ke samar da wurin haifuwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta da [[sauro]] waɗanda ke haifar da batun wurin haifuwar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dao |first=A. |last2=Yaro |first2=A. S. |last3=Diallo |first3=M. |last4=Timbiné |first4=S. |last5=Huestis |first5=D. L. |last6=Kassogué |first6=Y. |last7=Traoré |first7=A. I. |last8=Sanogo |first8=Z. L. |last9=Samaké |first9=D. |last10=Lehmann |first10=T. |date=2014-12-18 |title=Signatures of aestivation and migration in Sahelian malaria mosquito populations |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7531 |pages=387–390 |bibcode=2014Natur.516..387D |doi=10.1038/nature13987 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=4306333 |pmid=25470038}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ana barin rijiyoyin ba a rufe su ba kuma ba a kula da su ba, saboda ana ɗaukar magani a matsayin mai tsada ko wanda ba a iya isa ba. Wannan yana gabatar da haɗari ga batutuwan lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman ta hanyar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashin Ruwa ===
Sanya farashin ruwa batu ne mai matukar rudarwa: A garin Kayes na ƙasar Mali, wani bincike da aka gudanar a farkon shekarun 2000 ya gano cewa gidaje suna kashe matsakaicin kashi 23% na kuɗan shigarsu na wata-wata wajen siyan ruwa. Farashin lita 1,000 na ruwa ya kasance tsakanin $1.50 USD zuwa $2 USD a cikin samfuran da aka ɗauka, wanda hakan babban farashi ne idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kuɗin shigar mazauna yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla shi ne babban hanyar samun ruwa ga matalautan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su haɗa da babban layin rarraba ruwa na gwamnati ba. Ana sayar da ruwan rijiya, kuma farashinsa ya kan bambanta dangane da nisan da ke tsakanin mutum da rijiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Champetier |first=S |year=2008 |title=Potable water production in Mali is mainly supplied by the mixed-economy company (EDM) |url=https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/202.6-00INBA-18941.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |publisher=IRC International Water &amp; Sanitation Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingancin Ruwa a Cibiyoyin Gwamnati ===
Tsaftar ruwa da ingancinsa su ma manyan matsaloli ne a asibitocin ƙasar Mali. A asibitoci, mata da ke shirin haihuwa suna fuskantar babban haɗari na matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin ƙarfin cibiyoyin lafiya wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban. Yawancinsu kan tilastu su yi baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin rukunonin gidajen wanka na jama'a. Kashi 20% ne kawai na cibiyoyin lafiya a Mali aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna da tsaftataccen ruwa. Irin wannan yanayi yana faruwa idan aka zo batun makarantun Mali. Kashi 57% ne kawai na makarantu ke samar da wani nau'i na wuraren tsafta, kuma mafi ƙanƙantar kaso na wannan adadin ne ke samar wa ɗalibai bandakuna daban-daban tsakanin maza da mata. Don magance wannan matsala, wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai suna BECEYA ta yi aiki don inganta samar da ruwa, dakunan kewayawa, da kayan aikin tsafta a cibiyoyin lafiya na Mali. A cewar ma'aikata da masu amfani da cibiyoyin, inganta tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) a cibiyoyin lafiya ya inganta ingancin kulawa, ya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka, sannan ya samar da kyakkyawan yanayi na lafiya ga marasa lafiya, ma'aikata, da ma al'umma baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ngangue |first1=Patrice |last2=Robert |first2=Katherine |last3=Ly |first3=Birama Apho |last4=Traoré |first4=Fatoumata |last5=Philibert |first5=Leonel |last6=Vezina |first6=Maude |last7=Bationo |first7=Nestor |date=2023-03-17 |title=Evaluating the effects of an intervention to improve the health environment for mothers and children in health centres (BECEYA) in Mali: a qualitative study |url=https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/44/138/full |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=44 |issue=138 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2023.44.138.36736 |issn=1937-8688|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake a cikin shekarar 2022, cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Mali sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) sun lakume kiyasin kuɗi dala miliyan 73 USD, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 0.4% na jimillar arzikin ƙasar (GDP). Waɗannan cututtuka sun kuma yi sanadin mace-macen mutane kusan 5,300 na gaba da kiyasi a waccan shekarar, lamarin da ke nuna irin tasirin kai-tsaye da ƙarancin ruwa ko rashin tsafta a cibiyoyin gwamnati ke da shi a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |year=2024 |title=Costs of healthcare-acquired infections due to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities in Mali |url=https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/2024-04/Costs-healthcare-acquired-infections-Mali.pdf |access-date=2025-11-20 |publisher=WaterAid}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin Samun Ruwa ==
=== Noma ===
[[File:Mali ricefarmers.jpg|thumb|Manoman shinkafa a ƙasar Mali]]
Noma shi ne babban fannin tattalin arziki na farko a ƙasar Mali. Ana ɗaukar Mali a matsayin 'kwandon abinci' na yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Fiye da kadada 200,000 (2000&amp;nbsp;km^2) na fili ne a halin yanzu aka bayar da hayarsa don amfani da shi wajen shashen amfanin gona da ke buƙatar ruwa mai yawa kamar shinkafa da rake, wanda hakan ke haifar da buƙata ta gaggawa ta inganta tsarin sarrafa ruwa. Yawancin 'yan ƙasar Mali mazauna yankunan karkara matalauta ne masu harkar noman da na fita na daji, waɗanda suka dogara kacokan ga albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna fuskantar barazana daga matsalolin muhalli da rashin samun ruwa mai sauƙi. Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa ruwa ya haifar da almubazzaranci da rashin ingancin amfani da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli kamar lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, lalacewar muhalli, da matsalolin samun ruwa ga wasu mutanen. Sakamakon karuwar birane da haɓakar masana'antu, tare da raguwar samun ruwan sama saboda canjin yanayi, ƙarancin kayan aiki da iyakokin samun ruwa sun fito fili sosai. An kafa hukumar Office du Niger (ON) don gudanarwa da haɓaka filaye da kafofin ruwa a yankin. Hukumar ON ba ta kai-tsaye take kula da kariyar muhalli ba amma tana iya shiga tsakani idan matsalolin muhalli suka shafi tsarin sarrafa ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Sidibé, Y., &amp; Williams, T. O. (2016). Agricultural land investments and water 
management in the office du niger, mali: Options for improved water pricing. Water International, 41(5), 738-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1178900&lt;/ref&gt;

Noma a ƙasar Mali mafi yawancinsa ya gudanar ne ta hanyar noman dogaro da ruwan sama, wanda hakan ke sa manoma fuskantar babban haɗari idan aka sami ƙarancin ruwa kuma ya sa sun dogara kacokan ga yanayi. Mafi yawancin ƙasashe masu kyau don noma a Mali sun dogara ne ga ruwan sama, ba ban ruwa ba, wanda hakan ke rage yawan amfanin gona baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Mabhaudhi |first1=Tafadzwanashe |title=A Systematic Review of Irrigation Development and Agricultural Water Management in Mali |date=2025 |work=Enhancing Water and Food Security Through Improved Agricultural Water Productivity: New Knowledge, Innovations and Applications |pages=299–340 |editor-last=Mabhaudhi |editor-first=Tafadzwanashe  |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-96-1848-4_14 |isbn=978-981-96-1848-4 |last2=Dirwai |first2=T. L. |last3=Taguta |first3=C. |last4=Kanda |first4=E. K. |last5=Nhamo |first5=L. |last6=Cofie |first6=O. |editor2-last=Chimonyo |editor2-first=Vimbayi G. P. |editor3-last=Senzanje |editor3-first=Aidan |editor4-last=Chivenge |editor4-first=Pauline P.|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai babbar damar gudanar da tsarin ban ruwa a Mali, amma ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na kusan kadada 566,000 na yankin da ya cancanta ake ban-ruwa a halin yanzu ta hanyar amfani da famfo, tsarin dogaro da magudanar ruwa na gravity, ko ma tsarin ban-ruwa da hannu. Ƙananan gonaki da yawa sun dogara ne akan sauƙaƙan dabarun amfani da famfo, igiya, da guga saboda ba su da damar samun sabbin fasahohi masu inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, rashin amfanon ruwa a harkar noma kuma yana faruwa ne saboda canjin yanayi da fari. Farra a yankunan karkara na Mali yana da ikon iyakance wadatar ruwa ga amfanin gona da kuma damar samun ruwan sha ga mutane. Musamman ma, wadatar ruwa a wasu sassan ƙasar Mali galibi tana dogara ne akan sauye-sauyen yanayi na lokuta. Wannan yana nufin a lokutan rani ko kuma a yankuna masu nisa da manyan koramu, ruwa yakan yi ƙaranci ga amfanin gona da kuma mutanen da ke noman su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/drought-portal/preparedness/vulnerability-and-impact-assessment/national-case-studies/mali/en |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=drought-portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sauyin yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Duk da samun gagarumin albarkatun ruwa a matakin ƙasa a Mali, rashin daidaiton rarraba wannan ruwan da kuma raunin tsarin sarrafa ruwa yana iyakance damar manoma da yawa da amfanin gona, kuma galibi ba sa samun nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |year=2024 |title=Mali — Water Resource Challenges and Landscape Restoration |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010225144542712/pdf/BOSIB11ae327ab049180221182b6ac50ed1.pdf |access-date=2025-11-21 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Men and children withdrawing water for irrigation in the Dogon plateau (Mali) during a sandstorm day.jpg|thumb|Gibar ruwa don ban-ruwa a Dogon Plateau, Mali]]

=== Tsarin Ban-ruwa na Ƙananan Ma'asuni ===
Sakamakon rashin kyawun rarraba ruwa a fadin ƙasa a Mali, manoma ba sa iya gudanar da daidaitaccen tsarin noma da samun nasarar girbi don ciyar da al'ummominsu. An ɗauki tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita ga wannan matsala. Buƙatar ruwan ban-ruwa ga manoman Mali na da wuyar gaske kuma ta wuce adadin da ake da shi, don haka al'ummomi da yawa suna buƙatar sabbin madatsun ruwa na micro-dams ko wuraren tara ruwa, duk da haka ikon ginawa da kula da su zai kasance mai tsada kuma mai iyakancewa. An kuma inganta famfo masu amfani da hasken rana, amma neman gina kasuwa mai dorewa kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi ga waɗannan famfuna tsakanin manoma ya kasance mai wahala kuma ya tsayar da ci gaba. An bayyana tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita, amma tare da fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, kamar rashin rance, raunin tsarin kasuwannin gida na kayan aikin ban-ruwa, da iyakantaccen ƙarfin fasaha tsakanin manoma, ba cikakkiyar mafita ba ce baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://ilssi.tamu.edu/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Innovation Lab For Small Scale Irrigation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lafiya ==

=== WASH ===
WASH yana nufin Ruwa, Tsaftar Muhalli, da Tsaftar Jiki (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) kuma wani shiri ne da ke gudana a duk faɗin duniya da ke da nufin inganta wadatar ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun tsaftar jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda mafi kyawun ƙididdiga na Hukumar Asusun Tallafin Yara ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya nuna, a ƙasar Mali, kashi 51% na makarantu ne kawai a yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ke da damar samun ruwa, kuma kashi 45% ke da isassun wuraren tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 20% na makarantu ke da bandakuna daban na maza da mata masu aiki yadda ya kamata. Haka kuma, kusan kashi 80% na 'yan ƙasar Mali sun ba da rahoton samun damar yin amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwan sha, amma idan aka je yankunan karkara, wannan adadin yana sauka zuwa kusan kashi 70%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen WASH a Mali don inganta waɗannan adadi da kuma ƙara damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Ƙungiyoyi irin su UNICEF, World Vision, da CARE suna haɗuwa tare da tallafawa WASH don faɗaɗa tasirin ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;/&gt;

=== Cututtuka Masu Alƙaba da Ruwa ===
Cututtuka masu alƙaba da ruwa suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar shan ko haɗuwa da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin ingantacciyar tsaftar ruwa yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka sosai, inda ya zama babban barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wurare kamar Mali da ke fama da rashin albarkatun tsafta. Cututtuka irin su kwalara, taifot (typhoid), da zawayi na dundee (dysentery) yawanci suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar ruwa kuma duk suna da alamomi kamar amai, ciwon ciki, murɗawar tsoka, da matsanancin zawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;/&gt; Rashin isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantacciyar tsafta a Mali bugu da ƙari yana kawo haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan parasitic na ruwa. Cryptosporidium da Giardia wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ne (parasites) guda biyu na gama-gari da ke yaɗuwa ta ruwa a Mali da sauran sassan duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=M. Jahangir |last2=Powell |first2=Helen |last3=Sow |first3=Samba O. |last4=Omore |first4=Richard |last5=Roose |first5=Anna |last6=Jones |first6=Joquina Chiquita M. |last7=Zaman |first7=Syed M. A. |last8=Badji |first8=Henry |last9=Sarwar |first9=Golam |last10=Kasumba |first10=Irene N. |last11=Onwuchekwa |first11=Uma |last12=Doh |first12=Sanogo |last13=Awuor |first13=Alex O. |last14=Ochieng |first14=John B. |last15=Verani |first15=Jennifer R. |date=2023-04-19 |title=Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrheal Disease Among Young Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=76 |issue=76 Suppl1 |pages=S97–S105 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciad044 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=10116562 |pmid=37074443}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fofana |first1=Hassan K. M. |last2=Schwarzkopf |first2=Maren |last3=Doumbia |first3=Mama N. |last4=Saye |first4=Rénion |last5=Nimmesgern |first5=Anna |last6=Landouré |first6=Aly |last7=Traoré |first7=Mamadou S. |last8=Mertens |first8=Pascal |last9=Utzinger |first9=Jürg |last10=Sacko |first10=Moussa |last11=Becker |first11=Sören L. |date=2019-05-23 |title=Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis Infection in Schistosomiasis-Endemic Areas in South-Central Mali |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=86 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4020086 |doi-access=free |issn=2414-6366 |pmc=6630589 |pmid=31126163}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shigar waɗannan parasites cikin jiki na kai tsaye ga alamomi iri ɗaya da suka haɗa da zawo, ciwon ciki, da amai.

Cututtuka da cututtukan parasitic irin waɗannan na iya zama masu kaza-kaza muddin babu ingantaccen magani. Matsanancin zawo da yawancin cututtukan ruwa na gama-gari ke haifarwa na iya janyo matsananciyar tamowa (rashin abinci mai gina jiki) da rashin ruwa a jiki (dehydration) wanda ke kai ga ramewa da yuwuwar mutuwa idan ba a yi jiyya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Cryptosporidiosis |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250806024040/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-11-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali na fama da ƙarancin isassun albarkatu da ababen more rayuwa don yi wa mutanen da ke nuna waɗannan alamun magani. Suna kuma fuskantar matsanancin matakin talauci da ke sa mutane kasa sayen iyakataccen magungunan da ake da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana barin mutane cikin haɗari ga illolin waɗannan alamun kuma ba sa iya samun damar yin jiyya. Saboda wannan dalili, cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa mutuwa a ƙasar Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reports |first=Staff |date=2016-10-14 |title=Top Diseases in Mali: The Impact &amp; Possible Solutions |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/impact-solutions-top-diseases-in-mali/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yara sun fi kowa saurin kamuwa da cututtuka da kuma fuskantar illar alamunsu. Zawo a tsakanin yara shi ne babban dalilin mutuwa a cikin rukunin yara na ƙasar Mali. An gudanar da bincike da yawa da nufin rage wannan matsala, amma adadin yaran da ke mutuwa daga cututtukan ruwa a Mali ya ƙaru. An ambaci zawo a matsayin dalili na biyu mafi girma na rashin lafiya da mace-mace tsakanin yara a duk duniya, inda yake taimakawa wajen kashi 90% na mutuwar yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5 a ƙasashe masu ƙaramin ƙarfi zuwa tsaka-tsaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Merid |first1=Mehari Woldemariam |last2=Alem |first2=Adugnaw Zeleke |last3=Chilot |first3=Dagmawi |last4=Belay |first4=Daniel Gashaneh |last5=Kibret |first5=Anteneh Ayelign |last6=Asratie |first6=Melaku Hunie |last7=Shibabaw |first7=Yadelew Yimer |last8=Aragaw |first8=Fantu Mamo |date=2023-06-15 |title=Impact of access to improved water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction among rural under-five children in low and middle-income countries: a propensity score matched analysis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Health |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=36 |doi=10.1186/s41182-023-00525-9 |doi-access=free |issn=1348-8945 |pmc=10268525 |pmid=37322559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙaruwar zawo a tsakanin yara tana da alaƙa ta kusa da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da tsaftar jiki, wanda galibi ake gajartawa da &quot;WASH&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Masset |first1=Edoardo |last2=Sharma Waddington |first2=Hugh |date=September 2025 |title=Effectiveness of stand-alone and multi-component water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce mortality in childhood: a network meta-analysis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00484-x |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1070–1079 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00484-x |bibcode=2025NatWa...3.1070M |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Damar samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsafta ya nuna gagarumar alaƙa da raguwar cututtukan zawo baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

=== Ƙazantar Rijiyoyin Gidaje ===
Ƙazantar rijiyoyi da bandakunan rami (pit latrines) a yankunan karkara na Mali babban ƙalubale ne na yau da kullum ga inganta tsafta da ingancin ruwa. A cikin shekarar 2017, an gudanar da wani bincike akan rijiyoyin gidaje masu hakar ruwan ƙasa da kuma bandakunan rami a wani ƙauyen karkara a kudancin Mali. Sakamakon haka ya nuna cewa akwai gurɓataccen najasa a cikin rijiyoyin kuma gurɓataccen yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da yawa da kuma kusancin bandakunan. Yawan jama'a, yawan rijiyoyi, da yawan bandakuna duk sun kasance alamomin ƙididdiga na haɗarin gurɓatawa. Gidaje da yawa suna ƙoƙarin magance ruwansu na rijiyoyi ta amfani da abubuwa kamar bleach, sai dai, dabarun jiyyar tasu galibi ba su da tasiri kuma ba sa kawar da gurɓataccen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Santos |first1=P. |last2=Martín-Loeches |first2=M. |last3=García-Castro |first3=N. |last4=Solera |first4=D. |last5=Díaz-Alcaide |first5=S. |last6=Montero |first6=E. |last7=García-Rincón |first7=J. |date=October 2017 |title=A survey of domestic wells and pit latrines in rural settlements of Mali: Implications of on-site sanitation on the quality of water supplies |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=220 |issue=7 |pages=1179–1189 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.001 |issn=1618-131X |pmid=28807472 |bibcode=2017IJHEH.220.1179M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Baƙar Buƙata a Waje ===
Yin baƙar buƙata a fili (waje) abu ne da ke faruwa akai-akai a Mali musamman a yankunan karkara. Fiye da mutane miliyan 1 a Mali har yanzu suna gudanar da baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin ingantaccen wuraren tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Fiye da rabin al'ummar karkara ba su da damar yin amfani da ingantattun dabarun tsaftar ruwa, wanda ke sa wannan ya zama matsala ta gurɓatawa. Cututtuka suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar bayan gida (feces) da ke gurɓata kafofin ruwa, musamman ruwan ƙasa. Ana amfani da gurbataccen ruwa ba tare da sani ba don sha da kuma ayyukan yau da kullum, wanda ke daɗa tsananta yaɗuwar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa.

== Kamfen da Shiga Tsakani ==

=== Ƙara Wanke Hannu ===
A cibiyoyin lafiya na ƙasashen Burkina Faso da Mali, an nuna cewa rashin tsaftar hannu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, mafi yawanci saboda rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH, ya nuna yana ƙara cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Lokacin da tsaftar hannu ta ƙaru, an sami raguwa mai yawa na haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan asibiti (nosocomial infections) a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Mali. Don ƙara tsaftar hannu a waɗannan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Mali, ana buƙatar ingantattun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Galli |first1=Anaïs |last2=Winkler |first2=Mirko S. |last3=Hattendorf |first3=Jan |last4=Friedrich |first4=Max N. D. |last5=Bagayogo |first5=Issa |last6=Ballo |first6=Aboubacar |last7=Bänziger |first7=Carola |last8=Dembélé |first8=Hassane |last9=Keita |first9=Mamadou Sory |last10=Peter |first10=Maryna |last11=Tall |first11=Alimata Ousséni |last12=Utzinger |first12=Jürg |last13=Owen |first13=Branwen Nia |date=2025 |title=Baseline Characteristics of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Targeting Hand Hygiene in Primary Healthcare in Burkina Faso and Mali |journal=International Journal of Public Health |volume=70 |article-number=1608406 |doi=10.3389/ijph.2025.1608406 |doi-access=free |issn=1661-8564 |pmc=12133522 |pmid=40470067}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyawawan ababen more rayuwa na WASH sun haifar da mafi girman kariya da sarrafa cututtuka baki ɗaya a Mali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Mali''' suna da ƙalubale da yawa. Mali ƙasa ce mai ƙarancin kuɗi a arewa maso yammacin Afirka: Ya zuwa 2025, tana cikin matsayi na 188 a kan Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (daga cikin ƙasashe 193).  Saurin karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɗe da iyakantaccen ababen more rayuwa, ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙuntataccen ruwa mai tsabta da tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aikins |first=Enoch |date=August 14, 2025 |title=Mali: current Path |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ML&amp;topic=02-current-path |journal=ISS African Future}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen da gwamnati, USAID da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka yi sun inganta damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin daidaito tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ya ci gaba da ci gaba: Kimanin kashi 68% na yawan mutanen karkara a Mali suna da damar samun sabis na ruwan sha na asali, yayin da kashi 27% na yawan mutanen ƙauyuka ke amfani da albarkatun ruwa marasa kariya don ruwan sha ko amfani da gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa mara kyau yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da ke cikin ruwa waɗanda zasu iya zama masu haɗari. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da cututtukan cututtukani ko cututtuken zawo kamar kwalara, [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], da dysentery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ruwan sama shine kogin Nijar da Senegal da kuma yankunansu. Ruwan sama na yau da kullun da raguwar ruwan sama yana shafar wadatar albarkatun ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga tsaron abinci a Mali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Ci gaban Mali a fadada ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsaftacewa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kamar canjin manufofi da haɓaka ilimin al'umma, da kuma albarkatun don aiwatar da ababen hawa sun dogara sosai ga kudade na waje da manufofin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Matsayin yanzu na samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa a Mali an tsara shi ne ta hanyar tarihin kasar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Mali ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. Babban kashi na yawan jama'arta yana cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, kuma tun daga 2023, kashi 33% na GDP ya fito ne daga bangaren da na al'umma ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali - ISS African Futures |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=futures.issafrica.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri: Yawan jama'a ya ninka sau huɗu daga miliyan 5 a cikin 1960 zuwa sama da miliyan 21 a cikin 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali ta fuskanci fari na shekaru goma daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 har zuwa shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahel Drought and Famine, 1968–1985 |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/sahel-drought-and-famine-1968-1985 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Environment &amp; Society Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rikicin ya karkatar da hankalin manufofi ga samar da ruwa na gaggawa Ba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ba ne aka kaddamar da aikin samar da ruwa ta farko a yankunan karkara ta hanyar mai saka hannun jari na waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four-year effort kicks off in rural Mali to bring clean water to a growing population |url=https://www.niras.com/news/four-year-effort-kicks-off-in-rural-mali-to-bring-clean-water-to-a-growing-population/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Niras |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mali tana fuskantar matsalolin kudi a ci gaban ababen more rayuwa: Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da raunin tattalin arziki bayan 2012 sun hana ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sahel-adaptive-social-protection-program-trust-fund/country-work/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi, gami da hamada, fari, mamayewar fari, da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, tsaro, zamantakewa, da siyasa na 2020 sun haifar da karuwar kashewa da ci gaban yawan talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Don haka, Mali ta dogara da kudade na waje don fadada ababen more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa: USAID ta goyi bayan ayyukan ci gaban noma a Mali tun 1961, kuma ta kara ayyukan ci gabanta a Kudancin kasar tare da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtatawa na karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=USAID Mali: Agriculture and Economic Growth Program Overview (July 2023) - Mali {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/usaid-mali-agriculture-and-economic-growth-program-overview-july-2023 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan shekaru da yawa a Mali, gami da rigakafin makantar kogi, taimakon fari, ci gaban karkara, taimakon bashi da ayyukan sake gina ruwa da ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Bold Vision to Defeat River Blindness |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/exhibits/A-Bold-Vision-to-Defeat-River-Blindness |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - Archives Country Historical Profiles |url=https://countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org/home?year=2024 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank |url=https://ida.worldbank.org/en/country/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ida.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da Canjin Yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Mali_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|thumb|Yanayin yanayi, Mali]]
Canjin yanayi yana ƙara tasiri ga samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Mali. Rashin yanayin zafi, fari mai yawa, ruwan sama mara kyau da raguwar sake caji na ruwa na ƙasa sun rage yawan ruwan sama da ruwan ƙasa da ke cikin ƙasar. Mali ta dogara sosai da rijiyoyi da aquifers don samar da ruwa. Rage wadatar ruwa kai tsaye yana tasiri ga ruwan sha, ayyukan noma da tsaro na abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kwanciyar hankali na ruwa wanda ya haifar da yanayi na iya kara tsananta gasar albarkatu, musamman a yankunan karkara, yana ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankali na zamantakewa da rashin tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank: the importance of groundwater on climate resilience in the Sahel |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/10/05/afw-world-bank-the-importance-of-groundwater-on-climate-resilience-in-the-sahel |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanin Sashe ==

=== Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 6 ===
[[Fayil:ISS-66_Niger_River,_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja a Mali]]
Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba sun haɗa da SDG 6, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana a matsayin tabbatar da wadata da kuma gudanar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ga kowa da kowa nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=Goal 6: Water and Sanitation |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da ci gaba tare da SDG 6, yawan mutanen da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan shan giya na asali sun inganta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=Sustainable Development Report |title=SDG Progress in Mali |url=https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/mali/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yawan jama'a da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun tsaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Infrastructure na fasaha ===
Wells yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga al'ummomi da yawa a Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Birhanu |first=Birhanu Zemadim |last2=Tabo |first2=Ramadjita |date=2016-04-30 |title=Shallow wells, the untapped resource with a potential to improve agriculture and food security in southern Mali |journal=Agriculture &amp; Food Security |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=5 |bibcode=2016AgFS....5....5B |doi=10.1186/s40066-016-0054-8 |issn=2048-7010 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin rijiyoyi da famfo, tare da kula da su, sau da yawa yana da yawa kuma sabili da haka yana haifar da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Water Initiative: Mali |url=https://www.iied.org/global-water-initiative-mali |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.iied.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yawan haƙa rijiyoyin da hannu, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da karuwar matakan rushewa wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga turɓaya da tarkace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin ruwa mai tsayawa wanda ke samar da wurin haifuwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta da [[sauro]] waɗanda ke haifar da batun wurin haifuwar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dao |first=A. |last2=Yaro |first2=A. S. |last3=Diallo |first3=M. |last4=Timbiné |first4=S. |last5=Huestis |first5=D. L. |last6=Kassogué |first6=Y. |last7=Traoré |first7=A. I. |last8=Sanogo |first8=Z. L. |last9=Samaké |first9=D. |last10=Lehmann |first10=T. |date=2014-12-18 |title=Signatures of aestivation and migration in Sahelian malaria mosquito populations |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7531 |pages=387–390 |bibcode=2014Natur.516..387D |doi=10.1038/nature13987 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=4306333 |pmid=25470038}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ana barin rijiyoyin ba a rufe su ba kuma ba a kula da su ba, saboda ana ɗaukar magani a matsayin mai tsada ko wanda ba a iya isa ba. Wannan yana gabatar da haɗari ga batutuwan lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman ta hanyar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashin Ruwa ===
Sanya farashin ruwa batu ne mai matukar rudarwa: A garin Kayes na ƙasar Mali, wani bincike da aka gudanar a farkon shekarun 2000 ya gano cewa gidaje suna kashe matsakaicin kashi 23% na kuɗan shigarsu na wata-wata wajen siyan ruwa. Farashin lita 1,000 na ruwa ya kasance tsakanin $1.50 USD zuwa $2 USD a cikin samfuran da aka ɗauka, wanda hakan babban farashi ne idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kuɗin shigar mazauna yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla shi ne babban hanyar samun ruwa ga matalautan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su haɗa da babban layin rarraba ruwa na gwamnati ba. Ana sayar da ruwan rijiya, kuma farashinsa ya kan bambanta dangane da nisan da ke tsakanin mutum da rijiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Champetier |first=S |year=2008 |title=Potable water production in Mali is mainly supplied by the mixed-economy company (EDM) |url=https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/202.6-00INBA-18941.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |publisher=IRC International Water &amp; Sanitation Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingancin Ruwa a Cibiyoyin Gwamnati ===
Tsaftar ruwa da ingancinsa su ma manyan matsaloli ne a asibitocin ƙasar Mali. A asibitoci, mata da ke shirin haihuwa suna fuskantar babban haɗari na matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin ƙarfin cibiyoyin lafiya wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban. Yawancinsu kan tilastu su yi baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin rukunonin gidajen wanka na jama'a. Kashi 20% ne kawai na cibiyoyin lafiya a Mali aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna da tsaftataccen ruwa. Irin wannan yanayi yana faruwa idan aka zo batun makarantun Mali. Kashi 57% ne kawai na makarantu ke samar da wani nau'i na wuraren tsafta, kuma mafi ƙanƙantar kaso na wannan adadin ne ke samar wa ɗalibai bandakuna daban-daban tsakanin maza da mata. Don magance wannan matsala, wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai suna BECEYA ta yi aiki don inganta samar da ruwa, dakunan kewayawa, da kayan aikin tsafta a cibiyoyin lafiya na Mali. A cewar ma'aikata da masu amfani da cibiyoyin, inganta tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) a cibiyoyin lafiya ya inganta ingancin kulawa, ya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka, sannan ya samar da kyakkyawan yanayi na lafiya ga marasa lafiya, ma'aikata, da ma al'umma baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ngangue |first1=Patrice |last2=Robert |first2=Katherine |last3=Ly |first3=Birama Apho |last4=Traoré |first4=Fatoumata |last5=Philibert |first5=Leonel |last6=Vezina |first6=Maude |last7=Bationo |first7=Nestor |date=2023-03-17 |title=Evaluating the effects of an intervention to improve the health environment for mothers and children in health centres (BECEYA) in Mali: a qualitative study |url=https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/44/138/full |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=44 |issue=138 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2023.44.138.36736 |issn=1937-8688|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake a cikin shekarar 2022, cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Mali sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) sun lakume kiyasin kuɗi dala miliyan 73 USD, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 0.4% na jimillar arzikin ƙasar (GDP). Waɗannan cututtuka sun kuma yi sanadin mace-macen mutane kusan 5,300 na gaba da kiyasi a waccan shekarar, lamarin da ke nuna irin tasirin kai-tsaye da ƙarancin ruwa ko rashin tsafta a cibiyoyin gwamnati ke da shi a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |year=2024 |title=Costs of healthcare-acquired infections due to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities in Mali |url=https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/2024-04/Costs-healthcare-acquired-infections-Mali.pdf |access-date=2025-11-20 |publisher=WaterAid}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin Samun Ruwa ==
=== Noma ===
[[File:Mali ricefarmers.jpg|thumb|Manoman shinkafa a ƙasar Mali]]
Noma shi ne babban fannin tattalin arziki na farko a ƙasar Mali. Ana ɗaukar Mali a matsayin 'kwandon abinci' na yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Fiye da kadada 200,000 (2000&amp;nbsp;km^2) na fili ne a halin yanzu aka bayar da hayarsa don amfani da shi wajen shashen amfanin gona da ke buƙatar ruwa mai yawa kamar shinkafa da rake, wanda hakan ke haifar da buƙata ta gaggawa ta inganta tsarin sarrafa ruwa. Yawancin 'yan ƙasar Mali mazauna yankunan karkara matalauta ne masu harkar noman da na fita na daji, waɗanda suka dogara kacokan ga albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna fuskantar barazana daga matsalolin muhalli da rashin samun ruwa mai sauƙi. Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa ruwa ya haifar da almubazzaranci da rashin ingancin amfani da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli kamar lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, lalacewar muhalli, da matsalolin samun ruwa ga wasu mutanen. Sakamakon karuwar birane da haɓakar masana'antu, tare da raguwar samun ruwan sama saboda canjin yanayi, ƙarancin kayan aiki da iyakokin samun ruwa sun fito fili sosai. An kafa hukumar Office du Niger (ON) don gudanarwa da haɓaka filaye da kafofin ruwa a yankin. Hukumar ON ba ta kai-tsaye take kula da kariyar muhalli ba amma tana iya shiga tsakani idan matsalolin muhalli suka shafi tsarin sarrafa ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Sidibé, Y., &amp; Williams, T. O. (2016). Agricultural land investments and water 
management in the office du niger, mali: Options for improved water pricing. Water International, 41(5), 738-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1178900&lt;/ref&gt;

Noma a ƙasar Mali mafi yawancinsa ya gudanar ne ta hanyar noman dogaro da ruwan sama, wanda hakan ke sa manoma fuskantar babban haɗari idan aka sami ƙarancin ruwa kuma ya sa sun dogara kacokan ga yanayi. Mafi yawancin ƙasashe masu kyau don noma a Mali sun dogara ne ga ruwan sama, ba ban ruwa ba, wanda hakan ke rage yawan amfanin gona baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Mabhaudhi |first1=Tafadzwanashe |title=A Systematic Review of Irrigation Development and Agricultural Water Management in Mali |date=2025 |work=Enhancing Water and Food Security Through Improved Agricultural Water Productivity: New Knowledge, Innovations and Applications |pages=299–340 |editor-last=Mabhaudhi |editor-first=Tafadzwanashe  |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-96-1848-4_14 |isbn=978-981-96-1848-4 |last2=Dirwai |first2=T. L. |last3=Taguta |first3=C. |last4=Kanda |first4=E. K. |last5=Nhamo |first5=L. |last6=Cofie |first6=O. |editor2-last=Chimonyo |editor2-first=Vimbayi G. P. |editor3-last=Senzanje |editor3-first=Aidan |editor4-last=Chivenge |editor4-first=Pauline P.|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai babbar damar gudanar da tsarin ban ruwa a Mali, amma ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na kusan kadada 566,000 na yankin da ya cancanta ake ban-ruwa a halin yanzu ta hanyar amfani da famfo, tsarin dogaro da magudanar ruwa na gravity, ko ma tsarin ban-ruwa da hannu. Ƙananan gonaki da yawa sun dogara ne akan sauƙaƙan dabarun amfani da famfo, igiya, da guga saboda ba su da damar samun sabbin fasahohi masu inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, rashin amfanon ruwa a harkar noma kuma yana faruwa ne saboda canjin yanayi da fari. Farra a yankunan karkara na Mali yana da ikon iyakance wadatar ruwa ga amfanin gona da kuma damar samun ruwan sha ga mutane. Musamman ma, wadatar ruwa a wasu sassan ƙasar Mali galibi tana dogara ne akan sauye-sauyen yanayi na lokuta. Wannan yana nufin a lokutan rani ko kuma a yankuna masu nisa da manyan koramu, ruwa yakan yi ƙaranci ga amfanin gona da kuma mutanen da ke noman su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/drought-portal/preparedness/vulnerability-and-impact-assessment/national-case-studies/mali/en |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=drought-portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sauyin yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Duk da samun gagarumin albarkatun ruwa a matakin ƙasa a Mali, rashin daidaiton rarraba wannan ruwan da kuma raunin tsarin sarrafa ruwa yana iyakance damar manoma da yawa da amfanin gona, kuma galibi ba sa samun nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |year=2024 |title=Mali — Water Resource Challenges and Landscape Restoration |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010225144542712/pdf/BOSIB11ae327ab049180221182b6ac50ed1.pdf |access-date=2025-11-21 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Men and children withdrawing water for irrigation in the Dogon plateau (Mali) during a sandstorm day.jpg|thumb|Gibar ruwa don ban-ruwa a Dogon Plateau, Mali]]

=== Tsarin Ban-ruwa na Ƙananan Ma'asuni ===
Sakamakon rashin kyawun rarraba ruwa a fadin ƙasa a Mali, manoma ba sa iya gudanar da daidaitaccen tsarin noma da samun nasarar girbi don ciyar da al'ummominsu. An ɗauki tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita ga wannan matsala. Buƙatar ruwan ban-ruwa ga manoman Mali na da wuyar gaske kuma ta wuce adadin da ake da shi, don haka al'ummomi da yawa suna buƙatar sabbin madatsun ruwa na micro-dams ko wuraren tara ruwa, duk da haka ikon ginawa da kula da su zai kasance mai tsada kuma mai iyakancewa. An kuma inganta famfo masu amfani da hasken rana, amma neman gina kasuwa mai dorewa kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi ga waɗannan famfuna tsakanin manoma ya kasance mai wahala kuma ya tsayar da ci gaba. An bayyana tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita, amma tare da fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, kamar rashin rance, raunin tsarin kasuwannin gida na kayan aikin ban-ruwa, da iyakantaccen ƙarfin fasaha tsakanin manoma, ba cikakkiyar mafita ba ce baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://ilssi.tamu.edu/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Innovation Lab For Small Scale Irrigation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lafiya ==

=== WASH ===
WASH yana nufin Ruwa, Tsaftar Muhalli, da Tsaftar Jiki (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) kuma wani shiri ne da ke gudana a duk faɗin duniya da ke da nufin inganta wadatar ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun tsaftar jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda mafi kyawun ƙididdiga na Hukumar Asusun Tallafin Yara ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya nuna, a ƙasar Mali, kashi 51% na makarantu ne kawai a yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ke da damar samun ruwa, kuma kashi 45% ke da isassun wuraren tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 20% na makarantu ke da bandakuna daban na maza da mata masu aiki yadda ya kamata. Haka kuma, kusan kashi 80% na 'yan ƙasar Mali sun ba da rahoton samun damar yin amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwan sha, amma idan aka je yankunan karkara, wannan adadin yana sauka zuwa kusan kashi 70%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen WASH a Mali don inganta waɗannan adadi da kuma ƙara damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Ƙungiyoyi irin su UNICEF, World Vision, da CARE suna haɗuwa tare da tallafawa WASH don faɗaɗa tasirin ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;/&gt;

=== Cututtuka Masu Alƙaba da Ruwa ===
Cututtuka masu alƙaba da ruwa suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar shan ko haɗuwa da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin ingantacciyar tsaftar ruwa yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka sosai, inda ya zama babban barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wurare kamar Mali da ke fama da rashin albarkatun tsafta. Cututtuka irin su kwalara, taifot (typhoid), da zawayi na dundee (dysentery) yawanci suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar ruwa kuma duk suna da alamomi kamar amai, ciwon ciki, murɗawar tsoka, da matsanancin zawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;/&gt; Rashin isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantacciyar tsafta a Mali bugu da ƙari yana kawo haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan parasitic na ruwa. Cryptosporidium da Giardia wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ne (parasites) guda biyu na gama-gari da ke yaɗuwa ta ruwa a Mali da sauran sassan duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=M. Jahangir |last2=Powell |first2=Helen |last3=Sow |first3=Samba O. |last4=Omore |first4=Richard |last5=Roose |first5=Anna |last6=Jones |first6=Joquina Chiquita M. |last7=Zaman |first7=Syed M. A. |last8=Badji |first8=Henry |last9=Sarwar |first9=Golam |last10=Kasumba |first10=Irene N. |last11=Onwuchekwa |first11=Uma |last12=Doh |first12=Sanogo |last13=Awuor |first13=Alex O. |last14=Ochieng |first14=John B. |last15=Verani |first15=Jennifer R. |date=2023-04-19 |title=Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrheal Disease Among Young Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=76 |issue=76 Suppl1 |pages=S97–S105 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciad044 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=10116562 |pmid=37074443}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fofana |first1=Hassan K. M. |last2=Schwarzkopf |first2=Maren |last3=Doumbia |first3=Mama N. |last4=Saye |first4=Rénion |last5=Nimmesgern |first5=Anna |last6=Landouré |first6=Aly |last7=Traoré |first7=Mamadou S. |last8=Mertens |first8=Pascal |last9=Utzinger |first9=Jürg |last10=Sacko |first10=Moussa |last11=Becker |first11=Sören L. |date=2019-05-23 |title=Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis Infection in Schistosomiasis-Endemic Areas in South-Central Mali |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=86 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4020086 |doi-access=free |issn=2414-6366 |pmc=6630589 |pmid=31126163}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shigar waɗannan parasites cikin jiki na kai tsaye ga alamomi iri ɗaya da suka haɗa da zawo, ciwon ciki, da amai.

Cututtuka da cututtukan parasitic irin waɗannan na iya zama masu kaza-kaza muddin babu ingantaccen magani. Matsanancin zawo da yawancin cututtukan ruwa na gama-gari ke haifarwa na iya janyo matsananciyar tamowa (rashin abinci mai gina jiki) da rashin ruwa a jiki (dehydration) wanda ke kai ga ramewa da yuwuwar mutuwa idan ba a yi jiyya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Cryptosporidiosis |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250806024040/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-11-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali na fama da ƙarancin isassun albarkatu da ababen more rayuwa don yi wa mutanen da ke nuna waɗannan alamun magani. Suna kuma fuskantar matsanancin matakin talauci da ke sa mutane kasa sayen iyakataccen magungunan da ake da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana barin mutane cikin haɗari ga illolin waɗannan alamun kuma ba sa iya samun damar yin jiyya. Saboda wannan dalili, cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa mutuwa a ƙasar Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reports |first=Staff |date=2016-10-14 |title=Top Diseases in Mali: The Impact &amp; Possible Solutions |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/impact-solutions-top-diseases-in-mali/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yara sun fi kowa saurin kamuwa da cututtuka da kuma fuskantar illar alamunsu. Zawo a tsakanin yara shi ne babban dalilin mutuwa a cikin rukunin yara na ƙasar Mali. An gudanar da bincike da yawa da nufin rage wannan matsala, amma adadin yaran da ke mutuwa daga cututtukan ruwa a Mali ya ƙaru. An ambaci zawo a matsayin dalili na biyu mafi girma na rashin lafiya da mace-mace tsakanin yara a duk duniya, inda yake taimakawa wajen kashi 90% na mutuwar yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5 a ƙasashe masu ƙaramin ƙarfi zuwa tsaka-tsaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Merid |first1=Mehari Woldemariam |last2=Alem |first2=Adugnaw Zeleke |last3=Chilot |first3=Dagmawi |last4=Belay |first4=Daniel Gashaneh |last5=Kibret |first5=Anteneh Ayelign |last6=Asratie |first6=Melaku Hunie |last7=Shibabaw |first7=Yadelew Yimer |last8=Aragaw |first8=Fantu Mamo |date=2023-06-15 |title=Impact of access to improved water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction among rural under-five children in low and middle-income countries: a propensity score matched analysis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Health |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=36 |doi=10.1186/s41182-023-00525-9 |doi-access=free |issn=1348-8945 |pmc=10268525 |pmid=37322559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙaruwar zawo a tsakanin yara tana da alaƙa ta kusa da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da tsaftar jiki, wanda galibi ake gajartawa da &quot;WASH&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Masset |first1=Edoardo |last2=Sharma Waddington |first2=Hugh |date=September 2025 |title=Effectiveness of stand-alone and multi-component water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce mortality in childhood: a network meta-analysis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00484-x |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1070–1079 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00484-x |bibcode=2025NatWa...3.1070M |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Damar samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsafta ya nuna gagarumar alaƙa da raguwar cututtukan zawo baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

=== Ƙazantar Rijiyoyin Gidaje ===
Ƙazantar rijiyoyi da bandakunan rami (pit latrines) a yankunan karkara na Mali babban ƙalubale ne na yau da kullum ga inganta tsafta da ingancin ruwa. A cikin shekarar 2017, an gudanar da wani bincike akan rijiyoyin gidaje masu hakar ruwan ƙasa da kuma bandakunan rami a wani ƙauyen karkara a kudancin Mali. Sakamakon haka ya nuna cewa akwai gurɓataccen najasa a cikin rijiyoyin kuma gurɓataccen yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da yawa da kuma kusancin bandakunan. Yawan jama'a, yawan rijiyoyi, da yawan bandakuna duk sun kasance alamomin ƙididdiga na haɗarin gurɓatawa. Gidaje da yawa suna ƙoƙarin magance ruwansu na rijiyoyi ta amfani da abubuwa kamar bleach, sai dai, dabarun jiyyar tasu galibi ba su da tasiri kuma ba sa kawar da gurɓataccen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Santos |first1=P. |last2=Martín-Loeches |first2=M. |last3=García-Castro |first3=N. |last4=Solera |first4=D. |last5=Díaz-Alcaide |first5=S. |last6=Montero |first6=E. |last7=García-Rincón |first7=J. |date=October 2017 |title=A survey of domestic wells and pit latrines in rural settlements of Mali: Implications of on-site sanitation on the quality of water supplies |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=220 |issue=7 |pages=1179–1189 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.001 |issn=1618-131X |pmid=28807472 |bibcode=2017IJHEH.220.1179M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Baƙar Buƙata a Waje ===
Yin baƙar buƙata a fili (waje) abu ne da ke faruwa akai-akai a Mali musamman a yankunan karkara. Fiye da mutane miliyan 1 a Mali har yanzu suna gudanar da baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin ingantaccen wuraren tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Fiye da rabin al'ummar karkara ba su da damar yin amfani da ingantattun dabarun tsaftar ruwa, wanda ke sa wannan ya zama matsala ta gurɓatawa. Cututtuka suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar bayan gida (feces) da ke gurɓata kafofin ruwa, musamman ruwan ƙasa. Ana amfani da gurbataccen ruwa ba tare da sani ba don sha da kuma ayyukan yau da kullum, wanda ke daɗa tsananta yaɗuwar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa.

== Kamfen da Shiga Tsakani ==

=== Ƙara Wanke Hannu ===
A cibiyoyin lafiya na ƙasashen Burkina Faso da Mali, an nuna cewa rashin tsaftar hannu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, mafi yawanci saboda rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH, ya nuna yana ƙara cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Lokacin da tsaftar hannu ta ƙaru, an sami raguwa mai yawa na haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan asibiti (nosocomial infections) a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Mali. Don ƙara tsaftar hannu a waɗannan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Mali, ana buƙatar ingantattun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Galli |first1=Anaïs |last2=Winkler |first2=Mirko S. |last3=Hattendorf |first3=Jan |last4=Friedrich |first4=Max N. D. |last5=Bagayogo |first5=Issa |last6=Ballo |first6=Aboubacar |last7=Bänziger |first7=Carola |last8=Dembélé |first8=Hassane |last9=Keita |first9=Mamadou Sory |last10=Peter |first10=Maryna |last11=Tall |first11=Alimata Ousséni |last12=Utzinger |first12=Jürg |last13=Owen |first13=Branwen Nia |date=2025 |title=Baseline Characteristics of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Targeting Hand Hygiene in Primary Healthcare in Burkina Faso and Mali |journal=International Journal of Public Health |volume=70 |article-number=1608406 |doi=10.3389/ijph.2025.1608406 |doi-access=free |issn=1661-8564 |pmc=12133522 |pmid=40470067}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyawawan ababen more rayuwa na WASH sun haifar da mafi girman kariya da sarrafa cututtuka baki ɗaya a Mali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Ingantattun Tsafta ===
Bincike ya nuna cewa ingantacciyar tsafta tana da tasiri wajen rage yawan mace-mace, wanda a wasu lokutan ya kai kashi 45%. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa ingantacciyar tsafta tana da tasiri sau biyu wajen rage cututtukan ruwa fiye da ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwan sha, waɗanda ba su yi nasira ba saboda sake gurɓatawa. Sake gurɓatawa, a waɗannan lokutan, yawanci yana faruwa ne a cikin gidaje sakamakon rashin kyawun kula da adana ruwa. An aiwatar da shirye-shiryen rashin isasshen ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH) don inganta damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa gami da inganta dabarun tsafta don rage gurɓataccen ruwa. Inganta WASH a makarantu ya nuna yana rage cututtukan zawo, cututtukan numfashi na gaggawa, cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa ta ƙasa, da rashin zuwa makaranta tsakanin ɗalibai, kodayake sakamakon ba ɗaya ba ne tsakanin bincike daban-daban. Wannan ya faru ne saboda abubuwa da yawa: raunin tsarin shirin, ƙarancin amincin shirin, iyakantaccen riko, raunin kimanta sakamako, da kuma sakamakon da ɗalibai suka bayar da rahoton kansu. Misali, a ƙasar Mali, fiye da rubu'in makarantu sun ba da rahoton zubar da shararsu a cikin harabar makarantar, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rashin kyawun tsafta, kuma kusan makaranta 1 cikin 10 a Mali ba su da tsari ko ababen more rayuwa na sarrafa shararsu kwata-kwata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>9tybrdji0cdvbcllygxgvqi4ez5q7q7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Maroko</title>
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      <comment>/* Magani da sake amfani da ruwa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8235" sha1="0jhtvfpjofd3qb2mqbfdauf42a84963" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <text bytes="18012" sha1="maozcjmathu4epemqv99cp0wd99sgfm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

==Manazarta==</text>
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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran kuɗi ==

=== Haraji da ikon biya ===

Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a.

'''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa.

'''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER &lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;/&gt; gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa.

==Manazarta==</text>
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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran kuɗi ==

=== Haraji da ikon biya ===

Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a.

'''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa.

'''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER &lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;/&gt; gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa.

'''Harajin sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla'''. Tsarin haraji na sayarwa dalla-dalla iri daya ne ya shafi daukacin kasar. Harajin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa a Maroko yana bin tsarin haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa, inda harajin kowace mita cubic ke karuwa yayin da amfani ke karuwa. Harajin gida yana da rukunoni hudu, mafi kankanta ya shafi amfani da bai kai mita cubic 6 ba a kowane wata kuma mafi girma ya shafi amfani da ya wuce mita cubic 40 a kowane wata. Koyaya, matakin farashin sayarwa dalla-dalla ya bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Hidimar taba ruwa na jama'a, wadanda aka saba da su ga matalautan birane, yawanci kyauta ne. Kamfanonin amfani suna tura takardun kudi ga gwamnatocin gida. A wasu lokuta kalilan, an damka gudanarwar wuraren taba ruwa ga mai gadi/mai sarrafawa (gardien/gérant), wanda ke sarrafa fanfo kuma yake karbar kudi daga hannun masu amfani. Kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, hidimar taba ruwa kyauta tana da amfani ga talakawa. Amma kuma suna kara zama marasa dorewa ga masu gudanarwa, ta fuskar asarar ruwa (har zuwa kashi 40) da kuma rashin kudaden shiga. Masu gudanarwa suna goyon bayan inganta jonawa mutane daddaya bututu domin karfafa kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kara harajin siyarwa dalla-dalla na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2006 a daukacin kasar ta hanyar rage girman rukunin farko na haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa daga mita cubic 8 zuwa 6 a kowane wata da kuma kara kafaffen bangare na takardar kudin. Farashin gwargwadon amfani na kowane rukunin haraji ya kasance canja. Wadannan canje-canje sun yi daidai da karin haraji na kashi 11% (a duba).

Bayan karin, matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 3.20 kowace mita cubic ($0.29) a Meknes da Dirham 7.18 kowace mita cubic ($0.66) a Casablanca. Harajin magudanar ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 0.59 kowace mita cubic ($0.05) a Oujda da Dirham 1.64 kowace mita cubic ($0.15) a Marrakesh.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 101&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 an yanke shawarar cewa harajin magudanar ruwa a kananan garuruwa da ONEP ke yi wa hidima ya zama iri daya ga daukacin garuruwan, ta yin amfani da tsarin rukunoni masu karuwa. Matsakaicin harajin magudanar ruwa na ONEP ya kasance Dirham 1.50 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa an yanke shawara a shekarar 2004 na kara harajin magudanar ruwa zuwa Dirham 2.00 kowace mita cubic. Sai dai, an jinkirta amfani da wannan shawarar kuma har zuwa shekarar 2009 harajin magudanar ruwa ya karu ne kawai a gari guda. Duk da haka, an yi hasashen karawa zuwa Dirham 2.20 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Bilan d'Activité Assainissement de l'ONEP, 25 November 2009, Slide 41&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kudaden jonawa'''. A yankunan birane, kudaden jonawa na lokaci guda na ruwa da magudanar ruwa ana biya ne ga mai samar da hidimar na daban. Ana kayyade matakin kudaden ne bisa wani tsari dake la'akari da tsayin hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin, sannan da tsayin gaban kowace dukiya (don kudaden jona ruwa da ONEP ke karba, da ake kira taxe riveraine) ko kuma yankin dukiya (don duk kudaden jonawa da Régies da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba, da kuma kudaden jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba, wadanda gaba daya ake kira Participation au Premier Etablissement ko PPE). Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden gaske na samar da jona kanta daga layin hidima a kan titi ba, wanda mai amfana zai biya da kansa daban. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashe, hakan kuma baya hada da kudaden shigar da aikin famfo a cikin dukiya. Kudaden jonawa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa babban tushen kudi ne ga masu samar da hidima. A lokaci guda kuma, babban matakinsu ya zama cikas wajen fadada hanyar sadarwar, duk da wata manufa ta barin abokan ciniki matalakawa su biya wani bangare na kudin jonawa ta kudaden rabi-rabi da ake karawa a takardar kudin ruwa na kowane wata na tsawon lokaci har zuwa shekaru 7 (branchements sociaux). Wadannan matsaloli an bayyana su ta misalin Casablanca inda aka sanya manufar farko ta shekara-shekara na guda 10,000 na jona na jin dadin jama'a, amma guda 1,250 ne kacal aka aiwatar a kowace shekara har zuwa shekarar 2006.

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran kuɗi ==

=== Haraji da ikon biya ===

Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a.

'''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa.

'''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER &lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;/&gt; gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa.

'''Harajin sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla'''. Tsarin haraji na sayarwa dalla-dalla iri daya ne ya shafi daukacin kasar. Harajin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa a Maroko yana bin tsarin haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa, inda harajin kowace mita cubic ke karuwa yayin da amfani ke karuwa. Harajin gida yana da rukunoni hudu, mafi kankanta ya shafi amfani da bai kai mita cubic 6 ba a kowane wata kuma mafi girma ya shafi amfani da ya wuce mita cubic 40 a kowane wata. Koyaya, matakin farashin sayarwa dalla-dalla ya bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Hidimar taba ruwa na jama'a, wadanda aka saba da su ga matalautan birane, yawanci kyauta ne. Kamfanonin amfani suna tura takardun kudi ga gwamnatocin gida. A wasu lokuta kalilan, an damka gudanarwar wuraren taba ruwa ga mai gadi/mai sarrafawa (gardien/gérant), wanda ke sarrafa fanfo kuma yake karbar kudi daga hannun masu amfani. Kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, hidimar taba ruwa kyauta tana da amfani ga talakawa. Amma kuma suna kara zama marasa dorewa ga masu gudanarwa, ta fuskar asarar ruwa (har zuwa kashi 40) da kuma rashin kudaden shiga. Masu gudanarwa suna goyon bayan inganta jonawa mutane daddaya bututu domin karfafa kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kara harajin siyarwa dalla-dalla na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2006 a daukacin kasar ta hanyar rage girman rukunin farko na haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa daga mita cubic 8 zuwa 6 a kowane wata da kuma kara kafaffen bangare na takardar kudin. Farashin gwargwadon amfani na kowane rukunin haraji ya kasance canja. Wadannan canje-canje sun yi daidai da karin haraji na kashi 11% (a duba).

Bayan karin, matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 3.20 kowace mita cubic ($0.29) a Meknes da Dirham 7.18 kowace mita cubic ($0.66) a Casablanca. Harajin magudanar ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 0.59 kowace mita cubic ($0.05) a Oujda da Dirham 1.64 kowace mita cubic ($0.15) a Marrakesh.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 101&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 an yanke shawarar cewa harajin magudanar ruwa a kananan garuruwa da ONEP ke yi wa hidima ya zama iri daya ga daukacin garuruwan, ta yin amfani da tsarin rukunoni masu karuwa. Matsakaicin harajin magudanar ruwa na ONEP ya kasance Dirham 1.50 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa an yanke shawara a shekarar 2004 na kara harajin magudanar ruwa zuwa Dirham 2.00 kowace mita cubic. Sai dai, an jinkirta amfani da wannan shawarar kuma har zuwa shekarar 2009 harajin magudanar ruwa ya karu ne kawai a gari guda. Duk da haka, an yi hasashen karawa zuwa Dirham 2.20 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Bilan d'Activité Assainissement de l'ONEP, 25 November 2009, Slide 41&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kudaden jonawa'''. A yankunan birane, kudaden jonawa na lokaci guda na ruwa da magudanar ruwa ana biya ne ga mai samar da hidimar na daban. Ana kayyade matakin kudaden ne bisa wani tsari dake la'akari da tsayin hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin, sannan da tsayin gaban kowace dukiya (don kudaden jona ruwa da ONEP ke karba, da ake kira taxe riveraine) ko kuma yankin dukiya (don duk kudaden jonawa da Régies da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba, da kuma kudaden jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba, wadanda gaba daya ake kira Participation au Premier Etablissement ko PPE). Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden gaske na samar da jona kanta daga layin hidima a kan titi ba, wanda mai amfana zai biya da kansa daban. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashe, hakan kuma baya hada da kudaden shigar da aikin famfo a cikin dukiya. Kudaden jonawa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa babban tushen kudi ne ga masu samar da hidima. A lokaci guda kuma, babban matakinsu ya zama cikas wajen fadada hanyar sadarwar, duk da wata manufa ta barin abokan ciniki matalakawa su biya wani bangare na kudin jonawa ta kudaden rabi-rabi da ake karawa a takardar kudin ruwa na kowane wata na tsawon lokaci har zuwa shekaru 7 (branchements sociaux). Wadannan matsaloli an bayyana su ta misalin Casablanca inda aka sanya manufar farko ta shekara-shekara na guda 10,000 na jona na jin dadin jama'a, amma guda 1,250 ne kacal aka aiwatar a kowace shekara har zuwa shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 5&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Tallafawa Cigaban Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) yana yafe kudaden jonawa ga zababbun unguwannin birane na matalakawa.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 12&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin kudaden jonawa sun kasance daga daidai yake da $220 zuwa 500 na ruwa da kuma $880 zuwa 1,650 na magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 77 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koyaya, a cewar wani tushen daban, a shekarar 2008 kudin jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba ya kasance Dirham 1,600 kacal (kimanin $145).&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ikon biya'''. Bayanai daga binciken yanayin rayuwar gidaje na kasa na shekarar 1998/99 sun kimanta daukacin kudaden kashewa na samar da ruwa akan Dirham (MAD) 84.8/mutum/shekara a yankunan birane da MAD 147.4/mutum/shekara a yankunan karkara, ko kuma kashi 1.8 da 2.9 na matsakaicin daukacin kudaden kashewa na kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 28 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ===

Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe a fannin ya kasance kalubale. Kamfanin ONEE yana da cin gashin kansa ta fuskar kudi ta hanyar kudaden shiga na harajinsa, amma yana samun tallafin zuba jari na Dirham miliyan 150 a kowace shekara don samar da ruwa a karkara sannan rabin jifansa na tsaftace muhalli ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Contrat de Programme entre l'État et l'ONEP 2008-2010, October 2008. p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanonin Regies dole ne su dogara sosai akan kudaden jonawa don kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 58 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran kuɗi ==

=== Haraji da ikon biya ===

Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a.

'''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa.

'''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER &lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;/&gt; gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa.

'''Harajin sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla'''. Tsarin haraji na sayarwa dalla-dalla iri daya ne ya shafi daukacin kasar. Harajin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa a Maroko yana bin tsarin haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa, inda harajin kowace mita cubic ke karuwa yayin da amfani ke karuwa. Harajin gida yana da rukunoni hudu, mafi kankanta ya shafi amfani da bai kai mita cubic 6 ba a kowane wata kuma mafi girma ya shafi amfani da ya wuce mita cubic 40 a kowane wata. Koyaya, matakin farashin sayarwa dalla-dalla ya bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Hidimar taba ruwa na jama'a, wadanda aka saba da su ga matalautan birane, yawanci kyauta ne. Kamfanonin amfani suna tura takardun kudi ga gwamnatocin gida. A wasu lokuta kalilan, an damka gudanarwar wuraren taba ruwa ga mai gadi/mai sarrafawa (gardien/gérant), wanda ke sarrafa fanfo kuma yake karbar kudi daga hannun masu amfani. Kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, hidimar taba ruwa kyauta tana da amfani ga talakawa. Amma kuma suna kara zama marasa dorewa ga masu gudanarwa, ta fuskar asarar ruwa (har zuwa kashi 40) da kuma rashin kudaden shiga. Masu gudanarwa suna goyon bayan inganta jonawa mutane daddaya bututu domin karfafa kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kara harajin siyarwa dalla-dalla na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2006 a daukacin kasar ta hanyar rage girman rukunin farko na haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa daga mita cubic 8 zuwa 6 a kowane wata da kuma kara kafaffen bangare na takardar kudin. Farashin gwargwadon amfani na kowane rukunin haraji ya kasance canja. Wadannan canje-canje sun yi daidai da karin haraji na kashi 11% (a duba).

Bayan karin, matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 3.20 kowace mita cubic ($0.29) a Meknes da Dirham 7.18 kowace mita cubic ($0.66) a Casablanca. Harajin magudanar ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 0.59 kowace mita cubic ($0.05) a Oujda da Dirham 1.64 kowace mita cubic ($0.15) a Marrakesh.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 101&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 an yanke shawarar cewa harajin magudanar ruwa a kananan garuruwa da ONEP ke yi wa hidima ya zama iri daya ga daukacin garuruwan, ta yin amfani da tsarin rukunoni masu karuwa. Matsakaicin harajin magudanar ruwa na ONEP ya kasance Dirham 1.50 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa an yanke shawara a shekarar 2004 na kara harajin magudanar ruwa zuwa Dirham 2.00 kowace mita cubic. Sai dai, an jinkirta amfani da wannan shawarar kuma har zuwa shekarar 2009 harajin magudanar ruwa ya karu ne kawai a gari guda. Duk da haka, an yi hasashen karawa zuwa Dirham 2.20 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Bilan d'Activité Assainissement de l'ONEP, 25 November 2009, Slide 41&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kudaden jonawa'''. A yankunan birane, kudaden jonawa na lokaci guda na ruwa da magudanar ruwa ana biya ne ga mai samar da hidimar na daban. Ana kayyade matakin kudaden ne bisa wani tsari dake la'akari da tsayin hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin, sannan da tsayin gaban kowace dukiya (don kudaden jona ruwa da ONEP ke karba, da ake kira taxe riveraine) ko kuma yankin dukiya (don duk kudaden jonawa da Régies da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba, da kuma kudaden jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba, wadanda gaba daya ake kira Participation au Premier Etablissement ko PPE). Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden gaske na samar da jona kanta daga layin hidima a kan titi ba, wanda mai amfana zai biya da kansa daban. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashe, hakan kuma baya hada da kudaden shigar da aikin famfo a cikin dukiya. Kudaden jonawa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa babban tushen kudi ne ga masu samar da hidima. A lokaci guda kuma, babban matakinsu ya zama cikas wajen fadada hanyar sadarwar, duk da wata manufa ta barin abokan ciniki matalakawa su biya wani bangare na kudin jonawa ta kudaden rabi-rabi da ake karawa a takardar kudin ruwa na kowane wata na tsawon lokaci har zuwa shekaru 7 (branchements sociaux). Wadannan matsaloli an bayyana su ta misalin Casablanca inda aka sanya manufar farko ta shekara-shekara na guda 10,000 na jona na jin dadin jama'a, amma guda 1,250 ne kacal aka aiwatar a kowace shekara har zuwa shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 5&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Tallafawa Cigaban Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) yana yafe kudaden jonawa ga zababbun unguwannin birane na matalakawa.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 12&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin kudaden jonawa sun kasance daga daidai yake da $220 zuwa 500 na ruwa da kuma $880 zuwa 1,650 na magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 77 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koyaya, a cewar wani tushen daban, a shekarar 2008 kudin jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba ya kasance Dirham 1,600 kacal (kimanin $145).&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ikon biya'''. Bayanai daga binciken yanayin rayuwar gidaje na kasa na shekarar 1998/99 sun kimanta daukacin kudaden kashewa na samar da ruwa akan Dirham (MAD) 84.8/mutum/shekara a yankunan birane da MAD 147.4/mutum/shekara a yankunan karkara, ko kuma kashi 1.8 da 2.9 na matsakaicin daukacin kudaden kashewa na kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 28 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ===

Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe a fannin ya kasance kalubale. Kamfanin ONEE yana da cin gashin kansa ta fuskar kudi ta hanyar kudaden shiga na harajinsa, amma yana samun tallafin zuba jari na Dirham miliyan 150 a kowace shekara don samar da ruwa a karkara sannan rabin jifansa na tsaftace muhalli ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Contrat de Programme entre l'État et l'ONEP 2008-2010, October 2008. p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanonin Regies dole ne su dogara sosai akan kudaden jonawa don kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 58 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari ===

Zuba jarin a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarar 2003 da 2005. A rabon ruwa na birane ya karu daga Dirham biliyan 0.9 zuwa 1.5, a samar da ruwa na karkara daga Dirham biliyan 0.5 zuwa 0.8, a samar da ruwa kansa daga biliyan 0.3 zuwa 0.6, sannan a bangaren tsaftace muhalli daga Dirham biliyan 1.1 zuwa 2.8. Gabaɗaya zuba jarin ya ninka daga Dirham biliyan 2.8 ($337m) zuwa biliyan 5.7 ($687m).&lt;ref&gt;Revue strategique du PNA, 2008, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Zuba jarin kowane mutum a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya tsaya akan $21 ga kowane mutum a shekara, mataki mai matukar yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe masu matsakaicin kudin shiga.

=== Samar da kudi ===

Ana daukar nauyin zuba jari ne daga kudaden shiga na haraji, tallafi daban-daban da canja wurin kudi (kyauta da lamuni masu sauki) ta hanyar abokan hulda na waje. Sai dai kuma, akwai gagarumin tallafi na ketare. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa da ONEE ke karba daga hannun kamfanonin kwangila masu zaman kansu da Régies sun fi kudaden samarwa yawa. Ana amfani da rarar kudin ne don tallafawa ayyukan ONEE na samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli, inda haraji ba ya rufe kudaden da aka kashe.

Haka kuma, a cewar wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2008, akwai tallafin ketare na kusan Dirham biliyan 1 daga masu amfani da wutar lantarki wadanda ake karbar harajin rabawa da ya fi kudaden da aka kashe. Wannan yana bawa kamfanonin kwangila da Régies damar samar da kudaden shiga da ake bukata don biyan kumburarrun haraji na ruwa da yawa, wanda shi kuma ke bawa ONEE damar tallafawa samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli akan adadin da shima ya kai kusan Dirham biliyan 1.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Mécanismes et Flux de Financement du Secteur de l'Eau, Banque mondiale, Avril 2008, p. xii&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hadin gwiwar waje ==

Hadin gwiwar waje yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko. Abokan hulda na waje suna samar da kudaden zuba jari da taimakon fasaha. Fara daga shekarar 2002, Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Tarayyar Turai sannan kuma Bankin Duniya sun samar da tallafin kasafin kudi (budget support) da ke da alaka da cika wasu sharuɗɗan manufofi. Manyan abokan hulda na waje a fannin sune, ban da ukun da aka ambata a sama, Faransa, Jamus da Japan. Sauran abokan hulda na waje sune Belgium, Bankin Cigaban Musulunci, Kuwait, Luxemburg, Spain da Amurka.

Abokan hulda na waje suna kara yin aiki tare don daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa maimakon daukar nauyin takamaiman ayyuka daddaya. Misali shi ne shirin samar da ruwa a karkara na PAGER da aka fara a shekarar 1995 wanda Belgium, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Kuwait, Luxemburg da Bankin Duniya suka tallafa mawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne tallafi ga Shirin Tsaftace Muhalli na Kasa ta hanyar Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Jamus.

=== Bankin Cigaban Afirka ===
[[File:AFDB Logo.png|100px]]
Bankin Cigaban Afirka (AfDB) ya dauki nauyin ayyukan ruwan sha guda tara a Maroko tun daga shekarar 1978. Gabaɗaya adadin kudadensa a fannin ya kasance dala miliyan 180 har zuwa shekarar 2006, inda garuruwan Maroko guda 20 suka amfana, musamman Tangier. Ayyukan da ake kai, wadanda duka ONEP ke aiwatarwa, sun hada da aikin ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli na tara, da aka kiyasta a shekarar 2006, wanda ke amfanar mutanen karkara a larduna hudu kuma yana hasashen kula da gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa uku (Khouribga, Oued Zem da Boujaâd) &lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]]:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF NINTH DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT:APPRAISAL REPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222042933/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran kuɗi ==

=== Haraji da ikon biya ===

Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a.

'''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa.

'''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER &lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;/&gt; gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa.

'''Harajin sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla'''. Tsarin haraji na sayarwa dalla-dalla iri daya ne ya shafi daukacin kasar. Harajin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa a Maroko yana bin tsarin haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa, inda harajin kowace mita cubic ke karuwa yayin da amfani ke karuwa. Harajin gida yana da rukunoni hudu, mafi kankanta ya shafi amfani da bai kai mita cubic 6 ba a kowane wata kuma mafi girma ya shafi amfani da ya wuce mita cubic 40 a kowane wata. Koyaya, matakin farashin sayarwa dalla-dalla ya bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Hidimar taba ruwa na jama'a, wadanda aka saba da su ga matalautan birane, yawanci kyauta ne. Kamfanonin amfani suna tura takardun kudi ga gwamnatocin gida. A wasu lokuta kalilan, an damka gudanarwar wuraren taba ruwa ga mai gadi/mai sarrafawa (gardien/gérant), wanda ke sarrafa fanfo kuma yake karbar kudi daga hannun masu amfani. Kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, hidimar taba ruwa kyauta tana da amfani ga talakawa. Amma kuma suna kara zama marasa dorewa ga masu gudanarwa, ta fuskar asarar ruwa (har zuwa kashi 40) da kuma rashin kudaden shiga. Masu gudanarwa suna goyon bayan inganta jonawa mutane daddaya bututu domin karfafa kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kara harajin siyarwa dalla-dalla na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2006 a daukacin kasar ta hanyar rage girman rukunin farko na haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa daga mita cubic 8 zuwa 6 a kowane wata da kuma kara kafaffen bangare na takardar kudin. Farashin gwargwadon amfani na kowane rukunin haraji ya kasance canja. Wadannan canje-canje sun yi daidai da karin haraji na kashi 11% (a duba).

Bayan karin, matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 3.20 kowace mita cubic ($0.29) a Meknes da Dirham 7.18 kowace mita cubic ($0.66) a Casablanca. Harajin magudanar ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 0.59 kowace mita cubic ($0.05) a Oujda da Dirham 1.64 kowace mita cubic ($0.15) a Marrakesh.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 101&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 an yanke shawarar cewa harajin magudanar ruwa a kananan garuruwa da ONEP ke yi wa hidima ya zama iri daya ga daukacin garuruwan, ta yin amfani da tsarin rukunoni masu karuwa. Matsakaicin harajin magudanar ruwa na ONEP ya kasance Dirham 1.50 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa an yanke shawara a shekarar 2004 na kara harajin magudanar ruwa zuwa Dirham 2.00 kowace mita cubic. Sai dai, an jinkirta amfani da wannan shawarar kuma har zuwa shekarar 2009 harajin magudanar ruwa ya karu ne kawai a gari guda. Duk da haka, an yi hasashen karawa zuwa Dirham 2.20 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Bilan d'Activité Assainissement de l'ONEP, 25 November 2009, Slide 41&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kudaden jonawa'''. A yankunan birane, kudaden jonawa na lokaci guda na ruwa da magudanar ruwa ana biya ne ga mai samar da hidimar na daban. Ana kayyade matakin kudaden ne bisa wani tsari dake la'akari da tsayin hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin, sannan da tsayin gaban kowace dukiya (don kudaden jona ruwa da ONEP ke karba, da ake kira taxe riveraine) ko kuma yankin dukiya (don duk kudaden jonawa da Régies da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba, da kuma kudaden jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba, wadanda gaba daya ake kira Participation au Premier Etablissement ko PPE). Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden gaske na samar da jona kanta daga layin hidima a kan titi ba, wanda mai amfana zai biya da kansa daban. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashe, hakan kuma baya hada da kudaden shigar da aikin famfo a cikin dukiya. Kudaden jonawa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa babban tushen kudi ne ga masu samar da hidima. A lokaci guda kuma, babban matakinsu ya zama cikas wajen fadada hanyar sadarwar, duk da wata manufa ta barin abokan ciniki matalakawa su biya wani bangare na kudin jonawa ta kudaden rabi-rabi da ake karawa a takardar kudin ruwa na kowane wata na tsawon lokaci har zuwa shekaru 7 (branchements sociaux). Wadannan matsaloli an bayyana su ta misalin Casablanca inda aka sanya manufar farko ta shekara-shekara na guda 10,000 na jona na jin dadin jama'a, amma guda 1,250 ne kacal aka aiwatar a kowace shekara har zuwa shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 5&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Tallafawa Cigaban Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) yana yafe kudaden jonawa ga zababbun unguwannin birane na matalakawa.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 12&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin kudaden jonawa sun kasance daga daidai yake da $220 zuwa 500 na ruwa da kuma $880 zuwa 1,650 na magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 77 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koyaya, a cewar wani tushen daban, a shekarar 2008 kudin jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba ya kasance Dirham 1,600 kacal (kimanin $145).&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ikon biya'''. Bayanai daga binciken yanayin rayuwar gidaje na kasa na shekarar 1998/99 sun kimanta daukacin kudaden kashewa na samar da ruwa akan Dirham (MAD) 84.8/mutum/shekara a yankunan birane da MAD 147.4/mutum/shekara a yankunan karkara, ko kuma kashi 1.8 da 2.9 na matsakaicin daukacin kudaden kashewa na kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 28 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ===

Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe a fannin ya kasance kalubale. Kamfanin ONEE yana da cin gashin kansa ta fuskar kudi ta hanyar kudaden shiga na harajinsa, amma yana samun tallafin zuba jari na Dirham miliyan 150 a kowace shekara don samar da ruwa a karkara sannan rabin jifansa na tsaftace muhalli ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Contrat de Programme entre l'État et l'ONEP 2008-2010, October 2008. p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanonin Regies dole ne su dogara sosai akan kudaden jonawa don kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 58 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari ===

Zuba jarin a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarar 2003 da 2005. A rabon ruwa na birane ya karu daga Dirham biliyan 0.9 zuwa 1.5, a samar da ruwa na karkara daga Dirham biliyan 0.5 zuwa 0.8, a samar da ruwa kansa daga biliyan 0.3 zuwa 0.6, sannan a bangaren tsaftace muhalli daga Dirham biliyan 1.1 zuwa 2.8. Gabaɗaya zuba jarin ya ninka daga Dirham biliyan 2.8 ($337m) zuwa biliyan 5.7 ($687m).&lt;ref&gt;Revue strategique du PNA, 2008, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Zuba jarin kowane mutum a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya tsaya akan $21 ga kowane mutum a shekara, mataki mai matukar yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe masu matsakaicin kudin shiga.

=== Samar da kudi ===

Ana daukar nauyin zuba jari ne daga kudaden shiga na haraji, tallafi daban-daban da canja wurin kudi (kyauta da lamuni masu sauki) ta hanyar abokan hulda na waje. Sai dai kuma, akwai gagarumin tallafi na ketare. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa da ONEE ke karba daga hannun kamfanonin kwangila masu zaman kansu da Régies sun fi kudaden samarwa yawa. Ana amfani da rarar kudin ne don tallafawa ayyukan ONEE na samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli, inda haraji ba ya rufe kudaden da aka kashe.

Haka kuma, a cewar wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2008, akwai tallafin ketare na kusan Dirham biliyan 1 daga masu amfani da wutar lantarki wadanda ake karbar harajin rabawa da ya fi kudaden da aka kashe. Wannan yana bawa kamfanonin kwangila da Régies damar samar da kudaden shiga da ake bukata don biyan kumburarrun haraji na ruwa da yawa, wanda shi kuma ke bawa ONEE damar tallafawa samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli akan adadin da shima ya kai kusan Dirham biliyan 1.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Mécanismes et Flux de Financement du Secteur de l'Eau, Banque mondiale, Avril 2008, p. xii&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hadin gwiwar waje ==

Hadin gwiwar waje yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko. Abokan hulda na waje suna samar da kudaden zuba jari da taimakon fasaha. Fara daga shekarar 2002, Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Tarayyar Turai sannan kuma Bankin Duniya sun samar da tallafin kasafin kudi (budget support) da ke da alaka da cika wasu sharuɗɗan manufofi. Manyan abokan hulda na waje a fannin sune, ban da ukun da aka ambata a sama, Faransa, Jamus da Japan. Sauran abokan hulda na waje sune Belgium, Bankin Cigaban Musulunci, Kuwait, Luxemburg, Spain da Amurka.

Abokan hulda na waje suna kara yin aiki tare don daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa maimakon daukar nauyin takamaiman ayyuka daddaya. Misali shi ne shirin samar da ruwa a karkara na PAGER da aka fara a shekarar 1995 wanda Belgium, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Kuwait, Luxemburg da Bankin Duniya suka tallafa mawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne tallafi ga Shirin Tsaftace Muhalli na Kasa ta hanyar Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Jamus.

=== Bankin Cigaban Afirka ===
[[File:AFDB Logo.png|100px]]
Bankin Cigaban Afirka (AfDB) ya dauki nauyin ayyukan ruwan sha guda tara a Maroko tun daga shekarar 1978. Gabaɗaya adadin kudadensa a fannin ya kasance dala miliyan 180 har zuwa shekarar 2006, inda garuruwan Maroko guda 20 suka amfana, musamman Tangier. Ayyukan da ake kai, wadanda duka ONEP ke aiwatarwa, sun hada da aikin ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli na tara, da aka kiyasta a shekarar 2006, wanda ke amfanar mutanen karkara a larduna hudu kuma yana hasashen kula da gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa uku (Khouribga, Oued Zem da Boujaâd) &lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]]:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF NINTH DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT:APPRAISAL REPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120222042933/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF |date=2012-02-22 }}, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma aikin samar da ruwan sha na goma da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 wanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha a Khénifra, Taounate, Settat, Marrakesh da Tamesna gami da kananan garuruwa makwabta.&lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]] :[https://afchive.today/20110807095953/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-10th-drinking-water-supply-project-in-morocco-3396/ AfDB Approves 10th Drinking Water Supply Project in Morocco], November 19, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2003 AfDB ta samar da lamuni don shirin daidaita fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2012 AfDB ta amince da lamuni na dala miliyan 157 don daukar nauyin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Yankin Marrakesh tare da AFD ($68.7m), ONEE da kuma Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP), inda kowannensu ya samar da dala miliyan 66.8. Zai dauki nauyin isar da ruwa da yawa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Al Massira don ruwan sha, yawon bude ido da hakar gwal. Ana ranar kammala aikin a shekarar 2017.

=== Tarayyar Turai ===
[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|100px]]
Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa fannin ta hanyar kyauta, sannan da kuma lamuni daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB). EIB ta tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birane shida (Marrakesh, Settat, Meknes, Agadir, Oujda da Fez), gami da kananan garuruwa da dama. Tsakanin shekarar 1997 da 2006 ta samar da lamuni guda 10 da suka kai Euro miliyan 283. A shekarar 2006 ta amince da wani lamuni na Euro miliyan 40 don tsaftace muhalli a kwaron Sebou, kogi mai tsananin gurbata inda Fez da Meknes suke.&lt;ref&gt;[[European Investment Bank]]:[http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water%2C-sewerage Loans to Morocco for water and sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110608043347/http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water,-sewerage |date=2011-06-08 }}. Retrieved October 9, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 Tarayyar Turai ta samar da kyautar Euro miliyan 120 don tallafawa shirin daidaita fannin ruwa na farko ga Maroko, wanda ke da nufin daidaita gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Maroc Hebdo International:[http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_499/pdf_499/page22.pdf L'UE finance un programme d'ajustement du secteur de l'eau au Maroc], N° 499, 22–28 February 2002. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Takamaiman manufofin shirin sun kasance aiwatar da Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta shekarar 1995 yadda ya kamata, rage kudaden kashewa na kasafin kudin jiha da kuma kara tasirin hukumomin fannin.&lt;ref&gt;Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Maroc (Delegation of the European Commission in Morocco):[http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf PROGRAMME D’AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL DU SECTEUR DE L’EAU AU MAROC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070712053225/http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}, no date. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===
Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli babban yanki ne na hadin gwiwar cigaba na Faransa da Maroko. A shekarar 2007 Hukumar Cigaba ta Faransa (AFD) ta tallafa wa ayyukan da suka kai darajar Euro miliyan 130 don samar da ruwa a birane da karkara da kuma Euro miliyan 145 don tsaftace muhalli. Ta fuskar labarin kasa, ayyukan sun mayar da hankali ne a kwaron kogin Sebou, a Agadir da kuma Nador.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement:[http://www.afp.fr/jahia/webdav/site/afd/users/administrateur/public/plaquettes/AFD_Maroc_(F)7_BD.pdf L’AFD et le Maroc:Quinze ans de partenariat], 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A Nador taimakon Faransa yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar lamuni da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007 don tsaftace gurbataccen tafkin Nador, babban tafki mafi girma a cikin tekun Mediterranean. Shirin tsaftace gabar tekun ya samo asali ne daga irin abubuwan da suka faru a Faransa (Contrats de Bai

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran kuɗi ==

=== Haraji da ikon biya ===

Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a.

'''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa.

'''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER &lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;/&gt; gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa.

'''Harajin sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla'''. Tsarin haraji na sayarwa dalla-dalla iri daya ne ya shafi daukacin kasar. Harajin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa a Maroko yana bin tsarin haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa, inda harajin kowace mita cubic ke karuwa yayin da amfani ke karuwa. Harajin gida yana da rukunoni hudu, mafi kankanta ya shafi amfani da bai kai mita cubic 6 ba a kowane wata kuma mafi girma ya shafi amfani da ya wuce mita cubic 40 a kowane wata. Koyaya, matakin farashin sayarwa dalla-dalla ya bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Hidimar taba ruwa na jama'a, wadanda aka saba da su ga matalautan birane, yawanci kyauta ne. Kamfanonin amfani suna tura takardun kudi ga gwamnatocin gida. A wasu lokuta kalilan, an damka gudanarwar wuraren taba ruwa ga mai gadi/mai sarrafawa (gardien/gérant), wanda ke sarrafa fanfo kuma yake karbar kudi daga hannun masu amfani. Kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, hidimar taba ruwa kyauta tana da amfani ga talakawa. Amma kuma suna kara zama marasa dorewa ga masu gudanarwa, ta fuskar asarar ruwa (har zuwa kashi 40) da kuma rashin kudaden shiga. Masu gudanarwa suna goyon bayan inganta jonawa mutane daddaya bututu domin karfafa kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kara harajin siyarwa dalla-dalla na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2006 a daukacin kasar ta hanyar rage girman rukunin farko na haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa daga mita cubic 8 zuwa 6 a kowane wata da kuma kara kafaffen bangare na takardar kudin. Farashin gwargwadon amfani na kowane rukunin haraji ya kasance canja. Wadannan canje-canje sun yi daidai da karin haraji na kashi 11% (a duba).

Bayan karin, matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 3.20 kowace mita cubic ($0.29) a Meknes da Dirham 7.18 kowace mita cubic ($0.66) a Casablanca. Harajin magudanar ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 0.59 kowace mita cubic ($0.05) a Oujda da Dirham 1.64 kowace mita cubic ($0.15) a Marrakesh.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 101&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 an yanke shawarar cewa harajin magudanar ruwa a kananan garuruwa da ONEP ke yi wa hidima ya zama iri daya ga daukacin garuruwan, ta yin amfani da tsarin rukunoni masu karuwa. Matsakaicin harajin magudanar ruwa na ONEP ya kasance Dirham 1.50 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa an yanke shawara a shekarar 2004 na kara harajin magudanar ruwa zuwa Dirham 2.00 kowace mita cubic. Sai dai, an jinkirta amfani da wannan shawarar kuma har zuwa shekarar 2009 harajin magudanar ruwa ya karu ne kawai a gari guda. Duk da haka, an yi hasashen karawa zuwa Dirham 2.20 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Bilan d'Activité Assainissement de l'ONEP, 25 November 2009, Slide 41&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kudaden jonawa'''. A yankunan birane, kudaden jonawa na lokaci guda na ruwa da magudanar ruwa ana biya ne ga mai samar da hidimar na daban. Ana kayyade matakin kudaden ne bisa wani tsari dake la'akari da tsayin hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin, sannan da tsayin gaban kowace dukiya (don kudaden jona ruwa da ONEP ke karba, da ake kira taxe riveraine) ko kuma yankin dukiya (don duk kudaden jonawa da Régies da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba, da kuma kudaden jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba, wadanda gaba daya ake kira Participation au Premier Etablissement ko PPE). Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden gaske na samar da jona kanta daga layin hidima a kan titi ba, wanda mai amfana zai biya da kansa daban. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashe, hakan kuma baya hada da kudaden shigar da aikin famfo a cikin dukiya. Kudaden jonawa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa babban tushen kudi ne ga masu samar da hidima. A lokaci guda kuma, babban matakinsu ya zama cikas wajen fadada hanyar sadarwar, duk da wata manufa ta barin abokan ciniki matalakawa su biya wani bangare na kudin jonawa ta kudaden rabi-rabi da ake karawa a takardar kudin ruwa na kowane wata na tsawon lokaci har zuwa shekaru 7 (branchements sociaux). Wadannan matsaloli an bayyana su ta misalin Casablanca inda aka sanya manufar farko ta shekara-shekara na guda 10,000 na jona na jin dadin jama'a, amma guda 1,250 ne kacal aka aiwatar a kowace shekara har zuwa shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 5&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Tallafawa Cigaban Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) yana yafe kudaden jonawa ga zababbun unguwannin birane na matalakawa.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 12&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin kudaden jonawa sun kasance daga daidai yake da $220 zuwa 500 na ruwa da kuma $880 zuwa 1,650 na magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 77 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koyaya, a cewar wani tushen daban, a shekarar 2008 kudin jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba ya kasance Dirham 1,600 kacal (kimanin $145).&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ikon biya'''. Bayanai daga binciken yanayin rayuwar gidaje na kasa na shekarar 1998/99 sun kimanta daukacin kudaden kashewa na samar da ruwa akan Dirham (MAD) 84.8/mutum/shekara a yankunan birane da MAD 147.4/mutum/shekara a yankunan karkara, ko kuma kashi 1.8 da 2.9 na matsakaicin daukacin kudaden kashewa na kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 28 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ===

Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe a fannin ya kasance kalubale. Kamfanin ONEE yana da cin gashin kansa ta fuskar kudi ta hanyar kudaden shiga na harajinsa, amma yana samun tallafin zuba jari na Dirham miliyan 150 a kowace shekara don samar da ruwa a karkara sannan rabin jifansa na tsaftace muhalli ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Contrat de Programme entre l'État et l'ONEP 2008-2010, October 2008. p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanonin Regies dole ne su dogara sosai akan kudaden jonawa don kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 58 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari ===

Zuba jarin a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarar 2003 da 2005. A rabon ruwa na birane ya karu daga Dirham biliyan 0.9 zuwa 1.5, a samar da ruwa na karkara daga Dirham biliyan 0.5 zuwa 0.8, a samar da ruwa kansa daga biliyan 0.3 zuwa 0.6, sannan a bangaren tsaftace muhalli daga Dirham biliyan 1.1 zuwa 2.8. Gabaɗaya zuba jarin ya ninka daga Dirham biliyan 2.8 ($337m) zuwa biliyan 5.7 ($687m).&lt;ref&gt;Revue strategique du PNA, 2008, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Zuba jarin kowane mutum a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya tsaya akan $21 ga kowane mutum a shekara, mataki mai matukar yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe masu matsakaicin kudin shiga.

=== Samar da kudi ===

Ana daukar nauyin zuba jari ne daga kudaden shiga na haraji, tallafi daban-daban da canja wurin kudi (kyauta da lamuni masu sauki) ta hanyar abokan hulda na waje. Sai dai kuma, akwai gagarumin tallafi na ketare. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa da ONEE ke karba daga hannun kamfanonin kwangila masu zaman kansu da Régies sun fi kudaden samarwa yawa. Ana amfani da rarar kudin ne don tallafawa ayyukan ONEE na samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli, inda haraji ba ya rufe kudaden da aka kashe.

Haka kuma, a cewar wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2008, akwai tallafin ketare na kusan Dirham biliyan 1 daga masu amfani da wutar lantarki wadanda ake karbar harajin rabawa da ya fi kudaden da aka kashe. Wannan yana bawa kamfanonin kwangila da Régies damar samar da kudaden shiga da ake bukata don biyan kumburarrun haraji na ruwa da yawa, wanda shi kuma ke bawa ONEE damar tallafawa samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli akan adadin da shima ya kai kusan Dirham biliyan 1.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Mécanismes et Flux de Financement du Secteur de l'Eau, Banque mondiale, Avril 2008, p. xii&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hadin gwiwar waje ==

Hadin gwiwar waje yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko. Abokan hulda na waje suna samar da kudaden zuba jari da taimakon fasaha. Fara daga shekarar 2002, Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Tarayyar Turai sannan kuma Bankin Duniya sun samar da tallafin kasafin kudi (budget support) da ke da alaka da cika wasu sharuɗɗan manufofi. Manyan abokan hulda na waje a fannin sune, ban da ukun da aka ambata a sama, Faransa, Jamus da Japan. Sauran abokan hulda na waje sune Belgium, Bankin Cigaban Musulunci, Kuwait, Luxemburg, Spain da Amurka.

Abokan hulda na waje suna kara yin aiki tare don daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa maimakon daukar nauyin takamaiman ayyuka daddaya. Misali shi ne shirin samar da ruwa a karkara na PAGER da aka fara a shekarar 1995 wanda Belgium, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Kuwait, Luxemburg da Bankin Duniya suka tallafa mawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne tallafi ga Shirin Tsaftace Muhalli na Kasa ta hanyar Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Jamus.

=== Bankin Cigaban Afirka ===
[[File:AFDB Logo.png|100px]]
Bankin Cigaban Afirka (AfDB) ya dauki nauyin ayyukan ruwan sha guda tara a Maroko tun daga shekarar 1978. Gabaɗaya adadin kudadensa a fannin ya kasance dala miliyan 180 har zuwa shekarar 2006, inda garuruwan Maroko guda 20 suka amfana, musamman Tangier. Ayyukan da ake kai, wadanda duka ONEP ke aiwatarwa, sun hada da aikin ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli na tara, da aka kiyasta a shekarar 2006, wanda ke amfanar mutanen karkara a larduna hudu kuma yana hasashen kula da gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa uku (Khouribga, Oued Zem da Boujaâd) &lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]]:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF NINTH DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT:APPRAISAL REPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120222042933/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF |date=2012-02-22 }}, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma aikin samar da ruwan sha na goma da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 wanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha a Khénifra, Taounate, Settat, Marrakesh da Tamesna gami da kananan garuruwa makwabta.&lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]] :[https://afchive.today/20110807095953/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-10th-drinking-water-supply-project-in-morocco-3396/ AfDB Approves 10th Drinking Water Supply Project in Morocco], November 19, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2003 AfDB ta samar da lamuni don shirin daidaita fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2012 AfDB ta amince da lamuni na dala miliyan 157 don daukar nauyin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Yankin Marrakesh tare da AFD ($68.7m), ONEE da kuma Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP), inda kowannensu ya samar da dala miliyan 66.8. Zai dauki nauyin isar da ruwa da yawa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Al Massira don ruwan sha, yawon bude ido da hakar gwal. Ana ranar kammala aikin a shekarar 2017.

=== Tarayyar Turai ===
[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|100px]]
Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa fannin ta hanyar kyauta, sannan da kuma lamuni daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB). EIB ta tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birane shida (Marrakesh, Settat, Meknes, Agadir, Oujda da Fez), gami da kananan garuruwa da dama. Tsakanin shekarar 1997 da 2006 ta samar da lamuni guda 10 da suka kai Euro miliyan 283. A shekarar 2006 ta amince da wani lamuni na Euro miliyan 40 don tsaftace muhalli a kwaron Sebou, kogi mai tsananin gurbata inda Fez da Meknes suke.&lt;ref&gt;[[European Investment Bank]]:[http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water%2C-sewerage Loans to Morocco for water and sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110608043347/http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water,-sewerage |date=2011-06-08 }}. Retrieved October 9, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 Tarayyar Turai ta samar da kyautar Euro miliyan 120 don tallafawa shirin daidaita fannin ruwa na farko ga Maroko, wanda ke da nufin daidaita gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Maroc Hebdo International:[http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_499/pdf_499/page22.pdf L'UE finance un programme d'ajustement du secteur de l'eau au Maroc], N° 499, 22–28 February 2002. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Takamaiman manufofin shirin sun kasance aiwatar da Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta shekarar 1995 yadda ya kamata, rage kudaden kashewa na kasafin kudin jiha da kuma kara tasirin hukumomin fannin.&lt;ref&gt;Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Maroc (Delegation of the European Commission in Morocco):[http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf PROGRAMME D’AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL DU SECTEUR DE L’EAU AU MAROC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070712053225/http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}, no date. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===
Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli babban yanki ne na hadin gwiwar cigaba na Faransa da Maroko. A shekarar 2007 Hukumar Cigaba ta Faransa (AFD) ta tallafa wa ayyukan da suka kai darajar Euro miliyan 130 don samar da ruwa a birane da karkara da kuma Euro miliyan 145 don tsaftace muhalli. Ta fuskar labarin kasa, ayyukan sun mayar da hankali ne a kwaron kogin Sebou, a Agadir da kuma Nador.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement:[http://www.afp.fr/jahia/webdav/site/afd/users/administrateur/public/plaquettes/AFD_Maroc_(F)7_BD.pdf L’AFD et le Maroc:Quinze ans de partenariat], 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A Nador taimakon Faransa yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar lamuni da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007 don tsaftace gurbataccen tafkin Nador, babban tafki mafi girma a cikin tekun Mediterranean. Shirin tsaftace gabar tekun ya samo asali ne daga irin abubuwan da suka faru a Faransa (Contrats de Bai

=== Faransa ===
Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman fannonin da haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Faransa ke mayar da hankali kai tare da Maroko. A shekarar 2007, Hukumar Bunƙasa Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) ta tallafa wa ayyukan da suka kai darajar Yuro miliyan 130 don samar da ruwan sha a birane da karkara, da kuma Yuro miliyan 145 don aikin tsaftace muhalli. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, ayyukan sun ta'allaka ne a kwarin kogin Sebou, a Agadir da kuma Nador.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD et le Maroc:Quinze ans de partenariat, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A Nador, tallafin Faransa yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar wani lamuni da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007 don tsaftace gurbataccen tafkin Nador, wanda shi ne babban tafki mafi girma a cikin Tekun Mediterranean. Tsarin tsaftace tekun ya samo asali ne daga ire-iren abubuwan da suka faru a Faransa (''Contrats de Baie'') inda hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban ke aiki tare don cimma buri guda na tsaftace gaɓar teku.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD ET L’EAU EN MÉDITERRANÉE, Ecnadré sur MAROC – LE PLAN DE DÉPOLLUTION DE LA LAGUNE DE NADOR, UNE APPROCHE INNOVANTE, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamus ===
Jamus ta dade tana tallafawa fannin ruwa na Maroko tun farkon shekarun 1980, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da agaji na farko da suka tallafa wa ƙoƙarin gwamnatin Maroko na faɗaɗa damar samun aikin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan birane da matsakaita a farkon shekarun 1990. KfW ne ke gudanar da ayyukan agajin Jamus wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan saka hannun jari, GTZ kuma ke da alhakin haɗin gwiwar fasaha, yayin da InWent ke da alhakin bayar da horo. A shekarar 2009, jimillar ayyukan saka hannun jari da aka amince da su kuma suke gudana waɗanda KfW ke tallafawa sun kai Yuro miliyan 407, waɗanda ONEP ta gudanar da su duka a ƙananan birane da matsakaita da kuma yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: La coopération financière avec le Royaume du Maroc dans le domaine de l'eau et de l'assainissement{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christoph Krieger, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; GTZ tana tallafa wa Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli da kuma hukumomin kwari guda uku (Tensift, Souss-Massa, da Oum er-Rbia) domin inganta dorewar gudanarwa da tattalin arziƙin albarkatun ruwa. An fara aikin na Yuro miliyan 12 a shekarar 2008 kuma an tsara za a kammala shi a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: Programme Appui à la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau - AGIRE{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christine Werner, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa ===
A shekarar 2006, Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa ya ba da lamuni guda biyu na Dirham miliyan 270 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 27) don samar da ruwan sha. Hukumar ONEP ce ke gudanar da ayyukan.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP: Communiqués de Presse ONEP, January 4, 2006. Retrieved October 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Japan ===
Tun daga shekarar 1994, JBIC ta ba da lamuni na Dirham biliyan 3.6 ga ONEP. A shekarar 2008, JICA ta ba Maroko lamuni na Yen biliyan 13.6 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 90) don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na karkara a lardunan Chefchaouen, Taounate da Khénifra.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc ONEP-JBIC : Un prêt de 908 millions DH {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406141811/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/instantanes-details60804.html |date=2008-04-06 }}. Retrieved October 19, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin zai amfani ƙauyuka (douars) guda 408 tare da mazauna 241,335, kuma za a aiwatar da shi har zuwa shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne lamuni mafi mahimmanci da JICA da tsohuwar hukumar JBIC suka ba ONEP.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP. Retrieved October 19, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sifaniya ===
Gwamnatin Sifaniya tana tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da dama a Maroko. An amince da aikin samar da ruwa na karkara da tsaftace muhalli na Yuro miliyan 15 wanda ONEP ta aiwatar a lardunan Alhucemas, Nador, Taunat da Tazaand a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Loukkos tsakanin shekarun 2003 da 2009,&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Refuerzo institucional en materia de gestión integral del agua a través del apoyo al organismo de Cuenca del Lucos{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Molouya a shekarar 2006/07.&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la Agencia del Muluya {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224123321/http://www.aecid.es/web/es/cooperacion/prog_cooperacion/Azahar/Proyectos/47314010_Marruecos.Apoyo_a_la_Agencia_del_Muluya.html |date=2009-12-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka ===
[[File:USAID-Identity.svg|thumb]]
Hukumar USAID ta tallafa wa ingantaccen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a kwarin Souss-Masa tsakanin shekarun 1999 da 2005.&lt;ref&gt;USAID Morocco: Program Data Sheet:Improved Water Resources Management in the Souss-Massa River Basin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116084507/http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2003/ane/ma/608-006.html |date=2008-11-16 }}. Retrieved October 11, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran kuɗi ==

=== Haraji da ikon biya ===

Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a.

'''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa.

'''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER &lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;/&gt; gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa.

'''Harajin sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla'''. Tsarin haraji na sayarwa dalla-dalla iri daya ne ya shafi daukacin kasar. Harajin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa a Maroko yana bin tsarin haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa, inda harajin kowace mita cubic ke karuwa yayin da amfani ke karuwa. Harajin gida yana da rukunoni hudu, mafi kankanta ya shafi amfani da bai kai mita cubic 6 ba a kowane wata kuma mafi girma ya shafi amfani da ya wuce mita cubic 40 a kowane wata. Koyaya, matakin farashin sayarwa dalla-dalla ya bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Hidimar taba ruwa na jama'a, wadanda aka saba da su ga matalautan birane, yawanci kyauta ne. Kamfanonin amfani suna tura takardun kudi ga gwamnatocin gida. A wasu lokuta kalilan, an damka gudanarwar wuraren taba ruwa ga mai gadi/mai sarrafawa (gardien/gérant), wanda ke sarrafa fanfo kuma yake karbar kudi daga hannun masu amfani. Kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, hidimar taba ruwa kyauta tana da amfani ga talakawa. Amma kuma suna kara zama marasa dorewa ga masu gudanarwa, ta fuskar asarar ruwa (har zuwa kashi 40) da kuma rashin kudaden shiga. Masu gudanarwa suna goyon bayan inganta jonawa mutane daddaya bututu domin karfafa kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kara harajin siyarwa dalla-dalla na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2006 a daukacin kasar ta hanyar rage girman rukunin farko na haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa daga mita cubic 8 zuwa 6 a kowane wata da kuma kara kafaffen bangare na takardar kudin. Farashin gwargwadon amfani na kowane rukunin haraji ya kasance canja. Wadannan canje-canje sun yi daidai da karin haraji na kashi 11% (a duba).

Bayan karin, matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 3.20 kowace mita cubic ($0.29) a Meknes da Dirham 7.18 kowace mita cubic ($0.66) a Casablanca. Harajin magudanar ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 0.59 kowace mita cubic ($0.05) a Oujda da Dirham 1.64 kowace mita cubic ($0.15) a Marrakesh.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 101&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 an yanke shawarar cewa harajin magudanar ruwa a kananan garuruwa da ONEP ke yi wa hidima ya zama iri daya ga daukacin garuruwan, ta yin amfani da tsarin rukunoni masu karuwa. Matsakaicin harajin magudanar ruwa na ONEP ya kasance Dirham 1.50 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa an yanke shawara a shekarar 2004 na kara harajin magudanar ruwa zuwa Dirham 2.00 kowace mita cubic. Sai dai, an jinkirta amfani da wannan shawarar kuma har zuwa shekarar 2009 harajin magudanar ruwa ya karu ne kawai a gari guda. Duk da haka, an yi hasashen karawa zuwa Dirham 2.20 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Bilan d'Activité Assainissement de l'ONEP, 25 November 2009, Slide 41&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kudaden jonawa'''. A yankunan birane, kudaden jonawa na lokaci guda na ruwa da magudanar ruwa ana biya ne ga mai samar da hidimar na daban. Ana kayyade matakin kudaden ne bisa wani tsari dake la'akari da tsayin hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin, sannan da tsayin gaban kowace dukiya (don kudaden jona ruwa da ONEP ke karba, da ake kira taxe riveraine) ko kuma yankin dukiya (don duk kudaden jonawa da Régies da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba, da kuma kudaden jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba, wadanda gaba daya ake kira Participation au Premier Etablissement ko PPE). Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden gaske na samar da jona kanta daga layin hidima a kan titi ba, wanda mai amfana zai biya da kansa daban. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashe, hakan kuma baya hada da kudaden shigar da aikin famfo a cikin dukiya. Kudaden jonawa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa babban tushen kudi ne ga masu samar da hidima. A lokaci guda kuma, babban matakinsu ya zama cikas wajen fadada hanyar sadarwar, duk da wata manufa ta barin abokan ciniki matalakawa su biya wani bangare na kudin jonawa ta kudaden rabi-rabi da ake karawa a takardar kudin ruwa na kowane wata na tsawon lokaci har zuwa shekaru 7 (branchements sociaux). Wadannan matsaloli an bayyana su ta misalin Casablanca inda aka sanya manufar farko ta shekara-shekara na guda 10,000 na jona na jin dadin jama'a, amma guda 1,250 ne kacal aka aiwatar a kowace shekara har zuwa shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 5&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Tallafawa Cigaban Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) yana yafe kudaden jonawa ga zababbun unguwannin birane na matalakawa.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 12&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin kudaden jonawa sun kasance daga daidai yake da $220 zuwa 500 na ruwa da kuma $880 zuwa 1,650 na magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 77 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koyaya, a cewar wani tushen daban, a shekarar 2008 kudin jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba ya kasance Dirham 1,600 kacal (kimanin $145).&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ikon biya'''. Bayanai daga binciken yanayin rayuwar gidaje na kasa na shekarar 1998/99 sun kimanta daukacin kudaden kashewa na samar da ruwa akan Dirham (MAD) 84.8/mutum/shekara a yankunan birane da MAD 147.4/mutum/shekara a yankunan karkara, ko kuma kashi 1.8 da 2.9 na matsakaicin daukacin kudaden kashewa na kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 28 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ===

Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe a fannin ya kasance kalubale. Kamfanin ONEE yana da cin gashin kansa ta fuskar kudi ta hanyar kudaden shiga na harajinsa, amma yana samun tallafin zuba jari na Dirham miliyan 150 a kowace shekara don samar da ruwa a karkara sannan rabin jifansa na tsaftace muhalli ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Contrat de Programme entre l'État et l'ONEP 2008-2010, October 2008. p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanonin Regies dole ne su dogara sosai akan kudaden jonawa don kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 58 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari ===

Zuba jarin a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarar 2003 da 2005. A rabon ruwa na birane ya karu daga Dirham biliyan 0.9 zuwa 1.5, a samar da ruwa na karkara daga Dirham biliyan 0.5 zuwa 0.8, a samar da ruwa kansa daga biliyan 0.3 zuwa 0.6, sannan a bangaren tsaftace muhalli daga Dirham biliyan 1.1 zuwa 2.8. Gabaɗaya zuba jarin ya ninka daga Dirham biliyan 2.8 ($337m) zuwa biliyan 5.7 ($687m).&lt;ref&gt;Revue strategique du PNA, 2008, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Zuba jarin kowane mutum a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya tsaya akan $21 ga kowane mutum a shekara, mataki mai matukar yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe masu matsakaicin kudin shiga.

=== Samar da kudi ===

Ana daukar nauyin zuba jari ne daga kudaden shiga na haraji, tallafi daban-daban da canja wurin kudi (kyauta da lamuni masu sauki) ta hanyar abokan hulda na waje. Sai dai kuma, akwai gagarumin tallafi na ketare. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa da ONEE ke karba daga hannun kamfanonin kwangila masu zaman kansu da Régies sun fi kudaden samarwa yawa. Ana amfani da rarar kudin ne don tallafawa ayyukan ONEE na samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli, inda haraji ba ya rufe kudaden da aka kashe.

Haka kuma, a cewar wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2008, akwai tallafin ketare na kusan Dirham biliyan 1 daga masu amfani da wutar lantarki wadanda ake karbar harajin rabawa da ya fi kudaden da aka kashe. Wannan yana bawa kamfanonin kwangila da Régies damar samar da kudaden shiga da ake bukata don biyan kumburarrun haraji na ruwa da yawa, wanda shi kuma ke bawa ONEE damar tallafawa samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli akan adadin da shima ya kai kusan Dirham biliyan 1.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Mécanismes et Flux de Financement du Secteur de l'Eau, Banque mondiale, Avril 2008, p. xii&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hadin gwiwar waje ==

Hadin gwiwar waje yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko. Abokan hulda na waje suna samar da kudaden zuba jari da taimakon fasaha. Fara daga shekarar 2002, Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Tarayyar Turai sannan kuma Bankin Duniya sun samar da tallafin kasafin kudi (budget support) da ke da alaka da cika wasu sharuɗɗan manufofi. Manyan abokan hulda na waje a fannin sune, ban da ukun da aka ambata a sama, Faransa, Jamus da Japan. Sauran abokan hulda na waje sune Belgium, Bankin Cigaban Musulunci, Kuwait, Luxemburg, Spain da Amurka.

Abokan hulda na waje suna kara yin aiki tare don daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa maimakon daukar nauyin takamaiman ayyuka daddaya. Misali shi ne shirin samar da ruwa a karkara na PAGER da aka fara a shekarar 1995 wanda Belgium, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Kuwait, Luxemburg da Bankin Duniya suka tallafa mawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne tallafi ga Shirin Tsaftace Muhalli na Kasa ta hanyar Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Jamus.

=== Bankin Cigaban Afirka ===
[[File:AFDB Logo.png|100px]]
Bankin Cigaban Afirka (AfDB) ya dauki nauyin ayyukan ruwan sha guda tara a Maroko tun daga shekarar 1978. Gabaɗaya adadin kudadensa a fannin ya kasance dala miliyan 180 har zuwa shekarar 2006, inda garuruwan Maroko guda 20 suka amfana, musamman Tangier. Ayyukan da ake kai, wadanda duka ONEP ke aiwatarwa, sun hada da aikin ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli na tara, da aka kiyasta a shekarar 2006, wanda ke amfanar mutanen karkara a larduna hudu kuma yana hasashen kula da gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa uku (Khouribga, Oued Zem da Boujaâd) &lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]]:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF NINTH DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT:APPRAISAL REPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120222042933/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF |date=2012-02-22 }}, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma aikin samar da ruwan sha na goma da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 wanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha a Khénifra, Taounate, Settat, Marrakesh da Tamesna gami da kananan garuruwa makwabta.&lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]] :[https://afchive.today/20110807095953/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-10th-drinking-water-supply-project-in-morocco-3396/ AfDB Approves 10th Drinking Water Supply Project in Morocco], November 19, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2003 AfDB ta samar da lamuni don shirin daidaita fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2012 AfDB ta amince da lamuni na dala miliyan 157 don daukar nauyin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Yankin Marrakesh tare da AFD ($68.7m), ONEE da kuma Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP), inda kowannensu ya samar da dala miliyan 66.8. Zai dauki nauyin isar da ruwa da yawa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Al Massira don ruwan sha, yawon bude ido da hakar gwal. Ana ranar kammala aikin a shekarar 2017.

=== Tarayyar Turai ===
[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|100px]]
Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa fannin ta hanyar kyauta, sannan da kuma lamuni daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB). EIB ta tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birane shida (Marrakesh, Settat, Meknes, Agadir, Oujda da Fez), gami da kananan garuruwa da dama. Tsakanin shekarar 1997 da 2006 ta samar da lamuni guda 10 da suka kai Euro miliyan 283. A shekarar 2006 ta amince da wani lamuni na Euro miliyan 40 don tsaftace muhalli a kwaron Sebou, kogi mai tsananin gurbata inda Fez da Meknes suke.&lt;ref&gt;[[European Investment Bank]]:[http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water%2C-sewerage Loans to Morocco for water and sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110608043347/http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water,-sewerage |date=2011-06-08 }}. Retrieved October 9, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 Tarayyar Turai ta samar da kyautar Euro miliyan 120 don tallafawa shirin daidaita fannin ruwa na farko ga Maroko, wanda ke da nufin daidaita gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Maroc Hebdo International:[http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_499/pdf_499/page22.pdf L'UE finance un programme d'ajustement du secteur de l'eau au Maroc], N° 499, 22–28 February 2002. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Takamaiman manufofin shirin sun kasance aiwatar da Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta shekarar 1995 yadda ya kamata, rage kudaden kashewa na kasafin kudin jiha da kuma kara tasirin hukumomin fannin.&lt;ref&gt;Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Maroc (Delegation of the European Commission in Morocco):[http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf PROGRAMME D’AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL DU SECTEUR DE L’EAU AU MAROC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070712053225/http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}, no date. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===
Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman fannonin da haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Faransa ke mayar da hankali kai tare da Maroko. A shekarar 2007, Hukumar Bunƙasa Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) ta tallafa wa ayyukan da suka kai darajar Yuro miliyan 130 don samar da ruwan sha a birane da karkara, da kuma Yuro miliyan 145 don aikin tsaftace muhalli. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, ayyukan sun ta'allaka ne a kwarin kogin Sebou, a Agadir da kuma Nador.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD et le Maroc:Quinze ans de partenariat, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A Nador, tallafin Faransa yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar wani lamuni da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007 don tsaftace gurbataccen tafkin Nador, wanda shi ne babban tafki mafi girma a cikin Tekun Mediterranean. Tsarin tsaftace tekun ya samo asali ne daga ire-iren abubuwan da suka faru a Faransa (''Contrats de Baie'') inda hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban ke aiki tare don cimma buri guda na tsaftace gaɓar teku.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD ET L’EAU EN MÉDITERRANÉE, Ecnadré sur MAROC – LE PLAN DE DÉPOLLUTION DE LA LAGUNE DE NADOR, UNE APPROCHE INNOVANTE, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamus ===
Jamus ta dade tana tallafawa fannin ruwa na Maroko tun farkon shekarun 1980, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da agaji na farko da suka tallafa wa ƙoƙarin gwamnatin Maroko na faɗaɗa damar samun aikin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan birane da matsakaita a farkon shekarun 1990. KfW ne ke gudanar da ayyukan agajin Jamus wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan saka hannun jari, GTZ kuma ke da alhakin haɗin gwiwar fasaha, yayin da InWent ke da alhakin bayar da horo. A shekarar 2009, jimillar ayyukan saka hannun jari da aka amince da su kuma suke gudana waɗanda KfW ke tallafawa sun kai Yuro miliyan 407, waɗanda ONEP ta gudanar da su duka a ƙananan birane da matsakaita da kuma yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: La coopération financière avec le Royaume du Maroc dans le domaine de l'eau et de l'assainissement{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christoph Krieger, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; GTZ tana tallafa wa Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli da kuma hukumomin kwari guda uku (Tensift, Souss-Massa, da Oum er-Rbia) domin inganta dorewar gudanarwa da tattalin arziƙin albarkatun ruwa. An fara aikin na Yuro miliyan 12 a shekarar 2008 kuma an tsara za a kammala shi a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: Programme Appui à la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau - AGIRE{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christine Werner, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa ===
A shekarar 2006, Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa ya ba da lamuni guda biyu na Dirham miliyan 270 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 27) don samar da ruwan sha. Hukumar ONEP ce ke gudanar da ayyukan.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP: Communiqués de Presse ONEP, January 4, 2006. Retrieved October 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Japan ===
Tun daga shekarar 1994, JBIC ta ba da lamuni na Dirham biliyan 3.6 ga ONEP. A shekarar 2008, JICA ta ba Maroko lamuni na Yen biliyan 13.6 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 90) don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na karkara a lardunan Chefchaouen, Taounate da Khénifra.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc ONEP-JBIC : Un prêt de 908 millions DH {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406141811/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/instantanes-details60804.html |date=2008-04-06 }}. Retrieved October 19, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin zai amfani ƙauyuka (douars) guda 408 tare da mazauna 241,335, kuma za a aiwatar da shi har zuwa shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne lamuni mafi mahimmanci da JICA da tsohuwar hukumar JBIC suka ba ONEP.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP. Retrieved October 19, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sifaniya ===
Gwamnatin Sifaniya tana tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da dama a Maroko. An amince da aikin samar da ruwa na karkara da tsaftace muhalli na Yuro miliyan 15 wanda ONEP ta aiwatar a lardunan Alhucemas, Nador, Taunat da Tazaand a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Loukkos tsakanin shekarun 2003 da 2009,&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Refuerzo institucional en materia de gestión integral del agua a través del apoyo al organismo de Cuenca del Lucos{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Molouya a shekarar 2006/07.&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la Agencia del Muluya {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224123321/http://www.aecid.es/web/es/cooperacion/prog_cooperacion/Azahar/Proyectos/47314010_Marruecos.Apoyo_a_la_Agencia_del_Muluya.html |date=2009-12-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka ===
[[File:USAID-Identity.svg|thumb]]
Hukumar USAID ta tallafa wa ingantaccen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a kwarin Souss-Masa tsakanin shekarun 1999 da 2005.&lt;ref&gt;USAID Morocco: Program Data Sheet:Improved Water Resources Management in the Souss-Massa River Basin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116084507/http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2003/ane/ma/608-006.html |date=2008-11-16 }}. Retrieved October 11, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran kuɗi ==

=== Haraji da ikon biya ===

Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a.

'''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa.

'''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER &lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;/&gt; gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa.

'''Harajin sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla'''. Tsarin haraji na sayarwa dalla-dalla iri daya ne ya shafi daukacin kasar. Harajin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa a Maroko yana bin tsarin haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa, inda harajin kowace mita cubic ke karuwa yayin da amfani ke karuwa. Harajin gida yana da rukunoni hudu, mafi kankanta ya shafi amfani da bai kai mita cubic 6 ba a kowane wata kuma mafi girma ya shafi amfani da ya wuce mita cubic 40 a kowane wata. Koyaya, matakin farashin sayarwa dalla-dalla ya bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Hidimar taba ruwa na jama'a, wadanda aka saba da su ga matalautan birane, yawanci kyauta ne. Kamfanonin amfani suna tura takardun kudi ga gwamnatocin gida. A wasu lokuta kalilan, an damka gudanarwar wuraren taba ruwa ga mai gadi/mai sarrafawa (gardien/gérant), wanda ke sarrafa fanfo kuma yake karbar kudi daga hannun masu amfani. Kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, hidimar taba ruwa kyauta tana da amfani ga talakawa. Amma kuma suna kara zama marasa dorewa ga masu gudanarwa, ta fuskar asarar ruwa (har zuwa kashi 40) da kuma rashin kudaden shiga. Masu gudanarwa suna goyon bayan inganta jonawa mutane daddaya bututu domin karfafa kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kara harajin siyarwa dalla-dalla na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2006 a daukacin kasar ta hanyar rage girman rukunin farko na haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa daga mita cubic 8 zuwa 6 a kowane wata da kuma kara kafaffen bangare na takardar kudin. Farashin gwargwadon amfani na kowane rukunin haraji ya kasance canja. Wadannan canje-canje sun yi daidai da karin haraji na kashi 11% (a duba).

Bayan karin, matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 3.20 kowace mita cubic ($0.29) a Meknes da Dirham 7.18 kowace mita cubic ($0.66) a Casablanca. Harajin magudanar ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 0.59 kowace mita cubic ($0.05) a Oujda da Dirham 1.64 kowace mita cubic ($0.15) a Marrakesh.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 101&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 an yanke shawarar cewa harajin magudanar ruwa a kananan garuruwa da ONEP ke yi wa hidima ya zama iri daya ga daukacin garuruwan, ta yin amfani da tsarin rukunoni masu karuwa. Matsakaicin harajin magudanar ruwa na ONEP ya kasance Dirham 1.50 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa an yanke shawara a shekarar 2004 na kara harajin magudanar ruwa zuwa Dirham 2.00 kowace mita cubic. Sai dai, an jinkirta amfani da wannan shawarar kuma har zuwa shekarar 2009 harajin magudanar ruwa ya karu ne kawai a gari guda. Duk da haka, an yi hasashen karawa zuwa Dirham 2.20 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Bilan d'Activité Assainissement de l'ONEP, 25 November 2009, Slide 41&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kudaden jonawa'''. A yankunan birane, kudaden jonawa na lokaci guda na ruwa da magudanar ruwa ana biya ne ga mai samar da hidimar na daban. Ana kayyade matakin kudaden ne bisa wani tsari dake la'akari da tsayin hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin, sannan da tsayin gaban kowace dukiya (don kudaden jona ruwa da ONEP ke karba, da ake kira taxe riveraine) ko kuma yankin dukiya (don duk kudaden jonawa da Régies da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba, da kuma kudaden jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba, wadanda gaba daya ake kira Participation au Premier Etablissement ko PPE). Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden gaske na samar da jona kanta daga layin hidima a kan titi ba, wanda mai amfana zai biya da kansa daban. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashe, hakan kuma baya hada da kudaden shigar da aikin famfo a cikin dukiya. Kudaden jonawa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa babban tushen kudi ne ga masu samar da hidima. A lokaci guda kuma, babban matakinsu ya zama cikas wajen fadada hanyar sadarwar, duk da wata manufa ta barin abokan ciniki matalakawa su biya wani bangare na kudin jonawa ta kudaden rabi-rabi da ake karawa a takardar kudin ruwa na kowane wata na tsawon lokaci har zuwa shekaru 7 (branchements sociaux). Wadannan matsaloli an bayyana su ta misalin Casablanca inda aka sanya manufar farko ta shekara-shekara na guda 10,000 na jona na jin dadin jama'a, amma guda 1,250 ne kacal aka aiwatar a kowace shekara har zuwa shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 5&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Tallafawa Cigaban Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) yana yafe kudaden jonawa ga zababbun unguwannin birane na matalakawa.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 12&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin kudaden jonawa sun kasance daga daidai yake da $220 zuwa 500 na ruwa da kuma $880 zuwa 1,650 na magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 77 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koyaya, a cewar wani tushen daban, a shekarar 2008 kudin jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba ya kasance Dirham 1,600 kacal (kimanin $145).&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ikon biya'''. Bayanai daga binciken yanayin rayuwar gidaje na kasa na shekarar 1998/99 sun kimanta daukacin kudaden kashewa na samar da ruwa akan Dirham (MAD) 84.8/mutum/shekara a yankunan birane da MAD 147.4/mutum/shekara a yankunan karkara, ko kuma kashi 1.8 da 2.9 na matsakaicin daukacin kudaden kashewa na kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 28 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ===

Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe a fannin ya kasance kalubale. Kamfanin ONEE yana da cin gashin kansa ta fuskar kudi ta hanyar kudaden shiga na harajinsa, amma yana samun tallafin zuba jari na Dirham miliyan 150 a kowace shekara don samar da ruwa a karkara sannan rabin jifansa na tsaftace muhalli ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Contrat de Programme entre l'État et l'ONEP 2008-2010, October 2008. p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanonin Regies dole ne su dogara sosai akan kudaden jonawa don kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 58 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari ===

Zuba jarin a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarar 2003 da 2005. A rabon ruwa na birane ya karu daga Dirham biliyan 0.9 zuwa 1.5, a samar da ruwa na karkara daga Dirham biliyan 0.5 zuwa 0.8, a samar da ruwa kansa daga biliyan 0.3 zuwa 0.6, sannan a bangaren tsaftace muhalli daga Dirham biliyan 1.1 zuwa 2.8. Gabaɗaya zuba jarin ya ninka daga Dirham biliyan 2.8 ($337m) zuwa biliyan 5.7 ($687m).&lt;ref&gt;Revue strategique du PNA, 2008, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Zuba jarin kowane mutum a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya tsaya akan $21 ga kowane mutum a shekara, mataki mai matukar yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe masu matsakaicin kudin shiga.

=== Samar da kudi ===

Ana daukar nauyin zuba jari ne daga kudaden shiga na haraji, tallafi daban-daban da canja wurin kudi (kyauta da lamuni masu sauki) ta hanyar abokan hulda na waje. Sai dai kuma, akwai gagarumin tallafi na ketare. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa da ONEE ke karba daga hannun kamfanonin kwangila masu zaman kansu da Régies sun fi kudaden samarwa yawa. Ana amfani da rarar kudin ne don tallafawa ayyukan ONEE na samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli, inda haraji ba ya rufe kudaden da aka kashe.

Haka kuma, a cewar wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2008, akwai tallafin ketare na kusan Dirham biliyan 1 daga masu amfani da wutar lantarki wadanda ake karbar harajin rabawa da ya fi kudaden da aka kashe. Wannan yana bawa kamfanonin kwangila da Régies damar samar da kudaden shiga da ake bukata don biyan kumburarrun haraji na ruwa da yawa, wanda shi kuma ke bawa ONEE damar tallafawa samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli akan adadin da shima ya kai kusan Dirham biliyan 1.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Mécanismes et Flux de Financement du Secteur de l'Eau, Banque mondiale, Avril 2008, p. xii&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hadin gwiwar waje ==

Hadin gwiwar waje yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko. Abokan hulda na waje suna samar da kudaden zuba jari da taimakon fasaha. Fara daga shekarar 2002, Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Tarayyar Turai sannan kuma Bankin Duniya sun samar da tallafin kasafin kudi (budget support) da ke da alaka da cika wasu sharuɗɗan manufofi. Manyan abokan hulda na waje a fannin sune, ban da ukun da aka ambata a sama, Faransa, Jamus da Japan. Sauran abokan hulda na waje sune Belgium, Bankin Cigaban Musulunci, Kuwait, Luxemburg, Spain da Amurka.

Abokan hulda na waje suna kara yin aiki tare don daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa maimakon daukar nauyin takamaiman ayyuka daddaya. Misali shi ne shirin samar da ruwa a karkara na PAGER da aka fara a shekarar 1995 wanda Belgium, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Kuwait, Luxemburg da Bankin Duniya suka tallafa mawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne tallafi ga Shirin Tsaftace Muhalli na Kasa ta hanyar Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Jamus.

=== Bankin Cigaban Afirka ===
[[File:AFDB Logo.png|100px]]
Bankin Cigaban Afirka (AfDB) ya dauki nauyin ayyukan ruwan sha guda tara a Maroko tun daga shekarar 1978. Gabaɗaya adadin kudadensa a fannin ya kasance dala miliyan 180 har zuwa shekarar 2006, inda garuruwan Maroko guda 20 suka amfana, musamman Tangier. Ayyukan da ake kai, wadanda duka ONEP ke aiwatarwa, sun hada da aikin ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli na tara, da aka kiyasta a shekarar 2006, wanda ke amfanar mutanen karkara a larduna hudu kuma yana hasashen kula da gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa uku (Khouribga, Oued Zem da Boujaâd) &lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]]:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF NINTH DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT:APPRAISAL REPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120222042933/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF |date=2012-02-22 }}, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma aikin samar da ruwan sha na goma da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 wanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha a Khénifra, Taounate, Settat, Marrakesh da Tamesna gami da kananan garuruwa makwabta.&lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]] :[https://afchive.today/20110807095953/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-10th-drinking-water-supply-project-in-morocco-3396/ AfDB Approves 10th Drinking Water Supply Project in Morocco], November 19, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2003 AfDB ta samar da lamuni don shirin daidaita fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2012 AfDB ta amince da lamuni na dala miliyan 157 don daukar nauyin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Yankin Marrakesh tare da AFD ($68.7m), ONEE da kuma Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP), inda kowannensu ya samar da dala miliyan 66.8. Zai dauki nauyin isar da ruwa da yawa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Al Massira don ruwan sha, yawon bude ido da hakar gwal. Ana ranar kammala aikin a shekarar 2017.

=== Tarayyar Turai ===
[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|100px]]
Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa fannin ta hanyar kyauta, sannan da kuma lamuni daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB). EIB ta tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birane shida (Marrakesh, Settat, Meknes, Agadir, Oujda da Fez), gami da kananan garuruwa da dama. Tsakanin shekarar 1997 da 2006 ta samar da lamuni guda 10 da suka kai Euro miliyan 283. A shekarar 2006 ta amince da wani lamuni na Euro miliyan 40 don tsaftace muhalli a kwaron Sebou, kogi mai tsananin gurbata inda Fez da Meknes suke.&lt;ref&gt;[[European Investment Bank]]:[http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water%2C-sewerage Loans to Morocco for water and sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110608043347/http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water,-sewerage |date=2011-06-08 }}. Retrieved October 9, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 Tarayyar Turai ta samar da kyautar Euro miliyan 120 don tallafawa shirin daidaita fannin ruwa na farko ga Maroko, wanda ke da nufin daidaita gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Maroc Hebdo International:[http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_499/pdf_499/page22.pdf L'UE finance un programme d'ajustement du secteur de l'eau au Maroc], N° 499, 22–28 February 2002. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Takamaiman manufofin shirin sun kasance aiwatar da Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta shekarar 1995 yadda ya kamata, rage kudaden kashewa na kasafin kudin jiha da kuma kara tasirin hukumomin fannin.&lt;ref&gt;Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Maroc (Delegation of the European Commission in Morocco):[http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf PROGRAMME D’AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL DU SECTEUR DE L’EAU AU MAROC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070712053225/http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}, no date. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===
Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman fannonin da haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Faransa ke mayar da hankali kai tare da Maroko. A shekarar 2007, Hukumar Bunƙasa Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) ta tallafa wa ayyukan da suka kai darajar Yuro miliyan 130 don samar da ruwan sha a birane da karkara, da kuma Yuro miliyan 145 don aikin tsaftace muhalli. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, ayyukan sun ta'allaka ne a kwarin kogin Sebou, a Agadir da kuma Nador.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD et le Maroc:Quinze ans de partenariat, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A Nador, tallafin Faransa yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar wani lamuni da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007 don tsaftace gurbataccen tafkin Nador, wanda shi ne babban tafki mafi girma a cikin Tekun Mediterranean. Tsarin tsaftace tekun ya samo asali ne daga ire-iren abubuwan da suka faru a Faransa (''Contrats de Baie'') inda hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban ke aiki tare don cimma buri guda na tsaftace gaɓar teku.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD ET L’EAU EN MÉDITERRANÉE, Ecnadré sur MAROC – LE PLAN DE DÉPOLLUTION DE LA LAGUNE DE NADOR, UNE APPROCHE INNOVANTE, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamus ===
Jamus ta dade tana tallafawa fannin ruwa na Maroko tun farkon shekarun 1980, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da agaji na farko da suka tallafa wa ƙoƙarin gwamnatin Maroko na faɗaɗa damar samun aikin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan birane da matsakaita a farkon shekarun 1990. KfW ne ke gudanar da ayyukan agajin Jamus wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan saka hannun jari, GTZ kuma ke da alhakin haɗin gwiwar fasaha, yayin da InWent ke da alhakin bayar da horo. A shekarar 2009, jimillar ayyukan saka hannun jari da aka amince da su kuma suke gudana waɗanda KfW ke tallafawa sun kai Yuro miliyan 407, waɗanda ONEP ta gudanar da su duka a ƙananan birane da matsakaita da kuma yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: La coopération financière avec le Royaume du Maroc dans le domaine de l'eau et de l'assainissement{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christoph Krieger, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; GTZ tana tallafa wa Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli da kuma hukumomin kwari guda uku (Tensift, Souss-Massa, da Oum er-Rbia) domin inganta dorewar gudanarwa da tattalin arziƙin albarkatun ruwa. An fara aikin na Yuro miliyan 12 a shekarar 2008 kuma an tsara za a kammala shi a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: Programme Appui à la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau - AGIRE{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christine Werner, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa ===
A shekarar 2006, Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa ya ba da lamuni guda biyu na Dirham miliyan 270 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 27) don samar da ruwan sha. Hukumar ONEP ce ke gudanar da ayyukan.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP: Communiqués de Presse ONEP, January 4, 2006. Retrieved October 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Japan ===
Tun daga shekarar 1994, JBIC ta ba da lamuni na Dirham biliyan 3.6 ga ONEP. A shekarar 2008, JICA ta ba Maroko lamuni na Yen biliyan 13.6 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 90) don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na karkara a lardunan Chefchaouen, Taounate da Khénifra.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc ONEP-JBIC : Un prêt de 908 millions DH {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406141811/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/instantanes-details60804.html |date=2008-04-06 }}. Retrieved October 19, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin zai amfani ƙauyuka (douars) guda 408 tare da mazauna 241,335, kuma za a aiwatar da shi har zuwa shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne lamuni mafi mahimmanci da JICA da tsohuwar hukumar JBIC suka ba ONEP.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP. Retrieved October 19, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sifaniya ===
Gwamnatin Sifaniya tana tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da dama a Maroko. An amince da aikin samar da ruwa na karkara da tsaftace muhalli na Yuro miliyan 15 wanda ONEP ta aiwatar a lardunan Alhucemas, Nador, Taunat da Tazaand a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Loukkos tsakanin shekarun 2003 da 2009,&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Refuerzo institucional en materia de gestión integral del agua a través del apoyo al organismo de Cuenca del Lucos{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Molouya a shekarar 2006/07.&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la Agencia del Muluya {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224123321/http://www.aecid.es/web/es/cooperacion/prog_cooperacion/Azahar/Proyectos/47314010_Marruecos.Apoyo_a_la_Agencia_del_Muluya.html |date=2009-12-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka ===
[[File:USAID-Identity.svg|thumb]]
Hukumar USAID ta tallafa wa ingantaccen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a kwarin Souss-Masa tsakanin shekarun 1999 da 2005.&lt;ref&gt;USAID Morocco: Program Data Sheet:Improved Water Resources Management in the Souss-Massa River Basin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116084507/http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2003/ane/ma/608-006.html |date=2008-11-16 }}. Retrieved October 11, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bankin Duniya ===
A shekarar 2009, ayyukan da Bankin Duniya ke gudanarwa sun haɗa da ba da lamuni na dalar Amurka miliyan 60 don aikin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a karkara wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2005 (wanda ONEP ta aiwatar) da kuma tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 7 daga Haɗin Gwiwar Duniya don Tallafin Sakamakon Aiki (Output-based aid) don haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a birane (wanda Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta aiwatar). Ya kuma haɗa da lamuni na dalar Amurka miliyan 100 don tallafa wa Shirin Bunƙasa Bil'adama na Ƙasa (National Human Development Initiative) da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2006, inda samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli ke cikin shirin.
&lt;ref&gt;World Bank: Projects Search Water and Sanitation in Morocco. Retrieved October 11, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Bankin Duniya ya kuma ba da tallafin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar dalar Amurka miliyan 100 ga Maroko ta hanyar Lamunin Bunƙasa Manufofin Fannin Ruwa da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007. Bankin ya shiga cikin ayyukan fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko tun shekarar 1972 tare da ayyukan saka hannun jari guda tara da suka kai adadin rancen sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 500.

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Ana '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Morocco''' ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati na ƙasa da na yanki. Samar da ayyukan yi ya fuskanci gagarumin sauyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda kamfanonin gwamnati masu ayyuka da yawa na yanki (SRM) suka maye gurbin kamfanonin haya masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin samar da ayyukan yi na birni.

Wadannan kamfanonin yanki suna da alhakin rarraba ruwa, wutar lantarki da sabis na tsabta a matakin yanki. A layi daya, Ofishin Lantarki da Ruwa mai sha na Kasa (ONEE) ya kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin samar da ruwa mai yawa, samarwa ga masu aiki na gida, da samar da sabis a cikin ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.

Samun damar samar da ruwa ya inganta sosai tun farkon shekarun 2000, yayin da ci gaba a cikin tsaftacewa ya kasance a hankali. Ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman iyakantaccen matakin [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Maganin ruwa mai guba]], rashin haɗin gida a wasu yankunan birane masu karamin kuɗi, da kuma dorewar wasu tsarin karkara.

A mayar da martani, hukumomin gwamnati sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa. Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2005, yana da niyyar fadada ikon kula da ruwa mai guba da inganta ɗaukar ruwa a cikin birane. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don fadada damar samun ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli ga marasa galihu, musamman ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam na Kasa.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa na al'ada ===
Maroko tana da kimanin Cubic mita biliyan 22 na albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na al'ada a kowace shekara daidai da cubic mita 730 / babban mutum / shekara. Kafin la'akari da shekarun fari na shekarun 1990s da 2000s an kiyasta jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa sun fi girma a kusan mita cubic biliyan 29   Koyaya, kawai har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 20 a kowace shekara za a iya kama su ta hanyar tattalin arziki (ma'adanai masu amfani), gami da m3 biliyan 16 na ruwa da m3 na ruwa na ƙasa biliyan 4. Maroko tana da madatsun ruwa kusan 100 na girma daban-daban tare da jimlar damar ajiya na cubic mita biliyan 15. An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2004 an janye kimanin m3 biliyan 13.5, ko kuma kimanin kashi 67% na albarkatun da ke akwai. Kashi 83% na janyewar sun kasance don noma da kuma kashi 17% don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Koyaya, albarkatun ruwa ba a raba su daidai a sarari da lokaci ba, tare da mafi yawan albarkatun ruwan da ke Arewa da ruwan sama da aka iyakance ga hunturu. Bugu da kari, ingancin albarkatun ruwa ya lalace ta hanyar gurɓata, musamman a cikin tafkin Sebou.
[[Fayil:Village_atlas.jpeg|thumb|300x300px|Snowpack a cikin Dutsen Atlas, inda mafi yawan manyan koguna a Maroko suke da tushe, suna ba da muhimmiyar ajiya ga albarkatun ruwa]]
Maroko ta kasu kashi bakwai na manyan koguna da kuma wasu ƙananan koguna. Manyan tafkuna bakwai daga Arewa zuwa Kudu sune Kogin Loukkos, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Sebou, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin [[Kogin Tensift|Tensift]] da kwarin Souss-Massa-Drâa. Sai dai Kogin Loukkos, duk waɗannan koguna sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Atlas. Akwai 'yan canjin ruwa a cikin Maroko, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar Rocade daga tafkin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa tafkin Tensift kusa da Marrakesh, canja wuri daga kusa da bakin Oum er-Rbia til Casablanca da canja wuri daga Kogin Bouregreg kuma zuwa Casablanca. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwaji don babban aikin canja wurin ruwa na arewa maso kudu tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar kusan 2.74 miliyan cubic mita / rana (0.75 biliyan m3/shekara) sama da kilomita 500-600 daga tafkin Sebou River zuwa tafkin Tensift mai matsin ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

Amfani da ruwa don amfani da birni da masana'antu ya kasance kusan 2.28 biliyan m3 a cikin 2003, wanda 0.7 biliyan m 3 (31%) ya fito ne daga ruwan kasa da 1.58 biliyan m6 (69%) daga ruwan sama. Ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a wasu sassan kasar, musamman a yankin Sous-Massa a Kudu inda ban ruwa shine babban mai amfani da ruwa.

=== Magani da sake amfani da ruwa ===
Zuwa yanzu akwai iyakataccen shirin sake amfani da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi a Morocco, ganin cewa kashi 21% ne kawai na ruwan da aka tattara ke shan magani. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 2009, akwai cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara sama da 100 a Maroko, galibi suna hidimar ƙananan da matsakaitan garuruwa da ke cikin gida ko kuma a ƙasar. Ƙananan hukumomi ne suka gina cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara na farko a Maroko ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin kuɗi da fasaha na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi, kusan dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyin tace ruwan shara 28 sun daina aiki jim kaɗan bayan an kammala su. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar a shekara ta 2000 a hankali a mayar da alhakin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa zuwa ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ONEP.  A shekara ta 2009, na biyun ya gina ko kuma yana cikin aikin gina masana'antu 43, galibi ta amfani da fasahar [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|daidaita tafkin]], amma kuma injin tace ruwa ɗaya da aka kunna da kuma wasu masana'antun [[Tace madara|tace ruwa]] . Tarihin sarrafa waɗannan masana'antun ya fi na masana'antun da ƙananan hukumomi ke sarrafawa, wani ɓangare saboda fasahar da ta fi yawa - tafkunan daidaita - ba sa buƙatar wutar lantarki. Ƙananan kuɗin aikin sa ya sa ya zama ƙasa da matsala idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi na aiki. A manyan birane, ƙananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na birni (Régies) ne kawai ke gudanar da tashoshin tace ruwan shara. Tarihinsu na sarrafa su ya bambanta: Wata masana'anta da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Agadir ke gudanarwa tana aiki da kyau, yayin da masana'antun da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beni Mellal da Nador ke gudanarwa ba sa aiki. Waɗannan masana'antun suna amfani da fasahar laka da aka kunna wadda ke buƙatar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Marakkesh yana gina wani babban masana'anta a shekarar 2009, kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Fez yana cikin shirin neman kamfanin. Wannan tsari ya fuskanci koma-baya lokacin da hukumar ci gaban Faransa AFD da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai suka janye tallafin da suke bayarwa ga kamfanin, suna masu cewa rashin girmama hanyoyin bayar da wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilin hakan.

=== Tsarkake Ruwan Teku ===
Maroko tana kara mai da hankali kan tsarkake ruwan teku domin biyan bukatun ruwan sha, masana’antu da hakar ma’adinai. A shekarar 2009, ''Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement'' ta kammala wani bincike kan tsarkake ruwa, wanda ya hango gina babban tashar tsarkake ruwa a yankin Casablanca mai iya samar da kusan m3 685,000 a rana (m3 miliyan 250 a shekara), fiye da kashi 10% na amfani da ruwan birane a Maroko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desal&quot;/&gt;

A watan Mayu 2014, hukumar ONEE ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] don gina tashar tsarkake ruwan teku ta hanyar [[reverse osmosis]] a Agadir mai iya samar da m3 100,000 a rana. An yi kwangilar ne da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Spain Abengoa Water da asusun zuba jari InfraMaroc. Shirin ya dauki shekaru bakwai ana shiryawa, kuma Abengoa-led consortium ne kadai ya yi tayin saboda sauran kamfanoni sun ga aikin a matsayin mai cike da hadari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuni 2025, ''Yabiladi'' ta ruwaito cewa yankin [[Casablanca-Settat]] na shigar da na’urorin tsarkake da rage gishirin ruwa guda 28 domin magance matsalar karancin ruwa. An riga an kaddamar da goma sha bakwai, tare da jimillar jarin da ya kai miliyan 400 dirhams (272 daga gwamnati, 128 daga yankin). Wannan shiri, wanda Kamfanin Multiservice na Yanki ke jagoranta, yana cike gibin manyan ayyuka kamar canja wurin ruwan Sebou–Bouregreg da kuma shirin tashar Casablanca, wadda za ta rufe kashi 80% na bukatun ruwan sha na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Casablanca-Settat to launch 28 desalination stations to combat water shortage |work=Yabiladi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Ruwa ==

A shekarar 2011, kashi 82% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 59% na mutanen Maroko suna da famfon ruwa a cikin gidajensu ko a cikin farfajiyar gidansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data &amp; Estimates for Morocco|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, ga kashi 11% babban tushen samar da ruwansu shine famfon taron jama'a na gari, sannan ga kashi 5.6% kuma rijiya ce mai kariya. Kashi 1.5% na mutanen Maroko, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun dogara ne akan tatar ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% kuma suna diban ruwa ne daga idanun ruwa (bambaloli). Rabon wadannan idanun ruwan, wadanda ke samarwa kashi 3.5% na al'umma ruwa, an kiyasta cewa suna da kariya. Duk wadannan madatsun ruwa da aka ambata a sama Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana daukarsu a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar zuwa kashi 82%.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation:[http://documents.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1083 Coverage Estimates for Improved Drinking Water]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}, 2008, quoting a 2003-04 survey on population and family health (''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'') of the Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. Wannan rabo ya kasu kamar haka: Kashi 1%, a cikin birane da karkara, suna amfani da ruwan motar dako (tanker) a matsayin babban tushen ruwansu. Kashi 7% suna diban ruwa ne daga rijiyoyin taron jama'a marasa kariya, sannan kashi 4% daga rijiyoyin kashin kansu marasa kariya a cikin gida ko farfajiyar gida. Kashi 2.5% suna diban ruwansu ne kai tsaye daga koguna da budaddun madatsun ruwa. An kuma kiyasta cewa wasu kashi 3.5% suna amfani da idon ruwa mara kariya a matsayin babban tushen samar da ruwansu, ta yadda a fadin kasar gaba daya kashi 18% na al'umma ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Atlas, Dades river, loundry.jpg|thumb|400px|A yankunan karkara mata suna wankin tufafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan akan Kogin Dades. Tare da karuwar samun ruwan famfo da famfon taron jama'a, wannan al'ada ta ragu sosai]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! RUWA
! Birane  
! Karkara  
! Jimilla  
|-
| Famfo a cikin gida
| 82.6%
| 18.1%
| 58.3%
|-
| Famfo a farfajiyar gida
| 2.6%
| 1.7%
| 2.2%
|-
| Ruwan gwangwani/Gwalba
| 0.6%
| 0.3%
| 0.5%
|-
| Famfon taron jama'a
| 10.8%
| 11%
| 10.9%
|- 
| Rijiyoyi masu kariya
| 0.8%
| 13.5%
| 5.6%
|-
| Budaddun rijiyoyi
| 1%
| 26.6%
| 10.7%
|-
| Idon ruwa (Bambalo) &lt;ref&gt;Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta WHO/UNICEF don sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kiyasta cewa rabin dukkan idanun ruwa na da kariya, kuma wannan rabin za a iya daukarsa a matsayin ingantaccen tushen ruwa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.9%
| 17.2%
| 7.1%
|-
| Kogi ko rafi
| 0.0%
| 5.4%
| 2.0%
|-
| Madatsar ruwa ta madaba
| 0.0%
| 0.3%
| 0.1%
|- 
| Tatar ruwan sama  
| 0.0%
| 4.0%
| 1.5%
|- 
| Motar tankar ruwa
| 0.6%
| 1.5%
| 0.9%
|- 
| Sauransu
| 0.1%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
|- 
| JIMILLA
| 100%
| 100%
| 100%
|}

Tushe: ''Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale'' (Binciken Al'umma da Lafiyar Iyali) 2004.&lt;ref&gt;EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 83% na al'ummar birane da kashi 52% na al'ummar karkara suna da damar amfani da ingantaccen ginin banɗaki a shekarar 2011. Kashi 14% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, wanda ba a lasafta shi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli ba. Kashi 6% na al'ummar karkara kuma suna amfani da banɗakin tarayya, sannan an kiyasta cewa kashi 38% suna yin bayan gari ne a sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP 2013&quot;/&gt; Mafi fama da rashin samun tsarin tsaftar muhalli sune matalauta: Wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ayyukan magudanar ruwa sun gaza gaba daya a yankunan da ke kewaye da biranen tsaka-tsaki. Shiyyoyin marasa galihu da ke warwatse a manyan birane su ma an hana su damar shiga tsarin tara tuka-tuka da magudanar ruwa, lamarin da ke kara hadarin lafiya da kuma sanya musu laccar talauci a wadannan unguwanni.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 17 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawun Sabis ==

Samar da ruwa yana gudana babu kakkautawa a kusan dukkanin matsakaita da manyan birane.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 70 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A birnin Layoune, wanda kamfanin tatar ruwan teku ke yi wa hidima amma ba shi da isasshen karfin da zai wadatar da daukacin birnin, samar da ruwa yana rarrabuwa ne lokaci-lokaci a shekarar 2010. Kashi 21 kacal na tuka-tukan da aka tara ake tacewa kafin a zubar da su a cikin muhalli.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Tarihi da Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan ==

=== Samar da Ayyuka na Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu Lokacin Mulkin Kare Hakki ===

Lokacin mulkin kare hakki na Faransa a Maroko, tun daga shekarar 1912, harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a manyan birane da yawa a Maroko ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa na ''Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité'' (SMD). SMD, wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux, ya ba da ayyuka a Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangier da Meknes. Tun daga shekarar 1950, SMD ya kuma gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin jigilar ruwa mai yawa: Samar da ruwa daga kogin Oum er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca. Samar da ruwa mai yawa ga sauran biranen da ba su da ikon wadatar da kansu daga tushen ruwan gida ya kasance alhakin wani kamfani na gwamnati ne da ake kira ''Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat'' (REIP) wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarun 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;&gt;Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-mediterranee-2006-1-p-113.htm Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an riga an kafa harsashin muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na yau - yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don raba ruwa a manyan birane da kuma kamfanin gwamnati na kasa don samar da ruwa mai yawa - tun lokacin mulkin kare hakki.

=== Mayar da Kamfanoni ga Gwamnati Bayan Samun 'Yancin Kai ===

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, an mayar da tsarin raba ruwa karkashin ikon gwamnati kuma aka mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati a manyan birane, wadanda ake kira ''Régies''. Tsarin samar da ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Oum Er-Rbia zuwa Casablanca ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun kamfani mai zaman kansa SMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt; An amintar da samar da ruwa mai yawa a sauran sassan kasar ga sabon kamfanin ruwa na kasa da aka kafa a shekarar 1972, wato ''Office National de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEP).&lt;ref&gt;Office National de l'Eau Potable:[http://www.onep.org.ma/ Présentation ONEP]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sabuwar Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Shirin Ruwan Karkara (1995) ===

A shekarar 1995, an fito da wata sabuwar '''Dokar Ruwa''' mai fadi (Loi 10-95). Da nufin sauya fifikon gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga fadada samarwa zuwa gudanar da bukatu, an dauki hakan a matsayin &quot;sauyin alkibla&quot; a wancan lokacin. Ta hango matakan inganta amfani da ruwa cikin hikima, mafi kyawun rabon albarkatun ruwa da kuma kiyaye ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar mai amfani ke biya da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa ke biya. Dokar ta kuma ba da kariya ta shari'a don kafa hukumomin dausayin koguna don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, sakamakon koyi da misalan irin wadannan hukumomi a kasashen Faransa da Spain, da ma wasu kasashen. A shekarar 1996, aka kafa hukumar Oum Er-Rbia a matsayin hukumar dausayi ta farko a Maroko. A shekarar 2000, aka kafa hukumomi a sauran manyan dausayin kasar guda shida. Sai dai hukumomin dausayin sun dauki shekaru da dama kuma har yanzu sun kasance kungiyoyi masu rauni. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan kafa dokar, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba.
&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;&gt;Ministère de l'Equipement et du Transport:[http://www.mtpnet.gov.ma/dgh/loi_instit/agences.htm LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145559/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=2009-05-01 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin '''Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara''' (''Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales'' - PAGER) don fuskantar kalubalen karancin samun ruwan sha a yankunan karkara. 

An gudanar da shirin ne ta hannun ONEP, wanda aka fadada alhakinsa daga birane zuwa karkara ta hanyar shirin (duba kuma a kasa karkashin sabbin hanyoyin dabarun aiki da kyakkyawan aiki na kasa da kasa).

=== Mayar da Harkar Ruwa ga Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu a Karshen Shekarun 1990 ===

Kamar yadda ''Régie'' dake hidimtawa Casablanca ke da karancin tarihin bajinta na ayyuka, gwamnati ta yanke shawara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na shigo da kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da tsarin ruwa, magudanar ruwa da na wutar lantarki na birnin. Wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mai suna Lydec, karkashin jagorancin Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), aka ba shi yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 ba tare da an yi takarar neman aikin ba a shekarar 1997. Yarjejeniyar Casablanca ta bude hanya ga sauran yarjejeniyoyi na gaba a Rabat, Tangier da Tetouan. Yayin da aka ba da yarjejeniyar Rabat kai tsaye ga Vivendi a shekarar 1998, yarjejeniyoyin Tangier da Tetouan an ba da su ne a shekarar 2002 bayan an yi gasar neman aiki ga Amendis, wani reshe na Vivendi.

A shekarar 2000, an sabunta yarjejeniyar farko ta shekaru 50 ta SMD, wani reshe na Lyonnaise, don samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa ===
A shekarar 2000, an yi wa Dokar ONEP kwaskwarima don hadawa da tsaftar muhalli (magudanar ruwa da tatar tuka-tuka) a cikin tsarin ONEP. A lokaci guda, an fara gabatar da kudaden harajin tuka-tuka (''redevance d'assainissement''), duk da cewa a matakin kasa-kasa na kasa da Dirham 1 kowane m3, kuma an kafa wani matsakaicin shirin tallafi. A shekarar 2005, an karfafa wannan manufar ta hanyar babban Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli na Kasa (''Programme National d'Assainissement'' - PNA).

=== Kafa ONEE Ta Hanyar Hadewar ONEP da ONE ===
Yayin da aka yi garambawul ga majalisar ministoci bayan zabe a shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa a gefe guda, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai a gefe guda, an hade su zuwa &quot;Babban Ma'aikatar&quot; guda daya. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sakataren Jiha ya ci gaba da kula da ruwa da muhalli. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ne a shekarar 2002, inda ta tattara ayyukan da a da can suke warwatse a ma'aikatu da dama.

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da wani kudirin doka (''Loi 40 09'') wanda ya hango kawance na musamman (''regroupement'') tsakanin ONEP da kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa wato ONE. Manufar ita ce a tsawaita tanadin kudi na gudanarwa wajen tura takardun kudi da gyare-gyare, wadanda aka riga aka cimma a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da ''Regies'' a manyan birane, zuwa sauran yankunan kasar. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shawarwarin garambawul da aka gabatar a bincike daban-daban, gami da wanda kamfanin ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na McKinsey ya gudanar don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;La Vie Eco:[http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html Lydec, Amendis, Rédal…, le modèle multiservice dupliqué dans toutes les régions du Royaume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101145901/http://www.lavieeco.com/economie/14582-lydec-amendis-redal%E2%80%A6-le-modele-multiservice-duplique-dans-toutes-les-regions-du-royaume.html |date=2010-01-01 }}, September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumban 2011, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da kudirin kuma aka kafa sabuwar hukumar, wato ''Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable'' (ONEE). Tsohon ONEP ya zama &quot;bangaren ruwa&quot; na hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE|date=23 September 2011 |url=http://www.labass.net/1520-lone-et-lonep-fusionnent-sous-la-banniere-de-l%E2%80%99onee.html|publisher=Labass.net|access-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyawawan Ayyuka na Duniya da Sabbin Hanyoyin Dabarun Aiki ==

Daga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Maroko da aka kaddamar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara wato PAGER a matsayin kyakkyawan aiki na koyi a matakin kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da wani sabon shirin tallafi na musamman mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid) a shekarar 2007 domin fadada damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

=== Shirin Samar da Ruwa na Karkara (PAGER) ===
A shekarar 2004, shirin samar da ruwa na karkara na kasa wato PAGER ya karbi lambar yabon hidimar al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Public Service Award) a rukunin inganta sakamakon hidimar al'umma. Shirin ya dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: amfani da sauƙaƙan fasahar zamani da kuma shigar da wadanda za su amfana da shirin a duk matakan aikin, tun daga tantance buƙatu, tsara aiki, aiwatarwa, har zuwa auna sakamako. Shirin wanda aka kiyasta zai ci dala biliyan 1 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1995, yana da nufin tallafawa mutane miliyan 12 zuwa shekarar 2010. Shirin ya rage wa mata da yara wahalar dako da gano ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations:[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6071058/UNITED-NATIONS-PUBLIC-SERVICE-AWARDS-CEREMONY-AND-AD-HOC UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York]. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken kima da Bankin Duniya ya yi a shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa adadin shigar yara makaranta a yankunan da suka amfana da shirin ya karu da kashi 16%.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf Presentation of PAGER at the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035251/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan017151.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, 2004, Slide 18. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga bayanan hukuma da rahotanni daga kafofin yada labaran Maroko, PAGER ya habaka damar samun ruwa a yankunan karkara daga kashi 14% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 61% a shekarar 2004, da kuma kashi 77% a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc:[http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214030807/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/entreprise-details40053.html |date=2010-02-14 }}. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Secretary of State for Water:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma bisa ga bayanan binciken kididdiga, samun hadin famfo na gida a yankunan karkara ya karu daga kashi 10% a shekarar 1995 zuwa kashi 20% a shekarar 2004. A cewar wadannan bayanan binciken, damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan karkara ta tsaya cak a kashi 58% tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP Water&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu ba a fito da bayanin da zai daidaita banbancin dake tsakanin bayanan wannan binciken kididdigar da bayanan da PAGER ya bayar ba.

=== Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamakon Aiki Don Fadada Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ===
A shekarar 2007, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake gudanar da ayyuka a Casablanca, Tangier, da Tetouan, tare da kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati dake Meknes sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan gwaji na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bisa tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki (output-based aid). Manufar ita ce a fadada hadin famfon ruwa da magudanar ruwa zuwa gidaje 11,300 a unguwannin matalauta na kewaye da birni wadanda ba su da tsarin rarraba filaye na hukuma. Wadannan ayyukan gwajin na cikin Shirin Habaka Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) kuma ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar tallafin dala miliyan 7 daga Hukumar Kawancen Duniya don Tallafi Mai Dogaro da Sakamako (GPOBA) karkashin gudanarwar Bankin Duniya. Wannan ne karon farko da GPOBA, wacce galibi take tallafawa fanni mai zaman kansa, ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati. Matsakaicin matakin tallafi ga kowane hadin famfo ya kai dala 169 na samar da ruwa da kuma dala 606 na tsaftar muhalli. Matsakaicin matakin tallafin kowane hadin famfo kashi 35 ne. Kamfanonin sun kuma samar da yakin neman zabi na fadakarwa don sanar da mutane cewa suna da damar hada magudanar ruwa ta hanyar tawagogi dake zuwa kasuwanni. Karkashin tsarin tallafi mai dogaro da sakamakon aiki, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko na gwamnati ne ke fara daukar nauyin zuba jari da kudadensu, sannan GPOBA take mayar musu da kudaden bayan an gudanar da binciken tantancewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an hada wa gidajen kuma suna samun gamsasshen sabis.

A cewar Bankin Duniya, tsarin tallafin ya taimaka wajen inganta hanyoyin aiki, shawo kan cikas na kudi da kuma tattara hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/water-in-the-arab-world-ch17.pdf Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco] Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |title=The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125202/http://www.gpoba.org/gpoba/node/213 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Alhakokin Fanni ==

Manyan jaruman da ke a matakin tsara manufofi a wannan fanni sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida wacce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matakin samar da sabis kuma, manyan jaruman sune kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na kasa wato ONEE, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda 3, da kuma kamfanoni 13 mallakar kananan hukumomi. Birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca, kamfani mai zaman kansa na Lydec ne ke yi masa hidima. Baya ga cibiyoyin da aka ambata a sama, hukumomin dausayi guda bakwai ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai wadannan cibiyoyin har yanzu suna da rauni sosai.

Gaba daya, fannin yana da siffar tsari na cibiyoyi masu sarkakiya da rarrabuwa, wanda - a cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 - &quot;ya kawo cikas ga tsara cikakken hangen nesa na fannin baki daya da kuma kafa manufofi masu dacewa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p.4-5 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofi da Ka'idoji ===

Hukumar siyasa mafi daukaka a fannin ruwa na Maroko tana hannun Babban Majalisar Ruwa da Yanayi (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) karkashin Firayim Minista da Shugabancin Karramawa na Sarki. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1996, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Babban Majalisa da aka kafa a shekarar 1981. Ta hada da wakilan daukacin Ma'aikatun da ke da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ruwa, wakilan gwamnatin shiyyoyi da kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gami da masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin kwararru, da kungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kodayake an nufi majalisar ta rika taro sau daya a shekara kamar yadda dokar kafata ta nuna, rabon da ta yi taro tun a shekarar 2001. Taronta na baya kafin wannan an gudanar da shi ne a shekarar 1994. A karkashin dokar, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ce ke tabbatar da ayyukan sakatariya na Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm DECRET N° 2-96-158 DU 8 rejeb 1417 (20 novembre 1996) RELATIF A LA COMPOSITION ET AU FONCTIONNEMENT DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'EAU ET DU CLIMAT]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123063143/http://www.water.gov.ma/04textes-juridiques/dec_cons.htm |date=November 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai an mayar da daukacin ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli da aka kafa a shekarar 2002. A cikin gwamnatin Maroko, ma'aikatu daban-daban ne ke raba alhakokin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli (Ministère de l'Energie, des mines, de l'eau et de l'environnement) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ke da alhakin kula da raba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kamfanonin kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa.

A cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (DEA) tana taimaka wa gwamnatocin gida game da maganganun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da tallafawa ayyukan ginin asali na ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Yarjejeniyoyi (DRSC), wacce ita ma ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, tana sanya ido kan ayyukan ''Régies'' da yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni.

Wasu alhakokin fannin suna karkashin ikon sauran Ma'aikatu ne. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a (MSP) ita ce babbar mai tsara ka'idojin ingancin ruwa a fannin, mai alhakin kafawa da aiwatar da mizanai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a na ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Gwamnati da Mayar da Su ga Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ke kula da al'amuran kasafin kudi na ayyukan kamfanonin gwamnati, da kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyi. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ma'aikatun tana amincewa da shawarwarin karara kudaden harajin ruwa.

=== Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
[[File:Oum Errabiaa.jpeg|200px|thumb|Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a tsakiyar Maroko shine kogi mafi tsawo a kasar. Baya ga kasancewarsa muhimmin tushen ruwa don ban ruwa, yana samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha ga birni mafi girma a kasar, wato Casablanca]]
Hukumomin dausayin koguna guda tara ne ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hukumomin dausayin koguna suna da jerin muhimman alhakoki. Suna ba da izinin diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka ga dukkan masu amfani, bisa ga babban tsarin dausayi (Plan directeur d'aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, PDAIRE) da su da kansu suke tsarawa. Suna kuma tara kudaden haraji na diban ruwa da zubar da tuka-tuka. Kuma an nufi su rika ba da taimakon kudi da na fasaha ga masu samar da sabis domin kariya daga gurbatar ruwa da kuma inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin hikima. Suna kuma sanya ido kan inganci da yawa na ruwan saman kasa da na karkashin kasa, kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran gaggawa da suka shafi ruwa. Daga karshe, ya kamata su habaka fadakarwar jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomin suna kula da wadannan dausayi da aka jera su gwargwadon albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai a kowane dausayi: Kogin Sebou, Kogin Moulouya, Kogin Oum Er-Rbia, Kogin Bou Regreg, Kogin Tensift, Kogin Loukkos da dausayin Souss-Massa, Ziz-Er Gheris da Sakia el Hamra-Oued Eddahab.&lt;ref name=&quot;LES AGENCES DE BASSINS HYDRAULIQUES&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Hachmi, Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/21/43316393.pdf Agences de Bassins Hydrauliques &amp; Governance de l’eau], 8–9 July 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ke akwai ga hukumomin dausayin sun yi karanci kwarai don gudanar da ayyukansu.

=== Samar da Sabis ===

Akwai rukunoni guda hudu na masu samar da sabis a biranen Maroko: kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya (kashi 38% na abokan cinikin ruwa a birane), kamfanonin kananan hukumomi (kashi 31%), kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wato ONEE (kashi 28%), da kuma kananan hukumomin da ke ba da sabis kai tsaye (kashi 3%). A ka'idance, bisa ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta shekarar 1976 (Charte Communale), wadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2002 da 2008, ayyukan jama'a kamar samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da raba wutar lantarki alhakin kananan hukumomi ne (communes). Akwai kananan hukumomi 1,547 a Maroko, gami da 249 na birane da 1,298 na karkara. Kamar yandda aka ambata a sama, wasu kananan hukumomin sun wakilta samar da sabis ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A wasu kananan hukumomin kuma ''Régies'' ne ke ba da wadannan ayyuka, galibi ba tare da wata takaitacciyar kwangila ba. A kananan hukumomi mafi kankanta, ONEE ne ke yawan ba da sabis, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da kwangila ba (contrat de gestion déléguée) da karamar hukumar. Dangane da magudanar ruwa kuma, kananan hukumomi da yawa masu kankanta har yanzu suna ba da wannan sabis din kai tsaye, kodayake akwai manufar mika ayyukan magudanar ruwa a hankali ga ONEE. Kwaskwarimar shekarar 2008 ga dokar kananan hukumomi ta ba da damar kafa kungiyoyin kananan hukumomi (groupement d'agglomérations urbaines).

==== Yarjejeniyoyin Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu ====
[[File:Tanger1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kamfanin kashin kai na Amendis, wani reshe na kamfanin Veolia Environnement na kasar Faransa ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar tuka-tuka a birnin Tangier dake gabar tekun Gibraltar]]
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniyar ayyuka da yawa suna samar da ruwan sha, ayyukan magudanar ruwa da wutar lantarki a Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, da Tetouan. Lydec, mai rike da yarjejeniya a Casablanca, mallakar SUEZ Environnement ce (kashi 51%), kamfanin inshora na Maroko RMA Watanya (kashi 15%) da kamfanin zuba jari na Maroko FIPAR-Holding (kashi 19.75%). Bugu da kari, kashi 14.25% na hannun jarin ana kasuwancinsu a kasuwar hannun jari ta Casablanca tun shekarar 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm Carte de visite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051701/http://www.lydec.ma/html/visite.htm |date=2012-06-14 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Amendis, wani kamfani na reshen Veolia Environnement na Faransa, shine mai rike da yarjejeniya a Tangier da Tetouan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Veolia Group: In short.&quot; [https://www.amendis.ma/fr/qui-sommes-nous/en-bref]  Retrieved September 26, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Veolia ta sayar da reshenta na Maroko wato Veolia Environnement Maroc mai rike da yarjejeniyar ga rukunin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya Actis Capital akan euro miliyan 370 bayan da hukumomi suka ki amincewa da bukatun karara kudaden haraji. An kuma soki kamfanin saboda rashin cimma burinsa na zuba jari, musamman game da samar da sabis ga matalauta. Kamfanin Averda dake da babban gindi a UAE shine mai rike da yarjejeniyar yanzu haka a Rabat, bayan ya lashe kwangilar shekaru bakwai da aka tsara za ta kare a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 June 2015|title=Averda wins competitive tender from city of Rabat|work=Construction Week|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-34134-averda-wins-competative-tender-from-city-of-rabat|access-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfani na hudu mai gudanar da yarjejeniya kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Casablanca.

==== Kamfanonin Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies autonomes'' ====
[[File:Nador seafront.JPG|thumb|200px|An mika harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birnin Nador na tsakiyar teku ga ONEP bayan da kamfanin karamar hukuma na RADEEN ya kasa tsaftace dausayin Nador]]
Kwararrun kamfanonin jama'a guda 12 mallakar kananan hukumomi da ake kira ''Régies autonomes'' suna samar da ruwa a manyan birane matsakaita guda 12. Wadancan kamfanonin suna kuma ba da sabis na tsaftar muhalli a birane 11 da ayyukan raba wutar lantarki a birane 7. Mafi girma a cikin biranen da ''Régies autonomes'' ke yi wa hidima sune Agadir, Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Oujda. Regies suna kuma nan a Chaouia, El Jadida, Kenitra, Larache, Safi, Tadla da Taza. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kamfanonin mallakar kananan hukumomi da dama ne (Régies intercommunales). ONEP ta karbe ikon Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Nador (RADEEN) a kusan shekarar 2007 sakamakon gazawar kamfanin wajen tsaftace gurbataccen dausayin Nador yadda ya kamata.

==== Kamfanin Gwamnati Na Kasa: ONEE ====

ONEE (Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable) kamfani ne na wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa mai yawa wanda ke fitar da kashi 80 na ruwan sha na kasar kuma yana sayar da mafi yawansa ga ''Régies'' da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu dake da yarjejeniya. Yana kuma raba ruwa kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki a kusan matsakaita da kananan garuruwa 500. ONEE ta kuma karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a sama da 65 daga cikin garuruwan da take raba ruwan sha zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ana ranar za ta karbi ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a jimillar garuruwa 191 zuwa shekarar 2017. Bugu da kari, ONEE tana samar da ruwa ta hanyar famfon taron jama'a ga kashi daya cikin uku na al'ummar karkara wadanda ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa. An kafa ONEE («Office national d'électricité et d'eau potable») ne ta hanyar kawancen kamfanin wutar lantarki na ONE da ONEP.

==== Samar da Sabis Kai Tsaye Daga Kananan Hukumomi: ''Régies directes'' ====

Kananan hukumomi 40 a kananan garuruwa suna yi wa kashi 3 na abokan ciniki a birane hidimar ruwa (Régies directes) ta hanyar &quot;sassan kananan hukumomi maras kwarewa da karancin kudi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REDI4&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma ba da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a garuruwa 280 (2003).

=== Kungiyoyi ===

Kungiyar Maroko don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (Association Marocaine de l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement - AMEPA) kungiyar kasuwanci ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don &quot;fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa da kuma kare muradun fannin&quot;. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani da na manyan baki na kasa da na duniya da dama a Maroko. Tana kuma shiga cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2009 tana da mambobi 120, gami da masu samar da sabis, 'yan kwangila, kamfanonin ba da shawara da kungiyoyin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php Moroccan Association for Water Supply and Sanitation (''Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement'' - AMEPA)]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104003602/http://www.amepa-maroc.com/index.php |date=November 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassi Fihri, Babban Daraktan ONEP, shine Shugaban AMEPA ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP:[http://www.onep.org.ma/Communiques-Presse-ONEP/communiques%202006/Communique-AMEPA_final_25-01-06.doc M. Ali Fassi Fihri, Directeur Général de l’ONEP réélu Président de l’Association Marocaine de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (AMEPA)  à l’issue de son Assemblée Générale], January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran kuɗi ==

=== Haraji da ikon biya ===

Kasar Maroko tana da saromammen tsarin haraji da kudaden fito na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli wanda ya kunshi rukunoni da dama na haraji a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar ruwa: hako ruwa, sayarwa da yawa, sayarwa dalla-dalla, da kuma tarawa, magani da kuma zubar da gurbataccen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Tenneson and Dominique Rojat:[http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2003-1-page-151.htm LA TARIFICATION DE L’EAU AU MAROC : COMMENT SERVIR DIFFÉRENTES CAUSES?], Afrique Contemporaine, Dossier spécial no 205 2003/1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Harajin birane ya bambanta dangane da gari, yawan ruwan da aka cinye, da kuma nau'in amfani (na gida, na jama'a, na kasuwanci da na masana'antu). Hanyoyin duba farashin harajin birane sun bambanta kuma dangane da ko mai samar da hidimar na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ko na gwamnati, inda tsarin na karshen ya kasance mafi sarkakiya da daukar lokaci fiye da na farkon. Gabaɗaya, matakin harajin ruwa na birane yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda hakan ke sanya da wuya ga matalautan birane da ke jone da hanyar sadarwar bututu su iya biya. A gefe guda kuma, bai isa ba don ba da damar dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe. Kashi 11% na duk masu amfani, gami da babban rabo na talakawa a birane da karkara, suna samun ruwa kyauta daga wuraren taba ruwa na jama'a.

'''Kudaden hako ruwa'''. Kamfanin ONEE da Régies dole ne su biya kudade (redevances) na hako ruwa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ga hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa na yankuna. An gabatar da wadannan kudaden ne a kan tushen Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 1995. Matakinsu yana da kasa, wanda hakan baya ba hukumomin kula da madatsun ruwa damar biyan kudaden gudanarwa na kansu, balle ma su ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin zuba jari na masu samar da hidima kamar yadda dokar ta tanada. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su, ba a daidaita matakin kudaden ba, ta yadda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, darajar kudaden da dama dama can suna da kasa ta kara raguwa.

'''Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa'''. Kamfanin ONEE yana karbar haraji don samar da ruwa da yawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Régies. Wadannan harajin ana duba su ne ta hanyar gwamnati tare da haraji na Régies da kuma harajin sayarwa dalla-dalla da na magudanar ruwa na ONEE. Harajin siyan ruwa da yawa ya bambanta daga wani gari zuwa wani ta hanyar la'akari da kudaden samarwa. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa na Casabalanca, inda mai samar da hidimar yake na kamfani mai zaman kansa, ya linka na makwabcin garin Settat sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;L'Economiste:[http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html Eau et électricité: un vrai casse-tête] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100031/http://www.tamesna.net/eau%20electricite.html |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved October 10, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai haraji na musamman na kashi 5% akan tallace-tallace na ruwa da yawa domin daukar nauyin shirin samar da ruwa a karkara mai suna PAGER &lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;/&gt; gami da wani karon haraji mafi mahimmanci don daukar nauyin samar da ruwa a kananan garuruwa.

'''Harajin sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla'''. Tsarin haraji na sayarwa dalla-dalla iri daya ne ya shafi daukacin kasar. Harajin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa a Maroko yana bin tsarin haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa, inda harajin kowace mita cubic ke karuwa yayin da amfani ke karuwa. Harajin gida yana da rukunoni hudu, mafi kankanta ya shafi amfani da bai kai mita cubic 6 ba a kowane wata kuma mafi girma ya shafi amfani da ya wuce mita cubic 40 a kowane wata. Koyaya, matakin farashin sayarwa dalla-dalla ya bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Hidimar taba ruwa na jama'a, wadanda aka saba da su ga matalautan birane, yawanci kyauta ne. Kamfanonin amfani suna tura takardun kudi ga gwamnatocin gida. A wasu lokuta kalilan, an damka gudanarwar wuraren taba ruwa ga mai gadi/mai sarrafawa (gardien/gérant), wanda ke sarrafa fanfo kuma yake karbar kudi daga hannun masu amfani. Kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, hidimar taba ruwa kyauta tana da amfani ga talakawa. Amma kuma suna kara zama marasa dorewa ga masu gudanarwa, ta fuskar asarar ruwa (har zuwa kashi 40) da kuma rashin kudaden shiga. Masu gudanarwa suna goyon bayan inganta jonawa mutane daddaya bututu domin karfafa kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kara harajin siyarwa dalla-dalla na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2006 a daukacin kasar ta hanyar rage girman rukunin farko na haraji mai rukunoni masu karuwa daga mita cubic 8 zuwa 6 a kowane wata da kuma kara kafaffen bangare na takardar kudin. Farashin gwargwadon amfani na kowane rukunin haraji ya kasance canja. Wadannan canje-canje sun yi daidai da karin haraji na kashi 11% (a duba).

Bayan karin, matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 3.20 kowace mita cubic ($0.29) a Meknes da Dirham 7.18 kowace mita cubic ($0.66) a Casablanca. Harajin magudanar ruwa ya bambanta tsakanin Dirham 0.59 kowace mita cubic ($0.05) a Oujda da Dirham 1.64 kowace mita cubic ($0.15) a Marrakesh.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 101&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 an yanke shawarar cewa harajin magudanar ruwa a kananan garuruwa da ONEP ke yi wa hidima ya zama iri daya ga daukacin garuruwan, ta yin amfani da tsarin rukunoni masu karuwa. Matsakaicin harajin magudanar ruwa na ONEP ya kasance Dirham 1.50 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa an yanke shawara a shekarar 2004 na kara harajin magudanar ruwa zuwa Dirham 2.00 kowace mita cubic. Sai dai, an jinkirta amfani da wannan shawarar kuma har zuwa shekarar 2009 harajin magudanar ruwa ya karu ne kawai a gari guda. Duk da haka, an yi hasashen karawa zuwa Dirham 2.20 kowace mita cubic a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Bilan d'Activité Assainissement de l'ONEP, 25 November 2009, Slide 41&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kudaden jonawa'''. A yankunan birane, kudaden jonawa na lokaci guda na ruwa da magudanar ruwa ana biya ne ga mai samar da hidimar na daban. Ana kayyade matakin kudaden ne bisa wani tsari dake la'akari da tsayin hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin, sannan da tsayin gaban kowace dukiya (don kudaden jona ruwa da ONEP ke karba, da ake kira taxe riveraine) ko kuma yankin dukiya (don duk kudaden jonawa da Régies da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba, da kuma kudaden jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba, wadanda gaba daya ake kira Participation au Premier Etablissement ko PPE). Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden gaske na samar da jona kanta daga layin hidima a kan titi ba, wanda mai amfana zai biya da kansa daban. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashe, hakan kuma baya hada da kudaden shigar da aikin famfo a cikin dukiya. Kudaden jonawa da hanyar sadarwar ruwa da magudanar ruwa babban tushen kudi ne ga masu samar da hidima. A lokaci guda kuma, babban matakinsu ya zama cikas wajen fadada hanyar sadarwar, duk da wata manufa ta barin abokan ciniki matalakawa su biya wani bangare na kudin jonawa ta kudaden rabi-rabi da ake karawa a takardar kudin ruwa na kowane wata na tsawon lokaci har zuwa shekaru 7 (branchements sociaux). Wadannan matsaloli an bayyana su ta misalin Casablanca inda aka sanya manufar farko ta shekara-shekara na guda 10,000 na jona na jin dadin jama'a, amma guda 1,250 ne kacal aka aiwatar a kowace shekara har zuwa shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 5&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Tallafawa Cigaban Dan Adam na Kasa (National Human Development Initiative) yana yafe kudaden jonawa ga zababbun unguwannin birane na matalakawa.&lt;ref&gt;Claude de Miras, Julien Le Tellier, Aahd Benmansour:[http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Breezy-21910-saragosse-DeMiras-LeTellier-France-Maroc-2-Volont-explicite-de-faire-reculer-la-pauvret-et-ses-cons-quences-LYDEC-montage-du-co-financement-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ Le modèle marocain de gouvernance de l'eau potable], Presentation in Saragossa, March 2007, Slide 12&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin kudaden jonawa sun kasance daga daidai yake da $220 zuwa 500 na ruwa da kuma $880 zuwa 1,650 na magudanar ruwa a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 77 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koyaya, a cewar wani tushen daban, a shekarar 2008 kudin jona magudanar ruwa da ONEP ke karba ya kasance Dirham 1,600 kacal (kimanin $145).&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Revue Strategique du Programme National d'Assainissement, Banque Mondiale/KfW, 2008, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ikon biya'''. Bayanai daga binciken yanayin rayuwar gidaje na kasa na shekarar 1998/99 sun kimanta daukacin kudaden kashewa na samar da ruwa akan Dirham (MAD) 84.8/mutum/shekara a yankunan birane da MAD 147.4/mutum/shekara a yankunan karkara, ko kuma kashi 1.8 da 2.9 na matsakaicin daukacin kudaden kashewa na kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 28 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ===

Dawo da kudaden da aka kashe a fannin ya kasance kalubale. Kamfanin ONEE yana da cin gashin kansa ta fuskar kudi ta hanyar kudaden shiga na harajinsa, amma yana samun tallafin zuba jari na Dirham miliyan 150 a kowace shekara don samar da ruwa a karkara sannan rabin jifansa na tsaftace muhalli ana daukar nauyinsu ne ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Contrat de Programme entre l'État et l'ONEP 2008-2010, October 2008. p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanonin Regies dole ne su dogara sosai akan kudaden jonawa don kudaden shigarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Bankin Duniya:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf Kingdom of Morocco. Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI).Water Supply and Sanitation Sector], 2004, p. 58 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014410/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/03/24/000011823_20050324120250/Rendered/PDF/296340MOR0whit1P0866960REDI1public1.pdf |date=June 7, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari ===

Zuba jarin a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarar 2003 da 2005. A rabon ruwa na birane ya karu daga Dirham biliyan 0.9 zuwa 1.5, a samar da ruwa na karkara daga Dirham biliyan 0.5 zuwa 0.8, a samar da ruwa kansa daga biliyan 0.3 zuwa 0.6, sannan a bangaren tsaftace muhalli daga Dirham biliyan 1.1 zuwa 2.8. Gabaɗaya zuba jarin ya ninka daga Dirham biliyan 2.8 ($337m) zuwa biliyan 5.7 ($687m).&lt;ref&gt;Revue strategique du PNA, 2008, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Zuba jarin kowane mutum a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya tsaya akan $21 ga kowane mutum a shekara, mataki mai matukar yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe masu matsakaicin kudin shiga.

=== Samar da kudi ===

Ana daukar nauyin zuba jari ne daga kudaden shiga na haraji, tallafi daban-daban da canja wurin kudi (kyauta da lamuni masu sauki) ta hanyar abokan hulda na waje. Sai dai kuma, akwai gagarumin tallafi na ketare. Misali, harajin siyan ruwa da yawa da ONEE ke karba daga hannun kamfanonin kwangila masu zaman kansu da Régies sun fi kudaden samarwa yawa. Ana amfani da rarar kudin ne don tallafawa ayyukan ONEE na samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli, inda haraji ba ya rufe kudaden da aka kashe.

Haka kuma, a cewar wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2008, akwai tallafin ketare na kusan Dirham biliyan 1 daga masu amfani da wutar lantarki wadanda ake karbar harajin rabawa da ya fi kudaden da aka kashe. Wannan yana bawa kamfanonin kwangila da Régies damar samar da kudaden shiga da ake bukata don biyan kumburarrun haraji na ruwa da yawa, wanda shi kuma ke bawa ONEE damar tallafawa samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftace muhalli akan adadin da shima ya kai kusan Dirham biliyan 1.&lt;ref&gt;Royaume du Maroc:Mécanismes et Flux de Financement du Secteur de l'Eau, Banque mondiale, Avril 2008, p. xii&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hadin gwiwar waje ==

Hadin gwiwar waje yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko. Abokan hulda na waje suna samar da kudaden zuba jari da taimakon fasaha. Fara daga shekarar 2002, Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Tarayyar Turai sannan kuma Bankin Duniya sun samar da tallafin kasafin kudi (budget support) da ke da alaka da cika wasu sharuɗɗan manufofi. Manyan abokan hulda na waje a fannin sune, ban da ukun da aka ambata a sama, Faransa, Jamus da Japan. Sauran abokan hulda na waje sune Belgium, Bankin Cigaban Musulunci, Kuwait, Luxemburg, Spain da Amurka.

Abokan hulda na waje suna kara yin aiki tare don daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa maimakon daukar nauyin takamaiman ayyuka daddaya. Misali shi ne shirin samar da ruwa a karkara na PAGER da aka fara a shekarar 1995 wanda Belgium, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Kuwait, Luxemburg da Bankin Duniya suka tallafa mawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER&quot;&gt;Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau:[http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER]. Retrieved October 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001071058/http://www.water.gov.ma/03programmes/ameliorations-pager.htm |date=October 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne tallafi ga Shirin Tsaftace Muhalli na Kasa ta hanyar Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Jamus.

=== Bankin Cigaban Afirka ===
[[File:AFDB Logo.png|100px]]
Bankin Cigaban Afirka (AfDB) ya dauki nauyin ayyukan ruwan sha guda tara a Maroko tun daga shekarar 1978. Gabaɗaya adadin kudadensa a fannin ya kasance dala miliyan 180 har zuwa shekarar 2006, inda garuruwan Maroko guda 20 suka amfana, musamman Tangier. Ayyukan da ake kai, wadanda duka ONEP ke aiwatarwa, sun hada da aikin ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli na tara, da aka kiyasta a shekarar 2006, wanda ke amfanar mutanen karkara a larduna hudu kuma yana hasashen kula da gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa uku (Khouribga, Oued Zem da Boujaâd) &lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]]:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF NINTH DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT:APPRAISAL REPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120222042933/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/MA-2006-059-EN-ADB-BD-WP-MOROCCO-NINTH-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-PROJECT-FINAL.PDF |date=2012-02-22 }}, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma aikin samar da ruwan sha na goma da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 wanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha a Khénifra, Taounate, Settat, Marrakesh da Tamesna gami da kananan garuruwa makwabta.&lt;ref&gt;[[African Development Bank]] :[https://afchive.today/20110807095953/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-10th-drinking-water-supply-project-in-morocco-3396/ AfDB Approves 10th Drinking Water Supply Project in Morocco], November 19, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2003 AfDB ta samar da lamuni don shirin daidaita fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2012 AfDB ta amince da lamuni na dala miliyan 157 don daukar nauyin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Yankin Marrakesh tare da AFD ($68.7m), ONEE da kuma Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP), inda kowannensu ya samar da dala miliyan 66.8. Zai dauki nauyin isar da ruwa da yawa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Al Massira don ruwan sha, yawon bude ido da hakar gwal. Ana ranar kammala aikin a shekarar 2017.

=== Tarayyar Turai ===
[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|100px]]
Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa fannin ta hanyar kyauta, sannan da kuma lamuni daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB). EIB ta tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birane shida (Marrakesh, Settat, Meknes, Agadir, Oujda da Fez), gami da kananan garuruwa da dama. Tsakanin shekarar 1997 da 2006 ta samar da lamuni guda 10 da suka kai Euro miliyan 283. A shekarar 2006 ta amince da wani lamuni na Euro miliyan 40 don tsaftace muhalli a kwaron Sebou, kogi mai tsananin gurbata inda Fez da Meknes suke.&lt;ref&gt;[[European Investment Bank]]:[http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water%2C-sewerage Loans to Morocco for water and sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110608043347/http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/regions/mediterranean-countries/ma.htm?start=1980&amp;end=2009&amp;sector=water,-sewerage |date=2011-06-08 }}. Retrieved October 9, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2002 Tarayyar Turai ta samar da kyautar Euro miliyan 120 don tallafawa shirin daidaita fannin ruwa na farko ga Maroko, wanda ke da nufin daidaita gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Maroc Hebdo International:[http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_499/pdf_499/page22.pdf L'UE finance un programme d'ajustement du secteur de l'eau au Maroc], N° 499, 22–28 February 2002. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Takamaiman manufofin shirin sun kasance aiwatar da Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta shekarar 1995 yadda ya kamata, rage kudaden kashewa na kasafin kudin jiha da kuma kara tasirin hukumomin fannin.&lt;ref&gt;Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Maroc (Delegation of the European Commission in Morocco):[http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf PROGRAMME D’AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL DU SECTEUR DE L’EAU AU MAROC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070712053225/http://www.delmar.ec.europa.eu/fr/meda2/fiche25.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}, no date. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===
Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman fannonin da haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Faransa ke mayar da hankali kai tare da Maroko. A shekarar 2007, Hukumar Bunƙasa Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) ta tallafa wa ayyukan da suka kai darajar Yuro miliyan 130 don samar da ruwan sha a birane da karkara, da kuma Yuro miliyan 145 don aikin tsaftace muhalli. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, ayyukan sun ta'allaka ne a kwarin kogin Sebou, a Agadir da kuma Nador.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD et le Maroc:Quinze ans de partenariat, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A Nador, tallafin Faransa yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar wani lamuni da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007 don tsaftace gurbataccen tafkin Nador, wanda shi ne babban tafki mafi girma a cikin Tekun Mediterranean. Tsarin tsaftace tekun ya samo asali ne daga ire-iren abubuwan da suka faru a Faransa (''Contrats de Baie'') inda hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban ke aiki tare don cimma buri guda na tsaftace gaɓar teku.&lt;ref&gt;Agence Française de Développement: L’AFD ET L’EAU EN MÉDITERRANÉE, Ecnadré sur MAROC – LE PLAN DE DÉPOLLUTION DE LA LAGUNE DE NADOR, UNE APPROCHE INNOVANTE, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamus ===
Jamus ta dade tana tallafawa fannin ruwa na Maroko tun farkon shekarun 1980, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da agaji na farko da suka tallafa wa ƙoƙarin gwamnatin Maroko na faɗaɗa damar samun aikin tsaftace muhalli a ƙananan birane da matsakaita a farkon shekarun 1990. KfW ne ke gudanar da ayyukan agajin Jamus wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan saka hannun jari, GTZ kuma ke da alhakin haɗin gwiwar fasaha, yayin da InWent ke da alhakin bayar da horo. A shekarar 2009, jimillar ayyukan saka hannun jari da aka amince da su kuma suke gudana waɗanda KfW ke tallafawa sun kai Yuro miliyan 407, waɗanda ONEP ta gudanar da su duka a ƙananan birane da matsakaita da kuma yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: La coopération financière avec le Royaume du Maroc dans le domaine de l'eau et de l'assainissement{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christoph Krieger, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; GTZ tana tallafa wa Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Muhalli da kuma hukumomin kwari guda uku (Tensift, Souss-Massa, da Oum er-Rbia) domin inganta dorewar gudanarwa da tattalin arziƙin albarkatun ruwa. An fara aikin na Yuro miliyan 12 a shekarar 2008 kuma an tsara za a kammala shi a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer in Marokko: Programme Appui à la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau - AGIRE{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Christine Werner, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa ===
A shekarar 2006, Bankin Musulunci na Bunƙasa Ƙasa ya ba da lamuni guda biyu na Dirham miliyan 270 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 27) don samar da ruwan sha. Hukumar ONEP ce ke gudanar da ayyukan.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP: Communiqués de Presse ONEP, January 4, 2006. Retrieved October 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Japan ===
Tun daga shekarar 1994, JBIC ta ba da lamuni na Dirham biliyan 3.6 ga ONEP. A shekarar 2008, JICA ta ba Maroko lamuni na Yen biliyan 13.6 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 90) don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na karkara a lardunan Chefchaouen, Taounate da Khénifra.&lt;ref&gt;Aujourd'hui le Maroc ONEP-JBIC : Un prêt de 908 millions DH {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406141811/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/instantanes-details60804.html |date=2008-04-06 }}. Retrieved October 19, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin zai amfani ƙauyuka (douars) guda 408 tare da mazauna 241,335, kuma za a aiwatar da shi har zuwa shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne lamuni mafi mahimmanci da JICA da tsohuwar hukumar JBIC suka ba ONEP.&lt;ref&gt;ONEP. Retrieved October 19, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sifaniya ===
Gwamnatin Sifaniya tana tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da dama a Maroko. An amince da aikin samar da ruwa na karkara da tsaftace muhalli na Yuro miliyan 15 wanda ONEP ta aiwatar a lardunan Alhucemas, Nador, Taunat da Tazaand a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural Apoyo a la ONEP en su programa del abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento a nivel rural{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Loukkos tsakanin shekarun 2003 da 2009,&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Refuerzo institucional en materia de gestión integral del agua a través del apoyo al organismo de Cuenca del Lucos{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma ta tallafa wa hukumar kwari ta kogin Molouya a shekarar 2006/07.&lt;ref&gt;Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation): Apoyo a la Agencia del Muluya {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224123321/http://www.aecid.es/web/es/cooperacion/prog_cooperacion/Azahar/Proyectos/47314010_Marruecos.Apoyo_a_la_Agencia_del_Muluya.html |date=2009-12-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka ===
[[File:USAID-Identity.svg|thumb]]
Hukumar USAID ta tallafa wa ingantaccen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a kwarin Souss-Masa tsakanin shekarun 1999 da 2005.&lt;ref&gt;USAID Morocco: Program Data Sheet:Improved Water Resources Management in the Souss-Massa River Basin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116084507/http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2003/ane/ma/608-006.html |date=2008-11-16 }}. Retrieved October 11, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bankin Duniya ===
A shekarar 2009, ayyukan da Bankin Duniya ke gudanarwa sun haɗa da ba da lamuni na dalar Amurka miliyan 60 don aikin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a karkara wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2005 (wanda ONEP ta aiwatar) da kuma tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 7 daga Haɗin Gwiwar Duniya don Tallafin Sakamakon Aiki (Output-based aid) don haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a birane (wanda Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta aiwatar). Ya kuma haɗa da lamuni na dalar Amurka miliyan 100 don tallafa wa Shirin Bunƙasa Bil'adama na Ƙasa (National Human Development Initiative) da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2006, inda samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli ke cikin shirin.
&lt;ref&gt;World Bank: Projects Search Water and Sanitation in Morocco. Retrieved October 11, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Bankin Duniya ya kuma ba da tallafin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar dalar Amurka miliyan 100 ga Maroko ta hanyar Lamunin Bunƙasa Manufofin Fannin Ruwa da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007. Bankin ya shiga cikin ayyukan fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Maroko tun shekarar 1972 tare da ayyukan saka hannun jari guda tara da suka kai adadin rancen sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 500.

==Manazarta==
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      <text bytes="7861" sha1="5qpy1axi31251w2f3alabrruy3b544m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lambun Majorelle''' ( French  , Arabic    , Berber languages     ) wani lambu ne mai fadin {{Convert|1|ha|0}} kuma lambun shimfidar wurare na masu fasaha a [[Marrakesh]], Morocco. Mai zane-zanen Gabas na Faransa Jacques Majorelle ne ya ƙirƙira shi tsawon kusan shekaru arba'in, tun daga shekarar 1923, kuma yana da wani gidan Cubist wanda mai zane-zanen Faransa Paul Sinoir ya tsara a shekarun 1930. Gidan ya kasance gidan mai zane da matarsa daga 1923 har zuwa rabuwarsu a shekarun 1950.

A cikin shekarun 1980s, mai tsara kayan ado Yves Saint-Laurent da manajan kasuwancinsa Pierre Bergé ne suka sayi dukiyar wanda ya yi aiki don dawo da ita. A yau, lambun da ƙauyen suna buɗewa ga jama'a. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berber kuma a cikin 2017 an buɗe Gidan kayan tarihi na Yves Saint Laurent a kusa.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Majorelle_Garden.jpg|thumb|Tarin cactus na Majorelle Garden, tare da Villa a bango]]
''mai zane-zane'' na Faransa, Jacques Majorelle (1886-1962), ɗan Art Nouveau ébéniste (mai yin ɗakin) na Nancy, Louis Majorelle ne ya tsara lambun Majorelle. A matsayinsa na matashi mai son zane, an tura Jacques Majorelle zuwa Maroko a cikin shekara ta 1917 don warkewa daga mummunan yanayin kiwon lafiya. Bayan ya kwashe ɗan gajeren lokaci a Casablanca, ya yi tafiya zuwa Marrakech kuma kamar yawancin tsaransa, ya ƙaunaci launuka masu ƙarfi da rayuwar titi da ya samu a can. Bayan ya yi tafiya a Arewacin Afirka da Bahar Rum, daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar zama har abada a Marrakech . 

During his lifetime, Majorelle earned a reputation as a celebrated Orientalist painter. The special shade of bold cobalt blue, inspired by the coloured tiles he had seen around Marrakech and in Berber burnouses, was used extensively in the garden and its buildings and is named after him, ''bleu Majorelle''—Majorelle Blue.&lt;ref name=&quot;aat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Painters I Should Have Known About (007) Jacques Majorelle |url=http://www.articlesandtexticles.co.uk/2006/10/25/painters-i-should-have-known-about-007-jacques-majorelle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902084956/http://www.articlesandtexticles.co.uk/2006/10/25/painters-i-should-have-known-about-007-jacques-majorelle/ |archive-date=2 September 2007 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=Articles &amp; Texticles}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 November 2003 |title=Jacques Majorelle |url=http://www.painterskeys.com/clickbacks/majorelle.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122043640/http://www.painterskeys.com/clickbacks/majorelle.asp |archive-date=November 22, 2008 |access-date=13 August 2008 |website=The Painter's Keys}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to his death, Majorelle patented the colour which carries his name.{{When|date=February 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;when?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A cikin 1923, kawai shekaru hudu bayan aurensa da Andrée Longueville, Majorelle ya sayi wani fili na kadada huɗu, wanda ke kan iyakar itacen dabino a Marrakech kuma ya gina gida a cikin salon Mooroccan. A shekara ta 1931, ya ba da izini ga masanin gine-gine, Paul Sinoir, don tsara wani gidan Cubist don dukiyar. A hankali, ya sayi ƙarin ƙasa, ya faɗaɗa mallakarsa da kimanin kadada 10. A cikin filayen da ke kusa da gidan, Majorelle ya fara dasa wani lambu mai kyau wanda zai zama sananne da Jardins Majorelle (Majorelle Garden). Gidan lambu ya zama aikin rayuwarsa kuma ya ba da kansa ga bunkasa shi kusan kusan shekaru arba'in.

Gidan lambu ya kasance mai tsada don gudana kuma a cikin 1947, Majorelle ya buɗe lambun ga jama'a tare da kuɗin shiga da aka tsara don biyan kuɗin kulawa. A wasu lokuta, ya sayar da filayen ƙasa don tallafawa lambun da ke girma. Bayan kisan aurensa a cikin shekarun 1950, an tilasta wa Majorelle sayar da gidan da ƙasar. Bayan wannan, an yi watsi da lambun kuma ya fada cikin lalacewa. An sake gano lambun da villa a cikin shekarun 1980, ta hanyar masu zanen kayan ado, Yves Saint-Laurent da Pierre Bergé waɗanda suka fara dawo da shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-11-22 |title=Responses to &quot;Jacques Majorelle&quot; November 18, 2003 |url=http://www.painterskeys.com/clickbacks/majorelle.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122043640/http://www.painterskeys.com/clickbacks/majorelle.asp |archive-date=2008-11-22 |access-date=2022-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aurata sun mallaki gidan har zuwa shekara ta 2008. Bayan Yves Saint Laurent ya mutu a shekara ta 2008 an watsar da tokarsa a cikin lambun Majorelle . &lt;ref name=&quot;YSLashes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Love 1936-2008 |url=http://www.fondation-pb-ysl.net/en/History-399.html |access-date=2011-10-27 |website=Fondation Pierre Bergé - Yves Saint Laurent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2010, Gidauniyar Pierre Bergé - Yves Saint Laurent ce ta mallaki dukiyar, kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Faransa kuma tun daga shekara ta 2011 Gidauniya Jardin Majorelle ce ke gudanar da ita, wata kungiya mai ba da riba a Marrakech. Pierre Bergé ya kasance darektan Gidauniyar Aljanna har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Satumba, 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-10 |title=Pierre Bergé obituary |url=http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/sep/10/pierre-berge-obituary |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidajen lambu da gidajen tarihi ==
Gidajen lambu da gine-gine sun zama hadaddun, inda aka keɓe takamaiman gine-gine ga gidajen tarihi daban-daban da nune-nunen sha'awa ga baƙi. Gidajen, waɗanda ke rufe kadada biyu da rabi, suna buɗewa ga jama'a kowace rana kuma suna da muhimmiyar tarin cacti da siffofi.

Tsohon bita na Majorelle a baya ya kasance gidan kayan gargajiya na Islama na Marrakech, wanda ke nuna tarin kayan ado na Arewacin Afirka daga tarin Saint-Laurent da kuma yumbu da kayan ado.  Tun daga shekara ta 2011, duk da haka, gidan yanzu yana da gidan kayan gargajiya na Berber ({{Lang|fr|Musée Pierre Bergé des Arts Berbères}}), yana nuna abubuwa na al'adun [[Abzinawa|Amazigh]] (Berber).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MUSÉE PIERRE BERGÉ DES ARTS BERBÈRES – Jardin Majorelle |url=https://www.jardinmajorelle.com/musee-pierre-berge-des-arts-berberes/ |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.jardinmajorelle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Majorelle Gardens |url=https://archnet.org/sites/2845 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=Archnet |archive-date=2021-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504084053/https://archnet.org/sites/2845 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan kuma yana da tarin zane-zanen Majorelle. [ana buƙatar tabbatarwa] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (February 2021)&quot;&gt;verific&lt;/span&gt;]]''&lt;/sup&gt;

Ci gaban lambun yana ci gaba. Ana amfani da ribar daga lambuna don tallafawa sabbin ayyukan. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an bude Gidan kayan gargajiya na Yves Saint Laurent ga jama'a a matsayin haraji ga abin da mai zanen ya gada da kuma alakarsa da Marrakech.  Gidajen sune manyan masu yawon bude ido a Marrakech, suna jan hankalin baƙi sama da 700,000 a kowace shekara. Gidan lambu yana da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 15 waɗanda ke cikin Arewacin Afirka. Yana da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa, da kuma sanannen tarin cacti.&lt;ref name=&quot;aat&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Détail_d'un_mur,_Jardin_Majorelle,_Marrakech.jpg
Fayil:Pot_de_fleur,_Jardin_Majorelle,_Marrakech.jpg
Fayil:Majorelle_Garden_corner_detail,_Marrakech,_Morocco.jpg
Fayil:Maroc_Marrakech_Majorelle_Luc_Viatour_5.jpg
Fayil:Maroc_Marrakech_Majorelle_Luc_Viatour_4.jpg
Fayil:Jardin_Majorelle_in_Marrakesch_07.jpg
Fayil:Marrakech_Majorelle_Garden_315.JPG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Flavour (mawaƙi)</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox musical artist|Name=Flavour N'abania|image=Flavour N'abania.jpg|image_size=|caption=Flavour performing at the [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]]|Birth_name=Chinedu Izuchukwu Okoli|Alias=* Ijele, Mr. Flavour
* Palliative Ụmụ Ashawo|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1983|11|23}}|birth_place=[[Enugu (city)|Enugu]], [[Enugu State]], Nigeria|Origin=&lt;!-- Music origins only; please do not add the birthplace of his father --&gt;|Genre={{hlist|[[Igbo highlife]]|[[gospel music|gospel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;flavour12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.herald.co.zw/west-african-flavour-comes-to-harare/|title=West African 'Flavour' comes to Harare|last=Butaumocho|first=Ruth|work=[[The Herald (Zimbabwe)|The Herald]]|publisher=Zimbabwe Newspapers Limited|date=3 May 2012|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903102603/http://www.herald.co.zw/west-african-flavour-comes-to-harare/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hip hop flavour&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/harp-music-nite-lights-aba-port-harcourt-others/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Harp Music Nite lights up Aba, Port Harcourt, others|date=7 June 2014|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044704/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/harp-music-nite-lights-aba-port-harcourt-others/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}|Occupation={{hlist|Singer|songwriter}}|Years_active=2005–present|Label=2nite Music Group|website={{official website|http://www.flavourofafrica.com}}}}'''Chinedu Okoli''' (an haife shi ranar 23 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1983), wanda aka fi sani da sunan waƙarsa '''Flavour N’abania''' ko kuma '''Flavour''', mawaƙi ne kuma marubucin waƙoƙi daga Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chinedu Okoli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chinedu Okoli |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chinedu-okoli/ |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=Igbo People Biography |publisher=IgboPeople.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara harkar kiɗa ne a matsayin mai kaɗa ganga a wata coci ta gida. Daga cikin fitattun waƙoƙinsa akwai '''Nwa Baby''' (Ashawo Remix), &quot;Ada Ada&quot; da &quot;Time to Party&quot;. A halin yanzu yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin kiɗa na 2nite Entertainment.

A shekarar 2008, ya fitar da kundin waƙarsa na farko mai suna N’abania. A shekarar 2010 kuma ya fitar da kundinsa na biyu mai suna Uplifted, wanda waƙoƙi irin su &quot;Nwa Baby (Ashawo Remix)&quot;, &quot;Adamma&quot; da &quot;Oyi Remix&quot; suka tallata. Nasarar kundin ta sa Flavour ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mawakan Afirka da aka fi nema domin shagulgula da manyan wasanni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chinedu Okoli&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko da farkon aiki ===
Flavour, wanda ke raira waƙa sosai a cikin [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]], an haife shi ne a [[Enugu (city)|Enugu]]_State&quot; id=&quot;mwMw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Enugu State&quot;&gt;[[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], Najeriya. Iyalinsa sun fito ne daga Umunze, wani wuri a [[Orumba ta Kudu]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flavour N'abania's Official Website |url=http://www.flavournabania.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425152015/http://www.flavournabania.com/ |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=8 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flavour ya fara aikinsa na kiɗa yana da shekaru 13 lokacin da ya fara buga kara don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci a Enugu, a Jihar Enugu . Fasto mai zama a cocinsa ya gabatar da shi ga aboki, Chris I. Ordor, Shugaba na SoundCity Communications.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sun&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=PETRUS OBI, Enugu |date=22 January 2010 |title=What they call 'vulgar' in my music –Flavour |url=http://64.182.81.172/webpages/features/showtime/2010/jan/22/showtime-22-01-2010-002.htm |access-date=17 January 2012 |publisher=THE SUN PUBLISHING LTD. }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1996, an gayyaci Flavour don shiga kamfanin a kan tallafin ilimi don nazarin kiɗa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sun&quot; /&gt; Bayan shekaru uku na wasa da karafa, ya fara wasa da keyboard.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sun&quot; /&gt; Ya kuma yi amfani da shi don samar da murya ga wasu mawaƙa a SoundCity . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chinedu Okoli&quot;/&gt;

=== 2008–2012: ''N'abania'', ''Uplifted'', and ''Blessed'' ===
In 2008, Flavour released his debut album ''[[N'abania]]'' through Obaino Music. The album's success was relative and limited to [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Eastern Nigeria]], particularly [[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu State]]. Flavour collaborated with [[Mr Raw]] on the album's lead single titled &quot;N'abania&quot;. The song was recorded at Kingsley Ogoro's music studio in Lagos, Nigeria. Following the relative success of his debut album, Flavour released ''Uplifted'' in 2010. The album broke national barriers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Henry |date=2016-03-24 |title=REVIEW OF FLAVOUR NABANIA UPLIFTED ALBUM |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/review-of-flavour-nabania-uplifted-album/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Nigeriafilms |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216053608/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/review-of-flavour-nabania-uplifted-album/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;clarification needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Lolhiphop Records, an established record label in South Africa, released the album after popular demand. The album's top singles include &quot;[[Nwa Baby]] (Ashawo Remix)&quot;, &quot;Adamma&quot;, and [[Oyi (waka)|Oyi Remix]]&quot; (featuring [[Tiwa Savage]]).

An saki kundi na uku na Flavour, Blessed, a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2012 ta hanyar 2nite Entertainment da iROKING LTD. Kundin shine magajin Uplifted . Yana da shakka mafi girman kundin Flavour har zuwa yau saboda yawan masu samar da suka yi aiki a ciki. An ƙaddamar da shi a wannan rana ta budewar 2nite Club na Flavour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flavour N'abania opens nite club, new album on same day |url=http://www.omg.com.ng/2012/10/flavour-nabania-opens-nite-club-new-album-on-same-day/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054247/http://www.omg.com.ng/2012/10/flavour-nabania-opens-nite-club-new-album-on-same-day/ |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=28 June 2013 |publisher=omg.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata hira da iROKOTV, Flavour ya ce: &quot;Ina tsammanin ina girma. Wannan shi ne kundi na uku... Yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a ba su kiɗa, kamar bayyana kaina. Dole ne in zama mafi girma tare da kiɗa, kalmomi da kayan aiki masu hikima. Na yi aiki tare da tarin masu samarwa kuma duk tsarin samarwa ya zama ma'ana. &quot;

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Flavour ya fara yin hadin gwiwa tare da mawaƙin Senegal, Baaba Maal . Waƙar, &quot;Afroculture&quot; da bidiyon ta an samo su ne a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, wanda ya haifar da sabon zagaye na kundi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flavour Ushers In New Era With 'Afroculture' Featuring Baaba Maal |url=https://thebulrushes.com/2025/10/31/flavour-ushers-in-new-era-with-afroculture-featuring-baaba-maal/ |access-date=27 December 2025 |website=The Bulrushes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya aka sanar da kundin Afroculture a Instagram na Flavour kuma an watsa shi a hukumance a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2025. Tare da Waga G, [[Qing Madi]], [[Pheelz]], [[Kizz Daniel]], Azzy, da [[Odumeje]], Afroculture ya sadu da yabo mai mahimmanci. Yinoluwa Olowofoyeku na ''Afrocritik,'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;wani abu mai ban sha'awa, mai maimaitawa sosai, mai kuzari, mai ban shaʼawa, mai wadataccen al'adu, mai banbanci, kuma mai tabbatar da fasaha&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olowofoyeku |first=Yinoluwa |title=“Afroculture” Review: Flavour Embodies The Sounds of Africa on New Album |url=https://afrocritik.com/flavour-afroculture-review/ |access-date=27 December 2025 |website=Afrocritik}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici ==
A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta ba da rahoton cewa Flavour ya shiga cikin yakin shari'a tare da duo na Ghana Wutah, game da zargin satar &quot;Kwarikwa&quot;. A cewar labarin, &quot;Kwarikwa&quot; daidai ne na &quot;Kotosa&quot;, waƙar da duo da aka ambata a sama suka yi. Duo ɗin mawaƙa sun zargi Flavour da satar waƙoƙin su, mawaƙa, da kuma saurin.

== Bayanan da aka yi ==
'''Kundin studio'''

* ''[[N'abania]]'' (2008) 
* An yi amfani da shi (2010) 
* ''[[Albarka (Flavour album)|Albarka]]'' (2012) 
* ''Na gode'' (2014) 
* ''[[Ijele Mai Tafiya]]'' (2017) 
* ''[[Jin daɗin Afirka]]'' (2020) 
* ''Sarautar Afirka'' (2023) 
* ''Al'adun Afirka'' (2025) 

== Hotunan bidiyo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Album
!Daraktan
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2011
|&quot;Adamma&quot;
|''An ɗaga shi''
|Ayyukan Godfather
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jaguda |date=5 October 2011 |title=New Video: Flavour – Adamma {{!}} Jaguda.com |url=http://jaguda.com/2011/10/05/new-video-flavour-adamma-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803201842/http://jaguda.com/2011/10/05/new-video-flavour-adamma-2/ |archive-date=3 August 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|&quot;Oyi Remix&quot; tare da Tiwa Savage&lt;small&gt;nuna [[Tiwa Savage]]&lt;/small&gt;
|''An ɗaga shi''
|Ayyukan Godfather
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 July 2012 |title=Tiwa Savage – Oyi [Remix] |url=http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/tiwa-savage-oyi-remix/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624213346/http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/tiwa-savage-oyi-remix/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=tooxclusive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|&quot;Kwarikwa&quot; tare da Fally Ipupa&lt;small&gt;nuna Fally IpupaIpupa na Ƙarya&lt;/small&gt;
|''Albarka''
|Jagora mai ƙarfi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jaguda |date=31 July 2012 |title=New Video: Flavour – Kwarikwa [Remix] ft. Fally Ipupa + Audio Download |url=http://jaguda.com/2012/07/31/new-video-flavour-kwarikwa-remix-ft-fally-ipupa-audio-download/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803195905/http://jaguda.com/2012/07/31/new-video-flavour-kwarikwa-remix-ft-fally-ipupa-audio-download/ |archive-date=3 August 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|&quot;Baby Oku&quot;
|''Albarka''
|[[Selebobo]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=MUSIC: Flavour – Baby Oku (Prod. Selebobo) |url=https://www.intonaija.com/music/flavour-baby-oku/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007220825/https://www.intonaija.com/music/flavour-baby-oku |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=IntoNaija.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|&quot;Rashin girgizar&quot;
|''Albarka''
|Ayyukan Godfather
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=Flavour – Shake |url=http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/flavour-shake/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615190432/http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/flavour-shake/ |archive-date=15 June 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=tooxclusive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|&quot;Ɗan na Sin&quot;
|''Albarka''
|Jagora mai ƙarfi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2013 |title=VIDEO: Flavour – Chinny Baby |url=http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/video-flavour-chinny-baby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624214619/http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/video-flavour-chinny-baby/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=tooxclusive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|&quot;Ada Ada&quot;
|''Albarka''
|[[Clarence Peters]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 2013 |title=New Video: Flavour – Ada Ada |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2013/07/new-video-flavour-ada-ada/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624100603/https://www.360nobs.com/2013/07/new-video-flavour-ada-ada/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=360Nobs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|&quot;Ikwokrikwo&quot;
|''Albarka''
|Jagora mai ƙarfi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 January 2014 |title=DOWNLOAD:VIDEO: Flavour – Ikwokrikwo –notjustOk |url=http://notjustok.com/2014/01/13/video-flavour-ikworikwo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805135627/http://notjustok.com/2014/01/13/video-flavour-ikworikwo/ |archive-date=5 August 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=notjustOk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|&quot;Black yana da kyau&quot;
|''Albarka''
|Clarence Peters
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2014 |title=VIDEO: Flavour – Black Is Beautiful |url=http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/video-flavour-black-beautiful/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624212725/http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/video-flavour-black-beautiful/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=tooxclusive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|&quot;Tashi&quot; tare da Wande Coal&lt;small&gt;nuna Wande Coal&lt;/small&gt;
|''Na gode''
|Clarence Peters
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2014 |title=MUSIC: Flavour – Wake Up Ft. Wande Coal |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2014/09/music-flavour-wake-up-ft-wande-coal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624100511/https://www.360nobs.com/2014/09/music-flavour-wake-up-ft-wande-coal/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=360Nobs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|&quot;Golibe&quot;
|''Na gode''
|Clarence Peters
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2014 |title=VIDEO: Flavour – Gollibe |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2014/12/video-flavour-gollibe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624101233/https://www.360nobs.com/2014/12/video-flavour-gollibe/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=360Nobs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|&quot;Ololufe&quot; tare da Chidinma&lt;small&gt;nuna [[Chidinma]]&lt;/small&gt;
|''Na gode''
|Ayyukan Godfather
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 2015 |title=Flavour, Chidinma Duo share deep kiss in new video |url=http://pulse.ng/music/flavour-chidinma-duo-share-deep-kiss-in-new-video-id3472761.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215091126/http://pulse.ng/music/flavour-chidinma-duo-share-deep-kiss-in-new-video-id3472761.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015 |website=Pulse Nigeria |publisher=Joey Akan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|&quot;Sexy Rosey&quot; tare da P-Square&lt;small&gt;nuna [[P-Square]]&lt;/small&gt;
|''Na gode''
|Ayyukan Godfather
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2021 |title=Flavour – Sexy Rosey ft P Square (Video) |url=https://sololoaded.com/flavour-sexy-rosey-ft-p-square-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725122951/https://sololoaded.com/flavour-sexy-rosey-ft-p-square-video/ |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=July 25, 2021 |website=Sololoaded}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|&quot;Champion&quot;|{{N/a}}
|Ayyukan Godfather
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Naijaloaded&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=[Video] Flavour – Champion |url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-flavour-champion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725123000/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-flavour-champion |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=July 25, 2021 |website=Naijaloaded}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|&quot;Zan&quot;
|''Na gode''
|Clarence Peters
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2016 |title=New Video: Flavour – Dance |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/04/new-video-flavour-dance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608195042/http://www.bellanaija.com/2016/04/new-video-flavour-dance/ |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=BellaNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|&quot;Crazy Love&quot; tare da Yemi Alade
|
|Patrick Elis
|
|-
|2018
|&quot;Awele&quot; tare da Umu Obiligbo|{{N/a}}
|Selebobo
|
|-
|2021
|Matsayi
|
|Patrick Ellis
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=Peace |date=2021-10-12 |title=Flavour – Levels |url=https://www.entmediahub.com.ng/audio-video-flavour-levels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209223708/https://www.entmediahub.com.ng/audio-video-flavour-levels/ |archive-date=9 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=Entmediahub |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Event
!Prize
!Recipient
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2025
|The Headies
|Afrobeats Single of the Year
|&quot;Big Baller&quot;
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=[[BBC News Pidgin]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|All Africa Music Awards
|Best Artiste/Duo/Group in African Traditional
|&quot;Levels&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=The Nominations Are In! Here’s Every African Artiste Nominated For An AFRIMA 2022 Award |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/09/afrima-2022-award-nomination/ |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|The Headies
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Alternative Song
|&quot;Game Changer (Dike)&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |The Headies
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&quot;Doings&quot; &lt;small&gt;(featuring Phyno)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=5 September 2022 |title=Wizkid &amp; Tems Are Top Winners at 2022 Headies Awards (Full Winners List) |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2022-headies-awards-full-winners-list-1235134815/ |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Song of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |All Africa Music Awards
|Best Artiste, Duo or Group in African Dance or Choreography
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&quot;Berna Reloaded&quot; &lt;small&gt;(featuring Fally Ipupa and Diamond Platnumz)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=Afrima Awards 2021 winners list: Wizkid, Iba One, Fireboy DML, win for dis year All Africa Music Awards |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-59370781 |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=[[BBC News Pidgin]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best African Video
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Myers Hansen |first=Gabriel |date=23 September 2021 |title=All Africa Music Awards 2021: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/all-africa-music-awards-2021-all-nominees |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=Music in Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2019
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |African Muzik Magazine Awards
|Best Live Act
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Here are the 2019 AFRIMMA Nominees |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/here-are-the-2019-afrimma-nominees-burna-boy-wizkid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808073131/https://www.okayafrica.com/here-are-the-2019-afrimma-nominees-burna-boy-wizkid/ |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |website=OkayAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Collaboration
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&quot;Awele&quot; &lt;small&gt;(featuring Umu Obiligbo)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Video of The Year
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |African Muzik Magazine Awards
|Artist of the Year
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Himself
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 July 2018 |title=AFRIMMA 2018: See Full List Of Nominees |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/07/afrimma-2018-see-full-list-nominees/ |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Live Act
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2018 |title=AFRIMMA 2018: Full list of winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/afrimma-2018-full-list-winners |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=Music in Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |The Headies
|Best R&amp;B/Pop Album
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Ijele Mai Tafiya|Ijele the Traveler]]''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|-
|Album of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Performer
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Himself
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |The Headies
|Special Recognition
|{{honored}}
|
|-
|Best Pop Single
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&quot;M.O.N.E.Y&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Timaya featuring Flavour N'abania)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adelana |first=Oludolapo |date=9 November 2016 |title=Full list of nominees for the 2016 Headies Awards |url=https://ynaija.com/full-list-of-nominees-for-the-2016-headies-awards/ |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Collabo
|{{Nom}}
|-
|MTV Africa Music Awards
|Best Live Act
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Alyssa |date=22 October 2016 |title=Here’s the Full List of Nominees at the 2016 MTV Africa Music Awards in Johannesburg |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/heres-the-full-list-of-nominees-at-the-2016-mtv-africa-music-awards-in-johannesburg/147479 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=OkayAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nigeria Entertainment Awards
|Indigenous Artist of the Year
|Himself
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Collaboration of the Year
|&quot;Finally&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Masterkraft featuring Flavour N'abania and [[Sarkodie]])&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Nominations are Here! Find out who Made the 2016 Nigerian Entertainment Awards Nominees List |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/06/nominations-are-here-find-out-who-made-the-2016-nigerian-entertainment-awards-nominees-list/ |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Bellanaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;19&quot; |2015
|tooXclusive Awards
|Best R&amp;B Track
|&quot;Ololufe&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring [[Chidinma]])&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donnett |first=Jim |date=15 January 2016 |title=tooXclusive AWARDS 2015 – WINNERS! |url=https://tooxclusive.com/news/tooxclusive-awards-2015-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060304/https://tooxclusive.com/news/tooxclusive-awards-2015-winners/ |archive-date=27 February 2019 |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=[[tooXclusive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |COSON Song Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Collabo Song
|&quot;Wake Up&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Wande Coal)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
|&quot;Oh! Baby (You &amp; I)&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;([[Chidinma]] featuring Flavour N'abania)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|-
|MTV Africa Music Awards
|Best Live
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Himself
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |African Muzik Magazine Awards
|Best Male - West Africa
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=Nominees revealed for AFRIMMA in the USA |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/nominees-revealed-afrimma-usa |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=Music in Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Dance in a Video
|&quot;Nana&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Diamond Platnumz featuring Flavour)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Traditional Artist
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Winners at the AFRIMMA 2015 Muzik Awards |url=https://www.newsmart.com.ng/2015/11/winners-at-afrimma-2015-muzik-awards.html |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=Newsmart}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Video of the Year
|&quot;Nana&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Diamond Platnumz featuring Flavour)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Won}}
|-
|&quot;Golibe&quot;
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Collaboration
|&quot;Nana&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Diamond Platnumz featuring Flavour)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Artist of the Year
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |All Africa Music Awards
|Best Male Artist in Western Africa
|Flavour for &quot;Golibe&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=All Africa Music Awards, AFRIMA, 2015 Final Nominees List |url=https://www.afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/161-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-2015-final-nominees-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906223827/https://www.afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/161-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-2015-final-nominees-list |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=Afrima.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Artist in African Electro
|Flavour for &quot;Power to Win&quot;
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yhusuff |first=Al |date=16 November 2015 |title=All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA) 2015 {{!}} Winners List |url=https://tooxclusive.com/news/all-africa-music-awards-afrima-2015-winners-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118230114/https://tooxclusive.com/news/all-africa-music-awards-afrima-2015-winners-list/ |archive-date=18 November 2015 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=tooXclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Album of the Year
|''Thankful''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Artist of the Year
|Flavour for &quot;Golibe&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Nigerian Music Video Awards
|Best Highlife Video
|&quot;Sexy Rosey&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring [[P-Square]])&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2015 |title=2015 Nigerian Music Video Awards throws up interesting matchups |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/2015-nigerian-music-video-awards-throws-interesting-matchups |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]
|Indigenous Artist of the Year
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Himself
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Danielle |date=15 June 2015 |title=The Nigeria Entertainment Awards Announce 2015 Nominees |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/the-nigeria-entertainment-awards-announce-2015-nominees/161674 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=OkayAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Male Artist of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Album of the Year
|''Thankful''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;16&quot; |2014
|All Africa Music Awards
|Best Male Artiste in West Africa
|Flavour for &quot;Ada Ada&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=AFRIMA 2014 Nominees' List |url=http://afrima.org/index.php/latest-news/news-update/128-afrima-2014-nominees-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926072658/http://afrima.org/index.php/latest-news/news-update/128-afrima-2014-nominees-list |archive-date=26 September 2014 |access-date=13 February 2026 |publisher=AFRIMA.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |The Headies
|Best Music Video
|&quot;Ada Ada&quot;
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Artiste of the Year
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Channel O Music Video Awards
|Most Gifted Afro Pop Video
|&quot;Ada Ada&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Rhodé |date=5 September 2014 |title=Channel O Africa announces Music Video Awards nominees |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-09-05-channel-o-africa-announces-music-video-awards-nominees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913011117/http://mg.co.za/article/2014-09-05-channel-o-africa-announces-music-video-awards-nominees |archive-date=13 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Kyaututtukan wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya 2014|Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]
|Indigenous Artist of the Year
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Best Album of the Year
|''[[Albarka (Flavour album)|Blessed]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Music Video of the Year (Artist &amp; Director)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&quot;Oh! Baby (You &amp; I)&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;([[Chidinma]] featuring Flavour N'abania)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Collaboration
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |African Muzik Magazine Awards
|Best Male West Africa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Himself
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2014 |title=See Nominees for the African Muzik Magazine Awards (AFRIMMA) 2014 |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/09/see-the-nominees-for-the-african-muzik-magazine-awards-afrimma-2014/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728233201/http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/09/see-the-nominees-for-the-african-muzik-magazine-awards-afrimma-2014/ |archive-date=28 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |publisher=Bellanaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Traditional Artist
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 July 2014 |title=Sarkodie, Fuse ODG, DJ Black, others win at AFRIMMA Awards |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=318709 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810025853/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=318709 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |publisher=Ghana Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Video of the Year
|&quot;Ada Ada&quot;
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|City People Entertainment Awards]]
|Musician of the Year (Male)
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|-
|Best Collabo of the Year
|&quot;Oh! Baby (You &amp; I)&quot;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;([[Chidinma]] featuring Flavour N'abania)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Video of the Year
|&quot;Ada Ada&quot;
|{{Won}}
|-
|MTV Africa Music Awards
|Best Live Act
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Himself
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mafikizolo, Uhuru, Davido lead nominations for MTV Africa Music Awards |url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2014/04/17/mafikizolo-uhuru-davido-lead-nominations-for-mtv-africa-music-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420073700/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2014/04/17/mafikizolo-uhuru-davido-lead-nominations-for-mtv-africa-music-awards |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=17 April 2014 |publisher=Sowetan LIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ghana Music Awards
|African Artiste of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards Nomination |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2014/march-2nd/full-list-of-2014-vodafone-ghana-music-awards-nominations.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310010430/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2014/march-2nd/full-list-of-2014-vodafone-ghana-music-awards-nominations.php |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=9 March 2014 |publisher=Ghana Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2013
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |The Headies
|Artiste of the Year
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2013 and Full List of winners |url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=140816 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227231501/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=140816 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=27 December 2013 |publisher=Osun Defender}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 December 2013 |title=#BaddestGuyEverLiveth: Olamide bags 8 nominations for the &quot;Headies&quot; – See full nomination list |url=http://www.ynaija.com/baddestguyeverliveth-olamide-bags-8-nominations-for-the-headies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206123229/http://www.ynaija.com/baddestguyeverliveth-olamide-bags-8-nominations-for-the-headies/ |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |publisher=YNaija.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Album of the Year
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Blessed''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best R&amp;B/Pop Album
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Nigeria Music Video Awards
|Video of the Year
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&quot;Ada Ada&quot;
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 November 2013 |title=NIGERIA MUSIC VIDEO AWARDS (NMVA 2013) WINNERS LIST |url=http://tooxclusive.com/2013/11/16/nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2013-winners-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031235/http://tooxclusive.com/2013/11/16/nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2013-winners-list/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=Tooxclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best High Life Video
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Indigenous Concept
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Use of Costumes
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Kyaututtukan wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya 2013|Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]
|Best Collabo
|&quot;Bottom Belle&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;([[Omawumi]] featuring Flavour N'abania)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2013 {{!}} View Full Nominees List |url=http://notjustok.com/2013/06/02/nigerian-entertainment-awards-2013-view-full-nominees-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044109/http://notjustok.com/2013/06/02/nigerian-entertainment-awards-2013-view-full-nominees-list/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=Notjustok}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Music Video of the Year
|&quot;Sisi Eko Remix&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Darey featuring Flavour N'abania)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Indigenous Artist/Group
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Himself
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ghana Music Awards
|African Artiste of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Twum |first=Chris |title=Vodafone Ghana Music Awards 2013 Nominations List Finally Out |url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2013-nominations-list-finally-out/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504114121/http://thechronicle.com.gh/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2013-nominations-list-finally-out/ |archive-date=4 May 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |website=The Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |City People Entertainment Awards
|Musician of the Year (Male)
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aiki |first=Damilare |date=19 June 2013 |title=Ice Prince, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde, Sarkodie, Nse Ikpe-Etim, Yvonne Okoro, Tonto Dikeh &amp; BellaNaija Nominated for the 2013 City People Entertainment Awards – See the Full List |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/06/19/ice-prince-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-sarkodie-nse-ikpe-etim-yvonne-okoro-tonto-dikeh-bellanaija-nominated-for-the-2013-city-people-entertainment-awards-see-the-full-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408174118/http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/06/19/ice-prince-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-sarkodie-nse-ikpe-etim-yvonne-okoro-tonto-dikeh-bellanaija-nominated-for-the-2013-city-people-entertainment-awards-see-the-full-list/ |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Bellanaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Collabo of the Year
|&quot;Give it to Me&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Kcee featuring Flavour N'abania)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aiki |first=Damilare |date=16 July 2013 |title=2013 City People Entertainment Awards: First Photos &amp; Full List of Winners |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/07/16/2013-city-people-entertainment-awards-first-photos-full-list-of-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706115630/http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/07/16/2013-city-people-entertainment-awards-first-photos-full-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=6 July 2014 |access-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Bellanaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2012
|Nigeria Music Video Awards
|Best Highlife Video
|&quot;Kwarikwa&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Fally Ipupa)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NIgerian Music Video Awards (NMVA 2012 ) Full Winners List |url=http://tooxclusive.com/2012/12/21/nigerian-music-video-awards-nmva-2012-full-winners-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020154819/http://tooxclusive.com/2012/12/21/nigerian-music-video-awards-nmva-2012-full-winners-list |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=24 October 2013 |publisher=tooxclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Channel O Music Video Awards
|Best R&amp;B Video
|&quot;[[Oyi (waka)|Oyi Remix]]&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring [[Tiwa Savage]])&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full list of winners at the 2012 Channel O Music Video Awards |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/21062/3/full-list-of-winners-at-the-2012-channel-o-music-v.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926003452/http://www.modernghana.com/movie/21062/3/full-list-of-winners-at-the-2012-channel-o-music-v.html |archive-date=26 September 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |website=[[2012 Channel O Music Video Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|The Headies
|Best Collabo
|&quot;Orobo&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Sound Sultan featuring Excel and Flavour)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE HEADIES (HIP HOP WORLD AWARDS 2012) WINNERS LIST |url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/2012/12/31/the-headies-hip-hop-world-awards-2012-winners-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029124148/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/2012/12/31/the-headies-hip-hop-world-awards-2012-winners-list/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=5 October 2013 |website=Hiphopworldmagazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kyaututtukan wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya 2012|Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]
|Best Indigenous Artist/Group
|Himself
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2011
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Channel O Music Video Awards
|Most Gifted Afro-Pop Video
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&quot;[[Nwa Baby]] (Ashawo Remix)&quot;
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NIGERIA GRABS 18 NOMINATIONS FOR 2011 CHANNEL O MUSIC AWARDS |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/13224/3/nigeria-grabs-18-nominations-for-2011-channel-o-mu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926085227/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/13224/3/nigeria-grabs-18-nominations-for-2011-channel-o-mu.html |archive-date=26 September 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |website=[[Channel O Music Video Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Most Gifted African West Video
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |The Headies
|Best R&amp;B Single
|&quot;Oyi Remix&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring Tiwa Savage)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2011 |title=The 2011 Headies – 2Face Idibia, Wizkid, Dr SID, M.I, Darey, Ice Prince &amp; Sir Shina Peters rule the Winners List! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/10/23/the-2011-headies-2face-idibia-wizkid-dr-sid-m-i-darey-ice-prince-shina-peters-rule-the-winners-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630052700/http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/10/23/the-2011-headies-2face-idibia-wizkid-dr-sid-m-i-darey-ice-prince-shina-peters-rule-the-winners-list/ |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |website=Hip Hop World Awards Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Collabo
|&quot;Number One&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;([[M.I Abaga|M.I]] featuring Flavour N'abania)&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Headies (Hip hop World Awards 2011) Winners List |url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/2012/01/23/the-headies-hip-hop-world-awards-2011-winners-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201218/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/2012/01/23/the-headies-hip-hop-world-awards-2011-winners-list/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=14 September 2013 |website=Hiphopworldmagazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]
|Best High Life Video
|&quot;Nwa Baby (Ashawo Remix)&quot;
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 October 2011 |title=Nigerian Music Video Awards [NMVA] 2011 Nominees… Darey &amp; Jodie Top The List of Nominees |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2011/10/26/nigerian-music-video-awards-nmva-2011-nominees-darey-jodie-top-the-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705220021/http://www.jaguda.com/2011/10/26/nigerian-music-video-awards-nmva-2011-nominees-darey-jodie-top-the-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=5 July 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Jaguda}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2010
|Ghana Music Awards
|African Artiste of the Year
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 March 2010 |title=Hurray!! Sarkodie Tops Ghana Music Awards Nominations |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/03/19/hurray-sarkodie-tops-ghana-music-awards-nominations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012075829/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/03/19/hurray-sarkodie-tops-ghana-music-awards-nominations |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=Ghanacelebrities}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* [[Jerin mawakan Najeriya|Jerin mawaƙa na Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Flavour N'abania}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gamaliel Onosode</title>
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{{Infobox person
| name = Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor
| birth_date = 1950
| birth_place = Onitsha, Najeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Najeriya
| occupation = Masanin falsafa, malami, jami'in ilimi
| known_for = Tsohon shugaban jami'ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University
| alma_mater = Pontifical Urban University, Rome&lt;br&gt;Gregorian University, Rome&lt;br&gt;University of Nigeria, Nsukka
}}

'''Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor''' ɗan Najeriya ne masani a fannin falsafa, malami kuma jami'in gudanarwar ilimi wanda ya yi suna a matsayin shugaban jami'ar '''Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University''' (tsohuwar Anambra State University). Ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na koyarwa da shugabanci a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Okafor a shekarar 1950 a garin Onitsha da ke jihar Anambra a Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na farko da sakandare a All Hallows Seminary, Onitsha, inda ya samu takardar GCE ta Jami'ar London a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga bisani ya tafi Rome inda ya samu digirin BA daga Pontifical Urban University tsakanin 1973 zuwa 1976. Ya kuma samu digirin MA da PhD daga Urban University da Gregorian University da ke Rome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Fidelis_Uzochukwu_Okafor |title=Biography:Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor |website=HandWiki |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma ya karanci lauya (LL.B) a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Okafor ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Najeriya a matsayin Lecturer II daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, sannan ya zama Lecturer I daga 1984 zuwa 1986. Ya zama babban malami (Senior Lecturer) daga 1986 zuwa 1997 kafin a naɗa shi Farfesa a shekarar 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Fidelis_Uzochukwu_Okafor |title=Biography:Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor |website=HandWiki |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma taba zama Provost na '''Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe''' daga 2007 zuwa 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2010s, gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta naɗa shi shugaban jami'ar Anambra State University wanda daga baya aka sauya wa suna zuwa Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://amp.pulse.ng/communities/student/prof-fidelis-okafor-ojukwu-university-vc-wins-commonwealth-vice-chancellor-of-the-year-award-id3851352.html |title=Prof Fidelis Okafor: Ojukwu University VC wins Commonwealth Vice-Chancellor of the Year award |website=Pulse Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2018-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032122/https://amp.pulse.ng/communities/student/prof-fidelis-okafor-ojukwu-university-vc-wins-commonwealth-vice-chancellor-of-the-year-award-id3851352.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da wallafe-wallafe ==
Okafor ya wallafa littattafai da dama a fannin falsafa da dokoki, ciki har da:
* ''Legal Positivism and the African Legal Tradition''
* ''Right and Law in Hobbes' Ethical and Political Theory''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Fidelis_Uzochukwu_Okafor |title=Biography:Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor |website=HandWiki |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya gudanar da bincike a jami'o'i daban-daban na ƙasashen waje ciki har da:
* University of Cologne, Jamus
* International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
* University of Bayreuth
* University of Hamburg&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo ==
A shekarar 1994 ya samu kyautar '''Japan Foundation Best Report Award'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Fidelis_Uzochukwu_Okafor |title=Biography:Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor |website=HandWiki |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma ya samu lambar yabo daga kungiyar matasan ECOWAS saboda gudummawarsa wajen bunkasa ilimi da zaman lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.odogwublog.com/prof-fidelis-okafor-stands-on-world-stage-as-world-peace-advocate-receives-ecowas-award/ |title=Prof Okafor on World stage as a Peace Advocate |website=Odogwu Blog |date=2018-12-10 |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muƙamai ==
* Farfesa a Jami'ar Najeriya
* Provost na Nwafor Orizu College of Education
* Shugaban jami'ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Nwakoby |title=Greg Nwakoby |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]]
* [[University of Nigeria]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mutanen Anambra]]
[[Category:Malaman Najeriya]]
[[Category:Farfesoshin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masana falsafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Haihuwa a 1950]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alkahira</title>
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      <text bytes="6975" sha1="17thqowuw538n59ii5tmyrt07fvzf6y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
The '''Cairo Opera House''' ( Arabic  , ''Dār el-Opera el-Masreyya'' ; a zahiri &quot;Gidan Opera na Masar&quot;), wani ɓangare na '''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Ƙasa''' ta [[Kairo|Alkahira]], shine babban wurin wasan kwaikwayo a babban birnin [[Misra|Masar]] . Gida ne ga mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin kiɗa na Masar, yana kan yankin kudancin Tsibirin Gezira a [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], a gundumar Zamalek kusa da tsakiyar birnin Alkahira .

== Tarihi ==
An buɗe gidan wasan opera a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1988. Kuɗaɗen ginin kyauta ne daga ƙasar [[Japan]] zuwa [[Misra|Masar]] sakamakon ziyarar Shugaba [[Hosni Mubarak]] zuwa Japan a watan Afrilu 1983. An fara ginin a watan Mayu 1985 kuma ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru uku. 

A watan Oktoban 1988, Shugaba Mubarak da Yarima Tomohito na Mikasa, ƙanin Sarkin Japan, suka buɗe Cibiyar Al'adu ta Ƙasa a Cairo Opera House. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da Japan ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo ''na Kabuki'', wani wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya mai farin jini tare da waƙa da rawa, a [[Afirka]] ko kuma ƙasashen Larabawa .

Domin karrama Gidan Opera na Cairo, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta London Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ta zaɓi wurin a matsayin wurin da za su yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka a watan Janairun 2007. An ƙirƙiri Gidan Oud na Arabic a harabarsa kafin a ƙaura zuwa wani gini a tsohon garin. 

=== Gidan Opera na Khedivial ===
[[Fayil:ModernEgypt,_Khedivial_Opera_House,_BAP_25178.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Khedivial, a shekarar 1869.]]
A shekarar 1869, Khedive Ismail ya ba da umarnin gina gidan opera don murnar buɗe [[Suez canal|magudanar ruwa ta Suez]] . Ana kiransa Khedivial (Royal) Opera House kuma an yi nufinsa a matsayin wata alama mai ɗorewa kuma mai ban mamaki ta fasahar wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa. An gina gidan opera ɗin ne ta hanyar masu zane-zane na Italiya Avoscani da Rossi, kuma an kammala shi cikin watanni shida, a tsakiyar birnin Alkahira kusa da gundumar Azbakya .

Khedive ya ba da umarnin yin wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai nuna tarihin Masar na da. Masanin ilmin kayan tarihi na Faransa Auguste Mariette, a cikin hidimar Khedive, ya rubuta wani labari wanda daga ƙarshe ya yi wa shahararren masanin libretti na Italiya Antonio Ghislanzoni aiki a matsayin tushen libretto ɗinsa. An naɗa Giuseppe Verdi don ya tsara waƙar. Sakamakon haka shi ne sanannen opera, ''Aida'', tare da ingancin jarumtakarsa, manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da kuma waƙoƙin da ke da sha'awa.

Saboda jinkirin da yaƙin Franco-Prussian ya haifar, ba a iya jigilar kayan da aka shirya don fara bikin ''Aida'' daga Paris a kan lokaci ba, kuma a cikin 1869 aka buɗe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opera da ''Rigoletto'' na Verdi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Verdi na baya. ''Aida'' za ta sami fara bikin a duniya a Alkahira a 1871. Sabanin ra'ayin gabaɗaya, ba a ba ''Aida'' aikin buɗe mashigar Suez ba.

Gidan wasan opera na Khedivial shine na farko a nahiyar Afirka da ya yi wasan opera da kuma manyan wasannin kwaikwayo na symphonic a duniya.

== Wurare da kayan aiki ==
Cibiyar Opera ta Alkahira ta ƙunshi gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda bakwai, ɗakin karatu na kiɗa, ɗakin adana kayan fasaha da kuma gidan tarihi.
[[Fayil:The_ancient_Roman_Amphitheatre_in_Alexandria_(2007-05-005).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Romawa, gundumar Alexandria.]]

* Babban Zauren yana ɗaukar mutane 1,200 kuma yana da matakai huɗu, ciki har da kujerun ƙungiyar makaɗa, hawa uku da akwatin shugaban ƙasa. Ana amfani da shi don wasan opera da wasan makaɗa da rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Main Hall |url=http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218000738/http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=1 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Cairo Opera House}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙaramin Zauren yana ɗaukar mutane har zuwa 500 a hawa ɗaya, ana amfani da shi don kiɗan ɗakin taro da kuma waƙoƙin kade-kade kuma yana iya zama babban ɗakin liyafa don muhimman abubuwan da suka faru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Small Hall |url=http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=2 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Cairo Opera House |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018213235/http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Buɗaɗɗen Sama wani dandamali ne mai siffar murabba'i wanda aka ƙera shi da sauti wanda ake amfani da shi don yin wasan kwaikwayo a waje, kuma yana ɗaukar mutane 600. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Open-Air Theatre |url=http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331123840/https://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=3 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Cairo Opera House}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na El Gomhouria wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne mai kyau da ke kusa da Fadar Abdeen Royal . Yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo na Alkahira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=El Gomhouria Theatre |url=http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=4 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Cairo Opera House |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018204057/http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=4 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Larabawa tana da fasahar zamani kuma ta dace sosai don gabatar da ingantattun waƙoƙin Larabawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arab Music Institute |url=http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=5 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Cairo Opera House |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018212745/http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=5 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo na Alexandria ko Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo na Sayed Darwish &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Alexandria Opera House |url=http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=6 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Cairo Opera House |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207122040/http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Romawa, Alexandria wanda aka gano a shekarar 1963, yana ɗaukar mutane har zuwa 800. Yana da farin marmara, marmara kore, granite ja da mosaic, baka da dutse. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Roman Amphitheatre, Alexandria |url=http://www.cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=7 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Cairo Opera House |archive-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212124647/http://cairoopera.org/VenuesDetails.php?id=7 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adel Awed |first=Zahraa |last2=Kamel |first2=Seif |title=The Roman Theatre (Odeum) in Alexandria |url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/romantheatre.htm |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Tour Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Fadar Yarima Amr Ibrahim</title>
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'''Fadar Yarima Amr Ibrahim''' gini ne na tarihi a tsibirin Zamalek da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], wanda ake amfani da shi a matsayin gidan tarihi na farko na kayan gini na yumbu a Masar, Gidan Tarihi na kayan tarihi na Musulunci da kuma cibiyar fasaha.

== Tarihi da wurin da aka binne ==
Fadar tana yankin Gezira, wani tsibiri a cikin [[Nil|kogin Nilu]], na Zamalek a Alkahira. &lt;ref name=&quot;nev99&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=El Aref |first=Nevine |date=4–10 March 1999 |title=Take some steps back in time |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/419/tr1.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Al Ahram |issue=419 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521173912/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/419/tr1.htm |archive-date=21 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina ta bisa umarnin Yarima Amr Ibrahim (1903 &amp;#x2013; 1977), memba na daular Muhammad Ali, a 1921. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Famille Souveraine |url=http://www.egyptedantan.com/famille_souveraine/famille_souveraine35.htm |access-date=24 July 2013 |publisher=Egypt e dantan |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221194344/http://www.egyptedantan.com/famille_souveraine/famille_souveraine35.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2010 |title=Museum of Islamic Ceramics: Beautiful Browsing for the History-phobes |url=http://www.cairo360.com/article/artsandculture/55/museum-of-islamic-ceramics-beautiful-browsing-for-the-history-phobes |access-date=24 July 2013 |website=Cairo 360}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yarima Amr Ibrahim mijin Necla Sultan ne, jikanyar sarkin Ottoman Mehmed VI, wanda aka fi sani da Vahideddin.  Mai ginin ginin shine Garo Balyan, ƙaramin memba na dangin Balyan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samir Raafat |title=Cairo's belle époque architects 1900 - 1950 |url=http://www.egy.com/people/98-10-01.php#balyan |access-date=24 July 2013 |website=EGY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin ginin ya kai kimanin Yuro miliyan 200 ($257 miliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;jaz8jul&quot; /&gt;

Yarima Amr Ibrahim da matarsa, Necla Sultan, sun yi amfani da fadar a matsayin wurin zama na lokacin bazara. &lt;ref name=&quot;ehd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Islamic Ceramics |url=http://egyptholidaysdirectory.com/listing/museum-of-islamic-ceramics-cairo.html |access-date=24 July 2013 |publisher=Egypt Holidays Directory |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926213549/http://egyptholidaysdirectory.com/listing/museum-of-islamic-ceramics-cairo.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Salo da tsari ==
Tsarin gine-ginen fadar shine neo-Ottoman  da neo-Islamic. &lt;ref name=&quot;maa&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed Ahmed Abdelrahman Ibrahim Enab |date=Winter 2019 |title=Saray of Prince Amr Ibrahim in Zamalek Archaeological and documental study in the light of a new document published for the first time |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_16135.html |journal=Journal of General Union of Arab Archaeologists |volume=20 |issue=1 |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2023-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160752/https://journals.ekb.eg/article_16135.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana nuna manyan salon daular Muhammad Ali dangane da tsarin gine-gine da kayan ado. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Gezira Art Center |url=http://www.di-egyfest.com/venues.html |access-date=24 July 2013 |publisher=DI-EGY Festival |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160751/http://www.di-egyfest.com/venues.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai kuma tasirin Maroko da [[Andalusia|Andalus]] a cikin tsarin ginin fadar. &lt;ref name=&quot;maa&quot; /&gt;

Jimillar faɗin ginin murabba'in mita 850 ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;ehd&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Architecture in Egypt |url=http://people.csail.mit.edu/hanna/Egypt/index20.html |access-date=24 July 2013 |website=MIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi shi da ginshiki da benaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ehd&quot; /&gt; A cikin zauren shiga akwai marmara mai launin marmara da aka yi wa ado da yumbu mai launin shuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;nev99&quot;/&gt; Fadar tana kewaye da lambun murabba'in mita 2,800. 

== Amfani ==
Fadar ta zama mallakar gwamnati a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1953 bayan [[Juyin juya halin Masar na 1952|juyin mulkin 1952]] a Masar.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Zamalek |url=http://zamalek101.com/history/history_THEZAMALEKLEGEND.html |access-date=13 September 2013 |website=Zamalek 101}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An fara amfani da ita a matsayin kulob ta ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Larabawa har zuwa 1971. &lt;ref name=&quot;aahram01&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=25–31 October 2001 |title=The China syndrome |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/557/tr3.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Al Ahram Weekly |issue=557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913101445/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/557/tr3.htm |archive-date=13 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1971, Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta yi amfani da ginin a matsayin wurin baje kolin zane-zanen da tsohon Firayim Minista Mohammed Mahmoud Khalil ya bai wa ginin. 

A shekarar 1998, wani mai ginin gine-gine na ƙasar Masar, Aly Raafat, ya gyara ginin &lt;ref name=&quot;ehd&quot;/&gt; kuma ya zama gidan Gidan Tarihin Ceramics na Musulunci a watan Fabrairun 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;aahram01&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islamic Ceramic Museum |url=http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.site.details&amp;language_id=1&amp;element_id=1033 |access-date=28 June 2011 |publisher=Eternal Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake buɗe Gidan Tarihin bayan an sake yin gyare-gyare mai yawa a watan Oktoban 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galil |first=Tarek A. el |date=2024-10-22 |title=Egypt’s Museum of Islamic Ceramics Reopens after 14-Year Restoration Project |url=https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2024/10/egypts-museum-of-islamic-ceramics-reopens-after-14-year-restoration-project/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Al-Fanar Media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan shiga fadar da gidan tarihin kyauta ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nawar |first=Belal |date=2024-10-17 |title=Rediscovering Artistry: A Journey Through the Islamic Ceramics Museum {{!}} Egyptian Streets |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2024/10/17/rediscovering-artistry-a-journey-through-the-islamic-ceramics-museum/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidan Tarihi na Ceramics na Musulunci ==
An tsara tarin kayan tarihi bisa ga lokaci da wurin da aka samo su: da zarar an shiga fadar, ƙofar shiga mai marmara mai launi a tsakiya, tana buɗewa ga tarin kayan tarihi na zamanin Fatimid a dama da kuma zauren Turkiyya a hagu. Duk ɗakunan suna da murhu masu aiki waɗanda aka yi da tayal ɗin yumbu kuma a siffar siffar mazugi daga Turkiyya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2023 |title=Museum of Islamic Ceramics |url=https://sis.gov.eg/Story/180159/Museum-of-Islamic-Ceramics |access-date=29 May 2026 |archive-date=12 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412093139/https://sis.gov.eg/Story/180159/Museum-of-Islamic-Ceramics |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsohon ɗakin cin abinci, wanda yanzu haka ke ɗauke da tarin kayan yumbu na zamanin Fatimid, yana ɗauke da kayan daki na katako masu daraja waɗanda aka sassaka da lu'u-lu'u. A gefen hagu na ƙofar shiga, ɗakin da ke ɗauke da kayan yumbu na Turkiyya yana kaiwa ga wani ɗaki da ke nuna kayan yumbu na wakilci da aka yi a Masar a lokacin zamanin Ayoubi, Mamluk, Osmani da Umayyad. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

An shirya nunin bene na sama a cikin gidan adana kayan tarihi da ke kewaye da kurfi don tarin Iran da sauran kayan asali daban-daban, kamar tayal ɗin yumbu na Qallaline na Tunisiya. Bene na farko ya ƙunshi bandaki na musamman na Yarima tare da tsarin ruwan sanyi da ɗumi da aka shigo da shi daga Italiya, ƙaramin gida wanda yanzu ke ɗauke da yumbu na Siriya na ƙarni na 12 da 13 daga Raqqa, da kuma ɗakin canza kaya mai kabad gaba ɗaya na bango da aka rufe da allon katako da aka yi wa ado da lu'u-lu'u mai kauri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>El Qantara, Misira</title>
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'''El Qantara''' ( Arabic         ) birni ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Misra|Masar]] a ɓangarorin biyu na [[Suez canal|mashigin ruwa na Suez]], a cikin lardin Ismailia na Masar, {{Convert|160|km}} arewa maso gabas da [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da {{Convert|50|km}} kudu da Port Said . An haɗa sassan biyu na birnin da gadar hanya mai tsayi, gadar zaman lafiya ta Mubarak . Gadar ta haɗa tsakanin raba [[Afirka]] da [[Asiya]], wanda hakan ya sa El Qantara gari ne da ke kan iyaka .

== Tarihi ==
An gina El Qantara kusa da wurin tsohon birnin '''Sele''' ( Ancient Greek  , Coptic  , Ancient Egyptian   ''Tcharou'' ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TM Places |url=https://wismegistos.org/place/2109 |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=[[Trismegistos]] }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Kantara, kamar yadda sojojin ƙawancen suka ambata, shine wurin da hedikwatar Sashe na 3, Tsaron Magudanar Ruwa da kuma Hedikwatar Rundunar Gabas ta kasance a lokacin matakan ƙarshe na Kare Magudanar [[Suez canal|Ruwa ta Suez]] da kuma Yaƙin Sinai na 1916. Babban rumbun adana kayan aiki da cibiyar asibiti sun tallafawa kuma sun samar da dukkan ayyukan Birtaniya, Ostiraliya da New Zealand a Sinai daga 1916 har zuwa wargaza rundunar a 1919.

Tun daga watan Janairun 1916, an gina sabon layin dogo daga Kantara zuwa Romani, sannan kuma gabas ta Sinai zuwa El Arish da [[Rafah|Rafa]] a kan iyaka da Daular Ottoman. An gina bututun ruwa a kan wannan hanyar ta hannun Injiniyoyi na Royal Engineers a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Brigadier Janar Everard Blair . 

Makabartar da Tunawa da Hukumar Kaburburan Yaƙin Commonwealth tana wajen gari. An fara ta ne a watan Fabrairu, 1916 kuma ta ci gaba da amfani da ita har zuwa ƙarshen 1920. Bayan yaƙin, an ninka girmanta don ɗaukar ragowar sojoji daga makabartun wucin gadi da kuma fagen daga na hamada, musamman a Qatia, Rumani, Magdhaba, El Arish da Rafa . An tsara ta a hukumance a shekarar 1919 ta Sir Robert Lorimer,  makabartar ta ƙunshi binne sojoji 1,562 na Commonwealth daga Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da kuma 110 daga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Akwai kuma kaburburan yaƙi 341 na wasu ƙasashe. Tunawa da Kantara tana ɗauke da sunayen sojoji 16 na Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da ake kyautata zaton an kashe su a fafatawa a Rafa da Rumani. A shekarar 1961, an liƙa allunan da ke ɗauke da sunayen sojojin Indiya 283 na Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, waɗanda aka binne a Makabartar Kantara ta Indiya wadda ba a iya isa gare ta ba, a bango a bayan Dutsen Tunawa, wanda ya zama Tunawa da Makabartar Kantara ta Indiya.

An sabunta muhimmancin garin a matsayin cibiyar asibiti a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] lokacin da Babban Asibitin Mai Lamba 1 ya kasance a wurin daga Yuli 1941 zuwa Disamba 1945, da kuma Babban Asibitoci Mai Lamba 41 da 92 a lokuta daban-daban. An gina Babban Asibitin Mai Lamba 8 na Poland kusa da makabartar yaƙi.

A lokacin Yaƙin Kwanaki Shida na 1967, [[Isra'ila]] ta kwace garin. Masar ta kwace shi a farkon Yaƙin Yom Kippur na 1973 a lokacin Crossing, kuma ta riƙe shi har sai da aka cimma yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta. Masar ta sake samun iko a kan garin a hukumance a shekarar 1974.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Eloi Maniraguha''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eloi Maniraguha |url=https://fina-development.com/eloi_maniraguha |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=fina-development.com |publisher=Fina Development Centre Kazan }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1995), &lt;ref name=&quot;Tokyo 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swimming: MANIRAGUHA Eloi |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/swimming/athlete-profile-n1429091-maniraguha-eloi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815033218/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/swimming/athlete-profile-n1429091-maniraguha-eloi.htm |archive-date=15 August 2021 |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Birmingham 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Birmingham 2022 Results - Athlete Detail: Eloi MANIRAGUHA |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/50312 |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=Birmingham2022.com |publisher=2022 Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda a da aka fi sani da '''Eloi Imaniraguha''', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eloi Imaniraguha |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/eloi-imaniraguha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806083635/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/eloi-imaniraguha |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=8 August 2016 |website=Rio 2016 Olympics |publisher=[[Rio Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan ninkaya ne na Rwanda a gasar ninkaya ta Olympics . Ya wakilci ƙasarsa a matsayin Eloi Imaniraguha a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 a gasar maza ta mita 50 inda ya kai matsayi na #68 da daƙiƙa 26.43. Bai ci gaba zuwa zagayen kusa da na ƙarshe ba. Ya kuma fafata a matsayin Eloi Maniraguha a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 a gasar maza ta mita 50 &lt;ref name=&quot;Tokyo 2020&quot; /&gt; da kuma a gasar Commonwealth ta 2022 a gasar maza ta mita 50 da kuma gasar maza ta mita 100. &lt;ref name=&quot;Birmingham 2022&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Ewaso Ng'iro</title>
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'''Ewaso Ng'iro''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Ewaso Nyiro''', kogi ne a [[Kenya]] wanda ke tashi a gefen yamma na [[Dutsen Kenya]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa arewa, sannan gabas sannan daga ƙarshe kudu maso gabas, yana ratsawa ta [[Somaliya]] inda ya haɗu da Kogin Jubba .  Sunan kogin ya samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Maasai|yaren Maasai]] na al'ummar yankin, kuma yana nufin kogin ruwan kasa ko laka. A ƙasan kogin, ana kuma kiransa da rafi mai katsewa a Somaliya '''Lagh Dera''' .

Babban kwarin kogin Ewaso Ng'iro ya kai murabba'in {{Convert|15,200|km2|sqmi}}   . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Makali |first=Samuel |last2=Boniface Kiteme |date=September 2005 |title=The Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin, Kenya |url=http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041456/http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |access-date=2007-06-21 |publisher=Network for Water and Sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana da wadatar ruwa akai-akai saboda [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|ƙanƙarar da]] ke kan [[Dutsen Kenya]] . Ewaso Ng'iro yana ratsawa cikin Tafkin Ol Bolossat, tafki ɗaya tilo a Gundumar Nyandarua da kuma babban yankin Tsakiyar Kenya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mulli |first=Thorn |title=Discovering Central Kenya's only natural lake |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000172240/discovering-central-kenya-s-only-natural-lake |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A wreath for Ewaso Ng'iro |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223134934/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |archive-date=2019-02-23 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why lake that feeds Ewaso was declared protected area |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Star, Kenya |language=en |archive-date=2019-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184725/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya ratsa wurare bakwai masu bushewa zuwa rabin-hazo. Yana da siffofi da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban kuma ya zama muhimmin sashi na rayuwar namun daji, da kuma faɗaɗa yawan jama'a da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ruwa, ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa da ruwan Ewaso Ng'iro ke bayarwa, ba shi da daidaito a duk faɗin yankuna mafi girma da ƙananan yankunan da ke magudanar ruwa saboda yawan kaso da ake buƙata don kula da ayyukan noma da sauyin yanayi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Fayil:EwasoNgiroRiverKenya.jpg|left|thumb|Ewaso Ng'iro in Shaba National Reserve, Kenya]]
Kogin yana jawo namun daji da yawa zuwa gaɓarsa, yana samar da wani wuri mai kore. [[Buffalo Springs National Reserve|Ma'ajiyar ƙasa ta]] [[Tsaro na Kasa na Samburu|Samburu]], [[Shaba National Reserve|Shaba]] da Buffalo Springs a Arewacin Kenya tana cike da namun daji a cikin ƙasa mai bushewa, saboda ruwan kogin. A ƙasan Saricho, kogin ya faɗaɗa zuwa cikin fadamar Lorian, babban yanki na dausayi.  Bambancin muhalli a duk faɗin magudanar ruwa ya keɓance musamman ga magudanar ruwa ta Ewaso Ng'iro, domin ya samo asali ne daga ƙasashe masu ƙarfi na Dutsen Kenya, a yankin Thome na gundumar Nanyuki-Laikipia, wannan yana nufin ainihin wurin farawa na wannan kogin shine ƙauyen Thome inda aka samar da shi ta hanyar haɗuwar Kogin Naromoru, yana samo ruwa daga Dutsen Kenya, da Kogin Ngarinyiru yana samo ruwa daga Aberdares kuma yana gudana a kan gundumomin ƙasa bakwai masu bushewa zuwa rabin-hazo kamar Meru, Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Wajir, Marsabit, da Garissa (Said et al. 14). Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Kenya, yankunan da ruwan Ewaso Ng'iro ya mamaye sun canza mallakar gonaki daga manoman mulkin mallaka zuwa ƙananan manoma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yankin ya zama babban tushen samar da amfanin gona ga ƙananan manoma don tallafawa ayyukansu na noma da haɓaka hanyoyin rayuwa. 

Kogin Ewaso Narok yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanan ruwa. Ruwan Thomson's Falls kusa da garin Nyahururu yana kan hanyar Ewaso Narok.

== Samuwar albarkatu ==
&quot;Wadannan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na Kenya ba su kai mita cubic 650 a kowace shekara ba, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ruwa a duniya&quot; in ji Asusun Raya Afirka (Asusun Raya Afirka na 6). Duk da cewa Ewaso Ng'iro ita ce mafi girma a cikin magudanan ruwa guda biyar a Kenya, ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan (Said et al. 5).

'''Sauyin Yanayi'''

Magudanan ruwa da ke kwarara zuwa cikin magudanan ruwa sun fara bushewa a hankali, musamman a duk lokacin busasshiyar shekara. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;an buƙata ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; (Mutiga, Su, da Woldai 102). Sauran canje-canje kamar &quot;tsarin ruwan sama da yawa marasa tabbas da raguwar fitar ruwa a lokacin ƙarancin kwararar ruwa&quot; suma suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan dukkan fannoni na magudanar ruwa ta Ewaso Ng'iro (Aeschbacher, Liniger da Weingartner 155,156). Magudanar ruwa galibi tana ta'allaka ne ta hanyar yanayin busasshiyar ƙasa zuwa rabin busasshiyar ƙasa inda matakan ruwan sama da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara suka ragu a tsawon shekaru. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yayin da rashin daidaiton rarraba ruwa ya zama matsala mai sarkakiya, ikon tallafawa shuke-shuke da namun daji na yanayin halittu zai ragu, kuma yawan jama'a da ci gaban ɗan adam za su fuskanci ƙalubalen dorewa.

'''Tururin Evapotranspiration'''

Irin wannan lamari kamar yadda aka ambata a sama na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da matakan fitar da iska a cikin magudanar ruwa, duk da haka, samun auna kai tsaye na irin waɗannan musayar makamashi ya tabbatar da cewa tsari ne mai wahala da rikitarwa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Dorewar Muhalli ==
Ruwan Ewaso Ng'iro ya mamaye nau'ikan halittu daban-daban tun daga manyan yankuna na Dutsen Kenya zuwa ƙananan yankuna masu bushewa zuwa ƙananan yankuna masu bushewa. Kowace yanayin muhalli tana ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga ƙasa da mutanen Kenya yayin da suke mu'amala da juna don cimma daidaito mai ɗorewa.
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    <title>Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya</title>
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'''Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya''' ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙananan matakan samun ruwa da tsafta, musamman a cikin birane da [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]], da kuma ingancin sabis mara kyau a cikin hanyar samar da ruwa. Rashin ruwa na yanayi da na yanki a Kenya yana ƙara wahalar inganta samar da ruwa.

Sashin ruwa na Kenya ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa ta hanyar Dokar Ruwa No. 8 na 2002. A baya samar da sabis ya kasance alhakin Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa na Kasa da Pipeline da kuma wasu kayan aiki na gida da aka kafa tun 1996. Bayan wucewar tanadin sabis na doka an rarraba shi a hankali zuwa masu ba da sabis na ruwa na gida 91 (WSPs). Wadannan an haɗa su da Kwamitin Kula da Ruwa na Yankin 8 (WSBs) wanda ke kula da kula da kadarori ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Sabis (SPAs) tare da WSPs. Dokar ta kuma kirkiro kwamitin kula da kasa wanda ke gudanar da ma'auni na aiki kuma yana da alhakin amincewa da SPAs da gyare-gyaren farashi. Tare da Dokar Ruwa, 2014, an canja ayyukan 8 WSBs zuwa Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gundumar Kenya.

Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ruwa ta ci gaba da kula da manufofi don samar da ruwa, yayin da Ma'aikatu ta Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ke kula da manufofin tsabta.

Kodayake farashin ruwa na birane suna da girma ta hanyar ka'idojin yanki (KSh.60/= ko US $ 0.60 a kowace m3 a matsakaici a cikin 2014), waɗannan farashin kawai suna ba da damar dawo da farashin aiki, amma ba dawo da farashin babban birnin ba. Ba a samun cikakken farfadowa ba saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da babban matakin ruwa mara kudaden shiga (ma'auni na 42%). Dangane da farashin naúrar samarwa, asarar ƙasa saboda ruwa mara shiga a cikin 2014 an kiyasta shi a KSh.5.2 biliyan /=, daidai da dala miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014 |url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board |pages=24 and 31–36}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani dalili kuma shine buƙatar amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai nisa a farashi mai yawa a wasu wurare. Misali, ana ba da [[Mombasa]] daga tushen da ke da nisan kilomita 220 daga birnin. Kodayake kashi 16% na 'yan Kenya a cikin birane suna da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, babu harajin magudanar gida a Kenya, yana mai da wannan sabis mai tsada kyauta.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Tushen bayanai da fassarar ==
Tattara amintaccen bayanai game da sashin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Kenya yana da wahala saboda rahoto sau da yawa ba cikakke ba ne kuma ana amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Tushen bayanai guda biyu na wakilci a duk fadin kasar sune ƙididdigar da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara goma, tare da na gaba da aka shirya don 2029,  da kuma binciken jama'a da kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar a kowace shekara biyar ta Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya. Bayanan da aka tattara ta haka ana nazarin su ta Shirin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Sayar da Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] don tantance ci gaba zuwa cimma burin Ci gaba mai dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation – A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries]{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}, pp.33–43. &lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan bayanan kawai suna tantance wadatar ruwa da kayan aikin tsabta. Ba sa tantance ko ruwa yana da aminci don sha, ya isa a yawa, yana ci gaba da samuwa ko kuma yana da araha.

Wani muhimmin tushen bayanai shine &quot;raidar tasiri&quot; na shekara-shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact Reports |url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-reports/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=WASREB |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hukumar kula da ruwa ta WASREB ta buga tun 2008. Ta hanyar wannan rahoto ana samun cikakken bayani a yau a kan masu ba da sabis na ruwa da yawa fiye da baya da sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Koyaya, bayanai a cikin rahoton suna nufin kawai yawan mutanen da masu ba da sabis na ruwa ke aiki, wanda ba duka yawan jama'ar Kenya ba ne, ba tare da barin wasu sassan yankunan karkara ba.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
An kiyasta cewa albarkatun sabon ruwa da ake iya sabuntawa na ƙasar Kenya sun kai 20.2 km³ a kowace shekara, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da 647 m³ ga kowane mutum a shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }}, p. 7. Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta jimillar ruwan da ake ɗeba a shekara ya kai sama da 2.7 km³, ko kuma ƙasa da kashi 14% na albarkatun ruwan baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 4. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, samuwar albarkatun ruwa ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokaci da kuma tsakanin shiyya-shiyya. Mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar suna da lokutan damina guda biyu. Dogon ruwan sama yawanci yana farawa ne daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, yayin da gajeren ruwan sama yawanci yana kasancewa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba.&lt;ref&gt;[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf UN World Water Assessment Programme: Case Study Kenya] Part II: Water Availability, Retrieved 21 April 2011
&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, Kenya tana fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa a kowace shekara uku zuwa huɗu, waɗanda ke shafar babban sashe na alurnma. Fari mafi tsanani na kwanan nan ya faru ne daga shekarar 2007 zuwa ƙarshen 2009, wanda ya yi tasiri a dukkan sassan tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 630 mm, amma ya bambanta tsakanin ƙasa da 200 mm a amfanin arewacin Kenya zuwa sama da 1,800 mm a gangaren Dutsen Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 1. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan saman ƙasa ===
An raba Kenya zuwa kwaruruka biyar na magudanar ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kwarin Tafkin Victoria a Yammacin Kenya yana cikin tsarin kwarin Kogin Nile. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na cikin gida na Rift Valley ya haɗa da koramu da tabkuna da yawa, gami da manyan tabkunan ruwa masu daɗi kamar Tafkin Turkana, Tafkin Baringo da Tafkin Naivasha, koguna kamar Kogin Kerio, da kuma tabkunan gishiri da yawa.

Tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi, tsarin magudanar ruwa na Tana da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa na Ewaso Ng'iro na Arewa duk suna guda ne zuwa Tekun Indiya. Rarraba ruwa a cikin kwarurukan yana da babban bambanci inda mafi girman samuwar ruwa ke cikin kwarin Tafkin Victoria (fiye da kashi 50%) sannan mafi ƙaranci a tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi. Kwarurukan Tana da na Tafkin Victoria ne kawai ke da rarar albarkatun ruwa, yayin da sauran kwarurukan guda uku ke fuskantar ƙaranci.

Babban birnin ƙasar, Nairobi, yana samun albarkatun ruwansa ne daga tsarin magudanar ruwa guda biyu: Ruwan magudanar ruwa mafi tsufa, wato Kikuyu Springs (da ake amfani da shi tun 1906) da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Ruiru Dam (tun 1938) suna cikin kwarin Kogin Athi. Madatsar ruwa ta Sasumua Dam, Ndakaini-Thika Dam (tun 1996) da Chania-B Dam suna wadata Nairobi ta hanyar tura ruwa tsakanin kwaruruka daban-daban daga yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Tana. Kusan kashi 20% na wadatar ruwan yana fitowa ne daga albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ya yi daidai da kusan 60,000 zuwa 70,000 m³ a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=jyNHmgONtk0C&amp;q=60000&amp;pg=PA7 Climate variability and water resources degradation in Kenya], p. 56. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Mombasa, birni na biyu mafi girma a Kenya, yana biyan buƙatunsa na ruwa ne ta hanyar Marere Water Works da ke kudu maso yamma, Baricho Intake a ƙananan sashen Kogin Athi da kuma daga Mzima Springs, saman Kogin Athi, ta hanyar bututun ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 220 zuwa birnin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt Nature's Benefits in Kenya, World Resources Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175737/http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt |date=3 March 2016 }}, slides 10,11. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ===
Kenya ta dogara ne akan albarkatun ruwan saman ƙasa daga koguna, tabkuna da madatsun ruwa; da kuma akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya fi girma a yankunan karkara da kuma yankunan bakin teku, inda birane ma ke dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hydrogeology of Kenya - MediaWiki |url=https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=earthwise.bgs.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yin amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da babban damar haɓaka wadatar ruwa a Kenya amma amfani da shi yana fuskantar iyakancewa saboda ƙarancin ingancin ruwa, wuce gona da iri wajen ɗeɓa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku, da kuma rashin isasshen ilimi game da yadda albarkatun suke wanzuwa.&lt;ref&gt;Barasa M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Kenya. British Geological Survey. Accessed [27 January 2023]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya#Groundwater_use&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mumma, Albert; Lane, Michael; Kairu, Edward; Tuinhof, Albert; Hirji, Rafik. 2011. Kenya Groundwater Governance Case Study. Water papers;. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17227&lt;/ref&gt; Kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa akai-akai, musamman a yankunan karkara, wani ƙalubale ne na daban: gyara famfunan hannu da suka lalace galibi ana kallonsa a matsayin abin da alurnmun karkara dole ne su gudanar da kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Tim |last2=Hope |first2=Rob |date=2016-10-01 |title=A multi-decadal and social-ecological systems analysis of community waterpoint payment behaviours in rural Kenya |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f73e5ad6-23a5-4457-be0a-fbf7a2249b8b/files/m2dee4103c3f1a4a59156b8962e7c5b3c |journal=Journal of Rural Studies |language=en |volume=47 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.026 |issn=0743-0167 |s2cid=156255059}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa inda ake ƙirƙirar tsarin sabis na kulawa na ƙwararrun ma'aikata a matsayin wata dabarar daban don inganta dorewar tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Johanna |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Goodall |first3=Susanna |last4=Katuva |first4=Jacob |last5=Hope |first5=Rob |date=2021-04-01 |title=Institutional pluralism and water user behavior in rural Africa |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=140 |article-number=105231 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105231 |issn=0305-750X |s2cid=233566959|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda rashin samun hanyoyin ruwan saman ƙasa a yankunan busassun ƙasa, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban albarkatu ne ga samar da ruwa a mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar. Akwai muhimman madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) a yankunan aman wuta da kuma duwatsun da ke da alaƙa da su, da kuma a yankunan da ke da duwatsun metamofik a arewa da bakin tekun Kenya. Kimanin mita cubic miliyan 57.21 na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa aka ɗeba a Kenya a shekarar 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damar samun ruwa ==

=== Samar da ruwa ===
Hasashen da ya fito daga Shirin Haɗin Gwiwa na Sa Ido kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na alurnmar Kenya (kashi 83% a yankunan birane da kashi 50% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun aƙalla hanyoyin ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 22% na mutanen Kenya (kashi 45% a yankunan birane da kashi 14% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun ruwan famfo ta hanyar haɗi zuwa gida ko tsakar gida. A cewar hasashen JMP, damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 92% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 82% a shekarar 2015. A yankunan karkara kuma, damar samun ruwan ya ƙaru daga kashi 33% zuwa kashi 57% a cikin daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation: [http://www.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1049 Improved Drinking Water Coverage Estimates – Kenya, March 2010]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 24 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na &quot;aƙalla na yau da kullum&quot; a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/kenya/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org – Kenya|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga rahoton WASREB na shekarar 2016-17, kashi 55% na daukacin alurnma ne ke da &quot;damar samun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2016 – 2017|url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128203220/https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, a cewar ma'anar da ake kira &quot;weighted access&quot; (duba sama), Rahoton Tasiri na shekarar 2009 ya kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2006-2007 kashi 37% ne kawai na mutanen Kenya ke da damar samun isasshen ruwan sha mai tsafta kusa da gidajensu a kan farashi mai sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kenya-information-guide.com/kenya-population.html Kenya Information Guide] Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da rahoton manyan bambance-bambance na shiyya-shiyya dangane da damar samun ruwan: an yi rajistar mafi girman mataki a yankin da Kamfanin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Tetu Aberdare ke yi wa wa'azi (kashi 72%) yayin da aka yi rajistar mafi ƙaranci a Muthambi a cikin Gundumar Meru ta Kudu (kashi 4%). A bannon birnin Nairobi, an ba da rahoton samun damar ruwa a kan kashi 35% a daidai wannan lokacin, sabanin adadin da bai dace da gaskiya ba na kashi 46% da aka bayar don shekarar 2005-2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Water and Sanitation Coverage – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.20–23. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Hanyoyin samun ruwa ====
Matalauta, musamman mata da 'yan mata, suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo wajen ɗebo ruwa a yankunan karkara da na birane duka. Alal misali, binciken katun rahoton 'yan ƙasa na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa masu amfani da rumfunan sayar da ruwa a birane suna ɗebo ruwa sau 4 zuwa 6 a kowace rana. A Kisumu, wannan yana nufin cewa gidan matalauta yana kashe mintuna 112 a kowace rana don ɗebo ruwa a lokutan da babu matsala, kuma har tsawon mintuna 200 a kowace rana a lokacin ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Uwazi InfoShop at Twaweza: [http://www.twaweza.org/uploads/files/Its%20our%20water%20too_English.pdf It's our water too! Bringing greater equity in access to water in Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Policy brief 09/2010, p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da littattafan tarihin ruwa don rubuta hanyoyi, amfani da kuɗaɗen ruwa a matakin gida a karkaran Kenya. Mutane a yankunan karkara suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu dole ne su biya kuɗi, wasu kuma kyauta ne: Ruwan sama (ruwan da aka tara daga duwatsu ko rufin gida), rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu ko famfunan hannu (waɗannan na iya zama na gida, masu zaman kansu, a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), rumfuna sayar da ruwa (a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), ko masu sayar da ruwa da ke amfani da jakuna da amalanke ko motoci. Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da haƙa busassun magudanar koguna, wuraren tara ruwa na ƙasa, koguna ko madatsun ruwa, da kuma ruwan famfo a cikin gida ko tsakar gida. Amfanin ruwa na waɗannan gidajen shine na sha, girki, wanki, wanke-wanke, wanka, shayar da dabbobi ko ban ruwa na ƙaramin sigo.
Makarantun karkara a Kenya galibi suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban guda biyu ko uku, kuma ana iya raba waɗannan zuwa &quot;hanyoyin cikin makaranta&quot; (ko dai ruwan famfo ko tarin ruwan sama), ko kuma &quot;hanyoyin wajen makaranta&quot; (waɗanda ba su da inganci, masu sayar da ruwa ke kawowa, ko na yau da kullum). Kusan kashi 80% na makarantu a Kenya (hudu cikin makarantu biyar) suna da nasu tsarin tara ruwan sama. Sai dai kuma, a cikin watannin da suka fi bushewa daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, galibi ana siyan ruwa ne daga wurin masu sayar da ruwa.

=== Tsaftar muhalli ===
Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 32.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Hasashen ƙasa baki ɗaya na shekarar 2015 daga JMP ya nuna cewa kashi 30% (kashi 43% na birane da kashi 28% na karkara) na mutanen Kenya ne ke da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum, gami da tsarin magudanar ruwan fita. A yankunan birane, ƙarin kashi 27% na alurnma suna amfani da banɗaki na tarayya. A yankunan karkara, an kiyasta cewa har yanzu kashi 12% na alurnma suna yin baɗari a sarari (waje). Rahoton shekarar 2015 na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli bai haɗa da wani adadi akan damar samun tsaftar muhalli a sigo mai faɗi ba, sai dai kawai hasashen damar samun tsarin magudanar ruwa na birane, wanda aka kiyasta akan kashi 16%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2006-2007 an ba da rahoton cewa rabin alurnmar Kenya da ke cikin yankin da kamfanonin samar da ruwa (WSPs) guda 55 ke yi wa wa'azi suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli (wannan ma'anar ta haɗa da banɗakin ja da na zuba ruwa da ke haɗe da tsarin bututu, dandalin tankunan baɗari, banɗakin VIP da banɗakin rami). A Nairobi, yanayin tsaftar muhalli ya kasance kusan kashi 23% a shekarar 2006-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;/&gt; Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidajen Kenya na shekarar 2006 ya ba da rahoton mafi girman yanayin tsaftar muhalli na kashi 84%, gami da banɗaki na tarayya da na ramuka marasa zurfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.35–40 &quot;Water Services, Sanitation&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingancin sabis ==
Ingancin sabis na kamfanonin WSPs ana sanya masa ido na kusa ta Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) da nufin haɓaka gasa ta kwatanci da inganta ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin mafi mahimmancin alamomin ingancin sabis sune ingancin ruwa, dorewar samar da ruwa da kuma sarrafa ruwan sha da aka yi amfani da shi.

=== Ingancin ruwa ===
A shekarar 2015, WASREB ta ba da rahoton cewa kamfanoni 23 sun samar da ruwa mai inganci (wanda aka fassara a matsayin fiye da kashi 95% na bin ƙa'idodi), kamfanoni 15 masu inganci matsakaita sanka ga kamfanoni 53 ingancin ruwansu bai kasance karɓarre ba (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ƙasa da kashi 90% na bin ƙa'idodi). Ma'aunai guda biyu da aka auna sune ragowar sinadarin chlorine (nauyin kashi 40%) da kuma bin ƙa'idodin kwayoyin cuta (nauyin kashi 60%). Idan adadin samfuran da aka ɗauka ya gaza abin da aka tsara a cikin ƙa'idar, ana ƙididdige amfani da shi a matakin ƙasa. An sami mafi girman bin ƙa'ida a Kericho da Kisumu da kashi 100% kowannensu. Rahoton 'yan ƙasa da aka gudanar a Nairobi, Mombasa da Kisumu a shekarar 2007 ya ba da bayani game da fahimtar abokan ciniki game da ingancin ruwa: kusan kashi 70% na gidajen da ke amfani da ruwa daga haɗin babban bututu sun ce sun sami ɗanɗano da warin ruwan a matsayin karɓarre, kuma ruwan yana da haske. Duk da haka, mafi yawan masu amsa tambayoyin suna tace ko tafasa ruwa kafin su sha, wanda hakan ke nuna rashin tabbas akai-akai game da ingancinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007] Retrieved 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar ba da hankali ga ma'aunin ingancin sinadaran ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Kenya saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da yanayin ƙasa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri, da matsin lamba daga gudanar da datti da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Alal misali, a kudu maso gabashin Kenya, akwai rahotannin cewa an bar rijiyoyin burtsatse saboda gishiri da yawan sinadarin iron. Masu amfani da ruwa a wannan shiyya suna haɗa ɗanɗanon gishiri na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da matsalar haƙori (dental fluorosis) da kuma matsalolin ciki da hanji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa ko'ina a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika duba su akai-akai ba. Misalan ma'aunai na farko sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Gabaɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Bayanan da ke akwai suna da bambanci saboda bincike yakan fi mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen yanayi da aka sani. Bugu da ƙari, akwai dakunan gwaje-gwaje kalilan a Kenya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan bincike na sinadarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

=== Dorewar samar da ruwa ===
Rahoton Taimako na shekarar 2015 ya ba da rahoton matsakaicin wadatar ruwa na awanni 18 a kowace rana, wanda ya ƙaru daga awanni 14 a shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanoni 9 ne kawai waɗanda yawancinsu ƙanana ne na WSPs ke samar da ruwa akai-akai har tsawon awanni 24 a kowace rana. A Nairobi, ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin awanni 18 a rana, sanka a Mombasa kuma na tsawon awanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;Continuity&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, lokutan ƙarancin ruwa na faruwa.

=== Maganin Ruwan Sha da Najasa ===
A cewar rahoton kimantawa na 2009, akwai tsarin magudanar ruwa 43 a Kenya da kuma wuraren tsaftace ruwan najasa a cikin garuruwa 15 (yawan jama’ar da ake yi wa hidima: mutane 900,000). Ikon aiki na wadannan wuraren tsaftacewa ya kai kashi 16% na ikon da aka tsara. Babban dalilan rashin inganci sun hada da rashin isasshen kulawa da aiki da kuma karancin haɗin jama’a zuwa magudanar ruwa. A Kenya, an kiyasta kashi 19% ne ke da haɗin kai zuwa magudanar ruwa (kashi 12% a wani rahoto).&lt;ref&gt;R. Gakubia, U. Pokorski and P. Onyango Upscaling Access to Sustainable Sanitation – Kenya, January 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519125341/http://waterforum.jp/eng/iys/agenda/doc/session1/12_Dr.UlrikePokorski.pdf |date=19 May 2016 }}, slide 7. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin ruwan najasa da ke shiga hanyar magudanar ruwa, kusan kashi 60% ne kawai ke isa wuraren tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen tsaftace ruwan najasa a Kenya ita ce tafkunan tsaftacewa. Daya daga cikin su shi ne tsarin Dandora Waste Stabilisation Pond wanda ke tsaftace ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje daga birnin Nairobi, kuma shi ne mafi girma a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;H.W. Pearson, S.T. Avery, S.W. Mills, P. Njaggah and P. Odiambo Performance of the phase II Dandora waste stabilisation ponds: The case for anaerobic ponds, ''Water Science and Technology'' Volume 33, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 91–98. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Amma haɗa ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na haɗe yana haifar da matsaloli a aikin tafkunan tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot;&gt;Institute of Economic Affairs: A Rapid Assessment of Kenya's Water, Sanitation and Sewerage Framework, June 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182032/http://www.ieakenya.or.ke/documents/Water%20Framework%20Study%20-%20A%20Rapid%20Assessment%20of%20Kenyas%20Water%20Sanitation%20and%20Sewarage%20Framework.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
Tarihin fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Kenya yana da alaƙa da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin hukumomi wanda ya haifar da rashin inganci da yawa, da kuma yunƙurin gyare-gyare na gaba.

=== Farkon somawa ===
Tarihin samar da ruwan famfo a Kenya za a iya samo asalinsa ne tun lokacin kariya na Gabashin Afrika (East African Protectorate). A wancan lokacin, samar da ruwa ya fi mayar da hankali ne ga buƙatun matsugunan 'yan fashin mulkin mallaka. Hukumar kula da samar da ruwa ta kasance a ƙarƙashin Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Hydraulic Branch, wanda ya fara aiki a birnin Mombasa na bakin teku. Gina layin dogon Uganda (Uganda Railway) a shekarar 1896 ya ba da gagarumin ƙarfin gwiwa ga haɓaka bututun ruwa a cikin ƙasar tare da layin dogon.

=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka ===
Tsakanin shekarar 1920 zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, an yi yunƙurin farko na daidaita samar da ruwa a cikin mallakar da kuma kariya ta Kenya, yayin da hukumomi da yawa suka raba alhakin. A cikin shekarun 1950 da farkon 60s, an raba alhakin gudanar da samar da ruwa tsakanin hukumomi uku: Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da ke aiki a cibiyoyin birane tare da samar da sabis na ruwa na tsakiya; Hukumomin Gida waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da ikon sarrafa samar da ruwa; da Sashen Haɓaka Ruwa, wanda ke da alhakin haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyin birane da karkara. Kamfanin Mombasa Pipeline Work ne ya samar da babban ruwa ga Mombasa, yayin da sashen ruwa ke gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullum na bututun ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda ɗaya don gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa. A shekarar 1952 aka kafa dokar ruwa ta &quot;Water Act Cap 372&quot;, wadda ta kasance tushen doka ga fannin ruwa har zuwa shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section until Kenyan independence: pp.271–280. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ƙaramin fannin tsaftar muhalli, babu wani tsarin hukuma mai aiki shi ma. A hukumance, Dokar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta shekarar 1921 ta ba Ma'aikatar Lafiya rawar gudanar da tsaftar muhalli, amma da kyar aka aiwatar da ita. Bayan haka, alurnmar gida sun ƙi amfani da matakan tsafta da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya musu. Tsakanin shekarar 1929 da 1939 an gudanar da kamfen na ilimantar da jama'a kan lafiyar jama'a wanda ya haifar da yaɗuwar banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Sanitation in Kenya: pp.296–305. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabanin shekarar 1954, nau'ikan tsaftar muhalli daban-daban suna amfani a sassan Kenya daban-daban: banɗakunan rami suna amfani a mafi yawancin wuraren ajiye 'yan ƙasa, banɗakunan bokiti sun mamaye garuruwa yayin da ake amfani da tsaftar ruwa a sassan Turawa na manyan garuruwa. Lokacin boren Mau Mau, an tattara 'yan Afirka a sansanonin tsare mutane kuma an rufe kasuwannin gida don tsoron tawaye. Wannan ya haifar da watsar da tsaftar muhalli da ta dace da kuma karuwar banɗakunan bai-ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;/&gt;

=== Kenya mai zaman kanta (1963–1980) ===
Yayin da Kenya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, yunƙurin sauƙaƙe gudanar da samar da ruwa ya haifar da tura dukkan ƙungiyoyin da ke da alhakin ruwa zuwa Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona a shekarar 1964. Rarraba alhaki da iko, duk da haka, ba su fito fili ba kuma sun haifar da cikas da rashin aiki. A shekarar 1965, gwamnatin da Jomo Kenyatta ya jagoranta ta bayyana a cikin Takardar Zama Na 10 kan gurguzu na Afirka da aikace-aikacensa ga tsare-tsare a Kenya cewa dole ne a fuskantar da manufofin gwamnati zuwa ga kawar da talauci, rashin karatu da cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1963–1980): pp.280–286. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Citizen Report Card ya nuna cewa ana amfani da tankunan septic wajen zubar da ruwan najasa daga bayan gida a Mombasa. Masu amfani da bayan gida na rami daga Nairobi, Kisumu da Mombasa sun nuna cewa wani bangare na ruwan najasa yana shiga cikin magudanar ruwan sama, wuraren shan ruwan kasa da wuraren zubar da ruwan kicin, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurbatar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2001, wani lamari na gurbatar muhalli ya faru a garin Embu. An zubar da ruwan najasa daga wurin tsaftacewa zuwa cikin kogi kusa da garin, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 28 da suka yi amfani da ruwan don bukatun gida.&lt;ref&gt;Daily Nation – Typhoid Death Toll Is 28 (27 February 2001) Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ya fara lokacin shiga tsakani na manufofin ruwa da gwamnati ta yi, bisa ƙa'idar cewa ruwa abu ne na zamantakewa da za a samar kyauta ko kuma a tallafa masa. Sakamakon haka, kuɗaɗen ruwa tsakanin shekarar 1970 da 1981 an tallafa musu sosai kuma sun saba wa ƙa'idar dawo da kuɗin aiki. Ko'ina a cikin shekarun 1960, an gudanar da Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli wanda WHO-UNICEF suka tallafa masa a Kenya da nufin haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga ƙananan alurnmun karkara, inganta hanyoyin zubar da shara da kuma ba da ilimin tsafta ga alurnmar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

Tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara da aka kafa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, majalisun gundumomi ne ke gudanar da su (a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida). A shekarar 1972 kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara 560 ke gudana a Kenya kuma sun samar da ruwa ga alurnma kusan 664,000, UNICEF ta ruwaito. Alurnmun gida kuma sun fara haɓaka nasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa da kafa kwamitocin ruwa: sun sami horo game da tsarin ƙira, lissafin hydraulic, farashi da hanyoyin ƙaddamarwa. Wani bincike na gaba da UNICEF ta gudanar a shekarar 1974 ya nuna matsaloli da yawa da suka shafi waɗannan ayyukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 1970 Gwamnatin Kenya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bashi da ƙasar Sweden don tallafawa Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa na Karkara. Hukumar WHO za ta samar da bincike kan yanayin ruwa a ƙasar. Binciken, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1973, ya nuna cewa a Kenya akwai babban rashi na manyan ma'aikata da na fasaha; yayin da masu ba da gudummawa za su iya samar da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen haɓakawa, kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa na yanzu ba za a iya biya su ta hanyar kuɗaɗen gida ba kuma Gwamnati ba ta da tsarin dogon lokaci na haɓaka samar da ruwa. A martanin hakan, an ƙirƙiri cikakkiyar Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa a shekarar 1974. Ma'aikatar ta karɓi tsare-tsaren ruwa da gwamnati ke gudanarwa da kuma waɗanda majalisun gundumomi ke gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar aka ƙaddamar da Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa. Babban burinsa shine haɓaka sabbin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da kuma tabbatar da samun ruwan sha a cikin tazara mai kyau ga daukacin 'yan Kenya. Yunƙurin ya ɗauki taken, &quot;Ruwa ga kowa nan da shekarar 2000&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Lokacin mika mulki (1980–1992) ===
A cikin shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara fuskantar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya sanya matsin lamba ga ayyukan babban buri na samar da ruwa mai tsafta ga kowa da kuma faɗaɗa tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa. An ba da fifiko ga gyaran tsare-tsaren da ke akwai da kuma gina manyan ayyukan ruwa kamar tsare-tsaren ruwa na Baricho da Kilimanjaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1980 aka kafa Majalisar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa don faɗakar da alurnma game da fa'idodin lafiya na tsaftar muhalli da kuma ba da shawara da jagorantar hukumomin gida kan lamarin. Majalisar ta baje a hankali ba tare da cimma rantsuwarta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1983 wani Binciken Amfanin Ruwa da Hukumar SIDA ta gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa yanayin ba mai dorewa bane kuma ya ba da shawarar rarraba iko da cire alhakin aiki da kulawa daga Ma'aikatar. Don inganta ayyuka da inganci da kuma rage nauyin kuɗi na fannin ruwa, a watan Yunin shekarar 1988 aka kafa Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa (NWCPC). Rawarsa ita ce gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a ƙarƙashin ikon jiha a kan tsarin kasuwanci.

=== Kasuwancin kayan aiki na gida ===
Amma tsarin tsakiya ya gaza cimma gyare-gyare. Haka nan ra'ayin ƙirƙirar kamfanonin kasuwanci na gwamnatin gida ya fito. An tsara Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa na Biyu a shekarar 1992, kuma an tattauna sabuwar hanyar manufofin da ke jaddada rarraba iko da kuma hanyar da buƙata ke tafiyar da ita a matakin ƙasa. Birnin Eldoret ya ci gaba a shekarar 1994 kuma ya kafa sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa tare da kuɗaɗen da ke daban da kasafin kuɗin gundumar. Hukumar kamfanin ta haɗa da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai (NGOs), ƙungiyoyin mata, rukunin 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu da Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Kaya ta Kenya. Kasuwancin kamfanin a Eldoret da kuma a Nyeri da Kericho an tallafa masa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɓakawa na Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;&gt;Wambua Sammy: [http://www.boell.de/internationalepolitik/internationale-politik-3730.html Water Privatisation in Kenya], Global Issue Paper No. 8, [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]], 2004, p. 12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara wannan tsarin ta Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida, ta hanyar Dokar Kamfanoni Cap. 486 na shekarar 1996 wanda ya ba da damar kafa kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na jama'a, masu gudanar da kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;/&gt; Har zuwa shekarar 2002, wannan tsarin ya haifar da gagarumin gyare-gyare dangane da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), inganta karɓar kuɗaɗen baki da ƙarancin ƙarfe-ƙarfe a Nyeri da Eldoret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;/&gt; Koyaya, sauran kamfanonin ruwa na gida a Kitale da Nakuru dole ne gwamnatin ƙasa ta sake karɓarsu saboda matsalolin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1980–2002): pp.286–297. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1999, aka buga Manufar Ƙasa ta Fari ta Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa. Manufar ta bayyana cewa gwamnati za ta &quot;mika&quot; tsarin ruwan birane zuwa sassan masu zaman kansu a cikin hukumomin gida, da kuma samar da ruwan karkara ga alurnmu. Wani tanadi na wannan takarda shine sanya ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarƙashin kamfanoni guda ɗaya. Yayin da take haɓaka Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Gwamnati ta kuma kafa Hukumar Aiki ta Ƙasa don duba Dokar Ruwa, Cap 372, da kuma tsara gyare-gyare da za su haifar da cikakken garambawul ga fannin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Sake tsara hukumomin ruwa (2002–2011) ===
Tsarin doka na yanzu ga fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Kenya ya dogara ne akan &quot;Water Act No. 8 of 2002&quot; wanda ya fara aiki a watan Maris na shekarar 2003.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/images/stories/Water%20Act.pdf Water Act 2002] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta gabatar da gyare-gyare masu nisa bisa ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:
* raba gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga samar da ayyukan ruwa;
* raba tsara manufofi daga gudanarwa da tsari na yau da kullum;
* rarraba ayyuka zuwa sassan jihar na matakin ƙasa;
* shigar da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da kuma samar da ayyukan ruwa.
Aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ya haifar da sake tsara fannin mai faɗi sosai kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin hukumomi. An kafa Sakatariyar Gyaran Fannin Ruwa (WSRS) a matsayin rukunin mika mulki a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa don kula da kafa sabbin hukumomin fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2004, aka kafa Asusun Amana na Fannin Ruwa (WSTF) don ba da taimakon kuɗi ga kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ayyuka (yawanci matalauta ke zaune). An tsara Tsarin Canja wuri a shekarar 2005 (ta hanyar Sanarwar Shari'a Lamba 101 ta 12 Agusta 2005) don jagorantar tura ma'aikata da kaddarori daga gwamnatin tsakiya zuwa Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa da aka kafa kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Mumma [http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf Kenya's new water law: an analysis of the implications for the rural poor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101236/http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }} 26–28 January 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Don jagorantar aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa, an tsara daftarin &quot;Dabarun Ayyukan Ruwa na Ƙasa&quot; (NWSS) na shekarun 2007-2015 a watan Yunin shekarar 2007. Rantsuwarsa ita ce &quot;cimma manufofin sanarwar MDG da Vision 2030 na Gwamnatin Kenya game da samun ruwa mai tsafta da mai sauƙin kuɗi da tsaftar muhalli na asali ta hanyar hukumomi masu amgawa a cikin tsarin da aka ayyana na ma'aunai da tsari.&quot; NWSS ta dogara ne akan gano samun dorewar ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli na asali a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kayan tattalin arziki. Daga cikin manyan alkawuran akwai: dawo da kuɗi ta hanyar masu samar da ayyukan ruwa don tabbatar da dorewar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa da kuma tsara samar da sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MWI – SP&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.cohre.org/store/attachments/RTWP%20-%20NWSS%20June%2007%20draft.pdf The National Water Services Strategy (NWSS)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 3 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, MWI ta kuma ba da cikakken tsarin aiwatarwa na goyon bayan matalauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2010 Kenya ta amshi sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin Shafi na 43(1). Musamman ma, ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin &quot;samun gidaje masu dacewa da kuma ma'aunai masu kyau na tsaftar muhalli&quot;, da kuma haƙƙin &quot;samun ruwa mai tsafta da kariya a cikin adadi mai gamsarwa&quot;.

=== Dokar Ruwa ta 2015 da Dokar Ruwa ta kasa ta 2016 ===
An kaddamar da sabuwar dokar ruwa a shekarar 2015. Dokar ta canza rukunoni takwas na Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa (Kamfanonin Riko da Kaddarori) zuwa Hukumomin Haɓaka Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gunduma ta Kenya. Wannan ya yi daidai da rarraba ikon da aka tsara a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya na shekarar 2010. Har ila yuzu, Kamfanon Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa ya zama Hukumar Adana Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa ta zama Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa kuma Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa ya zama Hukumar Amana ta Fannin Ruwa. An yi nufin dokar a matsayin ingantaccen sigar Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002, maimakon wani gagarumin gyare-gyare na daban na fannin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ochieng|first=Wesonga|title=Kenya: Water Bill 2012 Set to Transform Water Sector|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209250084.html|publisher=allAfrica.com|access-date=27 December 2012|date=24 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Draft Water Bill 2012|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/257994-1335471959878/draft-water-bill-2012.pdf|access-date=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar - wadda ke ƙarƙashin tattaunawa tun shekarar 2012 - a ƙarshe majalisar dokoki ta zartar da ita a matsayin The Water Bill, 2014 (Bill No. 7 of 2014) a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Water Bill, 2014, Bill No. 7 of 2014|url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182|publisher=Republic of Kenya, Parliament|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055413/http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Ruwa ta ƙasa ta shekarar 2016 ta fayyace wasu sassa na samar da sabis da tsarin sabbin hukumomin ƙasa. Koyaya, rabon kasafin kuɗi na gundumomi, musamman ga fannin ruwa na karkara da hukumomi kamar makarantu da dakunan shan magani sun kasance marasa tabbas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Nyaga |last2=Cliff |last3=Hope |first3=Rob |last4=Kiamba |first4=Pauline |last5=Gladstone |first5=Nancy |last6=Thomas |first6=Mike |last7=Mumma |first7=Albert |last8=Trevett |first8=Andrew |date=2022 |title=Water policy, politics, and practice: The case of Kitui County, Kenya |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=4 |doi=10.3389/frwa.2022.1022730 |issn=2624-9375|doi-access=free|hdl=1871.1/f4db2fcc-1c4e-4a11-bb5e-24f22433693c |hdl-access=free }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta amince da rawar da hukumomin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ke takawa a fannin ruwa. Tana ƙirƙirar &quot;sarari&quot; na doka wanda ƙwararrun masu samar da sabis na kulawa za su iya haɓaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Alhaki akan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ==

=== Tsara manufofi da daidaita fannoni ===
'''Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa''' (MWI) ita ce mabuɗiyar hukuma da ke da alhakin fannin ruwa a Kenya. Ma'aikatar ta kasu kashi biyar: Gudanarwa da Ayyukan Tallafi, Ayyukan Ruwa, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa, da Farfaɗo da Kasa. Ana kula da samar da ruwa ne ta hannun Sashen Ayyukan Ruwa, wanda ayyukansa suka haɗa da: tsara manufofi da dabarun ayyukan ruwa da magudanun ruwa, daidaita fannoni da sanya idanu kan sauran hukumomin ayyukan ruwa. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa kuma ita ce ke da alhakin gabaɗayan saka hannun jari na fannin, tsare-tsare da tattara albarkatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;plan&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar tsaftar muhalli tana hannun '''Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaftar Muhalli''' (MoPHS).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/government/health.htm Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation – Functions] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don daidaita tsarin hukumomi don tsaftar muhalli, MWI da MoPHS sun ɓullo da wani tsari na sirri na &quot;Water Supply and Sanitation Concept&quot; tare da bayyana takamaiman manufofin tsaftar muhalli. Tun da farko a shekarar 2011, Ministan Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ita ce Charity Ngilu, shugabar jam'iyyar National Party of Kenya, wadda ke goyon bayan Firayim Minista Raila Odinga. Ministan Lafiya da Tsaftar Muhalli ita ce Beth Mugo na jam'iyyar Party of National Unity ta Shugaba Mwai Kibaki.

Sauran Ma'aikatun su ma suna taka rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da MWI da MoPHS a fannin tsaftar muhalli na makarantu ta hanyar shiga cikin Kwomitocin Shirye-shiryen Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli. Sashen Daidaita Fannin Noma yana duba duk wasu batutuwa da suka shafi noma, gami da ban ruwa wanda MWI ke kula da shi. MWI kuma tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatun Gandun Daji, na Muhalli da na Shirye-shiryen Musamman don ci gaba da farfaɗowa da kula da hasumiya na ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review3&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.62–64 &quot;Intra and Inter-Ministerial Coordination&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ka'idoji ===
'''Ka'idojin tattalin arziki.''' Hukumar Tsara Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) ce ke gudanar da tsari da sanya idanu kan samar da ayyukan ruwa na birane da karkara. WASREB wani kamfani ne na jiha wanda ba na kasuwanci ba wanda aka kafa a watan Maris na shekarar 2003 bisa ga Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da: ba da lasisi ga hukumomin ayyukan ruwa da amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Samar da Ayyuka, haɓaka jagororin kuɗin fito da gudanar da shawarwarin kuɗin fito, kafa ma'aunai da haɓaka jagororin samar da sabis, buga sakamakon sanya idanu na fannin a cikin hanyar rahotanni na kwatanta (kamar Rahoton Tasiri).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=50&amp;Itemid=94 Water Services Regulatory Board – Institutional Profile]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsarin muhalli''' a Kenya ana gudanar da shi ne ta Hukumar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMA). An kafa NEMA ne a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa da Daidaita Muhalli Lamba 8 na shekarar 1999 kuma ta fara aiki a watan Yuli na shekarar 2002. Rawarta ita ce haɓaka haɗakar duba lamuran muhalli cikin manufofin gwamnati, tsare-tsare, shirye-shirye da ayyuka. Game da fannin ruwa musamman, NEMA ita ke da alhakin tsara ƙa'idojin ingancin ruwa (an fayyace sigar yanzu a shekarar 2006).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf Water Quality Regulations – 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211230720/http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf |date=11 February 2025 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/index.php?option=com_frontpage&amp;Itemid=1 National Environment Management Authority, Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanar da kaddarori ===
Sakamakon gyare-gyaren fannoni, an mika alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli zuwa hukumomin yanki guda takwas na '''Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSBs): Athi (wanda ke hidima ga babban birnin kasar Nairobi), Coast, Tana, Lake Victoria North, Lake Victoria South, Northern, Rift Valley Water Services Board, kuma tun shekarar 2008, Tanathi Water Services Board. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa suna da alhakin gudanar da kaddarori, wato, don haɓakawa da farfaɗo da dabarun ruwa da magudanun ruwa, don tsara saka hannun jari da aiwatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/Resources/2009_17mon/Kenya_Water_Human_Rights_brochure-final.pdf Water Sector Reform in Kenya and the Human Right to Water – October 2007] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka kafa WSBs, an soki su a matsayin &quot;wani tsari na zama murnuci mara amfani&quot; wanda ke haifar da &quot;haɗewar ayyuka&quot; saboda su &quot;masu tsari ne (tare da WSRB) kuma masu yin wasa a kasuwa&quot; sannan kuma &quot;guda ɗaya... waɗanda ke da nisa da inda ake yin hidima&quot;. WSBs suna aiki a ƙarƙashin lasisi, amma an soki tsarin ba da lasisin a matsayin &quot;na hukuma, mai wahala da rikitarwa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=J. M. Migai Akech, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Nairobi|title=Governing Water And Sanitation in Kenya: Public Law, Private Sector Participation and the Elusive Quest for a Suitable Institutional Framework|url=http://www.ielrc.org/activities/workshop_0704/content/d0702.pdf|publisher=Paper prepared for the workshop entitled 'Legal Aspects of Water Sector Reforms' to be organised in Geneva from 20 to 21 April 2007 by the International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC) in the context of the Research partnership 2006–2009 on water law sponsored by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)|access-date=27 December 2012|pages=32–33|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da sabis ===
Alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana hannun Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa. Koyaya, ba lallai ba ne su samar da ayyuka kai tsaye - suna iya mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati masu daidaiton kasuwanci, waɗanda ake kira '''Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSPs). Ana tsara samar da sabis ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin samar da sabis (SPAs) don tabbatar da bin ma'aunai akan inganci, matakan sabis da ayyukan da WASREB ta kafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wwap&quot;&gt;World Water Assessment Programme: [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf Kenya National Water Development Report – 2006] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rukunoni biyu na WSPs:

* ayyukan jama'a - akwai WSPs guda 89 a cikin wannan rukunin, gami da kamfanoni masu iyakataccen alhaki a yankunan birane na hukumomin gida guda ɗaya ko fiye da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa a yankunan karkara.
* '''kamfanoni masu zaman kansu''' - akwai WSPs guda biyu kacal ƙanana a cikin wannan rukunin, Kamfanin Ruwa na Runda da Aikin Ruwa na Kiamumbi.

Masu samar da ayyuka na yau da kullum '''ƙananan masu samar da sabis''' (SSPs) suna samar da ruwa a cikin karkara da birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Wasu daga cikinsu suna sayar da ruwa ne daga manyan motocin dakon kaya ko ta jeri-kani, galibi akan farashin da ya ninka na ruwan famfo sau biyar zuwa goma. Wasu kuma ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ne, waɗanda mata ke gudanar da su galibi, waɗanda ke samar da ruwan famfo. Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa yana ƙoƙarin tsara samar da sabis a cikin matsugunai masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Ya ɓullo da ra'ayoyi na ƙasa guda biyu don samar da sabis ga matalauta. Na farko shi ne Tsarin Ayyukan Al'umma, wanda ke samar da kuɗi ga al'ummomin gida da ke son bin mafi ƙarancin ma'aunai na sabis. Na biyu, &quot;Urban Poor Concept&quot; an aiwatar da shi a cikin birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi tun shekarar 2007 kuma ya haifar da gina runfuna ko kantunan ruwa da yawa waɗanda suka dace da ma'aunai na dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review4&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.65–66 &quot;Human right to WSS.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfani da ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ana iya samunsa a Nyalenda, wata unguwa matalauciya mai mazauna kusan 60,000 a Kisumu. Kamfanin na gida yana sayar da ruwa mai yawa ga ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai waɗanda kuma suke gudanar da hanyoyin sadarwa da runfunan ruwa a cikin unguwanninsu.&lt;ref&gt;Dailymotion Video: [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xc7cv1_afd-rendez-vous-au-kenya-gestion-de_webcam AFD Rendez-vous au Kenya, Gestion de l'eau], accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.''' Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna taka rawa mai iyaka, amma ba maras amfani ba wajen gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a Kenya. Tun daga shekarar 1975 Runda Water Limited ke samar da ruwan famfo ga Gidajen Zama na Zartarwa na Tsohon Runda a Nairobi. A shekarar 2008, Runda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da Athi WSB don samar da ruwa ga mazauna wasu rukunonin gidaje biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rundaestate.com/runda/runda_inner.asp?pcat=services&amp;cat=water Runda Estate Association website] Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1995 an sanya hannu kan kwangilar sabis tsakanin NWCPC da Gauff Consulting Engineers don tallafawa hukumomin gida a garin Malindi na bakin teku wajen lissafin kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga. An tsawaita kwangilar daga watanni bakwai da rabi zuwa shekaru uku da rabi. Bayan kammala shi a shekarar 1999, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa tsakanin Kamfanin Ruwa na Malindi da kamfani mai zaman kansa na tsawon shekaru huɗu don tallafawa kamfanin akan fannonin fasaha da kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;Ballance, T. and S. Tremolet:Private sector participation in urban water supply in Sub-Sahara Africa, GTZ, 2005, quoted in:Agro Paris Tech &amp; Group SUEZ: [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/28316800/MANAGEMENT-CONTRACTS-IN-DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES Management Contracts in Developing Countries] February 2008, pp.8–9. Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

An ɗauki kwangilar a matsayin mai nasara kuma bayan ta ƙare, alhakin samar da sabis ya koma ga sassan gwamnati. A cikin ƙaramin garin Tala a shekarar 1999, majalisar gundumar Kangundo ta shiga kwangilar samar da ruwa na tsawon shekaru 30 tare da Romane Agencies Ltd. Kwangilar ta yi hasashen cewa za a biya kashi 10% na kuɗaɗen shiga ga majalisar garin. Ya zuwa yau, an sami ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ingancin sabis, amma samar da ruwa har yanzu ya kasance babban ƙalubale.

=== Sasantawa a fannin ruwa ===
Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta kuma ba da damar kafa wata '''Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa''' mai zaman kanta don daidaita koke-koke da rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt; An kafa Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa a shekarar 2005 a Nairobi amma tun lokacin shari'o'i uku kacal aka yanke shawara akansu. Wasu ƙarin daukaka ƙara guda biyar suna jiran a duba su saboda shugaban ya yi murabus a watan Maris na shekarar 2009 kuma wa'adin sauran mambobin hukumar guda biyu ba a tsawaita ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;review5&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.32–34 &quot;Ruling on appeals – WAB.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin sa-kai ===
Kenya tana da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai masu ƙwazo da suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da ke aiki a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Da yawa daga cikinsu mambobi ne na Hanyar Sadarwar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Kenya ([https://kewasnet.co.ke/ Kewasnet]) da aka kafa a shekarar 2007. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, Kewasnet tana sanya idanu kan isar da sabis, musamman ga matalauta, da aiwatar da manufofi kan gyare-gyaren fannin ruwa. Har ila yuzu tana &quot;ba da bayanai ga 'yan Kenya don ba su damar shiga da kuma shiga cikin hanyoyin gudanarwa da yanke shawara na Fannin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli&quot;. Tana kuma &quot;haɓaka al'adar alhakin mabukaci wanda ke biyan ayyukan da aka samar daga kamfanonin amfani, kiyaye ababen more rayuwa na ayyukan ruwa da kayan aiki daga barna ta hanyar masu laifi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kenya Water and Sanitation Network (KEWASNET):[http://www.kewasnet.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=48&amp;Itemid=54 What we do], retrieved on 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Kenya da ke aiki a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ita ce &quot;Maji Na Ufanisi&quot; (Ruwa da Ci gaba). Tana da hannu cikin ci gaban al'umma da ginin ababen more rayuwa a cikin ƙauyuka na birane da ƙananan garuruwa, tana ba da shawarar ingantaccen gudanar da fanni tare da gudanar da bincike. An ƙirƙiri ta ne a shekarar 1998 don karɓar ayyukan WaterAid UK na Kenya lokacin da na ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar rufe ayyukansu a Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Maji na Ufanisi|title=Background of Maji na Ufanisi|url=http://www.majinaufanisi.org/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=itemlist&amp;layout=category&amp;task=category&amp;id=34&amp;Itemid=128|access-date=12 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan WASH ga makarantu ===
Wani rahoto a shekarar 2021 ya bincika ayyukan ruwa a makarantu a Kenya. Ya gano cewa &quot;alhakin ayyukan WASH a cikin makarantu a matakin gunduma ya kasance mai rikitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hope, R., Katuva, J., Nyaga, C., Koehler, J., Charles, K., Nowicki, S., Dyer, E., Olago, D., Tanui, F., Trevett, A., Thomas, M., and Gladstone, N. (2021). [https://reachwater.uk/resource/delivering-safely-managed-water-to-schools-in-kenya/ Delivering safely-managed water to schools in Kenya]. REACH Working Paper 8, University of Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-1-874370-82-6&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|3}} Daidaitawa mai inganci tsakanin gwamnatin ƙasa da ta gundumomi babu shi. Don haka, kowace makaranta tana da alhakin kashin kanta wajen gudanar da isar da ayyukan WASH na kanta. A halin yanzu babu ingantaccen sanya idanu da tsari don wannan tsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}}

== Ingantaccen tattalin arziki ==
Hukumar WASREB tana sanya idanu na kusa kan ayyukan tattalin arziki na Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya, kuma ana samun hakan a cikin &quot;Rahoton Tasiri&quot; (Impact Report) don ƙarfafa gasa da yaɗa mafi kyawun ayyuka. Muhimman alamomin ingantaccen tattalin arziki sune: ƙimar karɓar kuɗi, matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), rabon sanya mita da kuma yawan aikin ma'aikata. Mafi yawancin Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya ba su cika ma'aunai a cikin waɗannan ɓangarori ba.

'''Kimar karbar kudi.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-14 mafi yawancin WSPs na Kenya sun yi rikodin ingon gudanar da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga tare da matsakaicin kashi 93%, sama da kashi 86% a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanin da ya fi kowane rashin tabuka abin a zo a gani shi ne Mawingo, inda kashi 40% kacal na adadin kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa aka karɓa. A wasu kamfanoni, ƙimar karɓar kuɗin ta wuce kashi 100% saboda WSPs sun sami damar karɓar tsoffin bashi da ake bin masu amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|pages=24 and 31–36|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudi (Non-revenue water).''' A matsakaici, kashi 42% na ruwan da aka samar a Kenya ba a lissafa kuɗinsa ba a cikin shekarar 2013-2014, misali saboda zubar ruwa ta hanyar fasa bututu ko satar ruwa. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda ɗaya kacal (Nyeri) ne suka cika ma'aunin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta gitta na samun matakan NRW ƙasa da kashi 20%. A birnin Nairobi matakan NRW sun kasance kashi 39%, a Mombasa kuma kashi 48%. Dangane da farashin rukunin samarwa, asarar da aka yi a fadin ƙasar saboda ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi a cikin shekarar 2014 an kiyasta ta kai Shilling na Kenya (KSh) biliyan 5.2, wanda ya yi daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;

'''Rabon sanya mita.''' Rabon sanya mita na kamfanonin ruwa na Kenya ya kasance kashi 89% a cikin shekarar 2013-14, sama da kashi 82% a cikin shekarar 2006-2007. To sai dai kuma, akwai rashin tabbas kan ko mitocin ruwan da aka girka suna aiki a aikace. An ƙara rabon sanya mita a birnin Nairobi zuwa kashi 99% a cikin shekarar 2006-07, amma kuma ya sake raguwa zuwa kashi 94% a cikin shekarar 2013-14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;impact4&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Metering Ratio – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.31–33. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Yawan aikin ma'aikata.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-2014 an sami matsakaicin ma'aikata 7 ga kowane haɗin ruwa (connections) 1000 a Kenya, wani babban ci gaba ne idan aka kwatanta da ma'aikata 11 a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda bakwai, dukkansu manya ne, sun sami kyakkyawan mataki na yawan aikin ma'aikata, tare da ma'aikata 5 ko ƙasa da haka ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000, sama da guda ɗaya kacal a cikin shekarar 2006-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Staff per 1000 connections – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.35–36. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bangarorin kudi ==

=== Dawo da kudaden aiki ===
A cikin shekarar 2014, WSPs sun dawo da kusan kashi 100% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa a matsakaici. Koyaya, duk kamfanonin ban da guda huɗu sun gaza cimma burin dawo da kashi 150% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa don biyan bashi da kuma haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na kansu. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ya kamata su biya kuɗaɗen gudanarwansu ta hanyar Harajin Tsari (Regulatory Levy) da suke karɓa daga WSPs a yankin hidimarsu. A zahiri, Hukumar Athi WSB ce kawai ta sami damar biyan kashi 115% na kuɗaɗen gudanarwa a cikin shekarar 2006/2007. Sauran WSBs har yanzu sun dogara kacokan akan tallafin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Performance analysis of Water services boards – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.54–57. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matakin kudin fito (Tariff level) ===
Matsakaicin kuɗin fito na ruwa da aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 2014 ya kasance KSh 60 jewa dalar Amurka 0.60 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Wannan adadin ba ya nuna ainihin yanayin saboda akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma saboda a Kenya ana amfani da tsarin kuɗin fito na gungun ci gaba (progressive block tariff system) don haɗin gidaje. Wannan yana nufin cewa don m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 na farko ana biyan mafi ƙarancin kuɗi wanda ya dace da ƙaramin kuɗin fito mai tallafi mai yawa, yayin da gungun na gaba (har zuwa 20, 50, 100 da 300 gami da sama da 300 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) ana cajin kuɗin fito mafi girma a jere, tare da kuɗin fito a cikin mafi girman gungu wanda ya ninka na mafi ƙanƙanta sau biyar. Idan ba a girka mita ba, ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun caji na kowane wata. Manufar wannan tsarin ita ce haɓaka dabarun adana ruwa da tabbatar da cewa gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi za su iya samun damar amfani da isasshen adadin ruwa. Koyaya, akwai matsaloli game da wannan tsarin, saboda gidaje a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi suna sake sayar da ruwa ko kuma raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya da sauran gidaje kuma ta haka suna fuskantar haɗarin ƙarewa da biyan kuɗin fito mafi girma.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Misali, a yankin karkara na Mwingi-North, ana ɗauko ruwa ne daga madatsar ruwa ta Kiambere da ke kan kogin Tana kuma ana sayar da shi ga gidajen da ba su da haɗin ruwan famfo akan farashi mai tallafi na dalar Amurka 1 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a cikin shekarar 2014 (ko KSh 2 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hoque |first1=Sonia Ferdous |last2=Hope |first2=Robert |date=2018 |title=The water diary method – proof-of-concept and policy implications for monitoring water use behaviour in rural Kenya |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/20/4/725/39060/The-water-diary-method-proofofconcept-and-policy |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=725–743 |doi=10.2166/wp.2018.179 |issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin yanki guda, ana samun ruwa daga zurfafan rijiyoyin burtsatse da hanyoyin adana ruwa na duwatsu na halitta sannan a sayar da shi a runfunan ruwa akan farashi na dalar Amurka 1 zuwa 2.5 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 2 zuwa 5 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Wani lokaci mutane kan sayi ruwa daga masu siyar da ruwa na yawo amma wannan ya fi tsada: dalar Amurka 2.5 zuwa 10 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 5 zuwa 20 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Bayanai game da kuɗaɗen fito a runfunan ruwa sun saba wa juna. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 game da biranen Kenya guda uku ya nuna cewa ƙimar rukunin don runfunan ruwa ya kasance KSh.10/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Nairobi, KSh.15/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Mombasa, da KSh.55/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Kisumu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 51, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, rahoton guda ya bayyana a baya cewa masu amfani da runfunan ruwa suna biyan KSh.100/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a dukkan biranen guda uku, wanda aka ce ya ninka sau biyar zuwa goma abin da mutanen da ke samun ruwansu ta hanyar sadarwa zuwa gidajensu suke biya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 3, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu wani kuɗin fito na magudanun ruwa (sewer tariff) a Kenya, don haka kaddarorin da ke da haɗin gwiwa da hanyoyin magudanun ruwa suna samun wannan sabis kyauta, kodayake magudanun ruwa da sarrafa ruwan datti suna da tsada daidai da samar da ruwan sha ko ma fiye da haka. A cikin shekarar 2013 wani bincike da hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji ta ɗauki nauyinsa ya ba da shawarar gabatar da harajin magudanun ruwa na kashi 5% a matsayin ƙarin caji akan lissafin kuɗin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=6|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bayan kuɗaɗen fito, Kenya ta kuma gabatar da caji don hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da na saman ƙasa.

=== Daidaita kudin fito (Tariff adjustments) ===
Sanya kuɗin fito alhakin Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ne da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa dangane da kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Dole ne kuɗaɗen fito su sami amincewar WASREB, wadda kuma za ta iya umurtar WSB ta tsara daidaiton kuɗin fito. Akwai nau'ikan daidaiton kuɗin fito guda uku, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin &quot;Jagororin Kuɗin Fito&quot; (Tariff Guidelines): Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Kai-da-kai dangane da tsarin kasuwanci na WSPs; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman lokacin da tsarin kuɗi ya sami gagarumin canji; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Atomatiki kowane bayan watanni 12 wanda zai iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da WSP.&lt;ref&gt;WASREB: [http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=63 Tariff Guidelines] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2008 an ba da izinin Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman ga dukkan WSPs a matsayin matakin wucin gadi don taimaka wa WSPs biyan kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Kuɗaɗen fito na ayyukan magudanun ruwa suna cikin daidaiton kuɗin fito kuma burin shi ne a kai ga dawo da cikakken kuɗin aiki har ma ga tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin ruwa tana sane da cewa cikakken dawo da kuɗin aiki na kuɗaɗen fito na magudanun ruwa don wasu tsare-tsaren zai sa samar da sabis ɗin ya gaza kasancewa mai sauƙin kuɗi ga gidaje da yawa da ke da haɗin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review6&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.48–49 &quot;WSS tariffs.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saka hannun jari ===
Dangane da Binciken Fannin Ruwa na Shekara-shekara na 2013-14, saka hannun jari a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na birane ya kai KSh biliyan 12 a cikin shekarar 2013-14 (dalar Amurka miliyan 120) idan aka kwatanta da buƙatar saka hannun jari na kusan KSh biliyan 75 duk shekara (dalar Amurka miliyan 750).&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact Investment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=8|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, kasafin kuɗinta na samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance KSh biliyan 18.7 ko dalar Amurka miliyan 242.8 a cikin Shekarar Kuɗi ta 2008-09, don haka ya kasance mafi girma fiye da saka hannun jari a cikin shekarar 2013-14. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, an ƙara kasafin kuɗi na fannin ruwa da kashi 245% daga KSh biliyan 4.2 (dalar Amurka miliyan 54.5) a cikin shekarar 2004-2005. Kashi 82% na kuɗaɗen an ware su ne don ƙaramin fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, yayin da sauran aka sadaukar da su ga Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, don Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa gami da Farfaɗo da Ƙasa.

=== Samar da kudaden tallafi (Financing) ===
A cewar hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji, &quot;dogaro mai yawa da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba (wato masu ba da taimako na waje) tare da sama da kashi 94% na jimillar kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari da aka samar a cikin shekarar 2013/14 ba ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayi ga fannin.&quot; Babban hanyoyin samar da kuɗi ga hukumomin ruwa na Kenya guda uku ne: kuɗaɗen gwamnati waɗanda har yanzu suke samar da kashi 58% na kuɗaɗen fannin a cikin shekarar 2008-2009, kuɗaɗen da aka samar a cikin gida waɗanda suka kai kashi 11%, da gudummawar masu ba da taimako da suka kai kashi 31% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su a wancan lokacin. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gudummawar da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba suka bayar an tura su ne ta hanyar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, yayin da sauran kashi biyu cikin uku aka raba su a wajen kasafin kuɗin. Daga cikin kiyasin kuɗaɗen masu ba da taimako na shekarar 2008-2009, kashi 70% sun kasance ta hanyar bashi, yayin da tallafin kyauta (grants) ya wakilci kashi 30%.&lt;ref name=&quot;review7&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.11–16 &quot;Water sector financial turnout.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Samar da kuɗi don matakan da ke da nufin inganta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan da ba su da isasshen sabis - musamman yankunan da matalauta ke zaune - ana ba da su ne ta hanyar '''Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSTF). Hukumar WSTF tana karɓar kuɗi ne daga Gwamnatin Kenya da kuma hukumomin ba da taimako sannan ta tura su zuwa wurare 362 mafi fama da talauci a faɗin ƙasar (waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wstfkenya.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=blogcategory&amp;id=13&amp;Itemid=26 Water Services Trust Fund – who we are] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biyan kudin fito ta wayoyin salula ===
Tun daga shekarar 2009 babban kamfanin wayar salula na Kenya ya tsawaita tsarin biyan kuɗi na hada-hadar banki ta wayar salula ta M-Pesa don amfani da shi wajen biyan kuɗaɗen kamfanonin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Fastcompany|title=Kenya's M-PESA System Lets Cell Phones Control Access to Water|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/ariel-schwartz/sustainability/kenyas-m-pesa-system-lets-cell-phones-control-access-water|access-date=27 August 2011|date=3 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 sama da 'yan Kenya miliyan 12 da kashi 85% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da wayoyin salula don hada-hadar banki. Wani bincike da jami'ar Oxford ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kafin gabatar da wannan tsarin, mazauna Kiamumbi da ke kewayen birnin Nairobi dole ne su yi tafiyar mintuna 40 ta hanyar amfani da motocin sufurin jama'a, su yi dogon layi don yin ajiya a banki sannan su gabatar da takardar ajiya a ofisoshin kamfanin ruwa don biyan lissafin kuɗinsu na kowane wata. Lokacin da ƙaramin kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tsarin ruwa na gida ya ba da damar biyan kuɗi ta hanyar M-Pesa a watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, cikin watanni biyu rabin abokan cinikin su sun koma tsarin biyan kuɗi ta wayar salula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Foster|first=Timothy|author2=Robert Hope |author3=Cliff Nyaga |title=Adoption and implications of mobile phone banking for urban water services in Kenya|journal=World Water Week in Stockholm Abstract Volume|date= 21–27 August 2011|pages=76–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Kasar Kenya tana samun tallafi daga waje daga hukumomin bayar da tallafi da dama tare da ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a halin yanzu da darajarsu ta kai €627 miliyan. Manyan masu ba da tallafin su ne, wato, Bankin Raya Afirka, Faransa, Jamus, Sweden da Denmark, haka kuma da Bankin Duniya: Sauran masu ba da tallafin sun haɗa da: Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Italiya, Finland, Japan (ta hanyar JICA), Netherlands da UNICEF. Taimakon waje ya mayar da hankali ne kan samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a birane, tare da ƙarancin ayyuka a yankunan karkara.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, Gwamnatin Kenya ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Ko-ina cikin Sashi (SWAp) don daidaita ayyukan abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, daidaitawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan. SWAp yana taimakawa wajen inganta tattaunawa tsakanin Ma'aikatar da masu ba da tallafi da kuma ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin sassa daban-daban. Hukumomin bayar da tallafi na maza ne ke haɓaka tsarin manufofin sashi ɗaya, sa ido gami da tsarin shirye-shirye da dabarun sashi guda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100609140901/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO931.pdf USAID Kenya WSS Profile], Retrieved 19 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2007 ana gudanar da taron Bita na Sashen Ruwa na Shekara-shekara (AWSR) wanda ke taimakawa wajen haɓaka daidaitawar ayyukan masu ba da tallafi tsakanin sauran abubuwa. Abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba sun kafa Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Sashen Ruwa (WSTG) don inganta daidaitawa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kansu, da kuma Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Sashen Ruwa (WSWG) don daidaitawa da gwamnati. WSTG tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin troika da kujera da ke juyawa a kowace shekara. A cikin 2012, troika sun haɗa da Jamus, Netherlands da Sweden.

=== Bankin Raya Afirka ===
Bankin Raya Afirka yana nan a cikin sashen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Kenya tare da ayyuka masu zuwa tare da darajar tallafi na kusan €70 miliyan:
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Sharar Kananan Garuruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €84.2 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;&gt;1 Unit Account Value =  1.08 Euro (October 2009); Source: http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406201441/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf |date=6 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka ƙaddamar a lokacin rani na 2009, zai mayar da hankali a cikin shekaru huɗu kan tallafin ci gaban cibiyoyi, samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha gami da ayyukan adana ruwa a yankin Yatta. Adadin mutanen da ake sa ran za su ci gajiyar aikin zai kai 780,000.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-007/ Small Towns Water Supply &amp; Waste]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Kenya%20-%20Small%20Towns%20and%20Rural%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Project.pdf SMALL TOWNS AND RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT], p. 3. Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* A lokacin bazara na 2009 aka fara aikin &quot;Taimakon Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €61.5 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda ya fi haɓaka ci gaban cibiyoyi na Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa da yawa kamar Lake Victoria South (LVSWSB), Northern Water (NWSB) ko Tana Water Services Board (TWSB) kuma wanda ke inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankuna daban-daban.
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Rift Valley&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €22.9 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a 2006, wanda zai amfani mazauna 350,000 a birane da karkara a cikin kwarin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-002 Rift Valley Water Supply &amp; Sanitation]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Makarantun Firamare na Gundumar Kisumu&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €0.22 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a lokacin rani na 2007, tare da cibiyoyin aiwatarwa kan kusan ɗalibai 3,200 da Kwamitocin Gudanar da Makarantu a makarantu shida da ke shiga aikin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-006/ Kisumu District Primary Schools Water and Sanitation Project]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya''' ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙananan matakan samun ruwa da tsafta, musamman a cikin birane da [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]], da kuma ingancin sabis mara kyau a cikin hanyar samar da ruwa. Rashin ruwa na yanayi da na yanki a Kenya yana ƙara wahalar inganta samar da ruwa.

Sashin ruwa na Kenya ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa ta hanyar Dokar Ruwa No. 8 na 2002. A baya samar da sabis ya kasance alhakin Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa na Kasa da Pipeline da kuma wasu kayan aiki na gida da aka kafa tun 1996. Bayan wucewar tanadin sabis na doka an rarraba shi a hankali zuwa masu ba da sabis na ruwa na gida 91 (WSPs). Wadannan an haɗa su da Kwamitin Kula da Ruwa na Yankin 8 (WSBs) wanda ke kula da kula da kadarori ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Sabis (SPAs) tare da WSPs. Dokar ta kuma kirkiro kwamitin kula da kasa wanda ke gudanar da ma'auni na aiki kuma yana da alhakin amincewa da SPAs da gyare-gyaren farashi. Tare da Dokar Ruwa, 2014, an canja ayyukan 8 WSBs zuwa Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gundumar Kenya.

Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ruwa ta ci gaba da kula da manufofi don samar da ruwa, yayin da Ma'aikatu ta Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ke kula da manufofin tsabta.

Kodayake farashin ruwa na birane suna da girma ta hanyar ka'idojin yanki (KSh.60/= ko US $ 0.60 a kowace m3 a matsakaici a cikin 2014), waɗannan farashin kawai suna ba da damar dawo da farashin aiki, amma ba dawo da farashin babban birnin ba. Ba a samun cikakken farfadowa ba saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da babban matakin ruwa mara kudaden shiga (ma'auni na 42%). Dangane da farashin naúrar samarwa, asarar ƙasa saboda ruwa mara shiga a cikin 2014 an kiyasta shi a KSh.5.2 biliyan /=, daidai da dala miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014 |url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board |pages=24 and 31–36}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani dalili kuma shine buƙatar amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai nisa a farashi mai yawa a wasu wurare. Misali, ana ba da [[Mombasa]] daga tushen da ke da nisan kilomita 220 daga birnin. Kodayake kashi 16% na 'yan Kenya a cikin birane suna da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, babu harajin magudanar gida a Kenya, yana mai da wannan sabis mai tsada kyauta.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Tushen bayanai da fassarar ==
Tattara amintaccen bayanai game da sashin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Kenya yana da wahala saboda rahoto sau da yawa ba cikakke ba ne kuma ana amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Tushen bayanai guda biyu na wakilci a duk fadin kasar sune ƙididdigar da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara goma, tare da na gaba da aka shirya don 2029,  da kuma binciken jama'a da kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar a kowace shekara biyar ta Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya. Bayanan da aka tattara ta haka ana nazarin su ta Shirin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Sayar da Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] don tantance ci gaba zuwa cimma burin Ci gaba mai dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation – A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries]{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}, pp.33–43. &lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan bayanan kawai suna tantance wadatar ruwa da kayan aikin tsabta. Ba sa tantance ko ruwa yana da aminci don sha, ya isa a yawa, yana ci gaba da samuwa ko kuma yana da araha.

Wani muhimmin tushen bayanai shine &quot;raidar tasiri&quot; na shekara-shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact Reports |url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-reports/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=WASREB |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hukumar kula da ruwa ta WASREB ta buga tun 2008. Ta hanyar wannan rahoto ana samun cikakken bayani a yau a kan masu ba da sabis na ruwa da yawa fiye da baya da sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Koyaya, bayanai a cikin rahoton suna nufin kawai yawan mutanen da masu ba da sabis na ruwa ke aiki, wanda ba duka yawan jama'ar Kenya ba ne, ba tare da barin wasu sassan yankunan karkara ba.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
An kiyasta cewa albarkatun sabon ruwa da ake iya sabuntawa na ƙasar Kenya sun kai 20.2 km³ a kowace shekara, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da 647 m³ ga kowane mutum a shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }}, p. 7. Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta jimillar ruwan da ake ɗeba a shekara ya kai sama da 2.7 km³, ko kuma ƙasa da kashi 14% na albarkatun ruwan baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 4. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, samuwar albarkatun ruwa ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokaci da kuma tsakanin shiyya-shiyya. Mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar suna da lokutan damina guda biyu. Dogon ruwan sama yawanci yana farawa ne daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, yayin da gajeren ruwan sama yawanci yana kasancewa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba.&lt;ref&gt;[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf UN World Water Assessment Programme: Case Study Kenya] Part II: Water Availability, Retrieved 21 April 2011
&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, Kenya tana fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa a kowace shekara uku zuwa huɗu, waɗanda ke shafar babban sashe na alurnma. Fari mafi tsanani na kwanan nan ya faru ne daga shekarar 2007 zuwa ƙarshen 2009, wanda ya yi tasiri a dukkan sassan tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 630 mm, amma ya bambanta tsakanin ƙasa da 200 mm a amfanin arewacin Kenya zuwa sama da 1,800 mm a gangaren Dutsen Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 1. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan saman ƙasa ===
An raba Kenya zuwa kwaruruka biyar na magudanar ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kwarin Tafkin Victoria a Yammacin Kenya yana cikin tsarin kwarin Kogin Nile. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na cikin gida na Rift Valley ya haɗa da koramu da tabkuna da yawa, gami da manyan tabkunan ruwa masu daɗi kamar Tafkin Turkana, Tafkin Baringo da Tafkin Naivasha, koguna kamar Kogin Kerio, da kuma tabkunan gishiri da yawa.

Tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi, tsarin magudanar ruwa na Tana da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa na Ewaso Ng'iro na Arewa duk suna guda ne zuwa Tekun Indiya. Rarraba ruwa a cikin kwarurukan yana da babban bambanci inda mafi girman samuwar ruwa ke cikin kwarin Tafkin Victoria (fiye da kashi 50%) sannan mafi ƙaranci a tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi. Kwarurukan Tana da na Tafkin Victoria ne kawai ke da rarar albarkatun ruwa, yayin da sauran kwarurukan guda uku ke fuskantar ƙaranci.

Babban birnin ƙasar, Nairobi, yana samun albarkatun ruwansa ne daga tsarin magudanar ruwa guda biyu: Ruwan magudanar ruwa mafi tsufa, wato Kikuyu Springs (da ake amfani da shi tun 1906) da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Ruiru Dam (tun 1938) suna cikin kwarin Kogin Athi. Madatsar ruwa ta Sasumua Dam, Ndakaini-Thika Dam (tun 1996) da Chania-B Dam suna wadata Nairobi ta hanyar tura ruwa tsakanin kwaruruka daban-daban daga yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Tana. Kusan kashi 20% na wadatar ruwan yana fitowa ne daga albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ya yi daidai da kusan 60,000 zuwa 70,000 m³ a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=jyNHmgONtk0C&amp;q=60000&amp;pg=PA7 Climate variability and water resources degradation in Kenya], p. 56. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Mombasa, birni na biyu mafi girma a Kenya, yana biyan buƙatunsa na ruwa ne ta hanyar Marere Water Works da ke kudu maso yamma, Baricho Intake a ƙananan sashen Kogin Athi da kuma daga Mzima Springs, saman Kogin Athi, ta hanyar bututun ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 220 zuwa birnin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt Nature's Benefits in Kenya, World Resources Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175737/http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt |date=3 March 2016 }}, slides 10,11. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ===
Kenya ta dogara ne akan albarkatun ruwan saman ƙasa daga koguna, tabkuna da madatsun ruwa; da kuma akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya fi girma a yankunan karkara da kuma yankunan bakin teku, inda birane ma ke dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hydrogeology of Kenya - MediaWiki |url=https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=earthwise.bgs.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yin amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da babban damar haɓaka wadatar ruwa a Kenya amma amfani da shi yana fuskantar iyakancewa saboda ƙarancin ingancin ruwa, wuce gona da iri wajen ɗeɓa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku, da kuma rashin isasshen ilimi game da yadda albarkatun suke wanzuwa.&lt;ref&gt;Barasa M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Kenya. British Geological Survey. Accessed [27 January 2023]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya#Groundwater_use&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mumma, Albert; Lane, Michael; Kairu, Edward; Tuinhof, Albert; Hirji, Rafik. 2011. Kenya Groundwater Governance Case Study. Water papers;. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17227&lt;/ref&gt; Kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa akai-akai, musamman a yankunan karkara, wani ƙalubale ne na daban: gyara famfunan hannu da suka lalace galibi ana kallonsa a matsayin abin da alurnmun karkara dole ne su gudanar da kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Tim |last2=Hope |first2=Rob |date=2016-10-01 |title=A multi-decadal and social-ecological systems analysis of community waterpoint payment behaviours in rural Kenya |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f73e5ad6-23a5-4457-be0a-fbf7a2249b8b/files/m2dee4103c3f1a4a59156b8962e7c5b3c |journal=Journal of Rural Studies |language=en |volume=47 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.026 |issn=0743-0167 |s2cid=156255059}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa inda ake ƙirƙirar tsarin sabis na kulawa na ƙwararrun ma'aikata a matsayin wata dabarar daban don inganta dorewar tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Johanna |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Goodall |first3=Susanna |last4=Katuva |first4=Jacob |last5=Hope |first5=Rob |date=2021-04-01 |title=Institutional pluralism and water user behavior in rural Africa |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=140 |article-number=105231 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105231 |issn=0305-750X |s2cid=233566959|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda rashin samun hanyoyin ruwan saman ƙasa a yankunan busassun ƙasa, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban albarkatu ne ga samar da ruwa a mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar. Akwai muhimman madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) a yankunan aman wuta da kuma duwatsun da ke da alaƙa da su, da kuma a yankunan da ke da duwatsun metamofik a arewa da bakin tekun Kenya. Kimanin mita cubic miliyan 57.21 na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa aka ɗeba a Kenya a shekarar 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damar samun ruwa ==

=== Samar da ruwa ===
Hasashen da ya fito daga Shirin Haɗin Gwiwa na Sa Ido kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na alurnmar Kenya (kashi 83% a yankunan birane da kashi 50% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun aƙalla hanyoyin ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 22% na mutanen Kenya (kashi 45% a yankunan birane da kashi 14% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun ruwan famfo ta hanyar haɗi zuwa gida ko tsakar gida. A cewar hasashen JMP, damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 92% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 82% a shekarar 2015. A yankunan karkara kuma, damar samun ruwan ya ƙaru daga kashi 33% zuwa kashi 57% a cikin daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation: [http://www.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1049 Improved Drinking Water Coverage Estimates – Kenya, March 2010]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 24 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na &quot;aƙalla na yau da kullum&quot; a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/kenya/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org – Kenya|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga rahoton WASREB na shekarar 2016-17, kashi 55% na daukacin alurnma ne ke da &quot;damar samun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2016 – 2017|url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128203220/https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, a cewar ma'anar da ake kira &quot;weighted access&quot; (duba sama), Rahoton Tasiri na shekarar 2009 ya kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2006-2007 kashi 37% ne kawai na mutanen Kenya ke da damar samun isasshen ruwan sha mai tsafta kusa da gidajensu a kan farashi mai sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kenya-information-guide.com/kenya-population.html Kenya Information Guide] Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da rahoton manyan bambance-bambance na shiyya-shiyya dangane da damar samun ruwan: an yi rajistar mafi girman mataki a yankin da Kamfanin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Tetu Aberdare ke yi wa wa'azi (kashi 72%) yayin da aka yi rajistar mafi ƙaranci a Muthambi a cikin Gundumar Meru ta Kudu (kashi 4%). A bannon birnin Nairobi, an ba da rahoton samun damar ruwa a kan kashi 35% a daidai wannan lokacin, sabanin adadin da bai dace da gaskiya ba na kashi 46% da aka bayar don shekarar 2005-2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Water and Sanitation Coverage – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.20–23. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Hanyoyin samun ruwa ====
Matalauta, musamman mata da 'yan mata, suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo wajen ɗebo ruwa a yankunan karkara da na birane duka. Alal misali, binciken katun rahoton 'yan ƙasa na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa masu amfani da rumfunan sayar da ruwa a birane suna ɗebo ruwa sau 4 zuwa 6 a kowace rana. A Kisumu, wannan yana nufin cewa gidan matalauta yana kashe mintuna 112 a kowace rana don ɗebo ruwa a lokutan da babu matsala, kuma har tsawon mintuna 200 a kowace rana a lokacin ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Uwazi InfoShop at Twaweza: [http://www.twaweza.org/uploads/files/Its%20our%20water%20too_English.pdf It's our water too! Bringing greater equity in access to water in Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Policy brief 09/2010, p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da littattafan tarihin ruwa don rubuta hanyoyi, amfani da kuɗaɗen ruwa a matakin gida a karkaran Kenya. Mutane a yankunan karkara suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu dole ne su biya kuɗi, wasu kuma kyauta ne: Ruwan sama (ruwan da aka tara daga duwatsu ko rufin gida), rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu ko famfunan hannu (waɗannan na iya zama na gida, masu zaman kansu, a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), rumfuna sayar da ruwa (a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), ko masu sayar da ruwa da ke amfani da jakuna da amalanke ko motoci. Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da haƙa busassun magudanar koguna, wuraren tara ruwa na ƙasa, koguna ko madatsun ruwa, da kuma ruwan famfo a cikin gida ko tsakar gida. Amfanin ruwa na waɗannan gidajen shine na sha, girki, wanki, wanke-wanke, wanka, shayar da dabbobi ko ban ruwa na ƙaramin sigo.
Makarantun karkara a Kenya galibi suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban guda biyu ko uku, kuma ana iya raba waɗannan zuwa &quot;hanyoyin cikin makaranta&quot; (ko dai ruwan famfo ko tarin ruwan sama), ko kuma &quot;hanyoyin wajen makaranta&quot; (waɗanda ba su da inganci, masu sayar da ruwa ke kawowa, ko na yau da kullum). Kusan kashi 80% na makarantu a Kenya (hudu cikin makarantu biyar) suna da nasu tsarin tara ruwan sama. Sai dai kuma, a cikin watannin da suka fi bushewa daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, galibi ana siyan ruwa ne daga wurin masu sayar da ruwa.

=== Tsaftar muhalli ===
Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 32.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Hasashen ƙasa baki ɗaya na shekarar 2015 daga JMP ya nuna cewa kashi 30% (kashi 43% na birane da kashi 28% na karkara) na mutanen Kenya ne ke da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum, gami da tsarin magudanar ruwan fita. A yankunan birane, ƙarin kashi 27% na alurnma suna amfani da banɗaki na tarayya. A yankunan karkara, an kiyasta cewa har yanzu kashi 12% na alurnma suna yin baɗari a sarari (waje). Rahoton shekarar 2015 na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli bai haɗa da wani adadi akan damar samun tsaftar muhalli a sigo mai faɗi ba, sai dai kawai hasashen damar samun tsarin magudanar ruwa na birane, wanda aka kiyasta akan kashi 16%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2006-2007 an ba da rahoton cewa rabin alurnmar Kenya da ke cikin yankin da kamfanonin samar da ruwa (WSPs) guda 55 ke yi wa wa'azi suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli (wannan ma'anar ta haɗa da banɗakin ja da na zuba ruwa da ke haɗe da tsarin bututu, dandalin tankunan baɗari, banɗakin VIP da banɗakin rami). A Nairobi, yanayin tsaftar muhalli ya kasance kusan kashi 23% a shekarar 2006-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;/&gt; Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidajen Kenya na shekarar 2006 ya ba da rahoton mafi girman yanayin tsaftar muhalli na kashi 84%, gami da banɗaki na tarayya da na ramuka marasa zurfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.35–40 &quot;Water Services, Sanitation&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingancin sabis ==
Ingancin sabis na kamfanonin WSPs ana sanya masa ido na kusa ta Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) da nufin haɓaka gasa ta kwatanci da inganta ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin mafi mahimmancin alamomin ingancin sabis sune ingancin ruwa, dorewar samar da ruwa da kuma sarrafa ruwan sha da aka yi amfani da shi.

=== Ingancin ruwa ===
A shekarar 2015, WASREB ta ba da rahoton cewa kamfanoni 23 sun samar da ruwa mai inganci (wanda aka fassara a matsayin fiye da kashi 95% na bin ƙa'idodi), kamfanoni 15 masu inganci matsakaita sanka ga kamfanoni 53 ingancin ruwansu bai kasance karɓarre ba (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ƙasa da kashi 90% na bin ƙa'idodi). Ma'aunai guda biyu da aka auna sune ragowar sinadarin chlorine (nauyin kashi 40%) da kuma bin ƙa'idodin kwayoyin cuta (nauyin kashi 60%). Idan adadin samfuran da aka ɗauka ya gaza abin da aka tsara a cikin ƙa'idar, ana ƙididdige amfani da shi a matakin ƙasa. An sami mafi girman bin ƙa'ida a Kericho da Kisumu da kashi 100% kowannensu. Rahoton 'yan ƙasa da aka gudanar a Nairobi, Mombasa da Kisumu a shekarar 2007 ya ba da bayani game da fahimtar abokan ciniki game da ingancin ruwa: kusan kashi 70% na gidajen da ke amfani da ruwa daga haɗin babban bututu sun ce sun sami ɗanɗano da warin ruwan a matsayin karɓarre, kuma ruwan yana da haske. Duk da haka, mafi yawan masu amsa tambayoyin suna tace ko tafasa ruwa kafin su sha, wanda hakan ke nuna rashin tabbas akai-akai game da ingancinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007] Retrieved 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar ba da hankali ga ma'aunin ingancin sinadaran ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Kenya saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da yanayin ƙasa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri, da matsin lamba daga gudanar da datti da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Alal misali, a kudu maso gabashin Kenya, akwai rahotannin cewa an bar rijiyoyin burtsatse saboda gishiri da yawan sinadarin iron. Masu amfani da ruwa a wannan shiyya suna haɗa ɗanɗanon gishiri na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da matsalar haƙori (dental fluorosis) da kuma matsalolin ciki da hanji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa ko'ina a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika duba su akai-akai ba. Misalan ma'aunai na farko sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Gabaɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Bayanan da ke akwai suna da bambanci saboda bincike yakan fi mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen yanayi da aka sani. Bugu da ƙari, akwai dakunan gwaje-gwaje kalilan a Kenya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan bincike na sinadarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

=== Dorewar samar da ruwa ===
Rahoton Taimako na shekarar 2015 ya ba da rahoton matsakaicin wadatar ruwa na awanni 18 a kowace rana, wanda ya ƙaru daga awanni 14 a shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanoni 9 ne kawai waɗanda yawancinsu ƙanana ne na WSPs ke samar da ruwa akai-akai har tsawon awanni 24 a kowace rana. A Nairobi, ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin awanni 18 a rana, sanka a Mombasa kuma na tsawon awanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;Continuity&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, lokutan ƙarancin ruwa na faruwa.

=== Maganin Ruwan Sha da Najasa ===
A cewar rahoton kimantawa na 2009, akwai tsarin magudanar ruwa 43 a Kenya da kuma wuraren tsaftace ruwan najasa a cikin garuruwa 15 (yawan jama’ar da ake yi wa hidima: mutane 900,000). Ikon aiki na wadannan wuraren tsaftacewa ya kai kashi 16% na ikon da aka tsara. Babban dalilan rashin inganci sun hada da rashin isasshen kulawa da aiki da kuma karancin haɗin jama’a zuwa magudanar ruwa. A Kenya, an kiyasta kashi 19% ne ke da haɗin kai zuwa magudanar ruwa (kashi 12% a wani rahoto).&lt;ref&gt;R. Gakubia, U. Pokorski and P. Onyango Upscaling Access to Sustainable Sanitation – Kenya, January 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519125341/http://waterforum.jp/eng/iys/agenda/doc/session1/12_Dr.UlrikePokorski.pdf |date=19 May 2016 }}, slide 7. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin ruwan najasa da ke shiga hanyar magudanar ruwa, kusan kashi 60% ne kawai ke isa wuraren tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen tsaftace ruwan najasa a Kenya ita ce tafkunan tsaftacewa. Daya daga cikin su shi ne tsarin Dandora Waste Stabilisation Pond wanda ke tsaftace ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje daga birnin Nairobi, kuma shi ne mafi girma a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;H.W. Pearson, S.T. Avery, S.W. Mills, P. Njaggah and P. Odiambo Performance of the phase II Dandora waste stabilisation ponds: The case for anaerobic ponds, ''Water Science and Technology'' Volume 33, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 91–98. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Amma haɗa ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na haɗe yana haifar da matsaloli a aikin tafkunan tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot;&gt;Institute of Economic Affairs: A Rapid Assessment of Kenya's Water, Sanitation and Sewerage Framework, June 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182032/http://www.ieakenya.or.ke/documents/Water%20Framework%20Study%20-%20A%20Rapid%20Assessment%20of%20Kenyas%20Water%20Sanitation%20and%20Sewarage%20Framework.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
Tarihin fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Kenya yana da alaƙa da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin hukumomi wanda ya haifar da rashin inganci da yawa, da kuma yunƙurin gyare-gyare na gaba.

=== Farkon somawa ===
Tarihin samar da ruwan famfo a Kenya za a iya samo asalinsa ne tun lokacin kariya na Gabashin Afrika (East African Protectorate). A wancan lokacin, samar da ruwa ya fi mayar da hankali ne ga buƙatun matsugunan 'yan fashin mulkin mallaka. Hukumar kula da samar da ruwa ta kasance a ƙarƙashin Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Hydraulic Branch, wanda ya fara aiki a birnin Mombasa na bakin teku. Gina layin dogon Uganda (Uganda Railway) a shekarar 1896 ya ba da gagarumin ƙarfin gwiwa ga haɓaka bututun ruwa a cikin ƙasar tare da layin dogon.

=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka ===
Tsakanin shekarar 1920 zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, an yi yunƙurin farko na daidaita samar da ruwa a cikin mallakar da kuma kariya ta Kenya, yayin da hukumomi da yawa suka raba alhakin. A cikin shekarun 1950 da farkon 60s, an raba alhakin gudanar da samar da ruwa tsakanin hukumomi uku: Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da ke aiki a cibiyoyin birane tare da samar da sabis na ruwa na tsakiya; Hukumomin Gida waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da ikon sarrafa samar da ruwa; da Sashen Haɓaka Ruwa, wanda ke da alhakin haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyin birane da karkara. Kamfanin Mombasa Pipeline Work ne ya samar da babban ruwa ga Mombasa, yayin da sashen ruwa ke gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullum na bututun ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda ɗaya don gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa. A shekarar 1952 aka kafa dokar ruwa ta &quot;Water Act Cap 372&quot;, wadda ta kasance tushen doka ga fannin ruwa har zuwa shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section until Kenyan independence: pp.271–280. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ƙaramin fannin tsaftar muhalli, babu wani tsarin hukuma mai aiki shi ma. A hukumance, Dokar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta shekarar 1921 ta ba Ma'aikatar Lafiya rawar gudanar da tsaftar muhalli, amma da kyar aka aiwatar da ita. Bayan haka, alurnmar gida sun ƙi amfani da matakan tsafta da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya musu. Tsakanin shekarar 1929 da 1939 an gudanar da kamfen na ilimantar da jama'a kan lafiyar jama'a wanda ya haifar da yaɗuwar banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Sanitation in Kenya: pp.296–305. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabanin shekarar 1954, nau'ikan tsaftar muhalli daban-daban suna amfani a sassan Kenya daban-daban: banɗakunan rami suna amfani a mafi yawancin wuraren ajiye 'yan ƙasa, banɗakunan bokiti sun mamaye garuruwa yayin da ake amfani da tsaftar ruwa a sassan Turawa na manyan garuruwa. Lokacin boren Mau Mau, an tattara 'yan Afirka a sansanonin tsare mutane kuma an rufe kasuwannin gida don tsoron tawaye. Wannan ya haifar da watsar da tsaftar muhalli da ta dace da kuma karuwar banɗakunan bai-ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;/&gt;

=== Kenya mai zaman kanta (1963–1980) ===
Yayin da Kenya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, yunƙurin sauƙaƙe gudanar da samar da ruwa ya haifar da tura dukkan ƙungiyoyin da ke da alhakin ruwa zuwa Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona a shekarar 1964. Rarraba alhaki da iko, duk da haka, ba su fito fili ba kuma sun haifar da cikas da rashin aiki. A shekarar 1965, gwamnatin da Jomo Kenyatta ya jagoranta ta bayyana a cikin Takardar Zama Na 10 kan gurguzu na Afirka da aikace-aikacensa ga tsare-tsare a Kenya cewa dole ne a fuskantar da manufofin gwamnati zuwa ga kawar da talauci, rashin karatu da cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1963–1980): pp.280–286. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Citizen Report Card ya nuna cewa ana amfani da tankunan septic wajen zubar da ruwan najasa daga bayan gida a Mombasa. Masu amfani da bayan gida na rami daga Nairobi, Kisumu da Mombasa sun nuna cewa wani bangare na ruwan najasa yana shiga cikin magudanar ruwan sama, wuraren shan ruwan kasa da wuraren zubar da ruwan kicin, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurbatar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2001, wani lamari na gurbatar muhalli ya faru a garin Embu. An zubar da ruwan najasa daga wurin tsaftacewa zuwa cikin kogi kusa da garin, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 28 da suka yi amfani da ruwan don bukatun gida.&lt;ref&gt;Daily Nation – Typhoid Death Toll Is 28 (27 February 2001) Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ya fara lokacin shiga tsakani na manufofin ruwa da gwamnati ta yi, bisa ƙa'idar cewa ruwa abu ne na zamantakewa da za a samar kyauta ko kuma a tallafa masa. Sakamakon haka, kuɗaɗen ruwa tsakanin shekarar 1970 da 1981 an tallafa musu sosai kuma sun saba wa ƙa'idar dawo da kuɗin aiki. Ko'ina a cikin shekarun 1960, an gudanar da Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli wanda WHO-UNICEF suka tallafa masa a Kenya da nufin haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga ƙananan alurnmun karkara, inganta hanyoyin zubar da shara da kuma ba da ilimin tsafta ga alurnmar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

Tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara da aka kafa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, majalisun gundumomi ne ke gudanar da su (a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida). A shekarar 1972 kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara 560 ke gudana a Kenya kuma sun samar da ruwa ga alurnma kusan 664,000, UNICEF ta ruwaito. Alurnmun gida kuma sun fara haɓaka nasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa da kafa kwamitocin ruwa: sun sami horo game da tsarin ƙira, lissafin hydraulic, farashi da hanyoyin ƙaddamarwa. Wani bincike na gaba da UNICEF ta gudanar a shekarar 1974 ya nuna matsaloli da yawa da suka shafi waɗannan ayyukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 1970 Gwamnatin Kenya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bashi da ƙasar Sweden don tallafawa Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa na Karkara. Hukumar WHO za ta samar da bincike kan yanayin ruwa a ƙasar. Binciken, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1973, ya nuna cewa a Kenya akwai babban rashi na manyan ma'aikata da na fasaha; yayin da masu ba da gudummawa za su iya samar da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen haɓakawa, kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa na yanzu ba za a iya biya su ta hanyar kuɗaɗen gida ba kuma Gwamnati ba ta da tsarin dogon lokaci na haɓaka samar da ruwa. A martanin hakan, an ƙirƙiri cikakkiyar Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa a shekarar 1974. Ma'aikatar ta karɓi tsare-tsaren ruwa da gwamnati ke gudanarwa da kuma waɗanda majalisun gundumomi ke gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar aka ƙaddamar da Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa. Babban burinsa shine haɓaka sabbin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da kuma tabbatar da samun ruwan sha a cikin tazara mai kyau ga daukacin 'yan Kenya. Yunƙurin ya ɗauki taken, &quot;Ruwa ga kowa nan da shekarar 2000&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Lokacin mika mulki (1980–1992) ===
A cikin shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara fuskantar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya sanya matsin lamba ga ayyukan babban buri na samar da ruwa mai tsafta ga kowa da kuma faɗaɗa tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa. An ba da fifiko ga gyaran tsare-tsaren da ke akwai da kuma gina manyan ayyukan ruwa kamar tsare-tsaren ruwa na Baricho da Kilimanjaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1980 aka kafa Majalisar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa don faɗakar da alurnma game da fa'idodin lafiya na tsaftar muhalli da kuma ba da shawara da jagorantar hukumomin gida kan lamarin. Majalisar ta baje a hankali ba tare da cimma rantsuwarta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1983 wani Binciken Amfanin Ruwa da Hukumar SIDA ta gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa yanayin ba mai dorewa bane kuma ya ba da shawarar rarraba iko da cire alhakin aiki da kulawa daga Ma'aikatar. Don inganta ayyuka da inganci da kuma rage nauyin kuɗi na fannin ruwa, a watan Yunin shekarar 1988 aka kafa Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa (NWCPC). Rawarsa ita ce gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a ƙarƙashin ikon jiha a kan tsarin kasuwanci.

=== Kasuwancin kayan aiki na gida ===
Amma tsarin tsakiya ya gaza cimma gyare-gyare. Haka nan ra'ayin ƙirƙirar kamfanonin kasuwanci na gwamnatin gida ya fito. An tsara Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa na Biyu a shekarar 1992, kuma an tattauna sabuwar hanyar manufofin da ke jaddada rarraba iko da kuma hanyar da buƙata ke tafiyar da ita a matakin ƙasa. Birnin Eldoret ya ci gaba a shekarar 1994 kuma ya kafa sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa tare da kuɗaɗen da ke daban da kasafin kuɗin gundumar. Hukumar kamfanin ta haɗa da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai (NGOs), ƙungiyoyin mata, rukunin 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu da Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Kaya ta Kenya. Kasuwancin kamfanin a Eldoret da kuma a Nyeri da Kericho an tallafa masa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɓakawa na Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;&gt;Wambua Sammy: [http://www.boell.de/internationalepolitik/internationale-politik-3730.html Water Privatisation in Kenya], Global Issue Paper No. 8, [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]], 2004, p. 12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara wannan tsarin ta Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida, ta hanyar Dokar Kamfanoni Cap. 486 na shekarar 1996 wanda ya ba da damar kafa kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na jama'a, masu gudanar da kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;/&gt; Har zuwa shekarar 2002, wannan tsarin ya haifar da gagarumin gyare-gyare dangane da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), inganta karɓar kuɗaɗen baki da ƙarancin ƙarfe-ƙarfe a Nyeri da Eldoret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;/&gt; Koyaya, sauran kamfanonin ruwa na gida a Kitale da Nakuru dole ne gwamnatin ƙasa ta sake karɓarsu saboda matsalolin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1980–2002): pp.286–297. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1999, aka buga Manufar Ƙasa ta Fari ta Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa. Manufar ta bayyana cewa gwamnati za ta &quot;mika&quot; tsarin ruwan birane zuwa sassan masu zaman kansu a cikin hukumomin gida, da kuma samar da ruwan karkara ga alurnmu. Wani tanadi na wannan takarda shine sanya ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarƙashin kamfanoni guda ɗaya. Yayin da take haɓaka Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Gwamnati ta kuma kafa Hukumar Aiki ta Ƙasa don duba Dokar Ruwa, Cap 372, da kuma tsara gyare-gyare da za su haifar da cikakken garambawul ga fannin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Sake tsara hukumomin ruwa (2002–2011) ===
Tsarin doka na yanzu ga fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Kenya ya dogara ne akan &quot;Water Act No. 8 of 2002&quot; wanda ya fara aiki a watan Maris na shekarar 2003.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/images/stories/Water%20Act.pdf Water Act 2002] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta gabatar da gyare-gyare masu nisa bisa ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:
* raba gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga samar da ayyukan ruwa;
* raba tsara manufofi daga gudanarwa da tsari na yau da kullum;
* rarraba ayyuka zuwa sassan jihar na matakin ƙasa;
* shigar da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da kuma samar da ayyukan ruwa.
Aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ya haifar da sake tsara fannin mai faɗi sosai kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin hukumomi. An kafa Sakatariyar Gyaran Fannin Ruwa (WSRS) a matsayin rukunin mika mulki a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa don kula da kafa sabbin hukumomin fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2004, aka kafa Asusun Amana na Fannin Ruwa (WSTF) don ba da taimakon kuɗi ga kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ayyuka (yawanci matalauta ke zaune). An tsara Tsarin Canja wuri a shekarar 2005 (ta hanyar Sanarwar Shari'a Lamba 101 ta 12 Agusta 2005) don jagorantar tura ma'aikata da kaddarori daga gwamnatin tsakiya zuwa Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa da aka kafa kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Mumma [http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf Kenya's new water law: an analysis of the implications for the rural poor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101236/http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }} 26–28 January 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Don jagorantar aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa, an tsara daftarin &quot;Dabarun Ayyukan Ruwa na Ƙasa&quot; (NWSS) na shekarun 2007-2015 a watan Yunin shekarar 2007. Rantsuwarsa ita ce &quot;cimma manufofin sanarwar MDG da Vision 2030 na Gwamnatin Kenya game da samun ruwa mai tsafta da mai sauƙin kuɗi da tsaftar muhalli na asali ta hanyar hukumomi masu amgawa a cikin tsarin da aka ayyana na ma'aunai da tsari.&quot; NWSS ta dogara ne akan gano samun dorewar ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli na asali a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kayan tattalin arziki. Daga cikin manyan alkawuran akwai: dawo da kuɗi ta hanyar masu samar da ayyukan ruwa don tabbatar da dorewar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa da kuma tsara samar da sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MWI – SP&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.cohre.org/store/attachments/RTWP%20-%20NWSS%20June%2007%20draft.pdf The National Water Services Strategy (NWSS)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 3 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, MWI ta kuma ba da cikakken tsarin aiwatarwa na goyon bayan matalauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2010 Kenya ta amshi sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin Shafi na 43(1). Musamman ma, ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin &quot;samun gidaje masu dacewa da kuma ma'aunai masu kyau na tsaftar muhalli&quot;, da kuma haƙƙin &quot;samun ruwa mai tsafta da kariya a cikin adadi mai gamsarwa&quot;.

=== Dokar Ruwa ta 2015 da Dokar Ruwa ta kasa ta 2016 ===
An kaddamar da sabuwar dokar ruwa a shekarar 2015. Dokar ta canza rukunoni takwas na Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa (Kamfanonin Riko da Kaddarori) zuwa Hukumomin Haɓaka Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gunduma ta Kenya. Wannan ya yi daidai da rarraba ikon da aka tsara a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya na shekarar 2010. Har ila yuzu, Kamfanon Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa ya zama Hukumar Adana Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa ta zama Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa kuma Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa ya zama Hukumar Amana ta Fannin Ruwa. An yi nufin dokar a matsayin ingantaccen sigar Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002, maimakon wani gagarumin gyare-gyare na daban na fannin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ochieng|first=Wesonga|title=Kenya: Water Bill 2012 Set to Transform Water Sector|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209250084.html|publisher=allAfrica.com|access-date=27 December 2012|date=24 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Draft Water Bill 2012|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/257994-1335471959878/draft-water-bill-2012.pdf|access-date=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar - wadda ke ƙarƙashin tattaunawa tun shekarar 2012 - a ƙarshe majalisar dokoki ta zartar da ita a matsayin The Water Bill, 2014 (Bill No. 7 of 2014) a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Water Bill, 2014, Bill No. 7 of 2014|url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182|publisher=Republic of Kenya, Parliament|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055413/http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Ruwa ta ƙasa ta shekarar 2016 ta fayyace wasu sassa na samar da sabis da tsarin sabbin hukumomin ƙasa. Koyaya, rabon kasafin kuɗi na gundumomi, musamman ga fannin ruwa na karkara da hukumomi kamar makarantu da dakunan shan magani sun kasance marasa tabbas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Nyaga |last2=Cliff |last3=Hope |first3=Rob |last4=Kiamba |first4=Pauline |last5=Gladstone |first5=Nancy |last6=Thomas |first6=Mike |last7=Mumma |first7=Albert |last8=Trevett |first8=Andrew |date=2022 |title=Water policy, politics, and practice: The case of Kitui County, Kenya |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=4 |doi=10.3389/frwa.2022.1022730 |issn=2624-9375|doi-access=free|hdl=1871.1/f4db2fcc-1c4e-4a11-bb5e-24f22433693c |hdl-access=free }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta amince da rawar da hukumomin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ke takawa a fannin ruwa. Tana ƙirƙirar &quot;sarari&quot; na doka wanda ƙwararrun masu samar da sabis na kulawa za su iya haɓaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Alhaki akan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ==

=== Tsara manufofi da daidaita fannoni ===
'''Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa''' (MWI) ita ce mabuɗiyar hukuma da ke da alhakin fannin ruwa a Kenya. Ma'aikatar ta kasu kashi biyar: Gudanarwa da Ayyukan Tallafi, Ayyukan Ruwa, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa, da Farfaɗo da Kasa. Ana kula da samar da ruwa ne ta hannun Sashen Ayyukan Ruwa, wanda ayyukansa suka haɗa da: tsara manufofi da dabarun ayyukan ruwa da magudanun ruwa, daidaita fannoni da sanya idanu kan sauran hukumomin ayyukan ruwa. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa kuma ita ce ke da alhakin gabaɗayan saka hannun jari na fannin, tsare-tsare da tattara albarkatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;plan&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar tsaftar muhalli tana hannun '''Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaftar Muhalli''' (MoPHS).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/government/health.htm Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation – Functions] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don daidaita tsarin hukumomi don tsaftar muhalli, MWI da MoPHS sun ɓullo da wani tsari na sirri na &quot;Water Supply and Sanitation Concept&quot; tare da bayyana takamaiman manufofin tsaftar muhalli. Tun da farko a shekarar 2011, Ministan Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ita ce Charity Ngilu, shugabar jam'iyyar National Party of Kenya, wadda ke goyon bayan Firayim Minista Raila Odinga. Ministan Lafiya da Tsaftar Muhalli ita ce Beth Mugo na jam'iyyar Party of National Unity ta Shugaba Mwai Kibaki.

Sauran Ma'aikatun su ma suna taka rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da MWI da MoPHS a fannin tsaftar muhalli na makarantu ta hanyar shiga cikin Kwomitocin Shirye-shiryen Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli. Sashen Daidaita Fannin Noma yana duba duk wasu batutuwa da suka shafi noma, gami da ban ruwa wanda MWI ke kula da shi. MWI kuma tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatun Gandun Daji, na Muhalli da na Shirye-shiryen Musamman don ci gaba da farfaɗowa da kula da hasumiya na ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review3&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.62–64 &quot;Intra and Inter-Ministerial Coordination&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ka'idoji ===
'''Ka'idojin tattalin arziki.''' Hukumar Tsara Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) ce ke gudanar da tsari da sanya idanu kan samar da ayyukan ruwa na birane da karkara. WASREB wani kamfani ne na jiha wanda ba na kasuwanci ba wanda aka kafa a watan Maris na shekarar 2003 bisa ga Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da: ba da lasisi ga hukumomin ayyukan ruwa da amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Samar da Ayyuka, haɓaka jagororin kuɗin fito da gudanar da shawarwarin kuɗin fito, kafa ma'aunai da haɓaka jagororin samar da sabis, buga sakamakon sanya idanu na fannin a cikin hanyar rahotanni na kwatanta (kamar Rahoton Tasiri).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=50&amp;Itemid=94 Water Services Regulatory Board – Institutional Profile]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsarin muhalli''' a Kenya ana gudanar da shi ne ta Hukumar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMA). An kafa NEMA ne a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa da Daidaita Muhalli Lamba 8 na shekarar 1999 kuma ta fara aiki a watan Yuli na shekarar 2002. Rawarta ita ce haɓaka haɗakar duba lamuran muhalli cikin manufofin gwamnati, tsare-tsare, shirye-shirye da ayyuka. Game da fannin ruwa musamman, NEMA ita ke da alhakin tsara ƙa'idojin ingancin ruwa (an fayyace sigar yanzu a shekarar 2006).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf Water Quality Regulations – 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211230720/http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf |date=11 February 2025 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/index.php?option=com_frontpage&amp;Itemid=1 National Environment Management Authority, Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanar da kaddarori ===
Sakamakon gyare-gyaren fannoni, an mika alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli zuwa hukumomin yanki guda takwas na '''Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSBs): Athi (wanda ke hidima ga babban birnin kasar Nairobi), Coast, Tana, Lake Victoria North, Lake Victoria South, Northern, Rift Valley Water Services Board, kuma tun shekarar 2008, Tanathi Water Services Board. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa suna da alhakin gudanar da kaddarori, wato, don haɓakawa da farfaɗo da dabarun ruwa da magudanun ruwa, don tsara saka hannun jari da aiwatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/Resources/2009_17mon/Kenya_Water_Human_Rights_brochure-final.pdf Water Sector Reform in Kenya and the Human Right to Water – October 2007] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka kafa WSBs, an soki su a matsayin &quot;wani tsari na zama murnuci mara amfani&quot; wanda ke haifar da &quot;haɗewar ayyuka&quot; saboda su &quot;masu tsari ne (tare da WSRB) kuma masu yin wasa a kasuwa&quot; sannan kuma &quot;guda ɗaya... waɗanda ke da nisa da inda ake yin hidima&quot;. WSBs suna aiki a ƙarƙashin lasisi, amma an soki tsarin ba da lasisin a matsayin &quot;na hukuma, mai wahala da rikitarwa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=J. M. Migai Akech, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Nairobi|title=Governing Water And Sanitation in Kenya: Public Law, Private Sector Participation and the Elusive Quest for a Suitable Institutional Framework|url=http://www.ielrc.org/activities/workshop_0704/content/d0702.pdf|publisher=Paper prepared for the workshop entitled 'Legal Aspects of Water Sector Reforms' to be organised in Geneva from 20 to 21 April 2007 by the International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC) in the context of the Research partnership 2006–2009 on water law sponsored by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)|access-date=27 December 2012|pages=32–33|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da sabis ===
Alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana hannun Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa. Koyaya, ba lallai ba ne su samar da ayyuka kai tsaye - suna iya mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati masu daidaiton kasuwanci, waɗanda ake kira '''Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSPs). Ana tsara samar da sabis ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin samar da sabis (SPAs) don tabbatar da bin ma'aunai akan inganci, matakan sabis da ayyukan da WASREB ta kafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wwap&quot;&gt;World Water Assessment Programme: [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf Kenya National Water Development Report – 2006] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rukunoni biyu na WSPs:

* ayyukan jama'a - akwai WSPs guda 89 a cikin wannan rukunin, gami da kamfanoni masu iyakataccen alhaki a yankunan birane na hukumomin gida guda ɗaya ko fiye da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa a yankunan karkara.
* '''kamfanoni masu zaman kansu''' - akwai WSPs guda biyu kacal ƙanana a cikin wannan rukunin, Kamfanin Ruwa na Runda da Aikin Ruwa na Kiamumbi.

Masu samar da ayyuka na yau da kullum '''ƙananan masu samar da sabis''' (SSPs) suna samar da ruwa a cikin karkara da birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Wasu daga cikinsu suna sayar da ruwa ne daga manyan motocin dakon kaya ko ta jeri-kani, galibi akan farashin da ya ninka na ruwan famfo sau biyar zuwa goma. Wasu kuma ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ne, waɗanda mata ke gudanar da su galibi, waɗanda ke samar da ruwan famfo. Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa yana ƙoƙarin tsara samar da sabis a cikin matsugunai masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Ya ɓullo da ra'ayoyi na ƙasa guda biyu don samar da sabis ga matalauta. Na farko shi ne Tsarin Ayyukan Al'umma, wanda ke samar da kuɗi ga al'ummomin gida da ke son bin mafi ƙarancin ma'aunai na sabis. Na biyu, &quot;Urban Poor Concept&quot; an aiwatar da shi a cikin birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi tun shekarar 2007 kuma ya haifar da gina runfuna ko kantunan ruwa da yawa waɗanda suka dace da ma'aunai na dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review4&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.65–66 &quot;Human right to WSS.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfani da ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ana iya samunsa a Nyalenda, wata unguwa matalauciya mai mazauna kusan 60,000 a Kisumu. Kamfanin na gida yana sayar da ruwa mai yawa ga ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai waɗanda kuma suke gudanar da hanyoyin sadarwa da runfunan ruwa a cikin unguwanninsu.&lt;ref&gt;Dailymotion Video: [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xc7cv1_afd-rendez-vous-au-kenya-gestion-de_webcam AFD Rendez-vous au Kenya, Gestion de l'eau], accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.''' Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna taka rawa mai iyaka, amma ba maras amfani ba wajen gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a Kenya. Tun daga shekarar 1975 Runda Water Limited ke samar da ruwan famfo ga Gidajen Zama na Zartarwa na Tsohon Runda a Nairobi. A shekarar 2008, Runda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da Athi WSB don samar da ruwa ga mazauna wasu rukunonin gidaje biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rundaestate.com/runda/runda_inner.asp?pcat=services&amp;cat=water Runda Estate Association website] Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1995 an sanya hannu kan kwangilar sabis tsakanin NWCPC da Gauff Consulting Engineers don tallafawa hukumomin gida a garin Malindi na bakin teku wajen lissafin kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga. An tsawaita kwangilar daga watanni bakwai da rabi zuwa shekaru uku da rabi. Bayan kammala shi a shekarar 1999, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa tsakanin Kamfanin Ruwa na Malindi da kamfani mai zaman kansa na tsawon shekaru huɗu don tallafawa kamfanin akan fannonin fasaha da kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;Ballance, T. and S. Tremolet:Private sector participation in urban water supply in Sub-Sahara Africa, GTZ, 2005, quoted in:Agro Paris Tech &amp; Group SUEZ: [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/28316800/MANAGEMENT-CONTRACTS-IN-DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES Management Contracts in Developing Countries] February 2008, pp.8–9. Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

An ɗauki kwangilar a matsayin mai nasara kuma bayan ta ƙare, alhakin samar da sabis ya koma ga sassan gwamnati. A cikin ƙaramin garin Tala a shekarar 1999, majalisar gundumar Kangundo ta shiga kwangilar samar da ruwa na tsawon shekaru 30 tare da Romane Agencies Ltd. Kwangilar ta yi hasashen cewa za a biya kashi 10% na kuɗaɗen shiga ga majalisar garin. Ya zuwa yau, an sami ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ingancin sabis, amma samar da ruwa har yanzu ya kasance babban ƙalubale.

=== Sasantawa a fannin ruwa ===
Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta kuma ba da damar kafa wata '''Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa''' mai zaman kanta don daidaita koke-koke da rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt; An kafa Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa a shekarar 2005 a Nairobi amma tun lokacin shari'o'i uku kacal aka yanke shawara akansu. Wasu ƙarin daukaka ƙara guda biyar suna jiran a duba su saboda shugaban ya yi murabus a watan Maris na shekarar 2009 kuma wa'adin sauran mambobin hukumar guda biyu ba a tsawaita ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;review5&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.32–34 &quot;Ruling on appeals – WAB.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin sa-kai ===
Kenya tana da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai masu ƙwazo da suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da ke aiki a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Da yawa daga cikinsu mambobi ne na Hanyar Sadarwar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Kenya ([https://kewasnet.co.ke/ Kewasnet]) da aka kafa a shekarar 2007. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, Kewasnet tana sanya idanu kan isar da sabis, musamman ga matalauta, da aiwatar da manufofi kan gyare-gyaren fannin ruwa. Har ila yuzu tana &quot;ba da bayanai ga 'yan Kenya don ba su damar shiga da kuma shiga cikin hanyoyin gudanarwa da yanke shawara na Fannin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli&quot;. Tana kuma &quot;haɓaka al'adar alhakin mabukaci wanda ke biyan ayyukan da aka samar daga kamfanonin amfani, kiyaye ababen more rayuwa na ayyukan ruwa da kayan aiki daga barna ta hanyar masu laifi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kenya Water and Sanitation Network (KEWASNET):[http://www.kewasnet.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=48&amp;Itemid=54 What we do], retrieved on 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Kenya da ke aiki a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ita ce &quot;Maji Na Ufanisi&quot; (Ruwa da Ci gaba). Tana da hannu cikin ci gaban al'umma da ginin ababen more rayuwa a cikin ƙauyuka na birane da ƙananan garuruwa, tana ba da shawarar ingantaccen gudanar da fanni tare da gudanar da bincike. An ƙirƙiri ta ne a shekarar 1998 don karɓar ayyukan WaterAid UK na Kenya lokacin da na ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar rufe ayyukansu a Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Maji na Ufanisi|title=Background of Maji na Ufanisi|url=http://www.majinaufanisi.org/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=itemlist&amp;layout=category&amp;task=category&amp;id=34&amp;Itemid=128|access-date=12 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan WASH ga makarantu ===
Wani rahoto a shekarar 2021 ya bincika ayyukan ruwa a makarantu a Kenya. Ya gano cewa &quot;alhakin ayyukan WASH a cikin makarantu a matakin gunduma ya kasance mai rikitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hope, R., Katuva, J., Nyaga, C., Koehler, J., Charles, K., Nowicki, S., Dyer, E., Olago, D., Tanui, F., Trevett, A., Thomas, M., and Gladstone, N. (2021). [https://reachwater.uk/resource/delivering-safely-managed-water-to-schools-in-kenya/ Delivering safely-managed water to schools in Kenya]. REACH Working Paper 8, University of Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-1-874370-82-6&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|3}} Daidaitawa mai inganci tsakanin gwamnatin ƙasa da ta gundumomi babu shi. Don haka, kowace makaranta tana da alhakin kashin kanta wajen gudanar da isar da ayyukan WASH na kanta. A halin yanzu babu ingantaccen sanya idanu da tsari don wannan tsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}}

== Ingantaccen tattalin arziki ==
Hukumar WASREB tana sanya idanu na kusa kan ayyukan tattalin arziki na Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya, kuma ana samun hakan a cikin &quot;Rahoton Tasiri&quot; (Impact Report) don ƙarfafa gasa da yaɗa mafi kyawun ayyuka. Muhimman alamomin ingantaccen tattalin arziki sune: ƙimar karɓar kuɗi, matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), rabon sanya mita da kuma yawan aikin ma'aikata. Mafi yawancin Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya ba su cika ma'aunai a cikin waɗannan ɓangarori ba.

'''Kimar karbar kudi.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-14 mafi yawancin WSPs na Kenya sun yi rikodin ingon gudanar da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga tare da matsakaicin kashi 93%, sama da kashi 86% a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanin da ya fi kowane rashin tabuka abin a zo a gani shi ne Mawingo, inda kashi 40% kacal na adadin kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa aka karɓa. A wasu kamfanoni, ƙimar karɓar kuɗin ta wuce kashi 100% saboda WSPs sun sami damar karɓar tsoffin bashi da ake bin masu amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|pages=24 and 31–36|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudi (Non-revenue water).''' A matsakaici, kashi 42% na ruwan da aka samar a Kenya ba a lissafa kuɗinsa ba a cikin shekarar 2013-2014, misali saboda zubar ruwa ta hanyar fasa bututu ko satar ruwa. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda ɗaya kacal (Nyeri) ne suka cika ma'aunin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta gitta na samun matakan NRW ƙasa da kashi 20%. A birnin Nairobi matakan NRW sun kasance kashi 39%, a Mombasa kuma kashi 48%. Dangane da farashin rukunin samarwa, asarar da aka yi a fadin ƙasar saboda ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi a cikin shekarar 2014 an kiyasta ta kai Shilling na Kenya (KSh) biliyan 5.2, wanda ya yi daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;

'''Rabon sanya mita.''' Rabon sanya mita na kamfanonin ruwa na Kenya ya kasance kashi 89% a cikin shekarar 2013-14, sama da kashi 82% a cikin shekarar 2006-2007. To sai dai kuma, akwai rashin tabbas kan ko mitocin ruwan da aka girka suna aiki a aikace. An ƙara rabon sanya mita a birnin Nairobi zuwa kashi 99% a cikin shekarar 2006-07, amma kuma ya sake raguwa zuwa kashi 94% a cikin shekarar 2013-14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;impact4&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Metering Ratio – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.31–33. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Yawan aikin ma'aikata.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-2014 an sami matsakaicin ma'aikata 7 ga kowane haɗin ruwa (connections) 1000 a Kenya, wani babban ci gaba ne idan aka kwatanta da ma'aikata 11 a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda bakwai, dukkansu manya ne, sun sami kyakkyawan mataki na yawan aikin ma'aikata, tare da ma'aikata 5 ko ƙasa da haka ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000, sama da guda ɗaya kacal a cikin shekarar 2006-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Staff per 1000 connections – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.35–36. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bangarorin kudi ==

=== Dawo da kudaden aiki ===
A cikin shekarar 2014, WSPs sun dawo da kusan kashi 100% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa a matsakaici. Koyaya, duk kamfanonin ban da guda huɗu sun gaza cimma burin dawo da kashi 150% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa don biyan bashi da kuma haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na kansu. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ya kamata su biya kuɗaɗen gudanarwansu ta hanyar Harajin Tsari (Regulatory Levy) da suke karɓa daga WSPs a yankin hidimarsu. A zahiri, Hukumar Athi WSB ce kawai ta sami damar biyan kashi 115% na kuɗaɗen gudanarwa a cikin shekarar 2006/2007. Sauran WSBs har yanzu sun dogara kacokan akan tallafin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Performance analysis of Water services boards – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.54–57. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matakin kudin fito (Tariff level) ===
Matsakaicin kuɗin fito na ruwa da aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 2014 ya kasance KSh 60 jewa dalar Amurka 0.60 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Wannan adadin ba ya nuna ainihin yanayin saboda akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma saboda a Kenya ana amfani da tsarin kuɗin fito na gungun ci gaba (progressive block tariff system) don haɗin gidaje. Wannan yana nufin cewa don m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 na farko ana biyan mafi ƙarancin kuɗi wanda ya dace da ƙaramin kuɗin fito mai tallafi mai yawa, yayin da gungun na gaba (har zuwa 20, 50, 100 da 300 gami da sama da 300 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) ana cajin kuɗin fito mafi girma a jere, tare da kuɗin fito a cikin mafi girman gungu wanda ya ninka na mafi ƙanƙanta sau biyar. Idan ba a girka mita ba, ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun caji na kowane wata. Manufar wannan tsarin ita ce haɓaka dabarun adana ruwa da tabbatar da cewa gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi za su iya samun damar amfani da isasshen adadin ruwa. Koyaya, akwai matsaloli game da wannan tsarin, saboda gidaje a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi suna sake sayar da ruwa ko kuma raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya da sauran gidaje kuma ta haka suna fuskantar haɗarin ƙarewa da biyan kuɗin fito mafi girma.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Misali, a yankin karkara na Mwingi-North, ana ɗauko ruwa ne daga madatsar ruwa ta Kiambere da ke kan kogin Tana kuma ana sayar da shi ga gidajen da ba su da haɗin ruwan famfo akan farashi mai tallafi na dalar Amurka 1 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a cikin shekarar 2014 (ko KSh 2 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hoque |first1=Sonia Ferdous |last2=Hope |first2=Robert |date=2018 |title=The water diary method – proof-of-concept and policy implications for monitoring water use behaviour in rural Kenya |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/20/4/725/39060/The-water-diary-method-proofofconcept-and-policy |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=725–743 |doi=10.2166/wp.2018.179 |issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin yanki guda, ana samun ruwa daga zurfafan rijiyoyin burtsatse da hanyoyin adana ruwa na duwatsu na halitta sannan a sayar da shi a runfunan ruwa akan farashi na dalar Amurka 1 zuwa 2.5 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 2 zuwa 5 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Wani lokaci mutane kan sayi ruwa daga masu siyar da ruwa na yawo amma wannan ya fi tsada: dalar Amurka 2.5 zuwa 10 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 5 zuwa 20 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Bayanai game da kuɗaɗen fito a runfunan ruwa sun saba wa juna. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 game da biranen Kenya guda uku ya nuna cewa ƙimar rukunin don runfunan ruwa ya kasance KSh.10/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Nairobi, KSh.15/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Mombasa, da KSh.55/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Kisumu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 51, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, rahoton guda ya bayyana a baya cewa masu amfani da runfunan ruwa suna biyan KSh.100/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a dukkan biranen guda uku, wanda aka ce ya ninka sau biyar zuwa goma abin da mutanen da ke samun ruwansu ta hanyar sadarwa zuwa gidajensu suke biya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 3, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu wani kuɗin fito na magudanun ruwa (sewer tariff) a Kenya, don haka kaddarorin da ke da haɗin gwiwa da hanyoyin magudanun ruwa suna samun wannan sabis kyauta, kodayake magudanun ruwa da sarrafa ruwan datti suna da tsada daidai da samar da ruwan sha ko ma fiye da haka. A cikin shekarar 2013 wani bincike da hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji ta ɗauki nauyinsa ya ba da shawarar gabatar da harajin magudanun ruwa na kashi 5% a matsayin ƙarin caji akan lissafin kuɗin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=6|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bayan kuɗaɗen fito, Kenya ta kuma gabatar da caji don hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da na saman ƙasa.

=== Daidaita kudin fito (Tariff adjustments) ===
Sanya kuɗin fito alhakin Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ne da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa dangane da kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Dole ne kuɗaɗen fito su sami amincewar WASREB, wadda kuma za ta iya umurtar WSB ta tsara daidaiton kuɗin fito. Akwai nau'ikan daidaiton kuɗin fito guda uku, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin &quot;Jagororin Kuɗin Fito&quot; (Tariff Guidelines): Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Kai-da-kai dangane da tsarin kasuwanci na WSPs; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman lokacin da tsarin kuɗi ya sami gagarumin canji; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Atomatiki kowane bayan watanni 12 wanda zai iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da WSP.&lt;ref&gt;WASREB: [http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=63 Tariff Guidelines] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2008 an ba da izinin Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman ga dukkan WSPs a matsayin matakin wucin gadi don taimaka wa WSPs biyan kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Kuɗaɗen fito na ayyukan magudanun ruwa suna cikin daidaiton kuɗin fito kuma burin shi ne a kai ga dawo da cikakken kuɗin aiki har ma ga tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin ruwa tana sane da cewa cikakken dawo da kuɗin aiki na kuɗaɗen fito na magudanun ruwa don wasu tsare-tsaren zai sa samar da sabis ɗin ya gaza kasancewa mai sauƙin kuɗi ga gidaje da yawa da ke da haɗin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review6&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.48–49 &quot;WSS tariffs.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saka hannun jari ===
Dangane da Binciken Fannin Ruwa na Shekara-shekara na 2013-14, saka hannun jari a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na birane ya kai KSh biliyan 12 a cikin shekarar 2013-14 (dalar Amurka miliyan 120) idan aka kwatanta da buƙatar saka hannun jari na kusan KSh biliyan 75 duk shekara (dalar Amurka miliyan 750).&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact Investment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=8|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, kasafin kuɗinta na samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance KSh biliyan 18.7 ko dalar Amurka miliyan 242.8 a cikin Shekarar Kuɗi ta 2008-09, don haka ya kasance mafi girma fiye da saka hannun jari a cikin shekarar 2013-14. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, an ƙara kasafin kuɗi na fannin ruwa da kashi 245% daga KSh biliyan 4.2 (dalar Amurka miliyan 54.5) a cikin shekarar 2004-2005. Kashi 82% na kuɗaɗen an ware su ne don ƙaramin fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, yayin da sauran aka sadaukar da su ga Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, don Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa gami da Farfaɗo da Ƙasa.

=== Samar da kudaden tallafi (Financing) ===
A cewar hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji, &quot;dogaro mai yawa da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba (wato masu ba da taimako na waje) tare da sama da kashi 94% na jimillar kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari da aka samar a cikin shekarar 2013/14 ba ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayi ga fannin.&quot; Babban hanyoyin samar da kuɗi ga hukumomin ruwa na Kenya guda uku ne: kuɗaɗen gwamnati waɗanda har yanzu suke samar da kashi 58% na kuɗaɗen fannin a cikin shekarar 2008-2009, kuɗaɗen da aka samar a cikin gida waɗanda suka kai kashi 11%, da gudummawar masu ba da taimako da suka kai kashi 31% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su a wancan lokacin. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gudummawar da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba suka bayar an tura su ne ta hanyar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, yayin da sauran kashi biyu cikin uku aka raba su a wajen kasafin kuɗin. Daga cikin kiyasin kuɗaɗen masu ba da taimako na shekarar 2008-2009, kashi 70% sun kasance ta hanyar bashi, yayin da tallafin kyauta (grants) ya wakilci kashi 30%.&lt;ref name=&quot;review7&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.11–16 &quot;Water sector financial turnout.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Samar da kuɗi don matakan da ke da nufin inganta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan da ba su da isasshen sabis - musamman yankunan da matalauta ke zaune - ana ba da su ne ta hanyar '''Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSTF). Hukumar WSTF tana karɓar kuɗi ne daga Gwamnatin Kenya da kuma hukumomin ba da taimako sannan ta tura su zuwa wurare 362 mafi fama da talauci a faɗin ƙasar (waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wstfkenya.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=blogcategory&amp;id=13&amp;Itemid=26 Water Services Trust Fund – who we are] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biyan kudin fito ta wayoyin salula ===
Tun daga shekarar 2009 babban kamfanin wayar salula na Kenya ya tsawaita tsarin biyan kuɗi na hada-hadar banki ta wayar salula ta M-Pesa don amfani da shi wajen biyan kuɗaɗen kamfanonin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Fastcompany|title=Kenya's M-PESA System Lets Cell Phones Control Access to Water|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/ariel-schwartz/sustainability/kenyas-m-pesa-system-lets-cell-phones-control-access-water|access-date=27 August 2011|date=3 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 sama da 'yan Kenya miliyan 12 da kashi 85% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da wayoyin salula don hada-hadar banki. Wani bincike da jami'ar Oxford ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kafin gabatar da wannan tsarin, mazauna Kiamumbi da ke kewayen birnin Nairobi dole ne su yi tafiyar mintuna 40 ta hanyar amfani da motocin sufurin jama'a, su yi dogon layi don yin ajiya a banki sannan su gabatar da takardar ajiya a ofisoshin kamfanin ruwa don biyan lissafin kuɗinsu na kowane wata. Lokacin da ƙaramin kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tsarin ruwa na gida ya ba da damar biyan kuɗi ta hanyar M-Pesa a watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, cikin watanni biyu rabin abokan cinikin su sun koma tsarin biyan kuɗi ta wayar salula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Foster|first=Timothy|author2=Robert Hope |author3=Cliff Nyaga |title=Adoption and implications of mobile phone banking for urban water services in Kenya|journal=World Water Week in Stockholm Abstract Volume|date= 21–27 August 2011|pages=76–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Kasar Kenya tana samun tallafi daga waje daga hukumomin bayar da tallafi da dama tare da ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a halin yanzu da darajarsu ta kai €627 miliyan. Manyan masu ba da tallafin su ne, wato, Bankin Raya Afirka, Faransa, Jamus, Sweden da Denmark, haka kuma da Bankin Duniya: Sauran masu ba da tallafin sun haɗa da: Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Italiya, Finland, Japan (ta hanyar JICA), Netherlands da UNICEF. Taimakon waje ya mayar da hankali ne kan samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a birane, tare da ƙarancin ayyuka a yankunan karkara.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, Gwamnatin Kenya ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Ko-ina cikin Sashi (SWAp) don daidaita ayyukan abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, daidaitawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan. SWAp yana taimakawa wajen inganta tattaunawa tsakanin Ma'aikatar da masu ba da tallafi da kuma ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin sassa daban-daban. Hukumomin bayar da tallafi na maza ne ke haɓaka tsarin manufofin sashi ɗaya, sa ido gami da tsarin shirye-shirye da dabarun sashi guda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100609140901/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO931.pdf USAID Kenya WSS Profile], Retrieved 19 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2007 ana gudanar da taron Bita na Sashen Ruwa na Shekara-shekara (AWSR) wanda ke taimakawa wajen haɓaka daidaitawar ayyukan masu ba da tallafi tsakanin sauran abubuwa. Abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba sun kafa Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Sashen Ruwa (WSTG) don inganta daidaitawa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kansu, da kuma Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Sashen Ruwa (WSWG) don daidaitawa da gwamnati. WSTG tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin troika da kujera da ke juyawa a kowace shekara. A cikin 2012, troika sun haɗa da Jamus, Netherlands da Sweden.

=== Bankin Raya Afirka ===
Bankin Raya Afirka yana nan a cikin sashen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Kenya tare da ayyuka masu zuwa tare da darajar tallafi na kusan €70 miliyan:
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Sharar Kananan Garuruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €84.2 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;&gt;1 Unit Account Value =  1.08 Euro (October 2009); Source: http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406201441/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf |date=6 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka ƙaddamar a lokacin rani na 2009, zai mayar da hankali a cikin shekaru huɗu kan tallafin ci gaban cibiyoyi, samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha gami da ayyukan adana ruwa a yankin Yatta. Adadin mutanen da ake sa ran za su ci gajiyar aikin zai kai 780,000.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-007/ Small Towns Water Supply &amp; Waste]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Kenya%20-%20Small%20Towns%20and%20Rural%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Project.pdf SMALL TOWNS AND RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT], p. 3. Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* A lokacin bazara na 2009 aka fara aikin &quot;Taimakon Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €61.5 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda ya fi haɓaka ci gaban cibiyoyi na Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa da yawa kamar Lake Victoria South (LVSWSB), Northern Water (NWSB) ko Tana Water Services Board (TWSB) kuma wanda ke inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankuna daban-daban.
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Rift Valley&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €22.9 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a 2006, wanda zai amfani mazauna 350,000 a birane da karkara a cikin kwarin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-002 Rift Valley Water Supply &amp; Sanitation]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Makarantun Firamare na Gundumar Kisumu&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €0.22 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a lokacin rani na 2007, tare da cibiyoyin aiwatarwa kan kusan ɗalibai 3,200 da Kwamitocin Gudanar da Makarantu a makarantu shida da ke shiga aikin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-006/ Kisumu District Primary Schools Water and Sanitation Project]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===
Hukumar Raya Faransa (AFD) tana tallafawa sashen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Kenya ta hanyar ayyuka a Nairobi, Kisumu da Mombasa. A cikin 2008 jimillar kuɗaɗen ayyukan da ake gudanarwa ya kasance €105 miliyan, gami da rancen €40 miliyan don Mombasa da aka amince da shi a 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFD East Africa&quot;&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd-maroc.org/jahia/webdav/site/afd/users/administrateur/public/plaquettes/AFD_Afrique_Est_FR.pdf L'AFD EN AFRIQUE DE L'EST]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, November 2007, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/CA-du-13-novembre-2008 Conseil d'administration du 13 novembre 2008 de l'AFD : engagement de 162 millions d'euros en faveur du développement, Kenya : eau et assainissement à Mombasa]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009 AFD ta amince da sabon rancen €51 miliyan don samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Nairobi da Kisumu.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/pid/33409 L'AFD engage plus de 840 millions d'euros en faveur du développement à l'occasion de son CA du 25 juin 2009, Kenya : extension des services d'eau potable et d'assainissement à Nairobi et Kisumu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225092349/http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/pid/33409 |date=25 December 2010 }}, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, hukumar ta kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka a Kandara, Kahuti, Litein da Siaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFD East Africa&quot;/&gt;

=== Jamus ===
Tun daga shekara ta 1975 Jamus ta ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa na Kenya ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi da Ci Gaba ta Tarayya ta Jamus, wacce ke aiki ta hanyar GIZ mai kula da haɗin gwiwar fasaha da KfW mai kula da haɗin gwiwar kuɗi. An zaɓi KfW a matsayin mai daidaita sashen.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nairobi.diplo.de/Vertretung/nairobi/en/005__Development_20Cooperation/s__Water_20Sector.html German Embassy Nairobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005161245/http://www.nairobi.diplo.de/Vertretung/nairobi/en/005__Development_20Cooperation/s__Water_20Sector.html |date=5 October 2013 }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen Jamus na yanzu sun kai kusan €80 miliyan. Babban makasudin taimakon ci gaba na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu shi ne tallafawa cibiyoyin sassa don tabbatar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftace muhalli a cikin birane da kuma kiyaye albarkatun ruwa. Misali, GIZ tana ba da gudummawa ga burin ƙasa a cikin &quot;Shirin Gyaran Sashen Ruwa&quot; daga 2003 zuwa 2013: Aikin yana da sassa da yawa kamar: a) tallafawa ma'aikatar ruwa a cikin gyaran sashi b) tsara sashen ruwa da samar da kuɗaɗe da suka shafi talauci c) kasuwancin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli d) haɓaka ƙarfin aiki don Hukumar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa e) ƙaddamar da tsaftace muhalli mai dogaro da sake amfani da kayayyaki (Ecosan).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/afrika/kenia/1621.htm GTZ Priority Areas in Kenya], Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sweden da Denmark ===
Sweden, Denmark da Kenya suna da dogon tarihin haɗin gwiwa a sashen ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2005 Sweden, ta hanyar Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba ta Duniya ta Sweden (SIDA) tare da Denmark, ta hanyar Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Duniya ta Denmark (DANIDA), sun tallafawa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Kenya (KWSP) wanda ke da jimillar kasafin kuɗin tallafi na dalar Amurka miliyan 80 a lokacin 2005 – 2010. KWSP ya tallafawa aiwatar da gyare-gyaren sashen ruwa, tare da mai da hankali na musamman kan ginin cibiyoyi, samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a karkara, da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of Denmark, Nairobi: [http://www.ambnairobi.um.dk/en/menu/Development/Water/TheWaterAndSanitationProgramme/ The Water and Sanitation Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008140544/http://www.ambnairobi.um.dk/en/menu/Development/Water/TheWaterAndSanitationProgramme/ |date=8 October 2011 }}, retrieved on 11 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____106331.aspx Embassy of Sweden, Fact Sheet on Development Cooperation with Kenya], retrieved on 11 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya''' ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙananan matakan samun ruwa da tsafta, musamman a cikin birane da [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]], da kuma ingancin sabis mara kyau a cikin hanyar samar da ruwa. Rashin ruwa na yanayi da na yanki a Kenya yana ƙara wahalar inganta samar da ruwa.

Sashin ruwa na Kenya ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa ta hanyar Dokar Ruwa No. 8 na 2002. A baya samar da sabis ya kasance alhakin Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa na Kasa da Pipeline da kuma wasu kayan aiki na gida da aka kafa tun 1996. Bayan wucewar tanadin sabis na doka an rarraba shi a hankali zuwa masu ba da sabis na ruwa na gida 91 (WSPs). Wadannan an haɗa su da Kwamitin Kula da Ruwa na Yankin 8 (WSBs) wanda ke kula da kula da kadarori ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Sabis (SPAs) tare da WSPs. Dokar ta kuma kirkiro kwamitin kula da kasa wanda ke gudanar da ma'auni na aiki kuma yana da alhakin amincewa da SPAs da gyare-gyaren farashi. Tare da Dokar Ruwa, 2014, an canja ayyukan 8 WSBs zuwa Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gundumar Kenya.

Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ruwa ta ci gaba da kula da manufofi don samar da ruwa, yayin da Ma'aikatu ta Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ke kula da manufofin tsabta.

Kodayake farashin ruwa na birane suna da girma ta hanyar ka'idojin yanki (KSh.60/= ko US $ 0.60 a kowace m3 a matsakaici a cikin 2014), waɗannan farashin kawai suna ba da damar dawo da farashin aiki, amma ba dawo da farashin babban birnin ba. Ba a samun cikakken farfadowa ba saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da babban matakin ruwa mara kudaden shiga (ma'auni na 42%). Dangane da farashin naúrar samarwa, asarar ƙasa saboda ruwa mara shiga a cikin 2014 an kiyasta shi a KSh.5.2 biliyan /=, daidai da dala miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014 |url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board |pages=24 and 31–36}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani dalili kuma shine buƙatar amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai nisa a farashi mai yawa a wasu wurare. Misali, ana ba da [[Mombasa]] daga tushen da ke da nisan kilomita 220 daga birnin. Kodayake kashi 16% na 'yan Kenya a cikin birane suna da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, babu harajin magudanar gida a Kenya, yana mai da wannan sabis mai tsada kyauta.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Tushen bayanai da fassarar ==
Tattara amintaccen bayanai game da sashin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Kenya yana da wahala saboda rahoto sau da yawa ba cikakke ba ne kuma ana amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Tushen bayanai guda biyu na wakilci a duk fadin kasar sune ƙididdigar da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara goma, tare da na gaba da aka shirya don 2029,  da kuma binciken jama'a da kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar a kowace shekara biyar ta Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya. Bayanan da aka tattara ta haka ana nazarin su ta Shirin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Sayar da Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] don tantance ci gaba zuwa cimma burin Ci gaba mai dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation – A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries]{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}, pp.33–43. &lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan bayanan kawai suna tantance wadatar ruwa da kayan aikin tsabta. Ba sa tantance ko ruwa yana da aminci don sha, ya isa a yawa, yana ci gaba da samuwa ko kuma yana da araha.

Wani muhimmin tushen bayanai shine &quot;raidar tasiri&quot; na shekara-shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact Reports |url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-reports/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=WASREB |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hukumar kula da ruwa ta WASREB ta buga tun 2008. Ta hanyar wannan rahoto ana samun cikakken bayani a yau a kan masu ba da sabis na ruwa da yawa fiye da baya da sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Koyaya, bayanai a cikin rahoton suna nufin kawai yawan mutanen da masu ba da sabis na ruwa ke aiki, wanda ba duka yawan jama'ar Kenya ba ne, ba tare da barin wasu sassan yankunan karkara ba.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
An kiyasta cewa albarkatun sabon ruwa da ake iya sabuntawa na ƙasar Kenya sun kai 20.2 km³ a kowace shekara, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da 647 m³ ga kowane mutum a shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }}, p. 7. Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta jimillar ruwan da ake ɗeba a shekara ya kai sama da 2.7 km³, ko kuma ƙasa da kashi 14% na albarkatun ruwan baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 4. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, samuwar albarkatun ruwa ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokaci da kuma tsakanin shiyya-shiyya. Mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar suna da lokutan damina guda biyu. Dogon ruwan sama yawanci yana farawa ne daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, yayin da gajeren ruwan sama yawanci yana kasancewa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba.&lt;ref&gt;[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf UN World Water Assessment Programme: Case Study Kenya] Part II: Water Availability, Retrieved 21 April 2011
&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, Kenya tana fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa a kowace shekara uku zuwa huɗu, waɗanda ke shafar babban sashe na alurnma. Fari mafi tsanani na kwanan nan ya faru ne daga shekarar 2007 zuwa ƙarshen 2009, wanda ya yi tasiri a dukkan sassan tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 630 mm, amma ya bambanta tsakanin ƙasa da 200 mm a amfanin arewacin Kenya zuwa sama da 1,800 mm a gangaren Dutsen Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 1. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan saman ƙasa ===
An raba Kenya zuwa kwaruruka biyar na magudanar ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kwarin Tafkin Victoria a Yammacin Kenya yana cikin tsarin kwarin Kogin Nile. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na cikin gida na Rift Valley ya haɗa da koramu da tabkuna da yawa, gami da manyan tabkunan ruwa masu daɗi kamar Tafkin Turkana, Tafkin Baringo da Tafkin Naivasha, koguna kamar Kogin Kerio, da kuma tabkunan gishiri da yawa.

Tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi, tsarin magudanar ruwa na Tana da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa na Ewaso Ng'iro na Arewa duk suna guda ne zuwa Tekun Indiya. Rarraba ruwa a cikin kwarurukan yana da babban bambanci inda mafi girman samuwar ruwa ke cikin kwarin Tafkin Victoria (fiye da kashi 50%) sannan mafi ƙaranci a tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi. Kwarurukan Tana da na Tafkin Victoria ne kawai ke da rarar albarkatun ruwa, yayin da sauran kwarurukan guda uku ke fuskantar ƙaranci.

Babban birnin ƙasar, Nairobi, yana samun albarkatun ruwansa ne daga tsarin magudanar ruwa guda biyu: Ruwan magudanar ruwa mafi tsufa, wato Kikuyu Springs (da ake amfani da shi tun 1906) da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Ruiru Dam (tun 1938) suna cikin kwarin Kogin Athi. Madatsar ruwa ta Sasumua Dam, Ndakaini-Thika Dam (tun 1996) da Chania-B Dam suna wadata Nairobi ta hanyar tura ruwa tsakanin kwaruruka daban-daban daga yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Tana. Kusan kashi 20% na wadatar ruwan yana fitowa ne daga albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ya yi daidai da kusan 60,000 zuwa 70,000 m³ a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=jyNHmgONtk0C&amp;q=60000&amp;pg=PA7 Climate variability and water resources degradation in Kenya], p. 56. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Mombasa, birni na biyu mafi girma a Kenya, yana biyan buƙatunsa na ruwa ne ta hanyar Marere Water Works da ke kudu maso yamma, Baricho Intake a ƙananan sashen Kogin Athi da kuma daga Mzima Springs, saman Kogin Athi, ta hanyar bututun ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 220 zuwa birnin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt Nature's Benefits in Kenya, World Resources Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175737/http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt |date=3 March 2016 }}, slides 10,11. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ===
Kenya ta dogara ne akan albarkatun ruwan saman ƙasa daga koguna, tabkuna da madatsun ruwa; da kuma akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya fi girma a yankunan karkara da kuma yankunan bakin teku, inda birane ma ke dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hydrogeology of Kenya - MediaWiki |url=https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=earthwise.bgs.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yin amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da babban damar haɓaka wadatar ruwa a Kenya amma amfani da shi yana fuskantar iyakancewa saboda ƙarancin ingancin ruwa, wuce gona da iri wajen ɗeɓa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku, da kuma rashin isasshen ilimi game da yadda albarkatun suke wanzuwa.&lt;ref&gt;Barasa M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Kenya. British Geological Survey. Accessed [27 January 2023]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya#Groundwater_use&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mumma, Albert; Lane, Michael; Kairu, Edward; Tuinhof, Albert; Hirji, Rafik. 2011. Kenya Groundwater Governance Case Study. Water papers;. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17227&lt;/ref&gt; Kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa akai-akai, musamman a yankunan karkara, wani ƙalubale ne na daban: gyara famfunan hannu da suka lalace galibi ana kallonsa a matsayin abin da alurnmun karkara dole ne su gudanar da kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Tim |last2=Hope |first2=Rob |date=2016-10-01 |title=A multi-decadal and social-ecological systems analysis of community waterpoint payment behaviours in rural Kenya |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f73e5ad6-23a5-4457-be0a-fbf7a2249b8b/files/m2dee4103c3f1a4a59156b8962e7c5b3c |journal=Journal of Rural Studies |language=en |volume=47 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.026 |issn=0743-0167 |s2cid=156255059}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa inda ake ƙirƙirar tsarin sabis na kulawa na ƙwararrun ma'aikata a matsayin wata dabarar daban don inganta dorewar tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Johanna |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Goodall |first3=Susanna |last4=Katuva |first4=Jacob |last5=Hope |first5=Rob |date=2021-04-01 |title=Institutional pluralism and water user behavior in rural Africa |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=140 |article-number=105231 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105231 |issn=0305-750X |s2cid=233566959|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda rashin samun hanyoyin ruwan saman ƙasa a yankunan busassun ƙasa, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban albarkatu ne ga samar da ruwa a mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar. Akwai muhimman madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) a yankunan aman wuta da kuma duwatsun da ke da alaƙa da su, da kuma a yankunan da ke da duwatsun metamofik a arewa da bakin tekun Kenya. Kimanin mita cubic miliyan 57.21 na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa aka ɗeba a Kenya a shekarar 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damar samun ruwa ==

=== Samar da ruwa ===
Hasashen da ya fito daga Shirin Haɗin Gwiwa na Sa Ido kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na alurnmar Kenya (kashi 83% a yankunan birane da kashi 50% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun aƙalla hanyoyin ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 22% na mutanen Kenya (kashi 45% a yankunan birane da kashi 14% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun ruwan famfo ta hanyar haɗi zuwa gida ko tsakar gida. A cewar hasashen JMP, damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 92% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 82% a shekarar 2015. A yankunan karkara kuma, damar samun ruwan ya ƙaru daga kashi 33% zuwa kashi 57% a cikin daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation: [http://www.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1049 Improved Drinking Water Coverage Estimates – Kenya, March 2010]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 24 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na &quot;aƙalla na yau da kullum&quot; a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/kenya/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org – Kenya|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga rahoton WASREB na shekarar 2016-17, kashi 55% na daukacin alurnma ne ke da &quot;damar samun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2016 – 2017|url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128203220/https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, a cewar ma'anar da ake kira &quot;weighted access&quot; (duba sama), Rahoton Tasiri na shekarar 2009 ya kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2006-2007 kashi 37% ne kawai na mutanen Kenya ke da damar samun isasshen ruwan sha mai tsafta kusa da gidajensu a kan farashi mai sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kenya-information-guide.com/kenya-population.html Kenya Information Guide] Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da rahoton manyan bambance-bambance na shiyya-shiyya dangane da damar samun ruwan: an yi rajistar mafi girman mataki a yankin da Kamfanin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Tetu Aberdare ke yi wa wa'azi (kashi 72%) yayin da aka yi rajistar mafi ƙaranci a Muthambi a cikin Gundumar Meru ta Kudu (kashi 4%). A bannon birnin Nairobi, an ba da rahoton samun damar ruwa a kan kashi 35% a daidai wannan lokacin, sabanin adadin da bai dace da gaskiya ba na kashi 46% da aka bayar don shekarar 2005-2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Water and Sanitation Coverage – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.20–23. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Hanyoyin samun ruwa ====
Matalauta, musamman mata da 'yan mata, suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo wajen ɗebo ruwa a yankunan karkara da na birane duka. Alal misali, binciken katun rahoton 'yan ƙasa na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa masu amfani da rumfunan sayar da ruwa a birane suna ɗebo ruwa sau 4 zuwa 6 a kowace rana. A Kisumu, wannan yana nufin cewa gidan matalauta yana kashe mintuna 112 a kowace rana don ɗebo ruwa a lokutan da babu matsala, kuma har tsawon mintuna 200 a kowace rana a lokacin ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Uwazi InfoShop at Twaweza: [http://www.twaweza.org/uploads/files/Its%20our%20water%20too_English.pdf It's our water too! Bringing greater equity in access to water in Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Policy brief 09/2010, p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da littattafan tarihin ruwa don rubuta hanyoyi, amfani da kuɗaɗen ruwa a matakin gida a karkaran Kenya. Mutane a yankunan karkara suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu dole ne su biya kuɗi, wasu kuma kyauta ne: Ruwan sama (ruwan da aka tara daga duwatsu ko rufin gida), rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu ko famfunan hannu (waɗannan na iya zama na gida, masu zaman kansu, a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), rumfuna sayar da ruwa (a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), ko masu sayar da ruwa da ke amfani da jakuna da amalanke ko motoci. Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da haƙa busassun magudanar koguna, wuraren tara ruwa na ƙasa, koguna ko madatsun ruwa, da kuma ruwan famfo a cikin gida ko tsakar gida. Amfanin ruwa na waɗannan gidajen shine na sha, girki, wanki, wanke-wanke, wanka, shayar da dabbobi ko ban ruwa na ƙaramin sigo.
Makarantun karkara a Kenya galibi suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban guda biyu ko uku, kuma ana iya raba waɗannan zuwa &quot;hanyoyin cikin makaranta&quot; (ko dai ruwan famfo ko tarin ruwan sama), ko kuma &quot;hanyoyin wajen makaranta&quot; (waɗanda ba su da inganci, masu sayar da ruwa ke kawowa, ko na yau da kullum). Kusan kashi 80% na makarantu a Kenya (hudu cikin makarantu biyar) suna da nasu tsarin tara ruwan sama. Sai dai kuma, a cikin watannin da suka fi bushewa daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, galibi ana siyan ruwa ne daga wurin masu sayar da ruwa.

=== Tsaftar muhalli ===
Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 32.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Hasashen ƙasa baki ɗaya na shekarar 2015 daga JMP ya nuna cewa kashi 30% (kashi 43% na birane da kashi 28% na karkara) na mutanen Kenya ne ke da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum, gami da tsarin magudanar ruwan fita. A yankunan birane, ƙarin kashi 27% na alurnma suna amfani da banɗaki na tarayya. A yankunan karkara, an kiyasta cewa har yanzu kashi 12% na alurnma suna yin baɗari a sarari (waje). Rahoton shekarar 2015 na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli bai haɗa da wani adadi akan damar samun tsaftar muhalli a sigo mai faɗi ba, sai dai kawai hasashen damar samun tsarin magudanar ruwa na birane, wanda aka kiyasta akan kashi 16%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2006-2007 an ba da rahoton cewa rabin alurnmar Kenya da ke cikin yankin da kamfanonin samar da ruwa (WSPs) guda 55 ke yi wa wa'azi suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli (wannan ma'anar ta haɗa da banɗakin ja da na zuba ruwa da ke haɗe da tsarin bututu, dandalin tankunan baɗari, banɗakin VIP da banɗakin rami). A Nairobi, yanayin tsaftar muhalli ya kasance kusan kashi 23% a shekarar 2006-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;/&gt; Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidajen Kenya na shekarar 2006 ya ba da rahoton mafi girman yanayin tsaftar muhalli na kashi 84%, gami da banɗaki na tarayya da na ramuka marasa zurfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.35–40 &quot;Water Services, Sanitation&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingancin sabis ==
Ingancin sabis na kamfanonin WSPs ana sanya masa ido na kusa ta Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) da nufin haɓaka gasa ta kwatanci da inganta ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin mafi mahimmancin alamomin ingancin sabis sune ingancin ruwa, dorewar samar da ruwa da kuma sarrafa ruwan sha da aka yi amfani da shi.

=== Ingancin ruwa ===
A shekarar 2015, WASREB ta ba da rahoton cewa kamfanoni 23 sun samar da ruwa mai inganci (wanda aka fassara a matsayin fiye da kashi 95% na bin ƙa'idodi), kamfanoni 15 masu inganci matsakaita sanka ga kamfanoni 53 ingancin ruwansu bai kasance karɓarre ba (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ƙasa da kashi 90% na bin ƙa'idodi). Ma'aunai guda biyu da aka auna sune ragowar sinadarin chlorine (nauyin kashi 40%) da kuma bin ƙa'idodin kwayoyin cuta (nauyin kashi 60%). Idan adadin samfuran da aka ɗauka ya gaza abin da aka tsara a cikin ƙa'idar, ana ƙididdige amfani da shi a matakin ƙasa. An sami mafi girman bin ƙa'ida a Kericho da Kisumu da kashi 100% kowannensu. Rahoton 'yan ƙasa da aka gudanar a Nairobi, Mombasa da Kisumu a shekarar 2007 ya ba da bayani game da fahimtar abokan ciniki game da ingancin ruwa: kusan kashi 70% na gidajen da ke amfani da ruwa daga haɗin babban bututu sun ce sun sami ɗanɗano da warin ruwan a matsayin karɓarre, kuma ruwan yana da haske. Duk da haka, mafi yawan masu amsa tambayoyin suna tace ko tafasa ruwa kafin su sha, wanda hakan ke nuna rashin tabbas akai-akai game da ingancinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007] Retrieved 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar ba da hankali ga ma'aunin ingancin sinadaran ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Kenya saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da yanayin ƙasa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri, da matsin lamba daga gudanar da datti da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Alal misali, a kudu maso gabashin Kenya, akwai rahotannin cewa an bar rijiyoyin burtsatse saboda gishiri da yawan sinadarin iron. Masu amfani da ruwa a wannan shiyya suna haɗa ɗanɗanon gishiri na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da matsalar haƙori (dental fluorosis) da kuma matsalolin ciki da hanji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa ko'ina a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika duba su akai-akai ba. Misalan ma'aunai na farko sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Gabaɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Bayanan da ke akwai suna da bambanci saboda bincike yakan fi mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen yanayi da aka sani. Bugu da ƙari, akwai dakunan gwaje-gwaje kalilan a Kenya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan bincike na sinadarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

=== Dorewar samar da ruwa ===
Rahoton Taimako na shekarar 2015 ya ba da rahoton matsakaicin wadatar ruwa na awanni 18 a kowace rana, wanda ya ƙaru daga awanni 14 a shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanoni 9 ne kawai waɗanda yawancinsu ƙanana ne na WSPs ke samar da ruwa akai-akai har tsawon awanni 24 a kowace rana. A Nairobi, ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin awanni 18 a rana, sanka a Mombasa kuma na tsawon awanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;Continuity&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, lokutan ƙarancin ruwa na faruwa.

=== Maganin Ruwan Sha da Najasa ===
A cewar rahoton kimantawa na 2009, akwai tsarin magudanar ruwa 43 a Kenya da kuma wuraren tsaftace ruwan najasa a cikin garuruwa 15 (yawan jama’ar da ake yi wa hidima: mutane 900,000). Ikon aiki na wadannan wuraren tsaftacewa ya kai kashi 16% na ikon da aka tsara. Babban dalilan rashin inganci sun hada da rashin isasshen kulawa da aiki da kuma karancin haɗin jama’a zuwa magudanar ruwa. A Kenya, an kiyasta kashi 19% ne ke da haɗin kai zuwa magudanar ruwa (kashi 12% a wani rahoto).&lt;ref&gt;R. Gakubia, U. Pokorski and P. Onyango Upscaling Access to Sustainable Sanitation – Kenya, January 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519125341/http://waterforum.jp/eng/iys/agenda/doc/session1/12_Dr.UlrikePokorski.pdf |date=19 May 2016 }}, slide 7. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin ruwan najasa da ke shiga hanyar magudanar ruwa, kusan kashi 60% ne kawai ke isa wuraren tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen tsaftace ruwan najasa a Kenya ita ce tafkunan tsaftacewa. Daya daga cikin su shi ne tsarin Dandora Waste Stabilisation Pond wanda ke tsaftace ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje daga birnin Nairobi, kuma shi ne mafi girma a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;H.W. Pearson, S.T. Avery, S.W. Mills, P. Njaggah and P. Odiambo Performance of the phase II Dandora waste stabilisation ponds: The case for anaerobic ponds, ''Water Science and Technology'' Volume 33, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 91–98. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Amma haɗa ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na haɗe yana haifar da matsaloli a aikin tafkunan tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot;&gt;Institute of Economic Affairs: A Rapid Assessment of Kenya's Water, Sanitation and Sewerage Framework, June 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182032/http://www.ieakenya.or.ke/documents/Water%20Framework%20Study%20-%20A%20Rapid%20Assessment%20of%20Kenyas%20Water%20Sanitation%20and%20Sewarage%20Framework.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
Tarihin fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Kenya yana da alaƙa da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin hukumomi wanda ya haifar da rashin inganci da yawa, da kuma yunƙurin gyare-gyare na gaba.

=== Farkon somawa ===
Tarihin samar da ruwan famfo a Kenya za a iya samo asalinsa ne tun lokacin kariya na Gabashin Afrika (East African Protectorate). A wancan lokacin, samar da ruwa ya fi mayar da hankali ne ga buƙatun matsugunan 'yan fashin mulkin mallaka. Hukumar kula da samar da ruwa ta kasance a ƙarƙashin Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Hydraulic Branch, wanda ya fara aiki a birnin Mombasa na bakin teku. Gina layin dogon Uganda (Uganda Railway) a shekarar 1896 ya ba da gagarumin ƙarfin gwiwa ga haɓaka bututun ruwa a cikin ƙasar tare da layin dogon.

=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka ===
Tsakanin shekarar 1920 zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, an yi yunƙurin farko na daidaita samar da ruwa a cikin mallakar da kuma kariya ta Kenya, yayin da hukumomi da yawa suka raba alhakin. A cikin shekarun 1950 da farkon 60s, an raba alhakin gudanar da samar da ruwa tsakanin hukumomi uku: Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da ke aiki a cibiyoyin birane tare da samar da sabis na ruwa na tsakiya; Hukumomin Gida waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da ikon sarrafa samar da ruwa; da Sashen Haɓaka Ruwa, wanda ke da alhakin haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyin birane da karkara. Kamfanin Mombasa Pipeline Work ne ya samar da babban ruwa ga Mombasa, yayin da sashen ruwa ke gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullum na bututun ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda ɗaya don gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa. A shekarar 1952 aka kafa dokar ruwa ta &quot;Water Act Cap 372&quot;, wadda ta kasance tushen doka ga fannin ruwa har zuwa shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section until Kenyan independence: pp.271–280. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ƙaramin fannin tsaftar muhalli, babu wani tsarin hukuma mai aiki shi ma. A hukumance, Dokar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta shekarar 1921 ta ba Ma'aikatar Lafiya rawar gudanar da tsaftar muhalli, amma da kyar aka aiwatar da ita. Bayan haka, alurnmar gida sun ƙi amfani da matakan tsafta da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya musu. Tsakanin shekarar 1929 da 1939 an gudanar da kamfen na ilimantar da jama'a kan lafiyar jama'a wanda ya haifar da yaɗuwar banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Sanitation in Kenya: pp.296–305. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabanin shekarar 1954, nau'ikan tsaftar muhalli daban-daban suna amfani a sassan Kenya daban-daban: banɗakunan rami suna amfani a mafi yawancin wuraren ajiye 'yan ƙasa, banɗakunan bokiti sun mamaye garuruwa yayin da ake amfani da tsaftar ruwa a sassan Turawa na manyan garuruwa. Lokacin boren Mau Mau, an tattara 'yan Afirka a sansanonin tsare mutane kuma an rufe kasuwannin gida don tsoron tawaye. Wannan ya haifar da watsar da tsaftar muhalli da ta dace da kuma karuwar banɗakunan bai-ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;/&gt;

=== Kenya mai zaman kanta (1963–1980) ===
Yayin da Kenya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, yunƙurin sauƙaƙe gudanar da samar da ruwa ya haifar da tura dukkan ƙungiyoyin da ke da alhakin ruwa zuwa Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona a shekarar 1964. Rarraba alhaki da iko, duk da haka, ba su fito fili ba kuma sun haifar da cikas da rashin aiki. A shekarar 1965, gwamnatin da Jomo Kenyatta ya jagoranta ta bayyana a cikin Takardar Zama Na 10 kan gurguzu na Afirka da aikace-aikacensa ga tsare-tsare a Kenya cewa dole ne a fuskantar da manufofin gwamnati zuwa ga kawar da talauci, rashin karatu da cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1963–1980): pp.280–286. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Citizen Report Card ya nuna cewa ana amfani da tankunan septic wajen zubar da ruwan najasa daga bayan gida a Mombasa. Masu amfani da bayan gida na rami daga Nairobi, Kisumu da Mombasa sun nuna cewa wani bangare na ruwan najasa yana shiga cikin magudanar ruwan sama, wuraren shan ruwan kasa da wuraren zubar da ruwan kicin, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurbatar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2001, wani lamari na gurbatar muhalli ya faru a garin Embu. An zubar da ruwan najasa daga wurin tsaftacewa zuwa cikin kogi kusa da garin, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 28 da suka yi amfani da ruwan don bukatun gida.&lt;ref&gt;Daily Nation – Typhoid Death Toll Is 28 (27 February 2001) Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ya fara lokacin shiga tsakani na manufofin ruwa da gwamnati ta yi, bisa ƙa'idar cewa ruwa abu ne na zamantakewa da za a samar kyauta ko kuma a tallafa masa. Sakamakon haka, kuɗaɗen ruwa tsakanin shekarar 1970 da 1981 an tallafa musu sosai kuma sun saba wa ƙa'idar dawo da kuɗin aiki. Ko'ina a cikin shekarun 1960, an gudanar da Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli wanda WHO-UNICEF suka tallafa masa a Kenya da nufin haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga ƙananan alurnmun karkara, inganta hanyoyin zubar da shara da kuma ba da ilimin tsafta ga alurnmar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

Tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara da aka kafa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, majalisun gundumomi ne ke gudanar da su (a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida). A shekarar 1972 kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara 560 ke gudana a Kenya kuma sun samar da ruwa ga alurnma kusan 664,000, UNICEF ta ruwaito. Alurnmun gida kuma sun fara haɓaka nasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa da kafa kwamitocin ruwa: sun sami horo game da tsarin ƙira, lissafin hydraulic, farashi da hanyoyin ƙaddamarwa. Wani bincike na gaba da UNICEF ta gudanar a shekarar 1974 ya nuna matsaloli da yawa da suka shafi waɗannan ayyukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 1970 Gwamnatin Kenya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bashi da ƙasar Sweden don tallafawa Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa na Karkara. Hukumar WHO za ta samar da bincike kan yanayin ruwa a ƙasar. Binciken, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1973, ya nuna cewa a Kenya akwai babban rashi na manyan ma'aikata da na fasaha; yayin da masu ba da gudummawa za su iya samar da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen haɓakawa, kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa na yanzu ba za a iya biya su ta hanyar kuɗaɗen gida ba kuma Gwamnati ba ta da tsarin dogon lokaci na haɓaka samar da ruwa. A martanin hakan, an ƙirƙiri cikakkiyar Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa a shekarar 1974. Ma'aikatar ta karɓi tsare-tsaren ruwa da gwamnati ke gudanarwa da kuma waɗanda majalisun gundumomi ke gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar aka ƙaddamar da Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa. Babban burinsa shine haɓaka sabbin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da kuma tabbatar da samun ruwan sha a cikin tazara mai kyau ga daukacin 'yan Kenya. Yunƙurin ya ɗauki taken, &quot;Ruwa ga kowa nan da shekarar 2000&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Lokacin mika mulki (1980–1992) ===
A cikin shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara fuskantar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya sanya matsin lamba ga ayyukan babban buri na samar da ruwa mai tsafta ga kowa da kuma faɗaɗa tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa. An ba da fifiko ga gyaran tsare-tsaren da ke akwai da kuma gina manyan ayyukan ruwa kamar tsare-tsaren ruwa na Baricho da Kilimanjaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1980 aka kafa Majalisar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa don faɗakar da alurnma game da fa'idodin lafiya na tsaftar muhalli da kuma ba da shawara da jagorantar hukumomin gida kan lamarin. Majalisar ta baje a hankali ba tare da cimma rantsuwarta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1983 wani Binciken Amfanin Ruwa da Hukumar SIDA ta gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa yanayin ba mai dorewa bane kuma ya ba da shawarar rarraba iko da cire alhakin aiki da kulawa daga Ma'aikatar. Don inganta ayyuka da inganci da kuma rage nauyin kuɗi na fannin ruwa, a watan Yunin shekarar 1988 aka kafa Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa (NWCPC). Rawarsa ita ce gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a ƙarƙashin ikon jiha a kan tsarin kasuwanci.

=== Kasuwancin kayan aiki na gida ===
Amma tsarin tsakiya ya gaza cimma gyare-gyare. Haka nan ra'ayin ƙirƙirar kamfanonin kasuwanci na gwamnatin gida ya fito. An tsara Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa na Biyu a shekarar 1992, kuma an tattauna sabuwar hanyar manufofin da ke jaddada rarraba iko da kuma hanyar da buƙata ke tafiyar da ita a matakin ƙasa. Birnin Eldoret ya ci gaba a shekarar 1994 kuma ya kafa sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa tare da kuɗaɗen da ke daban da kasafin kuɗin gundumar. Hukumar kamfanin ta haɗa da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai (NGOs), ƙungiyoyin mata, rukunin 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu da Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Kaya ta Kenya. Kasuwancin kamfanin a Eldoret da kuma a Nyeri da Kericho an tallafa masa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɓakawa na Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;&gt;Wambua Sammy: [http://www.boell.de/internationalepolitik/internationale-politik-3730.html Water Privatisation in Kenya], Global Issue Paper No. 8, [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]], 2004, p. 12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara wannan tsarin ta Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida, ta hanyar Dokar Kamfanoni Cap. 486 na shekarar 1996 wanda ya ba da damar kafa kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na jama'a, masu gudanar da kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;/&gt; Har zuwa shekarar 2002, wannan tsarin ya haifar da gagarumin gyare-gyare dangane da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), inganta karɓar kuɗaɗen baki da ƙarancin ƙarfe-ƙarfe a Nyeri da Eldoret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;/&gt; Koyaya, sauran kamfanonin ruwa na gida a Kitale da Nakuru dole ne gwamnatin ƙasa ta sake karɓarsu saboda matsalolin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1980–2002): pp.286–297. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1999, aka buga Manufar Ƙasa ta Fari ta Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa. Manufar ta bayyana cewa gwamnati za ta &quot;mika&quot; tsarin ruwan birane zuwa sassan masu zaman kansu a cikin hukumomin gida, da kuma samar da ruwan karkara ga alurnmu. Wani tanadi na wannan takarda shine sanya ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarƙashin kamfanoni guda ɗaya. Yayin da take haɓaka Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Gwamnati ta kuma kafa Hukumar Aiki ta Ƙasa don duba Dokar Ruwa, Cap 372, da kuma tsara gyare-gyare da za su haifar da cikakken garambawul ga fannin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Sake tsara hukumomin ruwa (2002–2011) ===
Tsarin doka na yanzu ga fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Kenya ya dogara ne akan &quot;Water Act No. 8 of 2002&quot; wanda ya fara aiki a watan Maris na shekarar 2003.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/images/stories/Water%20Act.pdf Water Act 2002] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta gabatar da gyare-gyare masu nisa bisa ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:
* raba gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga samar da ayyukan ruwa;
* raba tsara manufofi daga gudanarwa da tsari na yau da kullum;
* rarraba ayyuka zuwa sassan jihar na matakin ƙasa;
* shigar da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da kuma samar da ayyukan ruwa.
Aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ya haifar da sake tsara fannin mai faɗi sosai kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin hukumomi. An kafa Sakatariyar Gyaran Fannin Ruwa (WSRS) a matsayin rukunin mika mulki a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa don kula da kafa sabbin hukumomin fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2004, aka kafa Asusun Amana na Fannin Ruwa (WSTF) don ba da taimakon kuɗi ga kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ayyuka (yawanci matalauta ke zaune). An tsara Tsarin Canja wuri a shekarar 2005 (ta hanyar Sanarwar Shari'a Lamba 101 ta 12 Agusta 2005) don jagorantar tura ma'aikata da kaddarori daga gwamnatin tsakiya zuwa Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa da aka kafa kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Mumma [http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf Kenya's new water law: an analysis of the implications for the rural poor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101236/http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }} 26–28 January 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Don jagorantar aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa, an tsara daftarin &quot;Dabarun Ayyukan Ruwa na Ƙasa&quot; (NWSS) na shekarun 2007-2015 a watan Yunin shekarar 2007. Rantsuwarsa ita ce &quot;cimma manufofin sanarwar MDG da Vision 2030 na Gwamnatin Kenya game da samun ruwa mai tsafta da mai sauƙin kuɗi da tsaftar muhalli na asali ta hanyar hukumomi masu amgawa a cikin tsarin da aka ayyana na ma'aunai da tsari.&quot; NWSS ta dogara ne akan gano samun dorewar ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli na asali a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kayan tattalin arziki. Daga cikin manyan alkawuran akwai: dawo da kuɗi ta hanyar masu samar da ayyukan ruwa don tabbatar da dorewar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa da kuma tsara samar da sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MWI – SP&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.cohre.org/store/attachments/RTWP%20-%20NWSS%20June%2007%20draft.pdf The National Water Services Strategy (NWSS)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 3 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, MWI ta kuma ba da cikakken tsarin aiwatarwa na goyon bayan matalauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2010 Kenya ta amshi sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin Shafi na 43(1). Musamman ma, ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin &quot;samun gidaje masu dacewa da kuma ma'aunai masu kyau na tsaftar muhalli&quot;, da kuma haƙƙin &quot;samun ruwa mai tsafta da kariya a cikin adadi mai gamsarwa&quot;.

=== Dokar Ruwa ta 2015 da Dokar Ruwa ta kasa ta 2016 ===
An kaddamar da sabuwar dokar ruwa a shekarar 2015. Dokar ta canza rukunoni takwas na Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa (Kamfanonin Riko da Kaddarori) zuwa Hukumomin Haɓaka Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gunduma ta Kenya. Wannan ya yi daidai da rarraba ikon da aka tsara a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya na shekarar 2010. Har ila yuzu, Kamfanon Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa ya zama Hukumar Adana Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa ta zama Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa kuma Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa ya zama Hukumar Amana ta Fannin Ruwa. An yi nufin dokar a matsayin ingantaccen sigar Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002, maimakon wani gagarumin gyare-gyare na daban na fannin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ochieng|first=Wesonga|title=Kenya: Water Bill 2012 Set to Transform Water Sector|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209250084.html|publisher=allAfrica.com|access-date=27 December 2012|date=24 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Draft Water Bill 2012|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/257994-1335471959878/draft-water-bill-2012.pdf|access-date=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar - wadda ke ƙarƙashin tattaunawa tun shekarar 2012 - a ƙarshe majalisar dokoki ta zartar da ita a matsayin The Water Bill, 2014 (Bill No. 7 of 2014) a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Water Bill, 2014, Bill No. 7 of 2014|url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182|publisher=Republic of Kenya, Parliament|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055413/http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Ruwa ta ƙasa ta shekarar 2016 ta fayyace wasu sassa na samar da sabis da tsarin sabbin hukumomin ƙasa. Koyaya, rabon kasafin kuɗi na gundumomi, musamman ga fannin ruwa na karkara da hukumomi kamar makarantu da dakunan shan magani sun kasance marasa tabbas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Nyaga |last2=Cliff |last3=Hope |first3=Rob |last4=Kiamba |first4=Pauline |last5=Gladstone |first5=Nancy |last6=Thomas |first6=Mike |last7=Mumma |first7=Albert |last8=Trevett |first8=Andrew |date=2022 |title=Water policy, politics, and practice: The case of Kitui County, Kenya |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=4 |doi=10.3389/frwa.2022.1022730 |issn=2624-9375|doi-access=free|hdl=1871.1/f4db2fcc-1c4e-4a11-bb5e-24f22433693c |hdl-access=free }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta amince da rawar da hukumomin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ke takawa a fannin ruwa. Tana ƙirƙirar &quot;sarari&quot; na doka wanda ƙwararrun masu samar da sabis na kulawa za su iya haɓaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Alhaki akan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ==

=== Tsara manufofi da daidaita fannoni ===
'''Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa''' (MWI) ita ce mabuɗiyar hukuma da ke da alhakin fannin ruwa a Kenya. Ma'aikatar ta kasu kashi biyar: Gudanarwa da Ayyukan Tallafi, Ayyukan Ruwa, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa, da Farfaɗo da Kasa. Ana kula da samar da ruwa ne ta hannun Sashen Ayyukan Ruwa, wanda ayyukansa suka haɗa da: tsara manufofi da dabarun ayyukan ruwa da magudanun ruwa, daidaita fannoni da sanya idanu kan sauran hukumomin ayyukan ruwa. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa kuma ita ce ke da alhakin gabaɗayan saka hannun jari na fannin, tsare-tsare da tattara albarkatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;plan&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar tsaftar muhalli tana hannun '''Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaftar Muhalli''' (MoPHS).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/government/health.htm Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation – Functions] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don daidaita tsarin hukumomi don tsaftar muhalli, MWI da MoPHS sun ɓullo da wani tsari na sirri na &quot;Water Supply and Sanitation Concept&quot; tare da bayyana takamaiman manufofin tsaftar muhalli. Tun da farko a shekarar 2011, Ministan Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ita ce Charity Ngilu, shugabar jam'iyyar National Party of Kenya, wadda ke goyon bayan Firayim Minista Raila Odinga. Ministan Lafiya da Tsaftar Muhalli ita ce Beth Mugo na jam'iyyar Party of National Unity ta Shugaba Mwai Kibaki.

Sauran Ma'aikatun su ma suna taka rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da MWI da MoPHS a fannin tsaftar muhalli na makarantu ta hanyar shiga cikin Kwomitocin Shirye-shiryen Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli. Sashen Daidaita Fannin Noma yana duba duk wasu batutuwa da suka shafi noma, gami da ban ruwa wanda MWI ke kula da shi. MWI kuma tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatun Gandun Daji, na Muhalli da na Shirye-shiryen Musamman don ci gaba da farfaɗowa da kula da hasumiya na ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review3&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.62–64 &quot;Intra and Inter-Ministerial Coordination&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ka'idoji ===
'''Ka'idojin tattalin arziki.''' Hukumar Tsara Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) ce ke gudanar da tsari da sanya idanu kan samar da ayyukan ruwa na birane da karkara. WASREB wani kamfani ne na jiha wanda ba na kasuwanci ba wanda aka kafa a watan Maris na shekarar 2003 bisa ga Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da: ba da lasisi ga hukumomin ayyukan ruwa da amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Samar da Ayyuka, haɓaka jagororin kuɗin fito da gudanar da shawarwarin kuɗin fito, kafa ma'aunai da haɓaka jagororin samar da sabis, buga sakamakon sanya idanu na fannin a cikin hanyar rahotanni na kwatanta (kamar Rahoton Tasiri).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=50&amp;Itemid=94 Water Services Regulatory Board – Institutional Profile]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsarin muhalli''' a Kenya ana gudanar da shi ne ta Hukumar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMA). An kafa NEMA ne a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa da Daidaita Muhalli Lamba 8 na shekarar 1999 kuma ta fara aiki a watan Yuli na shekarar 2002. Rawarta ita ce haɓaka haɗakar duba lamuran muhalli cikin manufofin gwamnati, tsare-tsare, shirye-shirye da ayyuka. Game da fannin ruwa musamman, NEMA ita ke da alhakin tsara ƙa'idojin ingancin ruwa (an fayyace sigar yanzu a shekarar 2006).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf Water Quality Regulations – 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211230720/http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf |date=11 February 2025 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/index.php?option=com_frontpage&amp;Itemid=1 National Environment Management Authority, Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanar da kaddarori ===
Sakamakon gyare-gyaren fannoni, an mika alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli zuwa hukumomin yanki guda takwas na '''Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSBs): Athi (wanda ke hidima ga babban birnin kasar Nairobi), Coast, Tana, Lake Victoria North, Lake Victoria South, Northern, Rift Valley Water Services Board, kuma tun shekarar 2008, Tanathi Water Services Board. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa suna da alhakin gudanar da kaddarori, wato, don haɓakawa da farfaɗo da dabarun ruwa da magudanun ruwa, don tsara saka hannun jari da aiwatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/Resources/2009_17mon/Kenya_Water_Human_Rights_brochure-final.pdf Water Sector Reform in Kenya and the Human Right to Water – October 2007] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka kafa WSBs, an soki su a matsayin &quot;wani tsari na zama murnuci mara amfani&quot; wanda ke haifar da &quot;haɗewar ayyuka&quot; saboda su &quot;masu tsari ne (tare da WSRB) kuma masu yin wasa a kasuwa&quot; sannan kuma &quot;guda ɗaya... waɗanda ke da nisa da inda ake yin hidima&quot;. WSBs suna aiki a ƙarƙashin lasisi, amma an soki tsarin ba da lasisin a matsayin &quot;na hukuma, mai wahala da rikitarwa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=J. M. Migai Akech, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Nairobi|title=Governing Water And Sanitation in Kenya: Public Law, Private Sector Participation and the Elusive Quest for a Suitable Institutional Framework|url=http://www.ielrc.org/activities/workshop_0704/content/d0702.pdf|publisher=Paper prepared for the workshop entitled 'Legal Aspects of Water Sector Reforms' to be organised in Geneva from 20 to 21 April 2007 by the International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC) in the context of the Research partnership 2006–2009 on water law sponsored by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)|access-date=27 December 2012|pages=32–33|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da sabis ===
Alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana hannun Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa. Koyaya, ba lallai ba ne su samar da ayyuka kai tsaye - suna iya mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati masu daidaiton kasuwanci, waɗanda ake kira '''Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSPs). Ana tsara samar da sabis ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin samar da sabis (SPAs) don tabbatar da bin ma'aunai akan inganci, matakan sabis da ayyukan da WASREB ta kafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wwap&quot;&gt;World Water Assessment Programme: [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf Kenya National Water Development Report – 2006] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rukunoni biyu na WSPs:

* ayyukan jama'a - akwai WSPs guda 89 a cikin wannan rukunin, gami da kamfanoni masu iyakataccen alhaki a yankunan birane na hukumomin gida guda ɗaya ko fiye da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa a yankunan karkara.
* '''kamfanoni masu zaman kansu''' - akwai WSPs guda biyu kacal ƙanana a cikin wannan rukunin, Kamfanin Ruwa na Runda da Aikin Ruwa na Kiamumbi.

Masu samar da ayyuka na yau da kullum '''ƙananan masu samar da sabis''' (SSPs) suna samar da ruwa a cikin karkara da birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Wasu daga cikinsu suna sayar da ruwa ne daga manyan motocin dakon kaya ko ta jeri-kani, galibi akan farashin da ya ninka na ruwan famfo sau biyar zuwa goma. Wasu kuma ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ne, waɗanda mata ke gudanar da su galibi, waɗanda ke samar da ruwan famfo. Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa yana ƙoƙarin tsara samar da sabis a cikin matsugunai masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Ya ɓullo da ra'ayoyi na ƙasa guda biyu don samar da sabis ga matalauta. Na farko shi ne Tsarin Ayyukan Al'umma, wanda ke samar da kuɗi ga al'ummomin gida da ke son bin mafi ƙarancin ma'aunai na sabis. Na biyu, &quot;Urban Poor Concept&quot; an aiwatar da shi a cikin birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi tun shekarar 2007 kuma ya haifar da gina runfuna ko kantunan ruwa da yawa waɗanda suka dace da ma'aunai na dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review4&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.65–66 &quot;Human right to WSS.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfani da ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ana iya samunsa a Nyalenda, wata unguwa matalauciya mai mazauna kusan 60,000 a Kisumu. Kamfanin na gida yana sayar da ruwa mai yawa ga ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai waɗanda kuma suke gudanar da hanyoyin sadarwa da runfunan ruwa a cikin unguwanninsu.&lt;ref&gt;Dailymotion Video: [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xc7cv1_afd-rendez-vous-au-kenya-gestion-de_webcam AFD Rendez-vous au Kenya, Gestion de l'eau], accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.''' Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna taka rawa mai iyaka, amma ba maras amfani ba wajen gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a Kenya. Tun daga shekarar 1975 Runda Water Limited ke samar da ruwan famfo ga Gidajen Zama na Zartarwa na Tsohon Runda a Nairobi. A shekarar 2008, Runda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da Athi WSB don samar da ruwa ga mazauna wasu rukunonin gidaje biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rundaestate.com/runda/runda_inner.asp?pcat=services&amp;cat=water Runda Estate Association website] Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1995 an sanya hannu kan kwangilar sabis tsakanin NWCPC da Gauff Consulting Engineers don tallafawa hukumomin gida a garin Malindi na bakin teku wajen lissafin kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga. An tsawaita kwangilar daga watanni bakwai da rabi zuwa shekaru uku da rabi. Bayan kammala shi a shekarar 1999, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa tsakanin Kamfanin Ruwa na Malindi da kamfani mai zaman kansa na tsawon shekaru huɗu don tallafawa kamfanin akan fannonin fasaha da kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;Ballance, T. and S. Tremolet:Private sector participation in urban water supply in Sub-Sahara Africa, GTZ, 2005, quoted in:Agro Paris Tech &amp; Group SUEZ: [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/28316800/MANAGEMENT-CONTRACTS-IN-DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES Management Contracts in Developing Countries] February 2008, pp.8–9. Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

An ɗauki kwangilar a matsayin mai nasara kuma bayan ta ƙare, alhakin samar da sabis ya koma ga sassan gwamnati. A cikin ƙaramin garin Tala a shekarar 1999, majalisar gundumar Kangundo ta shiga kwangilar samar da ruwa na tsawon shekaru 30 tare da Romane Agencies Ltd. Kwangilar ta yi hasashen cewa za a biya kashi 10% na kuɗaɗen shiga ga majalisar garin. Ya zuwa yau, an sami ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ingancin sabis, amma samar da ruwa har yanzu ya kasance babban ƙalubale.

=== Sasantawa a fannin ruwa ===
Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta kuma ba da damar kafa wata '''Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa''' mai zaman kanta don daidaita koke-koke da rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt; An kafa Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa a shekarar 2005 a Nairobi amma tun lokacin shari'o'i uku kacal aka yanke shawara akansu. Wasu ƙarin daukaka ƙara guda biyar suna jiran a duba su saboda shugaban ya yi murabus a watan Maris na shekarar 2009 kuma wa'adin sauran mambobin hukumar guda biyu ba a tsawaita ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;review5&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.32–34 &quot;Ruling on appeals – WAB.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin sa-kai ===
Kenya tana da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai masu ƙwazo da suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da ke aiki a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Da yawa daga cikinsu mambobi ne na Hanyar Sadarwar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Kenya ([https://kewasnet.co.ke/ Kewasnet]) da aka kafa a shekarar 2007. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, Kewasnet tana sanya idanu kan isar da sabis, musamman ga matalauta, da aiwatar da manufofi kan gyare-gyaren fannin ruwa. Har ila yuzu tana &quot;ba da bayanai ga 'yan Kenya don ba su damar shiga da kuma shiga cikin hanyoyin gudanarwa da yanke shawara na Fannin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli&quot;. Tana kuma &quot;haɓaka al'adar alhakin mabukaci wanda ke biyan ayyukan da aka samar daga kamfanonin amfani, kiyaye ababen more rayuwa na ayyukan ruwa da kayan aiki daga barna ta hanyar masu laifi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kenya Water and Sanitation Network (KEWASNET):[http://www.kewasnet.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=48&amp;Itemid=54 What we do], retrieved on 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Kenya da ke aiki a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ita ce &quot;Maji Na Ufanisi&quot; (Ruwa da Ci gaba). Tana da hannu cikin ci gaban al'umma da ginin ababen more rayuwa a cikin ƙauyuka na birane da ƙananan garuruwa, tana ba da shawarar ingantaccen gudanar da fanni tare da gudanar da bincike. An ƙirƙiri ta ne a shekarar 1998 don karɓar ayyukan WaterAid UK na Kenya lokacin da na ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar rufe ayyukansu a Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Maji na Ufanisi|title=Background of Maji na Ufanisi|url=http://www.majinaufanisi.org/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=itemlist&amp;layout=category&amp;task=category&amp;id=34&amp;Itemid=128|access-date=12 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan WASH ga makarantu ===
Wani rahoto a shekarar 2021 ya bincika ayyukan ruwa a makarantu a Kenya. Ya gano cewa &quot;alhakin ayyukan WASH a cikin makarantu a matakin gunduma ya kasance mai rikitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hope, R., Katuva, J., Nyaga, C., Koehler, J., Charles, K., Nowicki, S., Dyer, E., Olago, D., Tanui, F., Trevett, A., Thomas, M., and Gladstone, N. (2021). [https://reachwater.uk/resource/delivering-safely-managed-water-to-schools-in-kenya/ Delivering safely-managed water to schools in Kenya]. REACH Working Paper 8, University of Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-1-874370-82-6&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|3}} Daidaitawa mai inganci tsakanin gwamnatin ƙasa da ta gundumomi babu shi. Don haka, kowace makaranta tana da alhakin kashin kanta wajen gudanar da isar da ayyukan WASH na kanta. A halin yanzu babu ingantaccen sanya idanu da tsari don wannan tsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}}

== Ingantaccen tattalin arziki ==
Hukumar WASREB tana sanya idanu na kusa kan ayyukan tattalin arziki na Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya, kuma ana samun hakan a cikin &quot;Rahoton Tasiri&quot; (Impact Report) don ƙarfafa gasa da yaɗa mafi kyawun ayyuka. Muhimman alamomin ingantaccen tattalin arziki sune: ƙimar karɓar kuɗi, matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), rabon sanya mita da kuma yawan aikin ma'aikata. Mafi yawancin Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya ba su cika ma'aunai a cikin waɗannan ɓangarori ba.

'''Kimar karbar kudi.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-14 mafi yawancin WSPs na Kenya sun yi rikodin ingon gudanar da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga tare da matsakaicin kashi 93%, sama da kashi 86% a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanin da ya fi kowane rashin tabuka abin a zo a gani shi ne Mawingo, inda kashi 40% kacal na adadin kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa aka karɓa. A wasu kamfanoni, ƙimar karɓar kuɗin ta wuce kashi 100% saboda WSPs sun sami damar karɓar tsoffin bashi da ake bin masu amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|pages=24 and 31–36|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudi (Non-revenue water).''' A matsakaici, kashi 42% na ruwan da aka samar a Kenya ba a lissafa kuɗinsa ba a cikin shekarar 2013-2014, misali saboda zubar ruwa ta hanyar fasa bututu ko satar ruwa. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda ɗaya kacal (Nyeri) ne suka cika ma'aunin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta gitta na samun matakan NRW ƙasa da kashi 20%. A birnin Nairobi matakan NRW sun kasance kashi 39%, a Mombasa kuma kashi 48%. Dangane da farashin rukunin samarwa, asarar da aka yi a fadin ƙasar saboda ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi a cikin shekarar 2014 an kiyasta ta kai Shilling na Kenya (KSh) biliyan 5.2, wanda ya yi daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;

'''Rabon sanya mita.''' Rabon sanya mita na kamfanonin ruwa na Kenya ya kasance kashi 89% a cikin shekarar 2013-14, sama da kashi 82% a cikin shekarar 2006-2007. To sai dai kuma, akwai rashin tabbas kan ko mitocin ruwan da aka girka suna aiki a aikace. An ƙara rabon sanya mita a birnin Nairobi zuwa kashi 99% a cikin shekarar 2006-07, amma kuma ya sake raguwa zuwa kashi 94% a cikin shekarar 2013-14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;impact4&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Metering Ratio – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.31–33. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Yawan aikin ma'aikata.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-2014 an sami matsakaicin ma'aikata 7 ga kowane haɗin ruwa (connections) 1000 a Kenya, wani babban ci gaba ne idan aka kwatanta da ma'aikata 11 a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda bakwai, dukkansu manya ne, sun sami kyakkyawan mataki na yawan aikin ma'aikata, tare da ma'aikata 5 ko ƙasa da haka ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000, sama da guda ɗaya kacal a cikin shekarar 2006-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Staff per 1000 connections – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.35–36. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bangarorin kudi ==

=== Dawo da kudaden aiki ===
A cikin shekarar 2014, WSPs sun dawo da kusan kashi 100% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa a matsakaici. Koyaya, duk kamfanonin ban da guda huɗu sun gaza cimma burin dawo da kashi 150% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa don biyan bashi da kuma haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na kansu. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ya kamata su biya kuɗaɗen gudanarwansu ta hanyar Harajin Tsari (Regulatory Levy) da suke karɓa daga WSPs a yankin hidimarsu. A zahiri, Hukumar Athi WSB ce kawai ta sami damar biyan kashi 115% na kuɗaɗen gudanarwa a cikin shekarar 2006/2007. Sauran WSBs har yanzu sun dogara kacokan akan tallafin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Performance analysis of Water services boards – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.54–57. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matakin kudin fito (Tariff level) ===
Matsakaicin kuɗin fito na ruwa da aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 2014 ya kasance KSh 60 jewa dalar Amurka 0.60 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Wannan adadin ba ya nuna ainihin yanayin saboda akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma saboda a Kenya ana amfani da tsarin kuɗin fito na gungun ci gaba (progressive block tariff system) don haɗin gidaje. Wannan yana nufin cewa don m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 na farko ana biyan mafi ƙarancin kuɗi wanda ya dace da ƙaramin kuɗin fito mai tallafi mai yawa, yayin da gungun na gaba (har zuwa 20, 50, 100 da 300 gami da sama da 300 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) ana cajin kuɗin fito mafi girma a jere, tare da kuɗin fito a cikin mafi girman gungu wanda ya ninka na mafi ƙanƙanta sau biyar. Idan ba a girka mita ba, ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun caji na kowane wata. Manufar wannan tsarin ita ce haɓaka dabarun adana ruwa da tabbatar da cewa gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi za su iya samun damar amfani da isasshen adadin ruwa. Koyaya, akwai matsaloli game da wannan tsarin, saboda gidaje a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi suna sake sayar da ruwa ko kuma raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya da sauran gidaje kuma ta haka suna fuskantar haɗarin ƙarewa da biyan kuɗin fito mafi girma.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Misali, a yankin karkara na Mwingi-North, ana ɗauko ruwa ne daga madatsar ruwa ta Kiambere da ke kan kogin Tana kuma ana sayar da shi ga gidajen da ba su da haɗin ruwan famfo akan farashi mai tallafi na dalar Amurka 1 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a cikin shekarar 2014 (ko KSh 2 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hoque |first1=Sonia Ferdous |last2=Hope |first2=Robert |date=2018 |title=The water diary method – proof-of-concept and policy implications for monitoring water use behaviour in rural Kenya |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/20/4/725/39060/The-water-diary-method-proofofconcept-and-policy |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=725–743 |doi=10.2166/wp.2018.179 |issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin yanki guda, ana samun ruwa daga zurfafan rijiyoyin burtsatse da hanyoyin adana ruwa na duwatsu na halitta sannan a sayar da shi a runfunan ruwa akan farashi na dalar Amurka 1 zuwa 2.5 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 2 zuwa 5 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Wani lokaci mutane kan sayi ruwa daga masu siyar da ruwa na yawo amma wannan ya fi tsada: dalar Amurka 2.5 zuwa 10 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 5 zuwa 20 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Bayanai game da kuɗaɗen fito a runfunan ruwa sun saba wa juna. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 game da biranen Kenya guda uku ya nuna cewa ƙimar rukunin don runfunan ruwa ya kasance KSh.10/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Nairobi, KSh.15/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Mombasa, da KSh.55/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Kisumu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 51, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, rahoton guda ya bayyana a baya cewa masu amfani da runfunan ruwa suna biyan KSh.100/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a dukkan biranen guda uku, wanda aka ce ya ninka sau biyar zuwa goma abin da mutanen da ke samun ruwansu ta hanyar sadarwa zuwa gidajensu suke biya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 3, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu wani kuɗin fito na magudanun ruwa (sewer tariff) a Kenya, don haka kaddarorin da ke da haɗin gwiwa da hanyoyin magudanun ruwa suna samun wannan sabis kyauta, kodayake magudanun ruwa da sarrafa ruwan datti suna da tsada daidai da samar da ruwan sha ko ma fiye da haka. A cikin shekarar 2013 wani bincike da hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji ta ɗauki nauyinsa ya ba da shawarar gabatar da harajin magudanun ruwa na kashi 5% a matsayin ƙarin caji akan lissafin kuɗin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=6|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bayan kuɗaɗen fito, Kenya ta kuma gabatar da caji don hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da na saman ƙasa.

=== Daidaita kudin fito (Tariff adjustments) ===
Sanya kuɗin fito alhakin Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ne da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa dangane da kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Dole ne kuɗaɗen fito su sami amincewar WASREB, wadda kuma za ta iya umurtar WSB ta tsara daidaiton kuɗin fito. Akwai nau'ikan daidaiton kuɗin fito guda uku, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin &quot;Jagororin Kuɗin Fito&quot; (Tariff Guidelines): Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Kai-da-kai dangane da tsarin kasuwanci na WSPs; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman lokacin da tsarin kuɗi ya sami gagarumin canji; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Atomatiki kowane bayan watanni 12 wanda zai iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da WSP.&lt;ref&gt;WASREB: [http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=63 Tariff Guidelines] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2008 an ba da izinin Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman ga dukkan WSPs a matsayin matakin wucin gadi don taimaka wa WSPs biyan kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Kuɗaɗen fito na ayyukan magudanun ruwa suna cikin daidaiton kuɗin fito kuma burin shi ne a kai ga dawo da cikakken kuɗin aiki har ma ga tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin ruwa tana sane da cewa cikakken dawo da kuɗin aiki na kuɗaɗen fito na magudanun ruwa don wasu tsare-tsaren zai sa samar da sabis ɗin ya gaza kasancewa mai sauƙin kuɗi ga gidaje da yawa da ke da haɗin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review6&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.48–49 &quot;WSS tariffs.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saka hannun jari ===
Dangane da Binciken Fannin Ruwa na Shekara-shekara na 2013-14, saka hannun jari a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na birane ya kai KSh biliyan 12 a cikin shekarar 2013-14 (dalar Amurka miliyan 120) idan aka kwatanta da buƙatar saka hannun jari na kusan KSh biliyan 75 duk shekara (dalar Amurka miliyan 750).&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact Investment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=8|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, kasafin kuɗinta na samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance KSh biliyan 18.7 ko dalar Amurka miliyan 242.8 a cikin Shekarar Kuɗi ta 2008-09, don haka ya kasance mafi girma fiye da saka hannun jari a cikin shekarar 2013-14. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, an ƙara kasafin kuɗi na fannin ruwa da kashi 245% daga KSh biliyan 4.2 (dalar Amurka miliyan 54.5) a cikin shekarar 2004-2005. Kashi 82% na kuɗaɗen an ware su ne don ƙaramin fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, yayin da sauran aka sadaukar da su ga Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, don Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa gami da Farfaɗo da Ƙasa.

=== Samar da kudaden tallafi (Financing) ===
A cewar hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji, &quot;dogaro mai yawa da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba (wato masu ba da taimako na waje) tare da sama da kashi 94% na jimillar kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari da aka samar a cikin shekarar 2013/14 ba ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayi ga fannin.&quot; Babban hanyoyin samar da kuɗi ga hukumomin ruwa na Kenya guda uku ne: kuɗaɗen gwamnati waɗanda har yanzu suke samar da kashi 58% na kuɗaɗen fannin a cikin shekarar 2008-2009, kuɗaɗen da aka samar a cikin gida waɗanda suka kai kashi 11%, da gudummawar masu ba da taimako da suka kai kashi 31% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su a wancan lokacin. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gudummawar da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba suka bayar an tura su ne ta hanyar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, yayin da sauran kashi biyu cikin uku aka raba su a wajen kasafin kuɗin. Daga cikin kiyasin kuɗaɗen masu ba da taimako na shekarar 2008-2009, kashi 70% sun kasance ta hanyar bashi, yayin da tallafin kyauta (grants) ya wakilci kashi 30%.&lt;ref name=&quot;review7&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.11–16 &quot;Water sector financial turnout.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Samar da kuɗi don matakan da ke da nufin inganta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan da ba su da isasshen sabis - musamman yankunan da matalauta ke zaune - ana ba da su ne ta hanyar '''Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSTF). Hukumar WSTF tana karɓar kuɗi ne daga Gwamnatin Kenya da kuma hukumomin ba da taimako sannan ta tura su zuwa wurare 362 mafi fama da talauci a faɗin ƙasar (waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wstfkenya.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=blogcategory&amp;id=13&amp;Itemid=26 Water Services Trust Fund – who we are] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biyan kudin fito ta wayoyin salula ===
Tun daga shekarar 2009 babban kamfanin wayar salula na Kenya ya tsawaita tsarin biyan kuɗi na hada-hadar banki ta wayar salula ta M-Pesa don amfani da shi wajen biyan kuɗaɗen kamfanonin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Fastcompany|title=Kenya's M-PESA System Lets Cell Phones Control Access to Water|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/ariel-schwartz/sustainability/kenyas-m-pesa-system-lets-cell-phones-control-access-water|access-date=27 August 2011|date=3 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 sama da 'yan Kenya miliyan 12 da kashi 85% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da wayoyin salula don hada-hadar banki. Wani bincike da jami'ar Oxford ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kafin gabatar da wannan tsarin, mazauna Kiamumbi da ke kewayen birnin Nairobi dole ne su yi tafiyar mintuna 40 ta hanyar amfani da motocin sufurin jama'a, su yi dogon layi don yin ajiya a banki sannan su gabatar da takardar ajiya a ofisoshin kamfanin ruwa don biyan lissafin kuɗinsu na kowane wata. Lokacin da ƙaramin kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tsarin ruwa na gida ya ba da damar biyan kuɗi ta hanyar M-Pesa a watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, cikin watanni biyu rabin abokan cinikin su sun koma tsarin biyan kuɗi ta wayar salula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Foster|first=Timothy|author2=Robert Hope |author3=Cliff Nyaga |title=Adoption and implications of mobile phone banking for urban water services in Kenya|journal=World Water Week in Stockholm Abstract Volume|date= 21–27 August 2011|pages=76–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Kasar Kenya tana samun tallafi daga waje daga hukumomin bayar da tallafi da dama tare da ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a halin yanzu da darajarsu ta kai €627 miliyan. Manyan masu ba da tallafin su ne, wato, Bankin Raya Afirka, Faransa, Jamus, Sweden da Denmark, haka kuma da Bankin Duniya: Sauran masu ba da tallafin sun haɗa da: Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Italiya, Finland, Japan (ta hanyar JICA), Netherlands da UNICEF. Taimakon waje ya mayar da hankali ne kan samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a birane, tare da ƙarancin ayyuka a yankunan karkara.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, Gwamnatin Kenya ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Ko-ina cikin Sashi (SWAp) don daidaita ayyukan abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, daidaitawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan. SWAp yana taimakawa wajen inganta tattaunawa tsakanin Ma'aikatar da masu ba da tallafi da kuma ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin sassa daban-daban. Hukumomin bayar da tallafi na maza ne ke haɓaka tsarin manufofin sashi ɗaya, sa ido gami da tsarin shirye-shirye da dabarun sashi guda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100609140901/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO931.pdf USAID Kenya WSS Profile], Retrieved 19 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2007 ana gudanar da taron Bita na Sashen Ruwa na Shekara-shekara (AWSR) wanda ke taimakawa wajen haɓaka daidaitawar ayyukan masu ba da tallafi tsakanin sauran abubuwa. Abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba sun kafa Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Sashen Ruwa (WSTG) don inganta daidaitawa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kansu, da kuma Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Sashen Ruwa (WSWG) don daidaitawa da gwamnati. WSTG tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin troika da kujera da ke juyawa a kowace shekara. A cikin 2012, troika sun haɗa da Jamus, Netherlands da Sweden.

=== Bankin Raya Afirka ===
Bankin Raya Afirka yana nan a cikin sashen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Kenya tare da ayyuka masu zuwa tare da darajar tallafi na kusan €70 miliyan:
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Sharar Kananan Garuruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €84.2 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;&gt;1 Unit Account Value =  1.08 Euro (October 2009); Source: http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406201441/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf |date=6 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka ƙaddamar a lokacin rani na 2009, zai mayar da hankali a cikin shekaru huɗu kan tallafin ci gaban cibiyoyi, samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha gami da ayyukan adana ruwa a yankin Yatta. Adadin mutanen da ake sa ran za su ci gajiyar aikin zai kai 780,000.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-007/ Small Towns Water Supply &amp; Waste]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Kenya%20-%20Small%20Towns%20and%20Rural%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Project.pdf SMALL TOWNS AND RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT], p. 3. Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* A lokacin bazara na 2009 aka fara aikin &quot;Taimakon Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €61.5 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda ya fi haɓaka ci gaban cibiyoyi na Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa da yawa kamar Lake Victoria South (LVSWSB), Northern Water (NWSB) ko Tana Water Services Board (TWSB) kuma wanda ke inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankuna daban-daban.
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Rift Valley&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €22.9 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a 2006, wanda zai amfani mazauna 350,000 a birane da karkara a cikin kwarin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-002 Rift Valley Water Supply &amp; Sanitation]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Makarantun Firamare na Gundumar Kisumu&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €0.22 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a lokacin rani na 2007, tare da cibiyoyin aiwatarwa kan kusan ɗalibai 3,200 da Kwamitocin Gudanar da Makarantu a makarantu shida da ke shiga aikin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-006/ Kisumu District Primary Schools Water and Sanitation Project]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===
Hukumar Raya Faransa (AFD) tana tallafawa sashen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Kenya ta hanyar ayyuka a Nairobi, Kisumu da Mombasa. A cikin 2008 jimillar kuɗaɗen ayyukan da ake gudanarwa ya kasance €105 miliyan, gami da rancen €40 miliyan don Mombasa da aka amince da shi a 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFD East Africa&quot;&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd-maroc.org/jahia/webdav/site/afd/users/administrateur/public/plaquettes/AFD_Afrique_Est_FR.pdf L'AFD EN AFRIQUE DE L'EST]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, November 2007, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/CA-du-13-novembre-2008 Conseil d'administration du 13 novembre 2008 de l'AFD : engagement de 162 millions d'euros en faveur du développement, Kenya : eau et assainissement à Mombasa]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009 AFD ta amince da sabon rancen €51 miliyan don samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Nairobi da Kisumu.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/pid/33409 L'AFD engage plus de 840 millions d'euros en faveur du développement à l'occasion de son CA du 25 juin 2009, Kenya : extension des services d'eau potable et d'assainissement à Nairobi et Kisumu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225092349/http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/pid/33409 |date=25 December 2010 }}, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, hukumar ta kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka a Kandara, Kahuti, Litein da Siaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFD East Africa&quot;/&gt;

=== Jamus ===
Tun daga shekara ta 1975 Jamus ta ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa na Kenya ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi da Ci Gaba ta Tarayya ta Jamus, wacce ke aiki ta hanyar GIZ mai kula da haɗin gwiwar fasaha da KfW mai kula da haɗin gwiwar kuɗi. An zaɓi KfW a matsayin mai daidaita sashen.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nairobi.diplo.de/Vertretung/nairobi/en/005__Development_20Cooperation/s__Water_20Sector.html German Embassy Nairobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005161245/http://www.nairobi.diplo.de/Vertretung/nairobi/en/005__Development_20Cooperation/s__Water_20Sector.html |date=5 October 2013 }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen Jamus na yanzu sun kai kusan €80 miliyan. Babban makasudin taimakon ci gaba na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu shi ne tallafawa cibiyoyin sassa don tabbatar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftace muhalli a cikin birane da kuma kiyaye albarkatun ruwa. Misali, GIZ tana ba da gudummawa ga burin ƙasa a cikin &quot;Shirin Gyaran Sashen Ruwa&quot; daga 2003 zuwa 2013: Aikin yana da sassa da yawa kamar: a) tallafawa ma'aikatar ruwa a cikin gyaran sashi b) tsara sashen ruwa da samar da kuɗaɗe da suka shafi talauci c) kasuwancin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli d) haɓaka ƙarfin aiki don Hukumar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa e) ƙaddamar da tsaftace muhalli mai dogaro da sake amfani da kayayyaki (Ecosan).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/afrika/kenia/1621.htm GTZ Priority Areas in Kenya], Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sweden da Denmark ===
Sweden, Denmark da Kenya suna da dogon tarihin haɗin gwiwa a sashen ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2005 Sweden, ta hanyar Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba ta Duniya ta Sweden (SIDA) tare da Denmark, ta hanyar Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Duniya ta Denmark (DANIDA), sun tallafawa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Kenya (KWSP) wanda ke da jimillar kasafin kuɗin tallafi na dalar Amurka miliyan 80 a lokacin 2005 – 2010. KWSP ya tallafawa aiwatar da gyare-gyaren sashen ruwa, tare da mai da hankali na musamman kan ginin cibiyoyi, samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a karkara, da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of Denmark, Nairobi: [http://www.ambnairobi.um.dk/en/menu/Development/Water/TheWaterAndSanitationProgramme/ The Water and Sanitation Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008140544/http://www.ambnairobi.um.dk/en/menu/Development/Water/TheWaterAndSanitationProgramme/ |date=8 October 2011 }}, retrieved on 11 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____106331.aspx Embassy of Sweden, Fact Sheet on Development Cooperation with Kenya], retrieved on 11 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bankin Duniya ===
Aikin Bankin Duniya na &quot;Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli&quot; na tsawon lokacin 2007–2012 a Kenya yana da jimillar rancen kusan dala miliyan 159. Yana tallafawa hukumomin Athi Water Services, Coast Water Services da Lake Victoria North Services sannan kuma, yana ba Hukumar Kula da Sashen Ruwa da Hukumar Ɗaukaka  Kara ta Ruwa tallafin fasaha. Bayan saka hannun jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa, aikin kuma yana tallafawa ayyukan da ke da nufin ƙarfafa ayyukan kasuwanci, kuɗi da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&amp;piPK=73230&amp;theSitePK=356509&amp;menuPK=356542&amp;Projectid=P096367 World Bank WSS Project Kenya], Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya''' ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙananan matakan samun ruwa da tsafta, musamman a cikin birane da [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]], da kuma ingancin sabis mara kyau a cikin hanyar samar da ruwa. Rashin ruwa na yanayi da na yanki a Kenya yana ƙara wahalar inganta samar da ruwa.

Sashin ruwa na Kenya ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa ta hanyar Dokar Ruwa No. 8 na 2002. A baya samar da sabis ya kasance alhakin Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa na Kasa da Pipeline da kuma wasu kayan aiki na gida da aka kafa tun 1996. Bayan wucewar tanadin sabis na doka an rarraba shi a hankali zuwa masu ba da sabis na ruwa na gida 91 (WSPs). Wadannan an haɗa su da Kwamitin Kula da Ruwa na Yankin 8 (WSBs) wanda ke kula da kula da kadarori ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Sabis (SPAs) tare da WSPs. Dokar ta kuma kirkiro kwamitin kula da kasa wanda ke gudanar da ma'auni na aiki kuma yana da alhakin amincewa da SPAs da gyare-gyaren farashi. Tare da Dokar Ruwa, 2014, an canja ayyukan 8 WSBs zuwa Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gundumar Kenya.

Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ruwa ta ci gaba da kula da manufofi don samar da ruwa, yayin da Ma'aikatu ta Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ke kula da manufofin tsabta.

Kodayake farashin ruwa na birane suna da girma ta hanyar ka'idojin yanki (KSh.60/= ko US $ 0.60 a kowace m3 a matsakaici a cikin 2014), waɗannan farashin kawai suna ba da damar dawo da farashin aiki, amma ba dawo da farashin babban birnin ba. Ba a samun cikakken farfadowa ba saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da babban matakin ruwa mara kudaden shiga (ma'auni na 42%). Dangane da farashin naúrar samarwa, asarar ƙasa saboda ruwa mara shiga a cikin 2014 an kiyasta shi a KSh.5.2 biliyan /=, daidai da dala miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014 |url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board |pages=24 and 31–36}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani dalili kuma shine buƙatar amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai nisa a farashi mai yawa a wasu wurare. Misali, ana ba da [[Mombasa]] daga tushen da ke da nisan kilomita 220 daga birnin. Kodayake kashi 16% na 'yan Kenya a cikin birane suna da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, babu harajin magudanar gida a Kenya, yana mai da wannan sabis mai tsada kyauta.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Tushen bayanai da fassarar ==
Tattara amintaccen bayanai game da sashin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Kenya yana da wahala saboda rahoto sau da yawa ba cikakke ba ne kuma ana amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Tushen bayanai guda biyu na wakilci a duk fadin kasar sune ƙididdigar da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara goma, tare da na gaba da aka shirya don 2029,  da kuma binciken jama'a da kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar a kowace shekara biyar ta Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya. Bayanan da aka tattara ta haka ana nazarin su ta Shirin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Sayar da Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] don tantance ci gaba zuwa cimma burin Ci gaba mai dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation – A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries]{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}, pp.33–43. &lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan bayanan kawai suna tantance wadatar ruwa da kayan aikin tsabta. Ba sa tantance ko ruwa yana da aminci don sha, ya isa a yawa, yana ci gaba da samuwa ko kuma yana da araha.

Wani muhimmin tushen bayanai shine &quot;raidar tasiri&quot; na shekara-shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact Reports |url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-reports/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=WASREB |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hukumar kula da ruwa ta WASREB ta buga tun 2008. Ta hanyar wannan rahoto ana samun cikakken bayani a yau a kan masu ba da sabis na ruwa da yawa fiye da baya da sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Koyaya, bayanai a cikin rahoton suna nufin kawai yawan mutanen da masu ba da sabis na ruwa ke aiki, wanda ba duka yawan jama'ar Kenya ba ne, ba tare da barin wasu sassan yankunan karkara ba.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
An kiyasta cewa albarkatun sabon ruwa da ake iya sabuntawa na ƙasar Kenya sun kai 20.2 km³ a kowace shekara, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da 647 m³ ga kowane mutum a shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }}, p. 7. Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta jimillar ruwan da ake ɗeba a shekara ya kai sama da 2.7 km³, ko kuma ƙasa da kashi 14% na albarkatun ruwan baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 4. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, samuwar albarkatun ruwa ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokaci da kuma tsakanin shiyya-shiyya. Mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar suna da lokutan damina guda biyu. Dogon ruwan sama yawanci yana farawa ne daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, yayin da gajeren ruwan sama yawanci yana kasancewa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba.&lt;ref&gt;[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf UN World Water Assessment Programme: Case Study Kenya] Part II: Water Availability, Retrieved 21 April 2011
&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, Kenya tana fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa a kowace shekara uku zuwa huɗu, waɗanda ke shafar babban sashe na alurnma. Fari mafi tsanani na kwanan nan ya faru ne daga shekarar 2007 zuwa ƙarshen 2009, wanda ya yi tasiri a dukkan sassan tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 630 mm, amma ya bambanta tsakanin ƙasa da 200 mm a amfanin arewacin Kenya zuwa sama da 1,800 mm a gangaren Dutsen Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 1. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan saman ƙasa ===
An raba Kenya zuwa kwaruruka biyar na magudanar ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kwarin Tafkin Victoria a Yammacin Kenya yana cikin tsarin kwarin Kogin Nile. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na cikin gida na Rift Valley ya haɗa da koramu da tabkuna da yawa, gami da manyan tabkunan ruwa masu daɗi kamar Tafkin Turkana, Tafkin Baringo da Tafkin Naivasha, koguna kamar Kogin Kerio, da kuma tabkunan gishiri da yawa.

Tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi, tsarin magudanar ruwa na Tana da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa na Ewaso Ng'iro na Arewa duk suna guda ne zuwa Tekun Indiya. Rarraba ruwa a cikin kwarurukan yana da babban bambanci inda mafi girman samuwar ruwa ke cikin kwarin Tafkin Victoria (fiye da kashi 50%) sannan mafi ƙaranci a tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi. Kwarurukan Tana da na Tafkin Victoria ne kawai ke da rarar albarkatun ruwa, yayin da sauran kwarurukan guda uku ke fuskantar ƙaranci.

Babban birnin ƙasar, Nairobi, yana samun albarkatun ruwansa ne daga tsarin magudanar ruwa guda biyu: Ruwan magudanar ruwa mafi tsufa, wato Kikuyu Springs (da ake amfani da shi tun 1906) da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Ruiru Dam (tun 1938) suna cikin kwarin Kogin Athi. Madatsar ruwa ta Sasumua Dam, Ndakaini-Thika Dam (tun 1996) da Chania-B Dam suna wadata Nairobi ta hanyar tura ruwa tsakanin kwaruruka daban-daban daga yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Tana. Kusan kashi 20% na wadatar ruwan yana fitowa ne daga albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ya yi daidai da kusan 60,000 zuwa 70,000 m³ a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=jyNHmgONtk0C&amp;q=60000&amp;pg=PA7 Climate variability and water resources degradation in Kenya], p. 56. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Mombasa, birni na biyu mafi girma a Kenya, yana biyan buƙatunsa na ruwa ne ta hanyar Marere Water Works da ke kudu maso yamma, Baricho Intake a ƙananan sashen Kogin Athi da kuma daga Mzima Springs, saman Kogin Athi, ta hanyar bututun ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 220 zuwa birnin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt Nature's Benefits in Kenya, World Resources Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175737/http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt |date=3 March 2016 }}, slides 10,11. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ===
Kenya ta dogara ne akan albarkatun ruwan saman ƙasa daga koguna, tabkuna da madatsun ruwa; da kuma akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya fi girma a yankunan karkara da kuma yankunan bakin teku, inda birane ma ke dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hydrogeology of Kenya - MediaWiki |url=https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=earthwise.bgs.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yin amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da babban damar haɓaka wadatar ruwa a Kenya amma amfani da shi yana fuskantar iyakancewa saboda ƙarancin ingancin ruwa, wuce gona da iri wajen ɗeɓa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku, da kuma rashin isasshen ilimi game da yadda albarkatun suke wanzuwa.&lt;ref&gt;Barasa M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Kenya. British Geological Survey. Accessed [27 January 2023]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya#Groundwater_use&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mumma, Albert; Lane, Michael; Kairu, Edward; Tuinhof, Albert; Hirji, Rafik. 2011. Kenya Groundwater Governance Case Study. Water papers;. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17227&lt;/ref&gt; Kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa akai-akai, musamman a yankunan karkara, wani ƙalubale ne na daban: gyara famfunan hannu da suka lalace galibi ana kallonsa a matsayin abin da alurnmun karkara dole ne su gudanar da kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Tim |last2=Hope |first2=Rob |date=2016-10-01 |title=A multi-decadal and social-ecological systems analysis of community waterpoint payment behaviours in rural Kenya |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f73e5ad6-23a5-4457-be0a-fbf7a2249b8b/files/m2dee4103c3f1a4a59156b8962e7c5b3c |journal=Journal of Rural Studies |language=en |volume=47 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.026 |issn=0743-0167 |s2cid=156255059}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa inda ake ƙirƙirar tsarin sabis na kulawa na ƙwararrun ma'aikata a matsayin wata dabarar daban don inganta dorewar tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Johanna |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Goodall |first3=Susanna |last4=Katuva |first4=Jacob |last5=Hope |first5=Rob |date=2021-04-01 |title=Institutional pluralism and water user behavior in rural Africa |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=140 |article-number=105231 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105231 |issn=0305-750X |s2cid=233566959|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda rashin samun hanyoyin ruwan saman ƙasa a yankunan busassun ƙasa, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban albarkatu ne ga samar da ruwa a mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar. Akwai muhimman madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) a yankunan aman wuta da kuma duwatsun da ke da alaƙa da su, da kuma a yankunan da ke da duwatsun metamofik a arewa da bakin tekun Kenya. Kimanin mita cubic miliyan 57.21 na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa aka ɗeba a Kenya a shekarar 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damar samun ruwa ==

=== Samar da ruwa ===
Hasashen da ya fito daga Shirin Haɗin Gwiwa na Sa Ido kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na alurnmar Kenya (kashi 83% a yankunan birane da kashi 50% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun aƙalla hanyoyin ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 22% na mutanen Kenya (kashi 45% a yankunan birane da kashi 14% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun ruwan famfo ta hanyar haɗi zuwa gida ko tsakar gida. A cewar hasashen JMP, damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 92% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 82% a shekarar 2015. A yankunan karkara kuma, damar samun ruwan ya ƙaru daga kashi 33% zuwa kashi 57% a cikin daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation: [http://www.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1049 Improved Drinking Water Coverage Estimates – Kenya, March 2010]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 24 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na &quot;aƙalla na yau da kullum&quot; a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/kenya/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org – Kenya|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga rahoton WASREB na shekarar 2016-17, kashi 55% na daukacin alurnma ne ke da &quot;damar samun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2016 – 2017|url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128203220/https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, a cewar ma'anar da ake kira &quot;weighted access&quot; (duba sama), Rahoton Tasiri na shekarar 2009 ya kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2006-2007 kashi 37% ne kawai na mutanen Kenya ke da damar samun isasshen ruwan sha mai tsafta kusa da gidajensu a kan farashi mai sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kenya-information-guide.com/kenya-population.html Kenya Information Guide] Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da rahoton manyan bambance-bambance na shiyya-shiyya dangane da damar samun ruwan: an yi rajistar mafi girman mataki a yankin da Kamfanin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Tetu Aberdare ke yi wa wa'azi (kashi 72%) yayin da aka yi rajistar mafi ƙaranci a Muthambi a cikin Gundumar Meru ta Kudu (kashi 4%). A bannon birnin Nairobi, an ba da rahoton samun damar ruwa a kan kashi 35% a daidai wannan lokacin, sabanin adadin da bai dace da gaskiya ba na kashi 46% da aka bayar don shekarar 2005-2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Water and Sanitation Coverage – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.20–23. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Hanyoyin samun ruwa ====
Matalauta, musamman mata da 'yan mata, suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo wajen ɗebo ruwa a yankunan karkara da na birane duka. Alal misali, binciken katun rahoton 'yan ƙasa na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa masu amfani da rumfunan sayar da ruwa a birane suna ɗebo ruwa sau 4 zuwa 6 a kowace rana. A Kisumu, wannan yana nufin cewa gidan matalauta yana kashe mintuna 112 a kowace rana don ɗebo ruwa a lokutan da babu matsala, kuma har tsawon mintuna 200 a kowace rana a lokacin ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Uwazi InfoShop at Twaweza: [http://www.twaweza.org/uploads/files/Its%20our%20water%20too_English.pdf It's our water too! Bringing greater equity in access to water in Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Policy brief 09/2010, p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da littattafan tarihin ruwa don rubuta hanyoyi, amfani da kuɗaɗen ruwa a matakin gida a karkaran Kenya. Mutane a yankunan karkara suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu dole ne su biya kuɗi, wasu kuma kyauta ne: Ruwan sama (ruwan da aka tara daga duwatsu ko rufin gida), rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu ko famfunan hannu (waɗannan na iya zama na gida, masu zaman kansu, a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), rumfuna sayar da ruwa (a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), ko masu sayar da ruwa da ke amfani da jakuna da amalanke ko motoci. Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da haƙa busassun magudanar koguna, wuraren tara ruwa na ƙasa, koguna ko madatsun ruwa, da kuma ruwan famfo a cikin gida ko tsakar gida. Amfanin ruwa na waɗannan gidajen shine na sha, girki, wanki, wanke-wanke, wanka, shayar da dabbobi ko ban ruwa na ƙaramin sigo.
Makarantun karkara a Kenya galibi suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban guda biyu ko uku, kuma ana iya raba waɗannan zuwa &quot;hanyoyin cikin makaranta&quot; (ko dai ruwan famfo ko tarin ruwan sama), ko kuma &quot;hanyoyin wajen makaranta&quot; (waɗanda ba su da inganci, masu sayar da ruwa ke kawowa, ko na yau da kullum). Kusan kashi 80% na makarantu a Kenya (hudu cikin makarantu biyar) suna da nasu tsarin tara ruwan sama. Sai dai kuma, a cikin watannin da suka fi bushewa daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, galibi ana siyan ruwa ne daga wurin masu sayar da ruwa.

=== Tsaftar muhalli ===
Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 32.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Hasashen ƙasa baki ɗaya na shekarar 2015 daga JMP ya nuna cewa kashi 30% (kashi 43% na birane da kashi 28% na karkara) na mutanen Kenya ne ke da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum, gami da tsarin magudanar ruwan fita. A yankunan birane, ƙarin kashi 27% na alurnma suna amfani da banɗaki na tarayya. A yankunan karkara, an kiyasta cewa har yanzu kashi 12% na alurnma suna yin baɗari a sarari (waje). Rahoton shekarar 2015 na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli bai haɗa da wani adadi akan damar samun tsaftar muhalli a sigo mai faɗi ba, sai dai kawai hasashen damar samun tsarin magudanar ruwa na birane, wanda aka kiyasta akan kashi 16%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2006-2007 an ba da rahoton cewa rabin alurnmar Kenya da ke cikin yankin da kamfanonin samar da ruwa (WSPs) guda 55 ke yi wa wa'azi suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli (wannan ma'anar ta haɗa da banɗakin ja da na zuba ruwa da ke haɗe da tsarin bututu, dandalin tankunan baɗari, banɗakin VIP da banɗakin rami). A Nairobi, yanayin tsaftar muhalli ya kasance kusan kashi 23% a shekarar 2006-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;/&gt; Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidajen Kenya na shekarar 2006 ya ba da rahoton mafi girman yanayin tsaftar muhalli na kashi 84%, gami da banɗaki na tarayya da na ramuka marasa zurfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.35–40 &quot;Water Services, Sanitation&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingancin sabis ==
Ingancin sabis na kamfanonin WSPs ana sanya masa ido na kusa ta Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) da nufin haɓaka gasa ta kwatanci da inganta ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin mafi mahimmancin alamomin ingancin sabis sune ingancin ruwa, dorewar samar da ruwa da kuma sarrafa ruwan sha da aka yi amfani da shi.

=== Ingancin ruwa ===
A shekarar 2015, WASREB ta ba da rahoton cewa kamfanoni 23 sun samar da ruwa mai inganci (wanda aka fassara a matsayin fiye da kashi 95% na bin ƙa'idodi), kamfanoni 15 masu inganci matsakaita sanka ga kamfanoni 53 ingancin ruwansu bai kasance karɓarre ba (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ƙasa da kashi 90% na bin ƙa'idodi). Ma'aunai guda biyu da aka auna sune ragowar sinadarin chlorine (nauyin kashi 40%) da kuma bin ƙa'idodin kwayoyin cuta (nauyin kashi 60%). Idan adadin samfuran da aka ɗauka ya gaza abin da aka tsara a cikin ƙa'idar, ana ƙididdige amfani da shi a matakin ƙasa. An sami mafi girman bin ƙa'ida a Kericho da Kisumu da kashi 100% kowannensu. Rahoton 'yan ƙasa da aka gudanar a Nairobi, Mombasa da Kisumu a shekarar 2007 ya ba da bayani game da fahimtar abokan ciniki game da ingancin ruwa: kusan kashi 70% na gidajen da ke amfani da ruwa daga haɗin babban bututu sun ce sun sami ɗanɗano da warin ruwan a matsayin karɓarre, kuma ruwan yana da haske. Duk da haka, mafi yawan masu amsa tambayoyin suna tace ko tafasa ruwa kafin su sha, wanda hakan ke nuna rashin tabbas akai-akai game da ingancinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007] Retrieved 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar ba da hankali ga ma'aunin ingancin sinadaran ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Kenya saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da yanayin ƙasa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri, da matsin lamba daga gudanar da datti da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Alal misali, a kudu maso gabashin Kenya, akwai rahotannin cewa an bar rijiyoyin burtsatse saboda gishiri da yawan sinadarin iron. Masu amfani da ruwa a wannan shiyya suna haɗa ɗanɗanon gishiri na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da matsalar haƙori (dental fluorosis) da kuma matsalolin ciki da hanji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa ko'ina a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika duba su akai-akai ba. Misalan ma'aunai na farko sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Gabaɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Bayanan da ke akwai suna da bambanci saboda bincike yakan fi mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen yanayi da aka sani. Bugu da ƙari, akwai dakunan gwaje-gwaje kalilan a Kenya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan bincike na sinadarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

=== Dorewar samar da ruwa ===
Rahoton Taimako na shekarar 2015 ya ba da rahoton matsakaicin wadatar ruwa na awanni 18 a kowace rana, wanda ya ƙaru daga awanni 14 a shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanoni 9 ne kawai waɗanda yawancinsu ƙanana ne na WSPs ke samar da ruwa akai-akai har tsawon awanni 24 a kowace rana. A Nairobi, ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin awanni 18 a rana, sanka a Mombasa kuma na tsawon awanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;Continuity&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, lokutan ƙarancin ruwa na faruwa.

=== Maganin Ruwan Sha da Najasa ===
A cewar rahoton kimantawa na 2009, akwai tsarin magudanar ruwa 43 a Kenya da kuma wuraren tsaftace ruwan najasa a cikin garuruwa 15 (yawan jama’ar da ake yi wa hidima: mutane 900,000). Ikon aiki na wadannan wuraren tsaftacewa ya kai kashi 16% na ikon da aka tsara. Babban dalilan rashin inganci sun hada da rashin isasshen kulawa da aiki da kuma karancin haɗin jama’a zuwa magudanar ruwa. A Kenya, an kiyasta kashi 19% ne ke da haɗin kai zuwa magudanar ruwa (kashi 12% a wani rahoto).&lt;ref&gt;R. Gakubia, U. Pokorski and P. Onyango Upscaling Access to Sustainable Sanitation – Kenya, January 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519125341/http://waterforum.jp/eng/iys/agenda/doc/session1/12_Dr.UlrikePokorski.pdf |date=19 May 2016 }}, slide 7. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin ruwan najasa da ke shiga hanyar magudanar ruwa, kusan kashi 60% ne kawai ke isa wuraren tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen tsaftace ruwan najasa a Kenya ita ce tafkunan tsaftacewa. Daya daga cikin su shi ne tsarin Dandora Waste Stabilisation Pond wanda ke tsaftace ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje daga birnin Nairobi, kuma shi ne mafi girma a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;H.W. Pearson, S.T. Avery, S.W. Mills, P. Njaggah and P. Odiambo Performance of the phase II Dandora waste stabilisation ponds: The case for anaerobic ponds, ''Water Science and Technology'' Volume 33, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 91–98. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Amma haɗa ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na haɗe yana haifar da matsaloli a aikin tafkunan tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot;&gt;Institute of Economic Affairs: A Rapid Assessment of Kenya's Water, Sanitation and Sewerage Framework, June 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182032/http://www.ieakenya.or.ke/documents/Water%20Framework%20Study%20-%20A%20Rapid%20Assessment%20of%20Kenyas%20Water%20Sanitation%20and%20Sewarage%20Framework.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
Tarihin fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Kenya yana da alaƙa da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin hukumomi wanda ya haifar da rashin inganci da yawa, da kuma yunƙurin gyare-gyare na gaba.

=== Farkon somawa ===
Tarihin samar da ruwan famfo a Kenya za a iya samo asalinsa ne tun lokacin kariya na Gabashin Afrika (East African Protectorate). A wancan lokacin, samar da ruwa ya fi mayar da hankali ne ga buƙatun matsugunan 'yan fashin mulkin mallaka. Hukumar kula da samar da ruwa ta kasance a ƙarƙashin Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Hydraulic Branch, wanda ya fara aiki a birnin Mombasa na bakin teku. Gina layin dogon Uganda (Uganda Railway) a shekarar 1896 ya ba da gagarumin ƙarfin gwiwa ga haɓaka bututun ruwa a cikin ƙasar tare da layin dogon.

=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka ===
Tsakanin shekarar 1920 zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, an yi yunƙurin farko na daidaita samar da ruwa a cikin mallakar da kuma kariya ta Kenya, yayin da hukumomi da yawa suka raba alhakin. A cikin shekarun 1950 da farkon 60s, an raba alhakin gudanar da samar da ruwa tsakanin hukumomi uku: Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da ke aiki a cibiyoyin birane tare da samar da sabis na ruwa na tsakiya; Hukumomin Gida waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da ikon sarrafa samar da ruwa; da Sashen Haɓaka Ruwa, wanda ke da alhakin haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyin birane da karkara. Kamfanin Mombasa Pipeline Work ne ya samar da babban ruwa ga Mombasa, yayin da sashen ruwa ke gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullum na bututun ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda ɗaya don gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa. A shekarar 1952 aka kafa dokar ruwa ta &quot;Water Act Cap 372&quot;, wadda ta kasance tushen doka ga fannin ruwa har zuwa shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section until Kenyan independence: pp.271–280. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ƙaramin fannin tsaftar muhalli, babu wani tsarin hukuma mai aiki shi ma. A hukumance, Dokar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta shekarar 1921 ta ba Ma'aikatar Lafiya rawar gudanar da tsaftar muhalli, amma da kyar aka aiwatar da ita. Bayan haka, alurnmar gida sun ƙi amfani da matakan tsafta da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya musu. Tsakanin shekarar 1929 da 1939 an gudanar da kamfen na ilimantar da jama'a kan lafiyar jama'a wanda ya haifar da yaɗuwar banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Sanitation in Kenya: pp.296–305. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabanin shekarar 1954, nau'ikan tsaftar muhalli daban-daban suna amfani a sassan Kenya daban-daban: banɗakunan rami suna amfani a mafi yawancin wuraren ajiye 'yan ƙasa, banɗakunan bokiti sun mamaye garuruwa yayin da ake amfani da tsaftar ruwa a sassan Turawa na manyan garuruwa. Lokacin boren Mau Mau, an tattara 'yan Afirka a sansanonin tsare mutane kuma an rufe kasuwannin gida don tsoron tawaye. Wannan ya haifar da watsar da tsaftar muhalli da ta dace da kuma karuwar banɗakunan bai-ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;/&gt;

=== Kenya mai zaman kanta (1963–1980) ===
Yayin da Kenya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, yunƙurin sauƙaƙe gudanar da samar da ruwa ya haifar da tura dukkan ƙungiyoyin da ke da alhakin ruwa zuwa Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona a shekarar 1964. Rarraba alhaki da iko, duk da haka, ba su fito fili ba kuma sun haifar da cikas da rashin aiki. A shekarar 1965, gwamnatin da Jomo Kenyatta ya jagoranta ta bayyana a cikin Takardar Zama Na 10 kan gurguzu na Afirka da aikace-aikacensa ga tsare-tsare a Kenya cewa dole ne a fuskantar da manufofin gwamnati zuwa ga kawar da talauci, rashin karatu da cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1963–1980): pp.280–286. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Citizen Report Card ya nuna cewa ana amfani da tankunan septic wajen zubar da ruwan najasa daga bayan gida a Mombasa. Masu amfani da bayan gida na rami daga Nairobi, Kisumu da Mombasa sun nuna cewa wani bangare na ruwan najasa yana shiga cikin magudanar ruwan sama, wuraren shan ruwan kasa da wuraren zubar da ruwan kicin, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurbatar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2001, wani lamari na gurbatar muhalli ya faru a garin Embu. An zubar da ruwan najasa daga wurin tsaftacewa zuwa cikin kogi kusa da garin, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 28 da suka yi amfani da ruwan don bukatun gida.&lt;ref&gt;Daily Nation – Typhoid Death Toll Is 28 (27 February 2001) Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ya fara lokacin shiga tsakani na manufofin ruwa da gwamnati ta yi, bisa ƙa'idar cewa ruwa abu ne na zamantakewa da za a samar kyauta ko kuma a tallafa masa. Sakamakon haka, kuɗaɗen ruwa tsakanin shekarar 1970 da 1981 an tallafa musu sosai kuma sun saba wa ƙa'idar dawo da kuɗin aiki. Ko'ina a cikin shekarun 1960, an gudanar da Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli wanda WHO-UNICEF suka tallafa masa a Kenya da nufin haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga ƙananan alurnmun karkara, inganta hanyoyin zubar da shara da kuma ba da ilimin tsafta ga alurnmar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

Tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara da aka kafa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, majalisun gundumomi ne ke gudanar da su (a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida). A shekarar 1972 kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara 560 ke gudana a Kenya kuma sun samar da ruwa ga alurnma kusan 664,000, UNICEF ta ruwaito. Alurnmun gida kuma sun fara haɓaka nasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa da kafa kwamitocin ruwa: sun sami horo game da tsarin ƙira, lissafin hydraulic, farashi da hanyoyin ƙaddamarwa. Wani bincike na gaba da UNICEF ta gudanar a shekarar 1974 ya nuna matsaloli da yawa da suka shafi waɗannan ayyukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 1970 Gwamnatin Kenya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bashi da ƙasar Sweden don tallafawa Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa na Karkara. Hukumar WHO za ta samar da bincike kan yanayin ruwa a ƙasar. Binciken, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1973, ya nuna cewa a Kenya akwai babban rashi na manyan ma'aikata da na fasaha; yayin da masu ba da gudummawa za su iya samar da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen haɓakawa, kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa na yanzu ba za a iya biya su ta hanyar kuɗaɗen gida ba kuma Gwamnati ba ta da tsarin dogon lokaci na haɓaka samar da ruwa. A martanin hakan, an ƙirƙiri cikakkiyar Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa a shekarar 1974. Ma'aikatar ta karɓi tsare-tsaren ruwa da gwamnati ke gudanarwa da kuma waɗanda majalisun gundumomi ke gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar aka ƙaddamar da Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa. Babban burinsa shine haɓaka sabbin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da kuma tabbatar da samun ruwan sha a cikin tazara mai kyau ga daukacin 'yan Kenya. Yunƙurin ya ɗauki taken, &quot;Ruwa ga kowa nan da shekarar 2000&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Lokacin mika mulki (1980–1992) ===
A cikin shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara fuskantar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya sanya matsin lamba ga ayyukan babban buri na samar da ruwa mai tsafta ga kowa da kuma faɗaɗa tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa. An ba da fifiko ga gyaran tsare-tsaren da ke akwai da kuma gina manyan ayyukan ruwa kamar tsare-tsaren ruwa na Baricho da Kilimanjaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1980 aka kafa Majalisar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa don faɗakar da alurnma game da fa'idodin lafiya na tsaftar muhalli da kuma ba da shawara da jagorantar hukumomin gida kan lamarin. Majalisar ta baje a hankali ba tare da cimma rantsuwarta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1983 wani Binciken Amfanin Ruwa da Hukumar SIDA ta gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa yanayin ba mai dorewa bane kuma ya ba da shawarar rarraba iko da cire alhakin aiki da kulawa daga Ma'aikatar. Don inganta ayyuka da inganci da kuma rage nauyin kuɗi na fannin ruwa, a watan Yunin shekarar 1988 aka kafa Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa (NWCPC). Rawarsa ita ce gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a ƙarƙashin ikon jiha a kan tsarin kasuwanci.

=== Kasuwancin kayan aiki na gida ===
Amma tsarin tsakiya ya gaza cimma gyare-gyare. Haka nan ra'ayin ƙirƙirar kamfanonin kasuwanci na gwamnatin gida ya fito. An tsara Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa na Biyu a shekarar 1992, kuma an tattauna sabuwar hanyar manufofin da ke jaddada rarraba iko da kuma hanyar da buƙata ke tafiyar da ita a matakin ƙasa. Birnin Eldoret ya ci gaba a shekarar 1994 kuma ya kafa sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa tare da kuɗaɗen da ke daban da kasafin kuɗin gundumar. Hukumar kamfanin ta haɗa da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai (NGOs), ƙungiyoyin mata, rukunin 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu da Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Kaya ta Kenya. Kasuwancin kamfanin a Eldoret da kuma a Nyeri da Kericho an tallafa masa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɓakawa na Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;&gt;Wambua Sammy: [http://www.boell.de/internationalepolitik/internationale-politik-3730.html Water Privatisation in Kenya], Global Issue Paper No. 8, [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]], 2004, p. 12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara wannan tsarin ta Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida, ta hanyar Dokar Kamfanoni Cap. 486 na shekarar 1996 wanda ya ba da damar kafa kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na jama'a, masu gudanar da kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;/&gt; Har zuwa shekarar 2002, wannan tsarin ya haifar da gagarumin gyare-gyare dangane da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), inganta karɓar kuɗaɗen baki da ƙarancin ƙarfe-ƙarfe a Nyeri da Eldoret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;/&gt; Koyaya, sauran kamfanonin ruwa na gida a Kitale da Nakuru dole ne gwamnatin ƙasa ta sake karɓarsu saboda matsalolin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1980–2002): pp.286–297. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1999, aka buga Manufar Ƙasa ta Fari ta Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa. Manufar ta bayyana cewa gwamnati za ta &quot;mika&quot; tsarin ruwan birane zuwa sassan masu zaman kansu a cikin hukumomin gida, da kuma samar da ruwan karkara ga alurnmu. Wani tanadi na wannan takarda shine sanya ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarƙashin kamfanoni guda ɗaya. Yayin da take haɓaka Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Gwamnati ta kuma kafa Hukumar Aiki ta Ƙasa don duba Dokar Ruwa, Cap 372, da kuma tsara gyare-gyare da za su haifar da cikakken garambawul ga fannin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Sake tsara hukumomin ruwa (2002–2011) ===
Tsarin doka na yanzu ga fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Kenya ya dogara ne akan &quot;Water Act No. 8 of 2002&quot; wanda ya fara aiki a watan Maris na shekarar 2003.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/images/stories/Water%20Act.pdf Water Act 2002] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta gabatar da gyare-gyare masu nisa bisa ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:
* raba gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga samar da ayyukan ruwa;
* raba tsara manufofi daga gudanarwa da tsari na yau da kullum;
* rarraba ayyuka zuwa sassan jihar na matakin ƙasa;
* shigar da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da kuma samar da ayyukan ruwa.
Aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ya haifar da sake tsara fannin mai faɗi sosai kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin hukumomi. An kafa Sakatariyar Gyaran Fannin Ruwa (WSRS) a matsayin rukunin mika mulki a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa don kula da kafa sabbin hukumomin fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2004, aka kafa Asusun Amana na Fannin Ruwa (WSTF) don ba da taimakon kuɗi ga kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ayyuka (yawanci matalauta ke zaune). An tsara Tsarin Canja wuri a shekarar 2005 (ta hanyar Sanarwar Shari'a Lamba 101 ta 12 Agusta 2005) don jagorantar tura ma'aikata da kaddarori daga gwamnatin tsakiya zuwa Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa da aka kafa kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Mumma [http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf Kenya's new water law: an analysis of the implications for the rural poor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101236/http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }} 26–28 January 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Don jagorantar aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa, an tsara daftarin &quot;Dabarun Ayyukan Ruwa na Ƙasa&quot; (NWSS) na shekarun 2007-2015 a watan Yunin shekarar 2007. Rantsuwarsa ita ce &quot;cimma manufofin sanarwar MDG da Vision 2030 na Gwamnatin Kenya game da samun ruwa mai tsafta da mai sauƙin kuɗi da tsaftar muhalli na asali ta hanyar hukumomi masu amgawa a cikin tsarin da aka ayyana na ma'aunai da tsari.&quot; NWSS ta dogara ne akan gano samun dorewar ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli na asali a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kayan tattalin arziki. Daga cikin manyan alkawuran akwai: dawo da kuɗi ta hanyar masu samar da ayyukan ruwa don tabbatar da dorewar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa da kuma tsara samar da sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MWI – SP&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.cohre.org/store/attachments/RTWP%20-%20NWSS%20June%2007%20draft.pdf The National Water Services Strategy (NWSS)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 3 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, MWI ta kuma ba da cikakken tsarin aiwatarwa na goyon bayan matalauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2010 Kenya ta amshi sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin Shafi na 43(1). Musamman ma, ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin &quot;samun gidaje masu dacewa da kuma ma'aunai masu kyau na tsaftar muhalli&quot;, da kuma haƙƙin &quot;samun ruwa mai tsafta da kariya a cikin adadi mai gamsarwa&quot;.

=== Dokar Ruwa ta 2015 da Dokar Ruwa ta kasa ta 2016 ===
An kaddamar da sabuwar dokar ruwa a shekarar 2015. Dokar ta canza rukunoni takwas na Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa (Kamfanonin Riko da Kaddarori) zuwa Hukumomin Haɓaka Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gunduma ta Kenya. Wannan ya yi daidai da rarraba ikon da aka tsara a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya na shekarar 2010. Har ila yuzu, Kamfanon Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa ya zama Hukumar Adana Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa ta zama Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa kuma Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa ya zama Hukumar Amana ta Fannin Ruwa. An yi nufin dokar a matsayin ingantaccen sigar Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002, maimakon wani gagarumin gyare-gyare na daban na fannin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ochieng|first=Wesonga|title=Kenya: Water Bill 2012 Set to Transform Water Sector|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209250084.html|publisher=allAfrica.com|access-date=27 December 2012|date=24 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Draft Water Bill 2012|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/257994-1335471959878/draft-water-bill-2012.pdf|access-date=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar - wadda ke ƙarƙashin tattaunawa tun shekarar 2012 - a ƙarshe majalisar dokoki ta zartar da ita a matsayin The Water Bill, 2014 (Bill No. 7 of 2014) a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Water Bill, 2014, Bill No. 7 of 2014|url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182|publisher=Republic of Kenya, Parliament|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055413/http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Ruwa ta ƙasa ta shekarar 2016 ta fayyace wasu sassa na samar da sabis da tsarin sabbin hukumomin ƙasa. Koyaya, rabon kasafin kuɗi na gundumomi, musamman ga fannin ruwa na karkara da hukumomi kamar makarantu da dakunan shan magani sun kasance marasa tabbas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Nyaga |last2=Cliff |last3=Hope |first3=Rob |last4=Kiamba |first4=Pauline |last5=Gladstone |first5=Nancy |last6=Thomas |first6=Mike |last7=Mumma |first7=Albert |last8=Trevett |first8=Andrew |date=2022 |title=Water policy, politics, and practice: The case of Kitui County, Kenya |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=4 |doi=10.3389/frwa.2022.1022730 |issn=2624-9375|doi-access=free|hdl=1871.1/f4db2fcc-1c4e-4a11-bb5e-24f22433693c |hdl-access=free }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta amince da rawar da hukumomin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ke takawa a fannin ruwa. Tana ƙirƙirar &quot;sarari&quot; na doka wanda ƙwararrun masu samar da sabis na kulawa za su iya haɓaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Alhaki akan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ==

=== Tsara manufofi da daidaita fannoni ===
'''Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa''' (MWI) ita ce mabuɗiyar hukuma da ke da alhakin fannin ruwa a Kenya. Ma'aikatar ta kasu kashi biyar: Gudanarwa da Ayyukan Tallafi, Ayyukan Ruwa, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa, da Farfaɗo da Kasa. Ana kula da samar da ruwa ne ta hannun Sashen Ayyukan Ruwa, wanda ayyukansa suka haɗa da: tsara manufofi da dabarun ayyukan ruwa da magudanun ruwa, daidaita fannoni da sanya idanu kan sauran hukumomin ayyukan ruwa. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa kuma ita ce ke da alhakin gabaɗayan saka hannun jari na fannin, tsare-tsare da tattara albarkatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;plan&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar tsaftar muhalli tana hannun '''Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaftar Muhalli''' (MoPHS).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/government/health.htm Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation – Functions] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don daidaita tsarin hukumomi don tsaftar muhalli, MWI da MoPHS sun ɓullo da wani tsari na sirri na &quot;Water Supply and Sanitation Concept&quot; tare da bayyana takamaiman manufofin tsaftar muhalli. Tun da farko a shekarar 2011, Ministan Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ita ce Charity Ngilu, shugabar jam'iyyar National Party of Kenya, wadda ke goyon bayan Firayim Minista Raila Odinga. Ministan Lafiya da Tsaftar Muhalli ita ce Beth Mugo na jam'iyyar Party of National Unity ta Shugaba Mwai Kibaki.

Sauran Ma'aikatun su ma suna taka rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da MWI da MoPHS a fannin tsaftar muhalli na makarantu ta hanyar shiga cikin Kwomitocin Shirye-shiryen Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli. Sashen Daidaita Fannin Noma yana duba duk wasu batutuwa da suka shafi noma, gami da ban ruwa wanda MWI ke kula da shi. MWI kuma tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatun Gandun Daji, na Muhalli da na Shirye-shiryen Musamman don ci gaba da farfaɗowa da kula da hasumiya na ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review3&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.62–64 &quot;Intra and Inter-Ministerial Coordination&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ka'idoji ===
'''Ka'idojin tattalin arziki.''' Hukumar Tsara Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) ce ke gudanar da tsari da sanya idanu kan samar da ayyukan ruwa na birane da karkara. WASREB wani kamfani ne na jiha wanda ba na kasuwanci ba wanda aka kafa a watan Maris na shekarar 2003 bisa ga Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da: ba da lasisi ga hukumomin ayyukan ruwa da amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Samar da Ayyuka, haɓaka jagororin kuɗin fito da gudanar da shawarwarin kuɗin fito, kafa ma'aunai da haɓaka jagororin samar da sabis, buga sakamakon sanya idanu na fannin a cikin hanyar rahotanni na kwatanta (kamar Rahoton Tasiri).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=50&amp;Itemid=94 Water Services Regulatory Board – Institutional Profile]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsarin muhalli''' a Kenya ana gudanar da shi ne ta Hukumar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMA). An kafa NEMA ne a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa da Daidaita Muhalli Lamba 8 na shekarar 1999 kuma ta fara aiki a watan Yuli na shekarar 2002. Rawarta ita ce haɓaka haɗakar duba lamuran muhalli cikin manufofin gwamnati, tsare-tsare, shirye-shirye da ayyuka. Game da fannin ruwa musamman, NEMA ita ke da alhakin tsara ƙa'idojin ingancin ruwa (an fayyace sigar yanzu a shekarar 2006).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf Water Quality Regulations – 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211230720/http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf |date=11 February 2025 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/index.php?option=com_frontpage&amp;Itemid=1 National Environment Management Authority, Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanar da kaddarori ===
Sakamakon gyare-gyaren fannoni, an mika alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli zuwa hukumomin yanki guda takwas na '''Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSBs): Athi (wanda ke hidima ga babban birnin kasar Nairobi), Coast, Tana, Lake Victoria North, Lake Victoria South, Northern, Rift Valley Water Services Board, kuma tun shekarar 2008, Tanathi Water Services Board. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa suna da alhakin gudanar da kaddarori, wato, don haɓakawa da farfaɗo da dabarun ruwa da magudanun ruwa, don tsara saka hannun jari da aiwatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/Resources/2009_17mon/Kenya_Water_Human_Rights_brochure-final.pdf Water Sector Reform in Kenya and the Human Right to Water – October 2007] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka kafa WSBs, an soki su a matsayin &quot;wani tsari na zama murnuci mara amfani&quot; wanda ke haifar da &quot;haɗewar ayyuka&quot; saboda su &quot;masu tsari ne (tare da WSRB) kuma masu yin wasa a kasuwa&quot; sannan kuma &quot;guda ɗaya... waɗanda ke da nisa da inda ake yin hidima&quot;. WSBs suna aiki a ƙarƙashin lasisi, amma an soki tsarin ba da lasisin a matsayin &quot;na hukuma, mai wahala da rikitarwa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=J. M. Migai Akech, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Nairobi|title=Governing Water And Sanitation in Kenya: Public Law, Private Sector Participation and the Elusive Quest for a Suitable Institutional Framework|url=http://www.ielrc.org/activities/workshop_0704/content/d0702.pdf|publisher=Paper prepared for the workshop entitled 'Legal Aspects of Water Sector Reforms' to be organised in Geneva from 20 to 21 April 2007 by the International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC) in the context of the Research partnership 2006–2009 on water law sponsored by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)|access-date=27 December 2012|pages=32–33|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da sabis ===
Alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana hannun Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa. Koyaya, ba lallai ba ne su samar da ayyuka kai tsaye - suna iya mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati masu daidaiton kasuwanci, waɗanda ake kira '''Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSPs). Ana tsara samar da sabis ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin samar da sabis (SPAs) don tabbatar da bin ma'aunai akan inganci, matakan sabis da ayyukan da WASREB ta kafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wwap&quot;&gt;World Water Assessment Programme: [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf Kenya National Water Development Report – 2006] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rukunoni biyu na WSPs:

* ayyukan jama'a - akwai WSPs guda 89 a cikin wannan rukunin, gami da kamfanoni masu iyakataccen alhaki a yankunan birane na hukumomin gida guda ɗaya ko fiye da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa a yankunan karkara.
* '''kamfanoni masu zaman kansu''' - akwai WSPs guda biyu kacal ƙanana a cikin wannan rukunin, Kamfanin Ruwa na Runda da Aikin Ruwa na Kiamumbi.

Masu samar da ayyuka na yau da kullum '''ƙananan masu samar da sabis''' (SSPs) suna samar da ruwa a cikin karkara da birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Wasu daga cikinsu suna sayar da ruwa ne daga manyan motocin dakon kaya ko ta jeri-kani, galibi akan farashin da ya ninka na ruwan famfo sau biyar zuwa goma. Wasu kuma ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ne, waɗanda mata ke gudanar da su galibi, waɗanda ke samar da ruwan famfo. Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa yana ƙoƙarin tsara samar da sabis a cikin matsugunai masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Ya ɓullo da ra'ayoyi na ƙasa guda biyu don samar da sabis ga matalauta. Na farko shi ne Tsarin Ayyukan Al'umma, wanda ke samar da kuɗi ga al'ummomin gida da ke son bin mafi ƙarancin ma'aunai na sabis. Na biyu, &quot;Urban Poor Concept&quot; an aiwatar da shi a cikin birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi tun shekarar 2007 kuma ya haifar da gina runfuna ko kantunan ruwa da yawa waɗanda suka dace da ma'aunai na dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review4&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.65–66 &quot;Human right to WSS.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfani da ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ana iya samunsa a Nyalenda, wata unguwa matalauciya mai mazauna kusan 60,000 a Kisumu. Kamfanin na gida yana sayar da ruwa mai yawa ga ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai waɗanda kuma suke gudanar da hanyoyin sadarwa da runfunan ruwa a cikin unguwanninsu.&lt;ref&gt;Dailymotion Video: [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xc7cv1_afd-rendez-vous-au-kenya-gestion-de_webcam AFD Rendez-vous au Kenya, Gestion de l'eau], accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.''' Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna taka rawa mai iyaka, amma ba maras amfani ba wajen gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a Kenya. Tun daga shekarar 1975 Runda Water Limited ke samar da ruwan famfo ga Gidajen Zama na Zartarwa na Tsohon Runda a Nairobi. A shekarar 2008, Runda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da Athi WSB don samar da ruwa ga mazauna wasu rukunonin gidaje biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rundaestate.com/runda/runda_inner.asp?pcat=services&amp;cat=water Runda Estate Association website] Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1995 an sanya hannu kan kwangilar sabis tsakanin NWCPC da Gauff Consulting Engineers don tallafawa hukumomin gida a garin Malindi na bakin teku wajen lissafin kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga. An tsawaita kwangilar daga watanni bakwai da rabi zuwa shekaru uku da rabi. Bayan kammala shi a shekarar 1999, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa tsakanin Kamfanin Ruwa na Malindi da kamfani mai zaman kansa na tsawon shekaru huɗu don tallafawa kamfanin akan fannonin fasaha da kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;Ballance, T. and S. Tremolet:Private sector participation in urban water supply in Sub-Sahara Africa, GTZ, 2005, quoted in:Agro Paris Tech &amp; Group SUEZ: [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/28316800/MANAGEMENT-CONTRACTS-IN-DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES Management Contracts in Developing Countries] February 2008, pp.8–9. Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

An ɗauki kwangilar a matsayin mai nasara kuma bayan ta ƙare, alhakin samar da sabis ya koma ga sassan gwamnati. A cikin ƙaramin garin Tala a shekarar 1999, majalisar gundumar Kangundo ta shiga kwangilar samar da ruwa na tsawon shekaru 30 tare da Romane Agencies Ltd. Kwangilar ta yi hasashen cewa za a biya kashi 10% na kuɗaɗen shiga ga majalisar garin. Ya zuwa yau, an sami ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ingancin sabis, amma samar da ruwa har yanzu ya kasance babban ƙalubale.

=== Sasantawa a fannin ruwa ===
Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta kuma ba da damar kafa wata '''Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa''' mai zaman kanta don daidaita koke-koke da rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt; An kafa Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa a shekarar 2005 a Nairobi amma tun lokacin shari'o'i uku kacal aka yanke shawara akansu. Wasu ƙarin daukaka ƙara guda biyar suna jiran a duba su saboda shugaban ya yi murabus a watan Maris na shekarar 2009 kuma wa'adin sauran mambobin hukumar guda biyu ba a tsawaita ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;review5&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.32–34 &quot;Ruling on appeals – WAB.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin sa-kai ===
Kenya tana da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai masu ƙwazo da suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da ke aiki a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Da yawa daga cikinsu mambobi ne na Hanyar Sadarwar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Kenya ([https://kewasnet.co.ke/ Kewasnet]) da aka kafa a shekarar 2007. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, Kewasnet tana sanya idanu kan isar da sabis, musamman ga matalauta, da aiwatar da manufofi kan gyare-gyaren fannin ruwa. Har ila yuzu tana &quot;ba da bayanai ga 'yan Kenya don ba su damar shiga da kuma shiga cikin hanyoyin gudanarwa da yanke shawara na Fannin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli&quot;. Tana kuma &quot;haɓaka al'adar alhakin mabukaci wanda ke biyan ayyukan da aka samar daga kamfanonin amfani, kiyaye ababen more rayuwa na ayyukan ruwa da kayan aiki daga barna ta hanyar masu laifi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kenya Water and Sanitation Network (KEWASNET):[http://www.kewasnet.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=48&amp;Itemid=54 What we do], retrieved on 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Kenya da ke aiki a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ita ce &quot;Maji Na Ufanisi&quot; (Ruwa da Ci gaba). Tana da hannu cikin ci gaban al'umma da ginin ababen more rayuwa a cikin ƙauyuka na birane da ƙananan garuruwa, tana ba da shawarar ingantaccen gudanar da fanni tare da gudanar da bincike. An ƙirƙiri ta ne a shekarar 1998 don karɓar ayyukan WaterAid UK na Kenya lokacin da na ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar rufe ayyukansu a Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Maji na Ufanisi|title=Background of Maji na Ufanisi|url=http://www.majinaufanisi.org/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=itemlist&amp;layout=category&amp;task=category&amp;id=34&amp;Itemid=128|access-date=12 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan WASH ga makarantu ===
Wani rahoto a shekarar 2021 ya bincika ayyukan ruwa a makarantu a Kenya. Ya gano cewa &quot;alhakin ayyukan WASH a cikin makarantu a matakin gunduma ya kasance mai rikitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hope, R., Katuva, J., Nyaga, C., Koehler, J., Charles, K., Nowicki, S., Dyer, E., Olago, D., Tanui, F., Trevett, A., Thomas, M., and Gladstone, N. (2021). [https://reachwater.uk/resource/delivering-safely-managed-water-to-schools-in-kenya/ Delivering safely-managed water to schools in Kenya]. REACH Working Paper 8, University of Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-1-874370-82-6&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|3}} Daidaitawa mai inganci tsakanin gwamnatin ƙasa da ta gundumomi babu shi. Don haka, kowace makaranta tana da alhakin kashin kanta wajen gudanar da isar da ayyukan WASH na kanta. A halin yanzu babu ingantaccen sanya idanu da tsari don wannan tsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}}

== Ingantaccen tattalin arziki ==
Hukumar WASREB tana sanya idanu na kusa kan ayyukan tattalin arziki na Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya, kuma ana samun hakan a cikin &quot;Rahoton Tasiri&quot; (Impact Report) don ƙarfafa gasa da yaɗa mafi kyawun ayyuka. Muhimman alamomin ingantaccen tattalin arziki sune: ƙimar karɓar kuɗi, matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), rabon sanya mita da kuma yawan aikin ma'aikata. Mafi yawancin Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya ba su cika ma'aunai a cikin waɗannan ɓangarori ba.

'''Kimar karbar kudi.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-14 mafi yawancin WSPs na Kenya sun yi rikodin ingon gudanar da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga tare da matsakaicin kashi 93%, sama da kashi 86% a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanin da ya fi kowane rashin tabuka abin a zo a gani shi ne Mawingo, inda kashi 40% kacal na adadin kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa aka karɓa. A wasu kamfanoni, ƙimar karɓar kuɗin ta wuce kashi 100% saboda WSPs sun sami damar karɓar tsoffin bashi da ake bin masu amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|pages=24 and 31–36|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudi (Non-revenue water).''' A matsakaici, kashi 42% na ruwan da aka samar a Kenya ba a lissafa kuɗinsa ba a cikin shekarar 2013-2014, misali saboda zubar ruwa ta hanyar fasa bututu ko satar ruwa. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda ɗaya kacal (Nyeri) ne suka cika ma'aunin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta gitta na samun matakan NRW ƙasa da kashi 20%. A birnin Nairobi matakan NRW sun kasance kashi 39%, a Mombasa kuma kashi 48%. Dangane da farashin rukunin samarwa, asarar da aka yi a fadin ƙasar saboda ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi a cikin shekarar 2014 an kiyasta ta kai Shilling na Kenya (KSh) biliyan 5.2, wanda ya yi daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;

'''Rabon sanya mita.''' Rabon sanya mita na kamfanonin ruwa na Kenya ya kasance kashi 89% a cikin shekarar 2013-14, sama da kashi 82% a cikin shekarar 2006-2007. To sai dai kuma, akwai rashin tabbas kan ko mitocin ruwan da aka girka suna aiki a aikace. An ƙara rabon sanya mita a birnin Nairobi zuwa kashi 99% a cikin shekarar 2006-07, amma kuma ya sake raguwa zuwa kashi 94% a cikin shekarar 2013-14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;impact4&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Metering Ratio – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.31–33. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Yawan aikin ma'aikata.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-2014 an sami matsakaicin ma'aikata 7 ga kowane haɗin ruwa (connections) 1000 a Kenya, wani babban ci gaba ne idan aka kwatanta da ma'aikata 11 a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda bakwai, dukkansu manya ne, sun sami kyakkyawan mataki na yawan aikin ma'aikata, tare da ma'aikata 5 ko ƙasa da haka ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000, sama da guda ɗaya kacal a cikin shekarar 2006-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Staff per 1000 connections – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.35–36. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bangarorin kudi ==

=== Dawo da kudaden aiki ===
A cikin shekarar 2014, WSPs sun dawo da kusan kashi 100% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa a matsakaici. Koyaya, duk kamfanonin ban da guda huɗu sun gaza cimma burin dawo da kashi 150% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa don biyan bashi da kuma haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na kansu. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ya kamata su biya kuɗaɗen gudanarwansu ta hanyar Harajin Tsari (Regulatory Levy) da suke karɓa daga WSPs a yankin hidimarsu. A zahiri, Hukumar Athi WSB ce kawai ta sami damar biyan kashi 115% na kuɗaɗen gudanarwa a cikin shekarar 2006/2007. Sauran WSBs har yanzu sun dogara kacokan akan tallafin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Performance analysis of Water services boards – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.54–57. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matakin kudin fito (Tariff level) ===
Matsakaicin kuɗin fito na ruwa da aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 2014 ya kasance KSh 60 jewa dalar Amurka 0.60 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Wannan adadin ba ya nuna ainihin yanayin saboda akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma saboda a Kenya ana amfani da tsarin kuɗin fito na gungun ci gaba (progressive block tariff system) don haɗin gidaje. Wannan yana nufin cewa don m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 na farko ana biyan mafi ƙarancin kuɗi wanda ya dace da ƙaramin kuɗin fito mai tallafi mai yawa, yayin da gungun na gaba (har zuwa 20, 50, 100 da 300 gami da sama da 300 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) ana cajin kuɗin fito mafi girma a jere, tare da kuɗin fito a cikin mafi girman gungu wanda ya ninka na mafi ƙanƙanta sau biyar. Idan ba a girka mita ba, ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun caji na kowane wata. Manufar wannan tsarin ita ce haɓaka dabarun adana ruwa da tabbatar da cewa gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi za su iya samun damar amfani da isasshen adadin ruwa. Koyaya, akwai matsaloli game da wannan tsarin, saboda gidaje a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi suna sake sayar da ruwa ko kuma raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya da sauran gidaje kuma ta haka suna fuskantar haɗarin ƙarewa da biyan kuɗin fito mafi girma.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Misali, a yankin karkara na Mwingi-North, ana ɗauko ruwa ne daga madatsar ruwa ta Kiambere da ke kan kogin Tana kuma ana sayar da shi ga gidajen da ba su da haɗin ruwan famfo akan farashi mai tallafi na dalar Amurka 1 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a cikin shekarar 2014 (ko KSh 2 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hoque |first1=Sonia Ferdous |last2=Hope |first2=Robert |date=2018 |title=The water diary method – proof-of-concept and policy implications for monitoring water use behaviour in rural Kenya |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/20/4/725/39060/The-water-diary-method-proofofconcept-and-policy |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=725–743 |doi=10.2166/wp.2018.179 |issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin yanki guda, ana samun ruwa daga zurfafan rijiyoyin burtsatse da hanyoyin adana ruwa na duwatsu na halitta sannan a sayar da shi a runfunan ruwa akan farashi na dalar Amurka 1 zuwa 2.5 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 2 zuwa 5 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Wani lokaci mutane kan sayi ruwa daga masu siyar da ruwa na yawo amma wannan ya fi tsada: dalar Amurka 2.5 zuwa 10 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 5 zuwa 20 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Bayanai game da kuɗaɗen fito a runfunan ruwa sun saba wa juna. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 game da biranen Kenya guda uku ya nuna cewa ƙimar rukunin don runfunan ruwa ya kasance KSh.10/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Nairobi, KSh.15/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Mombasa, da KSh.55/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Kisumu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 51, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, rahoton guda ya bayyana a baya cewa masu amfani da runfunan ruwa suna biyan KSh.100/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a dukkan biranen guda uku, wanda aka ce ya ninka sau biyar zuwa goma abin da mutanen da ke samun ruwansu ta hanyar sadarwa zuwa gidajensu suke biya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 3, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu wani kuɗin fito na magudanun ruwa (sewer tariff) a Kenya, don haka kaddarorin da ke da haɗin gwiwa da hanyoyin magudanun ruwa suna samun wannan sabis kyauta, kodayake magudanun ruwa da sarrafa ruwan datti suna da tsada daidai da samar da ruwan sha ko ma fiye da haka. A cikin shekarar 2013 wani bincike da hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji ta ɗauki nauyinsa ya ba da shawarar gabatar da harajin magudanun ruwa na kashi 5% a matsayin ƙarin caji akan lissafin kuɗin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=6|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bayan kuɗaɗen fito, Kenya ta kuma gabatar da caji don hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da na saman ƙasa.

=== Daidaita kudin fito (Tariff adjustments) ===
Sanya kuɗin fito alhakin Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ne da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa dangane da kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Dole ne kuɗaɗen fito su sami amincewar WASREB, wadda kuma za ta iya umurtar WSB ta tsara daidaiton kuɗin fito. Akwai nau'ikan daidaiton kuɗin fito guda uku, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin &quot;Jagororin Kuɗin Fito&quot; (Tariff Guidelines): Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Kai-da-kai dangane da tsarin kasuwanci na WSPs; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman lokacin da tsarin kuɗi ya sami gagarumin canji; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Atomatiki kowane bayan watanni 12 wanda zai iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da WSP.&lt;ref&gt;WASREB: [http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=63 Tariff Guidelines] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2008 an ba da izinin Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman ga dukkan WSPs a matsayin matakin wucin gadi don taimaka wa WSPs biyan kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Kuɗaɗen fito na ayyukan magudanun ruwa suna cikin daidaiton kuɗin fito kuma burin shi ne a kai ga dawo da cikakken kuɗin aiki har ma ga tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin ruwa tana sane da cewa cikakken dawo da kuɗin aiki na kuɗaɗen fito na magudanun ruwa don wasu tsare-tsaren zai sa samar da sabis ɗin ya gaza kasancewa mai sauƙin kuɗi ga gidaje da yawa da ke da haɗin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review6&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.48–49 &quot;WSS tariffs.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saka hannun jari ===
Dangane da Binciken Fannin Ruwa na Shekara-shekara na 2013-14, saka hannun jari a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na birane ya kai KSh biliyan 12 a cikin shekarar 2013-14 (dalar Amurka miliyan 120) idan aka kwatanta da buƙatar saka hannun jari na kusan KSh biliyan 75 duk shekara (dalar Amurka miliyan 750).&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact Investment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=8|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, kasafin kuɗinta na samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance KSh biliyan 18.7 ko dalar Amurka miliyan 242.8 a cikin Shekarar Kuɗi ta 2008-09, don haka ya kasance mafi girma fiye da saka hannun jari a cikin shekarar 2013-14. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, an ƙara kasafin kuɗi na fannin ruwa da kashi 245% daga KSh biliyan 4.2 (dalar Amurka miliyan 54.5) a cikin shekarar 2004-2005. Kashi 82% na kuɗaɗen an ware su ne don ƙaramin fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, yayin da sauran aka sadaukar da su ga Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, don Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa gami da Farfaɗo da Ƙasa.

=== Samar da kudaden tallafi (Financing) ===
A cewar hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji, &quot;dogaro mai yawa da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba (wato masu ba da taimako na waje) tare da sama da kashi 94% na jimillar kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari da aka samar a cikin shekarar 2013/14 ba ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayi ga fannin.&quot; Babban hanyoyin samar da kuɗi ga hukumomin ruwa na Kenya guda uku ne: kuɗaɗen gwamnati waɗanda har yanzu suke samar da kashi 58% na kuɗaɗen fannin a cikin shekarar 2008-2009, kuɗaɗen da aka samar a cikin gida waɗanda suka kai kashi 11%, da gudummawar masu ba da taimako da suka kai kashi 31% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su a wancan lokacin. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gudummawar da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba suka bayar an tura su ne ta hanyar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, yayin da sauran kashi biyu cikin uku aka raba su a wajen kasafin kuɗin. Daga cikin kiyasin kuɗaɗen masu ba da taimako na shekarar 2008-2009, kashi 70% sun kasance ta hanyar bashi, yayin da tallafin kyauta (grants) ya wakilci kashi 30%.&lt;ref name=&quot;review7&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.11–16 &quot;Water sector financial turnout.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Samar da kuɗi don matakan da ke da nufin inganta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan da ba su da isasshen sabis - musamman yankunan da matalauta ke zaune - ana ba da su ne ta hanyar '''Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSTF). Hukumar WSTF tana karɓar kuɗi ne daga Gwamnatin Kenya da kuma hukumomin ba da taimako sannan ta tura su zuwa wurare 362 mafi fama da talauci a faɗin ƙasar (waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wstfkenya.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=blogcategory&amp;id=13&amp;Itemid=26 Water Services Trust Fund – who we are] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biyan kudin fito ta wayoyin salula ===
Tun daga shekarar 2009 babban kamfanin wayar salula na Kenya ya tsawaita tsarin biyan kuɗi na hada-hadar banki ta wayar salula ta M-Pesa don amfani da shi wajen biyan kuɗaɗen kamfanonin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Fastcompany|title=Kenya's M-PESA System Lets Cell Phones Control Access to Water|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/ariel-schwartz/sustainability/kenyas-m-pesa-system-lets-cell-phones-control-access-water|access-date=27 August 2011|date=3 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 sama da 'yan Kenya miliyan 12 da kashi 85% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da wayoyin salula don hada-hadar banki. Wani bincike da jami'ar Oxford ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kafin gabatar da wannan tsarin, mazauna Kiamumbi da ke kewayen birnin Nairobi dole ne su yi tafiyar mintuna 40 ta hanyar amfani da motocin sufurin jama'a, su yi dogon layi don yin ajiya a banki sannan su gabatar da takardar ajiya a ofisoshin kamfanin ruwa don biyan lissafin kuɗinsu na kowane wata. Lokacin da ƙaramin kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tsarin ruwa na gida ya ba da damar biyan kuɗi ta hanyar M-Pesa a watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, cikin watanni biyu rabin abokan cinikin su sun koma tsarin biyan kuɗi ta wayar salula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Foster|first=Timothy|author2=Robert Hope |author3=Cliff Nyaga |title=Adoption and implications of mobile phone banking for urban water services in Kenya|journal=World Water Week in Stockholm Abstract Volume|date= 21–27 August 2011|pages=76–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Kasar Kenya tana samun tallafi daga waje daga hukumomin bayar da tallafi da dama tare da ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a halin yanzu da darajarsu ta kai €627 miliyan. Manyan masu ba da tallafin su ne, wato, Bankin Raya Afirka, Faransa, Jamus, Sweden da Denmark, haka kuma da Bankin Duniya: Sauran masu ba da tallafin sun haɗa da: Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Italiya, Finland, Japan (ta hanyar JICA), Netherlands da UNICEF. Taimakon waje ya mayar da hankali ne kan samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a birane, tare da ƙarancin ayyuka a yankunan karkara.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, Gwamnatin Kenya ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Ko-ina cikin Sashi (SWAp) don daidaita ayyukan abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, daidaitawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan. SWAp yana taimakawa wajen inganta tattaunawa tsakanin Ma'aikatar da masu ba da tallafi da kuma ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin sassa daban-daban. Hukumomin bayar da tallafi na maza ne ke haɓaka tsarin manufofin sashi ɗaya, sa ido gami da tsarin shirye-shirye da dabarun sashi guda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100609140901/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO931.pdf USAID Kenya WSS Profile], Retrieved 19 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2007 ana gudanar da taron Bita na Sashen Ruwa na Shekara-shekara (AWSR) wanda ke taimakawa wajen haɓaka daidaitawar ayyukan masu ba da tallafi tsakanin sauran abubuwa. Abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba sun kafa Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Sashen Ruwa (WSTG) don inganta daidaitawa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kansu, da kuma Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Sashen Ruwa (WSWG) don daidaitawa da gwamnati. WSTG tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin troika da kujera da ke juyawa a kowace shekara. A cikin 2012, troika sun haɗa da Jamus, Netherlands da Sweden.

=== Bankin Raya Afirka ===
Bankin Raya Afirka yana nan a cikin sashen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Kenya tare da ayyuka masu zuwa tare da darajar tallafi na kusan €70 miliyan:
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Sharar Kananan Garuruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €84.2 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;&gt;1 Unit Account Value =  1.08 Euro (October 2009); Source: http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406201441/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf |date=6 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka ƙaddamar a lokacin rani na 2009, zai mayar da hankali a cikin shekaru huɗu kan tallafin ci gaban cibiyoyi, samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha gami da ayyukan adana ruwa a yankin Yatta. Adadin mutanen da ake sa ran za su ci gajiyar aikin zai kai 780,000.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-007/ Small Towns Water Supply &amp; Waste]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Kenya%20-%20Small%20Towns%20and%20Rural%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Project.pdf SMALL TOWNS AND RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT], p. 3. Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* A lokacin bazara na 2009 aka fara aikin &quot;Taimakon Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €61.5 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda ya fi haɓaka ci gaban cibiyoyi na Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa da yawa kamar Lake Victoria South (LVSWSB), Northern Water (NWSB) ko Tana Water Services Board (TWSB) kuma wanda ke inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankuna daban-daban.
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Rift Valley&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €22.9 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a 2006, wanda zai amfani mazauna 350,000 a birane da karkara a cikin kwarin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-002 Rift Valley Water Supply &amp; Sanitation]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Makarantun Firamare na Gundumar Kisumu&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €0.22 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a lokacin rani na 2007, tare da cibiyoyin aiwatarwa kan kusan ɗalibai 3,200 da Kwamitocin Gudanar da Makarantu a makarantu shida da ke shiga aikin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-006/ Kisumu District Primary Schools Water and Sanitation Project]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===
Hukumar Raya Faransa (AFD) tana tallafawa sashen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Kenya ta hanyar ayyuka a Nairobi, Kisumu da Mombasa. A cikin 2008 jimillar kuɗaɗen ayyukan da ake gudanarwa ya kasance €105 miliyan, gami da rancen €40 miliyan don Mombasa da aka amince da shi a 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFD East Africa&quot;&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd-maroc.org/jahia/webdav/site/afd/users/administrateur/public/plaquettes/AFD_Afrique_Est_FR.pdf L'AFD EN AFRIQUE DE L'EST]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, November 2007, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/CA-du-13-novembre-2008 Conseil d'administration du 13 novembre 2008 de l'AFD : engagement de 162 millions d'euros en faveur du développement, Kenya : eau et assainissement à Mombasa]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009 AFD ta amince da sabon rancen €51 miliyan don samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Nairobi da Kisumu.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/pid/33409 L'AFD engage plus de 840 millions d'euros en faveur du développement à l'occasion de son CA du 25 juin 2009, Kenya : extension des services d'eau potable et d'assainissement à Nairobi et Kisumu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225092349/http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/pid/33409 |date=25 December 2010 }}, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, hukumar ta kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka a Kandara, Kahuti, Litein da Siaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFD East Africa&quot;/&gt;

=== Jamus ===
Tun daga shekara ta 1975 Jamus ta ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa na Kenya ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi da Ci Gaba ta Tarayya ta Jamus, wacce ke aiki ta hanyar GIZ mai kula da haɗin gwiwar fasaha da KfW mai kula da haɗin gwiwar kuɗi. An zaɓi KfW a matsayin mai daidaita sashen.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nairobi.diplo.de/Vertretung/nairobi/en/005__Development_20Cooperation/s__Water_20Sector.html German Embassy Nairobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005161245/http://www.nairobi.diplo.de/Vertretung/nairobi/en/005__Development_20Cooperation/s__Water_20Sector.html |date=5 October 2013 }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen Jamus na yanzu sun kai kusan €80 miliyan. Babban makasudin taimakon ci gaba na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu shi ne tallafawa cibiyoyin sassa don tabbatar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftace muhalli a cikin birane da kuma kiyaye albarkatun ruwa. Misali, GIZ tana ba da gudummawa ga burin ƙasa a cikin &quot;Shirin Gyaran Sashen Ruwa&quot; daga 2003 zuwa 2013: Aikin yana da sassa da yawa kamar: a) tallafawa ma'aikatar ruwa a cikin gyaran sashi b) tsara sashen ruwa da samar da kuɗaɗe da suka shafi talauci c) kasuwancin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli d) haɓaka ƙarfin aiki don Hukumar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa e) ƙaddamar da tsaftace muhalli mai dogaro da sake amfani da kayayyaki (Ecosan).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/afrika/kenia/1621.htm GTZ Priority Areas in Kenya], Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sweden da Denmark ===
Sweden, Denmark da Kenya suna da dogon tarihin haɗin gwiwa a sashen ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2005 Sweden, ta hanyar Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba ta Duniya ta Sweden (SIDA) tare da Denmark, ta hanyar Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Duniya ta Denmark (DANIDA), sun tallafawa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Kenya (KWSP) wanda ke da jimillar kasafin kuɗin tallafi na dalar Amurka miliyan 80 a lokacin 2005 – 2010. KWSP ya tallafawa aiwatar da gyare-gyaren sashen ruwa, tare da mai da hankali na musamman kan ginin cibiyoyi, samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a karkara, da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of Denmark, Nairobi: [http://www.ambnairobi.um.dk/en/menu/Development/Water/TheWaterAndSanitationProgramme/ The Water and Sanitation Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008140544/http://www.ambnairobi.um.dk/en/menu/Development/Water/TheWaterAndSanitationProgramme/ |date=8 October 2011 }}, retrieved on 11 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____106331.aspx Embassy of Sweden, Fact Sheet on Development Cooperation with Kenya], retrieved on 11 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bankin Duniya ===
Aikin Bankin Duniya na &quot;Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli&quot; na tsawon lokacin 2007–2012 a Kenya yana da jimillar rancen kusan dala miliyan 159. Yana tallafawa hukumomin Athi Water Services, Coast Water Services da Lake Victoria North Services sannan kuma, yana ba Hukumar Kula da Sashen Ruwa da Hukumar Ɗaukaka  Kara ta Ruwa tallafin fasaha. Bayan saka hannun jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa, aikin kuma yana tallafawa ayyukan da ke da nufin ƙarfafa ayyukan kasuwanci, kuɗi da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&amp;piPK=73230&amp;theSitePK=356509&amp;menuPK=356542&amp;Projectid=P096367 World Bank WSS Project Kenya], Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Misali a matakin gunduma ==

=== Gundumar Kitui ===
Gundumar Kitui tana da tazarar kusan kilomita 160 gabas da Birnin Nairobi kuma tana da mazauna kusan 1,221,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Nyaga, C. 2019. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210412200228/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/sws/infrastructure-audit-kitui-county A water infrastructure audit of Kitui County]}}. Sustainable WASH Systems, USAID&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} Kamfanoni biyu masu samar da ayyukan ruwa (WSPs) a gundumar su ne Kamfanin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Kitui (KITWASCO) da Kamfanin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Kiambere-Mwingi (KIMWASCO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|8}} Sun yi wa kashi 32 kacal na al'ummar gundumar rajista a shekarar 2017 kuma mafi yawancinsu a yankunan birane ne, ba su taka rawar gani ba a yankunan karkara. Kusan kashi 42 kacal na al'ummar gundumar Kitui ne ke da damar samun aƙalla ingantaccen rukunin ayyukan ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|8}} A shekarar 2017, akwai &quot;majiɓobin ruwa guda 3,126 sanye da kayan aiki da marasa kayan aiki da ke baje a faɗin Gundumar Kitui&quot;. ''Majisoshin da ke sanye da kayan aiki'' sun haɗa da fanfunan tura ruwa na hannu da tsarin bututun ruwa. ''Majisoshin da ba su da kayan aiki'' sun haɗa da madatsun ruwa na yashi, madatsun ƙasa, rijiyoyin marasa zurfi da sauransu. Sai dai, a cikin binciken ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 2017, kashi 60 kacal na majiɓobin ruwan ne ke aiki cikakkiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|8}}

Kusan mutane 400,000 a Kitui sun dogara ne da ruwan sama ko na saman ƙasa a matsayin babban ruwansu na sha, kuma mutane da yawa suna gudanar da dabarun tatar ruwan sama ta hanyar rukunin kwan rufi da magudanun ruwa, rumbunan duwatsu da madatsun yashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ga waɗannan mutane, tsawaitaccen lokacin rani (Yuni zuwa Oktoba) yana haifar da ƙalubale ga samar da ruwa. Albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, waɗanda ake ɗogo da su ta fanfunan hannu ko ake tura su zuwa tsarin bututu da rumbunan sayar da ruwa, suna ba da kariya daga fari ga mazauna gundumar Kitui da dama. Sai dai akwai matsaloli game da inganci (gishirin halitta), kula da ababen more rayuwa da kuma yanayin aiki ga waɗannan tsare-tsare na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Tsarin bututun ruwa suna samun ƙarancin abokan ciniki ko ma ba su da su sam lokacin damina saboda &quot;masu amfani suna komawa ga amfani da madadin ruwan saman ƙasa da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa kyauta&quot;. Abokan cinikin yakan karkata ne ga rijiyoyin marasa zurfi lokacin damina duk da cewa hakan yana jefa su cikin haɗarin lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|11}}

Mafi akasarin makarantu a Gundumar Kitui ba su da wuraren wanke hannu (53%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|42}} Hakan yana haifar da matsaloli da dama ga ɗalibai, ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne tilastawa 'yan mata mata balaga gudanar da buƙatun tsaftar al'ada ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da wuraren wanke hannu ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|43}}

== Al'umma da al'ada ==

=== Zargin cin hanci da rashawa ===
{{See also|Corruption in Kenya}}

A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, Ministar Ruwa Charity Ngilu ta amince a gaban Majalisar Dokoki cewa cin hanci da rashawa ya yi kamari a cibiyoyin ruwa na gwamnati, ciki har da dukkan hukumomin ayyukan ruwa guda takwas da Hukumar Kula da Bututun Ruwa da Kiyayewa ta Ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corruption&quot;&gt;IRC E-Source: [http://www.source.irc.nl/page/55322 Kenya: Minister admits corruption is rampant in public water institutions], 1 November 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Kenya (Kewasnet) ta bayyana sanarwar a matsayin &quot;ƙwankwacin munafunci da ma'ayoyin fuska biyu&quot;, inda ta yi iƙirarin cewa Ministar ta yi magana a bainar jama'a game da cin hanci da rashawa a fannin ne kawai bayan jaridar Daily Nation ta tona asirin cin hancin. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin nan, an dakatar da babban jami'in gudanarwa na Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa ta Tanathi bayan binciken WASREB a kan hukumar ya yi zargin tafka cin hanci da rashawa.&lt;ref&gt;[allAfrica.com]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/201009210108.html Kenya: Water Chief Sent Home As Probe Starts], 20 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An buga rahoton ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 ba tare da ɗaukar wani mataki ba na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corruption&quot; /&gt; A cewar Kewasnet, &quot;shugabanci a fannin ruwa yana cikin mafi muni da mafi ƙasƙancin mataki.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kenya Water and Sanitation Civil Society Network (Kewasnet):[http://www.kara.or.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=213:kewasnet-why-kenya-water-minister-ngilu-is-not-honest-on-anti-corruption&amp;catid=34:update Why Kenya water minister Ngilu is not honest on anti-corruption], 1 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya''' ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙananan matakan samun ruwa da tsafta, musamman a cikin birane da [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]], da kuma ingancin sabis mara kyau a cikin hanyar samar da ruwa. Rashin ruwa na yanayi da na yanki a Kenya yana ƙara wahalar inganta samar da ruwa.

Sashin ruwa na Kenya ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa ta hanyar Dokar Ruwa No. 8 na 2002. A baya samar da sabis ya kasance alhakin Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa na Kasa da Pipeline da kuma wasu kayan aiki na gida da aka kafa tun 1996. Bayan wucewar tanadin sabis na doka an rarraba shi a hankali zuwa masu ba da sabis na ruwa na gida 91 (WSPs). Wadannan an haɗa su da Kwamitin Kula da Ruwa na Yankin 8 (WSBs) wanda ke kula da kula da kadarori ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Sabis (SPAs) tare da WSPs. Dokar ta kuma kirkiro kwamitin kula da kasa wanda ke gudanar da ma'auni na aiki kuma yana da alhakin amincewa da SPAs da gyare-gyaren farashi. Tare da Dokar Ruwa, 2014, an canja ayyukan 8 WSBs zuwa Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gundumar Kenya.

Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ruwa ta ci gaba da kula da manufofi don samar da ruwa, yayin da Ma'aikatu ta Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ke kula da manufofin tsabta.

Kodayake farashin ruwa na birane suna da girma ta hanyar ka'idojin yanki (KSh.60/= ko US $ 0.60 a kowace m3 a matsakaici a cikin 2014), waɗannan farashin kawai suna ba da damar dawo da farashin aiki, amma ba dawo da farashin babban birnin ba. Ba a samun cikakken farfadowa ba saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da babban matakin ruwa mara kudaden shiga (ma'auni na 42%). Dangane da farashin naúrar samarwa, asarar ƙasa saboda ruwa mara shiga a cikin 2014 an kiyasta shi a KSh.5.2 biliyan /=, daidai da dala miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014 |url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board |pages=24 and 31–36}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani dalili kuma shine buƙatar amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai nisa a farashi mai yawa a wasu wurare. Misali, ana ba da [[Mombasa]] daga tushen da ke da nisan kilomita 220 daga birnin. Kodayake kashi 16% na 'yan Kenya a cikin birane suna da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, babu harajin magudanar gida a Kenya, yana mai da wannan sabis mai tsada kyauta.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Tushen bayanai da fassarar ==
Tattara amintaccen bayanai game da sashin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Kenya yana da wahala saboda rahoto sau da yawa ba cikakke ba ne kuma ana amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Tushen bayanai guda biyu na wakilci a duk fadin kasar sune ƙididdigar da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara goma, tare da na gaba da aka shirya don 2029,  da kuma binciken jama'a da kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar a kowace shekara biyar ta Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya. Bayanan da aka tattara ta haka ana nazarin su ta Shirin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Sayar da Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] don tantance ci gaba zuwa cimma burin Ci gaba mai dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation – A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries]{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}, pp.33–43. &lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan bayanan kawai suna tantance wadatar ruwa da kayan aikin tsabta. Ba sa tantance ko ruwa yana da aminci don sha, ya isa a yawa, yana ci gaba da samuwa ko kuma yana da araha.

Wani muhimmin tushen bayanai shine &quot;raidar tasiri&quot; na shekara-shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact Reports |url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-reports/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=WASREB |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hukumar kula da ruwa ta WASREB ta buga tun 2008. Ta hanyar wannan rahoto ana samun cikakken bayani a yau a kan masu ba da sabis na ruwa da yawa fiye da baya da sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Koyaya, bayanai a cikin rahoton suna nufin kawai yawan mutanen da masu ba da sabis na ruwa ke aiki, wanda ba duka yawan jama'ar Kenya ba ne, ba tare da barin wasu sassan yankunan karkara ba.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
An kiyasta cewa albarkatun sabon ruwa da ake iya sabuntawa na ƙasar Kenya sun kai 20.2 km³ a kowace shekara, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da 647 m³ ga kowane mutum a shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }}, p. 7. Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta jimillar ruwan da ake ɗeba a shekara ya kai sama da 2.7 km³, ko kuma ƙasa da kashi 14% na albarkatun ruwan baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 4. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, samuwar albarkatun ruwa ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokaci da kuma tsakanin shiyya-shiyya. Mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar suna da lokutan damina guda biyu. Dogon ruwan sama yawanci yana farawa ne daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, yayin da gajeren ruwan sama yawanci yana kasancewa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba.&lt;ref&gt;[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf UN World Water Assessment Programme: Case Study Kenya] Part II: Water Availability, Retrieved 21 April 2011
&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, Kenya tana fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa a kowace shekara uku zuwa huɗu, waɗanda ke shafar babban sashe na alurnma. Fari mafi tsanani na kwanan nan ya faru ne daga shekarar 2007 zuwa ƙarshen 2009, wanda ya yi tasiri a dukkan sassan tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 630 mm, amma ya bambanta tsakanin ƙasa da 200 mm a amfanin arewacin Kenya zuwa sama da 1,800 mm a gangaren Dutsen Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/kenya/kenya_cp.pdf Aquastat Country Profile Kenya], p. 1. Retrieved 13 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan saman ƙasa ===
An raba Kenya zuwa kwaruruka biyar na magudanar ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kwarin Tafkin Victoria a Yammacin Kenya yana cikin tsarin kwarin Kogin Nile. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na cikin gida na Rift Valley ya haɗa da koramu da tabkuna da yawa, gami da manyan tabkunan ruwa masu daɗi kamar Tafkin Turkana, Tafkin Baringo da Tafkin Naivasha, koguna kamar Kogin Kerio, da kuma tabkunan gishiri da yawa.

Tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi, tsarin magudanar ruwa na Tana da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa na Ewaso Ng'iro na Arewa duk suna guda ne zuwa Tekun Indiya. Rarraba ruwa a cikin kwarurukan yana da babban bambanci inda mafi girman samuwar ruwa ke cikin kwarin Tafkin Victoria (fiye da kashi 50%) sannan mafi ƙaranci a tsarin magudanar ruwa na Athi. Kwarurukan Tana da na Tafkin Victoria ne kawai ke da rarar albarkatun ruwa, yayin da sauran kwarurukan guda uku ke fuskantar ƙaranci.

Babban birnin ƙasar, Nairobi, yana samun albarkatun ruwansa ne daga tsarin magudanar ruwa guda biyu: Ruwan magudanar ruwa mafi tsufa, wato Kikuyu Springs (da ake amfani da shi tun 1906) da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Ruiru Dam (tun 1938) suna cikin kwarin Kogin Athi. Madatsar ruwa ta Sasumua Dam, Ndakaini-Thika Dam (tun 1996) da Chania-B Dam suna wadata Nairobi ta hanyar tura ruwa tsakanin kwaruruka daban-daban daga yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Tana. Kusan kashi 20% na wadatar ruwan yana fitowa ne daga albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ya yi daidai da kusan 60,000 zuwa 70,000 m³ a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=jyNHmgONtk0C&amp;q=60000&amp;pg=PA7 Climate variability and water resources degradation in Kenya], p. 56. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Mombasa, birni na biyu mafi girma a Kenya, yana biyan buƙatunsa na ruwa ne ta hanyar Marere Water Works da ke kudu maso yamma, Baricho Intake a ƙananan sashen Kogin Athi da kuma daga Mzima Springs, saman Kogin Athi, ta hanyar bututun ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 220 zuwa birnin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt Nature's Benefits in Kenya, World Resources Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175737/http://powerpoints.wri.org/naturesbenefits-kenya-03.ppt |date=3 March 2016 }}, slides 10,11. Retrieved 22 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ===
Kenya ta dogara ne akan albarkatun ruwan saman ƙasa daga koguna, tabkuna da madatsun ruwa; da kuma akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya fi girma a yankunan karkara da kuma yankunan bakin teku, inda birane ma ke dogaro da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hydrogeology of Kenya - MediaWiki |url=https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=earthwise.bgs.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yin amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da babban damar haɓaka wadatar ruwa a Kenya amma amfani da shi yana fuskantar iyakancewa saboda ƙarancin ingancin ruwa, wuce gona da iri wajen ɗeɓa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku, da kuma rashin isasshen ilimi game da yadda albarkatun suke wanzuwa.&lt;ref&gt;Barasa M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Kenya. British Geological Survey. Accessed [27 January 2023]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya#Groundwater_use&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mumma, Albert; Lane, Michael; Kairu, Edward; Tuinhof, Albert; Hirji, Rafik. 2011. Kenya Groundwater Governance Case Study. Water papers;. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17227&lt;/ref&gt; Kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa akai-akai, musamman a yankunan karkara, wani ƙalubale ne na daban: gyara famfunan hannu da suka lalace galibi ana kallonsa a matsayin abin da alurnmun karkara dole ne su gudanar da kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Tim |last2=Hope |first2=Rob |date=2016-10-01 |title=A multi-decadal and social-ecological systems analysis of community waterpoint payment behaviours in rural Kenya |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f73e5ad6-23a5-4457-be0a-fbf7a2249b8b/files/m2dee4103c3f1a4a59156b8962e7c5b3c |journal=Journal of Rural Studies |language=en |volume=47 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.026 |issn=0743-0167 |s2cid=156255059}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa inda ake ƙirƙirar tsarin sabis na kulawa na ƙwararrun ma'aikata a matsayin wata dabarar daban don inganta dorewar tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Johanna |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Goodall |first3=Susanna |last4=Katuva |first4=Jacob |last5=Hope |first5=Rob |date=2021-04-01 |title=Institutional pluralism and water user behavior in rural Africa |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=140 |article-number=105231 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105231 |issn=0305-750X |s2cid=233566959|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda rashin samun hanyoyin ruwan saman ƙasa a yankunan busassun ƙasa, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban albarkatu ne ga samar da ruwa a mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar. Akwai muhimman madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) a yankunan aman wuta da kuma duwatsun da ke da alaƙa da su, da kuma a yankunan da ke da duwatsun metamofik a arewa da bakin tekun Kenya. Kimanin mita cubic miliyan 57.21 na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa aka ɗeba a Kenya a shekarar 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damar samun ruwa ==

=== Samar da ruwa ===
Hasashen da ya fito daga Shirin Haɗin Gwiwa na Sa Ido kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na alurnmar Kenya (kashi 83% a yankunan birane da kashi 50% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun aƙalla hanyoyin ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 22% na mutanen Kenya (kashi 45% a yankunan birane da kashi 14% a yankunan karkara) suna da damar samun ruwan famfo ta hanyar haɗi zuwa gida ko tsakar gida. A cewar hasashen JMP, damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 92% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 82% a shekarar 2015. A yankunan karkara kuma, damar samun ruwan ya ƙaru daga kashi 33% zuwa kashi 57% a cikin daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation: [http://www.wssinfo.org/download?id_document=1049 Improved Drinking Water Coverage Estimates – Kenya, March 2010]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 24 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na &quot;aƙalla na yau da kullum&quot; a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/kenya/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org – Kenya|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga rahoton WASREB na shekarar 2016-17, kashi 55% na daukacin alurnma ne ke da &quot;damar samun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2016 – 2017|url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128203220/https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-report-issue-no-10/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, a cewar ma'anar da ake kira &quot;weighted access&quot; (duba sama), Rahoton Tasiri na shekarar 2009 ya kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2006-2007 kashi 37% ne kawai na mutanen Kenya ke da damar samun isasshen ruwan sha mai tsafta kusa da gidajensu a kan farashi mai sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kenya-information-guide.com/kenya-population.html Kenya Information Guide] Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da rahoton manyan bambance-bambance na shiyya-shiyya dangane da damar samun ruwan: an yi rajistar mafi girman mataki a yankin da Kamfanin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Tetu Aberdare ke yi wa wa'azi (kashi 72%) yayin da aka yi rajistar mafi ƙaranci a Muthambi a cikin Gundumar Meru ta Kudu (kashi 4%). A bannon birnin Nairobi, an ba da rahoton samun damar ruwa a kan kashi 35% a daidai wannan lokacin, sabanin adadin da bai dace da gaskiya ba na kashi 46% da aka bayar don shekarar 2005-2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Water and Sanitation Coverage – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.20–23. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Hanyoyin samun ruwa ====
Matalauta, musamman mata da 'yan mata, suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo wajen ɗebo ruwa a yankunan karkara da na birane duka. Alal misali, binciken katun rahoton 'yan ƙasa na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa masu amfani da rumfunan sayar da ruwa a birane suna ɗebo ruwa sau 4 zuwa 6 a kowace rana. A Kisumu, wannan yana nufin cewa gidan matalauta yana kashe mintuna 112 a kowace rana don ɗebo ruwa a lokutan da babu matsala, kuma har tsawon mintuna 200 a kowace rana a lokacin ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Uwazi InfoShop at Twaweza: [http://www.twaweza.org/uploads/files/Its%20our%20water%20too_English.pdf It's our water too! Bringing greater equity in access to water in Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Policy brief 09/2010, p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da littattafan tarihin ruwa don rubuta hanyoyi, amfani da kuɗaɗen ruwa a matakin gida a karkaran Kenya. Mutane a yankunan karkara suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu dole ne su biya kuɗi, wasu kuma kyauta ne: Ruwan sama (ruwan da aka tara daga duwatsu ko rufin gida), rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu ko famfunan hannu (waɗannan na iya zama na gida, masu zaman kansu, a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), rumfuna sayar da ruwa (a cikin ƙauye ko wajen ƙauye), ko masu sayar da ruwa da ke amfani da jakuna da amalanke ko motoci. Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da haƙa busassun magudanar koguna, wuraren tara ruwa na ƙasa, koguna ko madatsun ruwa, da kuma ruwan famfo a cikin gida ko tsakar gida. Amfanin ruwa na waɗannan gidajen shine na sha, girki, wanki, wanke-wanke, wanka, shayar da dabbobi ko ban ruwa na ƙaramin sigo.
Makarantun karkara a Kenya galibi suna amfani da hanyoyin ruwa daban-daban guda biyu ko uku, kuma ana iya raba waɗannan zuwa &quot;hanyoyin cikin makaranta&quot; (ko dai ruwan famfo ko tarin ruwan sama), ko kuma &quot;hanyoyin wajen makaranta&quot; (waɗanda ba su da inganci, masu sayar da ruwa ke kawowa, ko na yau da kullum). Kusan kashi 80% na makarantu a Kenya (hudu cikin makarantu biyar) suna da nasu tsarin tara ruwan sama. Sai dai kuma, a cikin watannin da suka fi bushewa daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, galibi ana siyan ruwa ne daga wurin masu sayar da ruwa.

=== Tsaftar muhalli ===
Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum a shekarar 2015 ya kai mutum miliyan 32.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP table&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Hasashen ƙasa baki ɗaya na shekarar 2015 daga JMP ya nuna cewa kashi 30% (kashi 43% na birane da kashi 28% na karkara) na mutanen Kenya ne ke da damar samun aƙalla tsaftar muhalli na yau da kullum, gami da tsarin magudanar ruwan fita. A yankunan birane, ƙarin kashi 27% na alurnma suna amfani da banɗaki na tarayya. A yankunan karkara, an kiyasta cewa har yanzu kashi 12% na alurnma suna yin baɗari a sarari (waje). Rahoton shekarar 2015 na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli bai haɗa da wani adadi akan damar samun tsaftar muhalli a sigo mai faɗi ba, sai dai kawai hasashen damar samun tsarin magudanar ruwa na birane, wanda aka kiyasta akan kashi 16%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2006-2007 an ba da rahoton cewa rabin alurnmar Kenya da ke cikin yankin da kamfanonin samar da ruwa (WSPs) guda 55 ke yi wa wa'azi suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli (wannan ma'anar ta haɗa da banɗakin ja da na zuba ruwa da ke haɗe da tsarin bututu, dandalin tankunan baɗari, banɗakin VIP da banɗakin rami). A Nairobi, yanayin tsaftar muhalli ya kasance kusan kashi 23% a shekarar 2006-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;impact1&quot;/&gt; Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidajen Kenya na shekarar 2006 ya ba da rahoton mafi girman yanayin tsaftar muhalli na kashi 84%, gami da banɗaki na tarayya da na ramuka marasa zurfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.35–40 &quot;Water Services, Sanitation&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingancin sabis ==
Ingancin sabis na kamfanonin WSPs ana sanya masa ido na kusa ta Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) da nufin haɓaka gasa ta kwatanci da inganta ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin mafi mahimmancin alamomin ingancin sabis sune ingancin ruwa, dorewar samar da ruwa da kuma sarrafa ruwan sha da aka yi amfani da shi.

=== Ingancin ruwa ===
A shekarar 2015, WASREB ta ba da rahoton cewa kamfanoni 23 sun samar da ruwa mai inganci (wanda aka fassara a matsayin fiye da kashi 95% na bin ƙa'idodi), kamfanoni 15 masu inganci matsakaita sanka ga kamfanoni 53 ingancin ruwansu bai kasance karɓarre ba (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ƙasa da kashi 90% na bin ƙa'idodi). Ma'aunai guda biyu da aka auna sune ragowar sinadarin chlorine (nauyin kashi 40%) da kuma bin ƙa'idodin kwayoyin cuta (nauyin kashi 60%). Idan adadin samfuran da aka ɗauka ya gaza abin da aka tsara a cikin ƙa'idar, ana ƙididdige amfani da shi a matakin ƙasa. An sami mafi girman bin ƙa'ida a Kericho da Kisumu da kashi 100% kowannensu. Rahoton 'yan ƙasa da aka gudanar a Nairobi, Mombasa da Kisumu a shekarar 2007 ya ba da bayani game da fahimtar abokan ciniki game da ingancin ruwa: kusan kashi 70% na gidajen da ke amfani da ruwa daga haɗin babban bututu sun ce sun sami ɗanɗano da warin ruwan a matsayin karɓarre, kuma ruwan yana da haske. Duk da haka, mafi yawan masu amsa tambayoyin suna tace ko tafasa ruwa kafin su sha, wanda hakan ke nuna rashin tabbas akai-akai game da ingancinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007] Retrieved 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar ba da hankali ga ma'aunin ingancin sinadaran ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa babban fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Kenya saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da yanayin ƙasa, kutsawar ruwan gishiri, da matsin lamba daga gudanar da datti da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= |doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Alal misali, a kudu maso gabashin Kenya, akwai rahotannin cewa an bar rijiyoyin burtsatse saboda gishiri da yawan sinadarin iron. Masu amfani da ruwa a wannan shiyya suna haɗa ɗanɗanon gishiri na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da matsalar haƙori (dental fluorosis) da kuma matsalolin ciki da hanji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa ko'ina a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika duba su akai-akai ba. Misalan ma'aunai na farko sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Gabaɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Bayanan da ke akwai suna da bambanci saboda bincike yakan fi mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen yanayi da aka sani. Bugu da ƙari, akwai dakunan gwaje-gwaje kalilan a Kenya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan bincike na sinadarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

=== Dorewar samar da ruwa ===
Rahoton Taimako na shekarar 2015 ya ba da rahoton matsakaicin wadatar ruwa na awanni 18 a kowace rana, wanda ya ƙaru daga awanni 14 a shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanoni 9 ne kawai waɗanda yawancinsu ƙanana ne na WSPs ke samar da ruwa akai-akai har tsawon awanni 24 a kowace rana. A Nairobi, ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin awanni 18 a rana, sanka a Mombasa kuma na tsawon awanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;Continuity&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, lokutan ƙarancin ruwa na faruwa.

=== Maganin Ruwan Sha da Najasa ===
A cewar rahoton kimantawa na 2009, akwai tsarin magudanar ruwa 43 a Kenya da kuma wuraren tsaftace ruwan najasa a cikin garuruwa 15 (yawan jama’ar da ake yi wa hidima: mutane 900,000). Ikon aiki na wadannan wuraren tsaftacewa ya kai kashi 16% na ikon da aka tsara. Babban dalilan rashin inganci sun hada da rashin isasshen kulawa da aiki da kuma karancin haɗin jama’a zuwa magudanar ruwa. A Kenya, an kiyasta kashi 19% ne ke da haɗin kai zuwa magudanar ruwa (kashi 12% a wani rahoto).&lt;ref&gt;R. Gakubia, U. Pokorski and P. Onyango Upscaling Access to Sustainable Sanitation – Kenya, January 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519125341/http://waterforum.jp/eng/iys/agenda/doc/session1/12_Dr.UlrikePokorski.pdf |date=19 May 2016 }}, slide 7. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin ruwan najasa da ke shiga hanyar magudanar ruwa, kusan kashi 60% ne kawai ke isa wuraren tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review2&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen tsaftace ruwan najasa a Kenya ita ce tafkunan tsaftacewa. Daya daga cikin su shi ne tsarin Dandora Waste Stabilisation Pond wanda ke tsaftace ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje daga birnin Nairobi, kuma shi ne mafi girma a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;H.W. Pearson, S.T. Avery, S.W. Mills, P. Njaggah and P. Odiambo Performance of the phase II Dandora waste stabilisation ponds: The case for anaerobic ponds, ''Water Science and Technology'' Volume 33, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 91–98. Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Amma haɗa ruwan masana’antu da na gidaje a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na haɗe yana haifar da matsaloli a aikin tafkunan tsaftacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot;&gt;Institute of Economic Affairs: A Rapid Assessment of Kenya's Water, Sanitation and Sewerage Framework, June 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182032/http://www.ieakenya.or.ke/documents/Water%20Framework%20Study%20-%20A%20Rapid%20Assessment%20of%20Kenyas%20Water%20Sanitation%20and%20Sewarage%20Framework.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
Tarihin fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Kenya yana da alaƙa da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin hukumomi wanda ya haifar da rashin inganci da yawa, da kuma yunƙurin gyare-gyare na gaba.

=== Farkon somawa ===
Tarihin samar da ruwan famfo a Kenya za a iya samo asalinsa ne tun lokacin kariya na Gabashin Afrika (East African Protectorate). A wancan lokacin, samar da ruwa ya fi mayar da hankali ne ga buƙatun matsugunan 'yan fashin mulkin mallaka. Hukumar kula da samar da ruwa ta kasance a ƙarƙashin Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Hydraulic Branch, wanda ya fara aiki a birnin Mombasa na bakin teku. Gina layin dogon Uganda (Uganda Railway) a shekarar 1896 ya ba da gagarumin ƙarfin gwiwa ga haɓaka bututun ruwa a cikin ƙasar tare da layin dogon.

=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka ===
Tsakanin shekarar 1920 zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, an yi yunƙurin farko na daidaita samar da ruwa a cikin mallakar da kuma kariya ta Kenya, yayin da hukumomi da yawa suka raba alhakin. A cikin shekarun 1950 da farkon 60s, an raba alhakin gudanar da samar da ruwa tsakanin hukumomi uku: Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da ke aiki a cibiyoyin birane tare da samar da sabis na ruwa na tsakiya; Hukumomin Gida waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da ikon sarrafa samar da ruwa; da Sashen Haɓaka Ruwa, wanda ke da alhakin haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyin birane da karkara. Kamfanin Mombasa Pipeline Work ne ya samar da babban ruwa ga Mombasa, yayin da sashen ruwa ke gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullum na bututun ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda ɗaya don gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa. A shekarar 1952 aka kafa dokar ruwa ta &quot;Water Act Cap 372&quot;, wadda ta kasance tushen doka ga fannin ruwa har zuwa shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section until Kenyan independence: pp.271–280. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ƙaramin fannin tsaftar muhalli, babu wani tsarin hukuma mai aiki shi ma. A hukumance, Dokar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta shekarar 1921 ta ba Ma'aikatar Lafiya rawar gudanar da tsaftar muhalli, amma da kyar aka aiwatar da ita. Bayan haka, alurnmar gida sun ƙi amfani da matakan tsafta da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya musu. Tsakanin shekarar 1929 da 1939 an gudanar da kamfen na ilimantar da jama'a kan lafiyar jama'a wanda ya haifar da yaɗuwar banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Sanitation in Kenya: pp.296–305. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabanin shekarar 1954, nau'ikan tsaftar muhalli daban-daban suna amfani a sassan Kenya daban-daban: banɗakunan rami suna amfani a mafi yawancin wuraren ajiye 'yan ƙasa, banɗakunan bokiti sun mamaye garuruwa yayin da ake amfani da tsaftar ruwa a sassan Turawa na manyan garuruwa. Lokacin boren Mau Mau, an tattara 'yan Afirka a sansanonin tsare mutane kuma an rufe kasuwannin gida don tsoron tawaye. Wannan ya haifar da watsar da tsaftar muhalli da ta dace da kuma karuwar banɗakunan bai-ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot;/&gt;

=== Kenya mai zaman kanta (1963–1980) ===
Yayin da Kenya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, yunƙurin sauƙaƙe gudanar da samar da ruwa ya haifar da tura dukkan ƙungiyoyin da ke da alhakin ruwa zuwa Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona a shekarar 1964. Rarraba alhaki da iko, duk da haka, ba su fito fili ba kuma sun haifar da cikas da rashin aiki. A shekarar 1965, gwamnatin da Jomo Kenyatta ya jagoranta ta bayyana a cikin Takardar Zama Na 10 kan gurguzu na Afirka da aikace-aikacensa ga tsare-tsare a Kenya cewa dole ne a fuskantar da manufofin gwamnati zuwa ga kawar da talauci, rashin karatu da cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1963–1980): pp.280–286. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Citizen Report Card ya nuna cewa ana amfani da tankunan septic wajen zubar da ruwan najasa daga bayan gida a Mombasa. Masu amfani da bayan gida na rami daga Nairobi, Kisumu da Mombasa sun nuna cewa wani bangare na ruwan najasa yana shiga cikin magudanar ruwan sama, wuraren shan ruwan kasa da wuraren zubar da ruwan kicin, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurbatar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;crc&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2001, wani lamari na gurbatar muhalli ya faru a garin Embu. An zubar da ruwan najasa daga wurin tsaftacewa zuwa cikin kogi kusa da garin, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 28 da suka yi amfani da ruwan don bukatun gida.&lt;ref&gt;Daily Nation – Typhoid Death Toll Is 28 (27 February 2001) Retrieved 16 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ya fara lokacin shiga tsakani na manufofin ruwa da gwamnati ta yi, bisa ƙa'idar cewa ruwa abu ne na zamantakewa da za a samar kyauta ko kuma a tallafa masa. Sakamakon haka, kuɗaɗen ruwa tsakanin shekarar 1970 da 1981 an tallafa musu sosai kuma sun saba wa ƙa'idar dawo da kuɗin aiki. Ko'ina a cikin shekarun 1960, an gudanar da Shirin Tsaftar Muhalli wanda WHO-UNICEF suka tallafa masa a Kenya da nufin haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa ga ƙananan alurnmun karkara, inganta hanyoyin zubar da shara da kuma ba da ilimin tsafta ga alurnmar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

Tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara da aka kafa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, majalisun gundumomi ne ke gudanar da su (a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida). A shekarar 1972 kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara 560 ke gudana a Kenya kuma sun samar da ruwa ga alurnma kusan 664,000, UNICEF ta ruwaito. Alurnmun gida kuma sun fara haɓaka nasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa da kafa kwamitocin ruwa: sun sami horo game da tsarin ƙira, lissafin hydraulic, farashi da hanyoyin ƙaddamarwa. Wani bincike na gaba da UNICEF ta gudanar a shekarar 1974 ya nuna matsaloli da yawa da suka shafi waɗannan ayyukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 1970 Gwamnatin Kenya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bashi da ƙasar Sweden don tallafawa Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa na Karkara. Hukumar WHO za ta samar da bincike kan yanayin ruwa a ƙasar. Binciken, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1973, ya nuna cewa a Kenya akwai babban rashi na manyan ma'aikata da na fasaha; yayin da masu ba da gudummawa za su iya samar da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen haɓakawa, kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa na yanzu ba za a iya biya su ta hanyar kuɗaɗen gida ba kuma Gwamnati ba ta da tsarin dogon lokaci na haɓaka samar da ruwa. A martanin hakan, an ƙirƙiri cikakkiyar Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa a shekarar 1974. Ma'aikatar ta karɓi tsare-tsaren ruwa da gwamnati ke gudanarwa da kuma waɗanda majalisun gundumomi ke gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.pl&quot;/&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar aka ƙaddamar da Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa. Babban burinsa shine haɓaka sabbin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da kuma tabbatar da samun ruwan sha a cikin tazara mai kyau ga daukacin 'yan Kenya. Yunƙurin ya ɗauki taken, &quot;Ruwa ga kowa nan da shekarar 2000&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Lokacin mika mulki (1980–1992) ===
A cikin shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara fuskantar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya sanya matsin lamba ga ayyukan babban buri na samar da ruwa mai tsafta ga kowa da kuma faɗaɗa tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa. An ba da fifiko ga gyaran tsare-tsaren da ke akwai da kuma gina manyan ayyukan ruwa kamar tsare-tsaren ruwa na Baricho da Kilimanjaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1980 aka kafa Majalisar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa don faɗakar da alurnma game da fa'idodin lafiya na tsaftar muhalli da kuma ba da shawara da jagorantar hukumomin gida kan lamarin. Majalisar ta baje a hankali ba tare da cimma rantsuwarta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;san&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1983 wani Binciken Amfanin Ruwa da Hukumar SIDA ta gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa yanayin ba mai dorewa bane kuma ya ba da shawarar rarraba iko da cire alhakin aiki da kulawa daga Ma'aikatar. Don inganta ayyuka da inganci da kuma rage nauyin kuɗi na fannin ruwa, a watan Yunin shekarar 1988 aka kafa Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa (NWCPC). Rawarsa ita ce gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a ƙarƙashin ikon jiha a kan tsarin kasuwanci.

=== Kasuwancin kayan aiki na gida ===
Amma tsarin tsakiya ya gaza cimma gyare-gyare. Haka nan ra'ayin ƙirƙirar kamfanonin kasuwanci na gwamnatin gida ya fito. An tsara Tsarin Jagoran Ruwa na Ƙasa na Biyu a shekarar 1992, kuma an tattauna sabuwar hanyar manufofin da ke jaddada rarraba iko da kuma hanyar da buƙata ke tafiyar da ita a matakin ƙasa. Birnin Eldoret ya ci gaba a shekarar 1994 kuma ya kafa sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa tare da kuɗaɗen da ke daban da kasafin kuɗin gundumar. Hukumar kamfanin ta haɗa da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai (NGOs), ƙungiyoyin mata, rukunin 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu da Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Kaya ta Kenya. Kasuwancin kamfanin a Eldoret da kuma a Nyeri da Kericho an tallafa masa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɓakawa na Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;&gt;Wambua Sammy: [http://www.boell.de/internationalepolitik/internationale-politik-3730.html Water Privatisation in Kenya], Global Issue Paper No. 8, [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]], 2004, p. 12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara wannan tsarin ta Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Gida, ta hanyar Dokar Kamfanoni Cap. 486 na shekarar 1996 wanda ya ba da damar kafa kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na jama'a, masu gudanar da kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;/&gt; Har zuwa shekarar 2002, wannan tsarin ya haifar da gagarumin gyare-gyare dangane da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), inganta karɓar kuɗaɗen baki da ƙarancin ƙarfe-ƙarfe a Nyeri da Eldoret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boell&quot;/&gt; Koyaya, sauran kamfanonin ruwa na gida a Kitale da Nakuru dole ne gwamnatin ƙasa ta sake karɓarsu saboda matsalolin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyangacha&quot;&gt;Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga and Kenneth S. Ombongi [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C&amp;dq=history+kenya+sanitation&amp;pg=PA267 History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002] in Juuti, Katko and Vuorinen (Eds.) Environmental History of Water (IWA Publishing 2007), Section on Independent Kenya (1980–2002): pp.286–297. Retrieved 24 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1999, aka buga Manufar Ƙasa ta Fari ta Gudanarwa da Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa. Manufar ta bayyana cewa gwamnati za ta &quot;mika&quot; tsarin ruwan birane zuwa sassan masu zaman kansu a cikin hukumomin gida, da kuma samar da ruwan karkara ga alurnmu. Wani tanadi na wannan takarda shine sanya ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarƙashin kamfanoni guda ɗaya. Yayin da take haɓaka Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Gwamnati ta kuma kafa Hukumar Aiki ta Ƙasa don duba Dokar Ruwa, Cap 372, da kuma tsara gyare-gyare da za su haifar da cikakken garambawul ga fannin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya&quot; /&gt;

=== Sake tsara hukumomin ruwa (2002–2011) ===
Tsarin doka na yanzu ga fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Kenya ya dogara ne akan &quot;Water Act No. 8 of 2002&quot; wanda ya fara aiki a watan Maris na shekarar 2003.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/images/stories/Water%20Act.pdf Water Act 2002] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta gabatar da gyare-gyare masu nisa bisa ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:
* raba gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga samar da ayyukan ruwa;
* raba tsara manufofi daga gudanarwa da tsari na yau da kullum;
* rarraba ayyuka zuwa sassan jihar na matakin ƙasa;
* shigar da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da kuma samar da ayyukan ruwa.
Aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ya haifar da sake tsara fannin mai faɗi sosai kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin hukumomi. An kafa Sakatariyar Gyaran Fannin Ruwa (WSRS) a matsayin rukunin mika mulki a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa don kula da kafa sabbin hukumomin fannin ruwa. A shekarar 2004, aka kafa Asusun Amana na Fannin Ruwa (WSTF) don ba da taimakon kuɗi ga kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ayyuka (yawanci matalauta ke zaune). An tsara Tsarin Canja wuri a shekarar 2005 (ta hanyar Sanarwar Shari'a Lamba 101 ta 12 Agusta 2005) don jagorantar tura ma'aikata da kaddarori daga gwamnatin tsakiya zuwa Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa da aka kafa kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Mumma [http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf Kenya's new water law: an analysis of the implications for the rural poor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101236/http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }} 26–28 January 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Don jagorantar aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa, an tsara daftarin &quot;Dabarun Ayyukan Ruwa na Ƙasa&quot; (NWSS) na shekarun 2007-2015 a watan Yunin shekarar 2007. Rantsuwarsa ita ce &quot;cimma manufofin sanarwar MDG da Vision 2030 na Gwamnatin Kenya game da samun ruwa mai tsafta da mai sauƙin kuɗi da tsaftar muhalli na asali ta hanyar hukumomi masu amgawa a cikin tsarin da aka ayyana na ma'aunai da tsari.&quot; NWSS ta dogara ne akan gano samun dorewar ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli na asali a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kayan tattalin arziki. Daga cikin manyan alkawuran akwai: dawo da kuɗi ta hanyar masu samar da ayyukan ruwa don tabbatar da dorewar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa da kuma tsara samar da sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MWI – SP&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.cohre.org/store/attachments/RTWP%20-%20NWSS%20June%2007%20draft.pdf The National Water Services Strategy (NWSS)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 3 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, MWI ta kuma ba da cikakken tsarin aiwatarwa na goyon bayan matalauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2010 Kenya ta amshi sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin Shafi na 43(1). Musamman ma, ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin &quot;samun gidaje masu dacewa da kuma ma'aunai masu kyau na tsaftar muhalli&quot;, da kuma haƙƙin &quot;samun ruwa mai tsafta da kariya a cikin adadi mai gamsarwa&quot;.

=== Dokar Ruwa ta 2015 da Dokar Ruwa ta kasa ta 2016 ===
An kaddamar da sabuwar dokar ruwa a shekarar 2015. Dokar ta canza rukunoni takwas na Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa (Kamfanonin Riko da Kaddarori) zuwa Hukumomin Haɓaka Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gunduma ta Kenya. Wannan ya yi daidai da rarraba ikon da aka tsara a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya na shekarar 2010. Har ila yuzu, Kamfanon Kula da Ruwa da Bututun Ruwa na Ƙasa ya zama Hukumar Adana Ruwa ta Ƙasa, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa ta zama Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa kuma Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa ya zama Hukumar Amana ta Fannin Ruwa. An yi nufin dokar a matsayin ingantaccen sigar Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002, maimakon wani gagarumin gyare-gyare na daban na fannin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ochieng|first=Wesonga|title=Kenya: Water Bill 2012 Set to Transform Water Sector|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209250084.html|publisher=allAfrica.com|access-date=27 December 2012|date=24 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Draft Water Bill 2012|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/257994-1335471959878/draft-water-bill-2012.pdf|access-date=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar - wadda ke ƙarƙashin tattaunawa tun shekarar 2012 - a ƙarshe majalisar dokoki ta zartar da ita a matsayin The Water Bill, 2014 (Bill No. 7 of 2014) a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Water Bill, 2014, Bill No. 7 of 2014|url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182|publisher=Republic of Kenya, Parliament|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055413/http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-senate/house-business/bills-from-national-assembly/item/download/1574_c32d3b3173e0e0c769a064a9afe39182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Ruwa ta ƙasa ta shekarar 2016 ta fayyace wasu sassa na samar da sabis da tsarin sabbin hukumomin ƙasa. Koyaya, rabon kasafin kuɗi na gundumomi, musamman ga fannin ruwa na karkara da hukumomi kamar makarantu da dakunan shan magani sun kasance marasa tabbas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Nyaga |last2=Cliff |last3=Hope |first3=Rob |last4=Kiamba |first4=Pauline |last5=Gladstone |first5=Nancy |last6=Thomas |first6=Mike |last7=Mumma |first7=Albert |last8=Trevett |first8=Andrew |date=2022 |title=Water policy, politics, and practice: The case of Kitui County, Kenya |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=4 |doi=10.3389/frwa.2022.1022730 |issn=2624-9375|doi-access=free|hdl=1871.1/f4db2fcc-1c4e-4a11-bb5e-24f22433693c |hdl-access=free }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Ruwa ta amince da rawar da hukumomin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ke takawa a fannin ruwa. Tana ƙirƙirar &quot;sarari&quot; na doka wanda ƙwararrun masu samar da sabis na kulawa za su iya haɓaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Alhaki akan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ==

=== Tsara manufofi da daidaita fannoni ===
'''Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa''' (MWI) ita ce mabuɗiyar hukuma da ke da alhakin fannin ruwa a Kenya. Ma'aikatar ta kasu kashi biyar: Gudanarwa da Ayyukan Tallafi, Ayyukan Ruwa, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa, da Farfaɗo da Kasa. Ana kula da samar da ruwa ne ta hannun Sashen Ayyukan Ruwa, wanda ayyukansa suka haɗa da: tsara manufofi da dabarun ayyukan ruwa da magudanun ruwa, daidaita fannoni da sanya idanu kan sauran hukumomin ayyukan ruwa. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa kuma ita ce ke da alhakin gabaɗayan saka hannun jari na fannin, tsare-tsare da tattara albarkatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;plan&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 MINISTERIAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2009–2012 – Water for all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140548/http://www.water.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=46&amp;Itemid=63 |date=22 February 2014 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar tsaftar muhalli tana hannun '''Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaftar Muhalli''' (MoPHS).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/government/health.htm Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation – Functions] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don daidaita tsarin hukumomi don tsaftar muhalli, MWI da MoPHS sun ɓullo da wani tsari na sirri na &quot;Water Supply and Sanitation Concept&quot; tare da bayyana takamaiman manufofin tsaftar muhalli. Tun da farko a shekarar 2011, Ministan Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ita ce Charity Ngilu, shugabar jam'iyyar National Party of Kenya, wadda ke goyon bayan Firayim Minista Raila Odinga. Ministan Lafiya da Tsaftar Muhalli ita ce Beth Mugo na jam'iyyar Party of National Unity ta Shugaba Mwai Kibaki.

Sauran Ma'aikatun su ma suna taka rawa a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da MWI da MoPHS a fannin tsaftar muhalli na makarantu ta hanyar shiga cikin Kwomitocin Shirye-shiryen Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli. Sashen Daidaita Fannin Noma yana duba duk wasu batutuwa da suka shafi noma, gami da ban ruwa wanda MWI ke kula da shi. MWI kuma tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatun Gandun Daji, na Muhalli da na Shirye-shiryen Musamman don ci gaba da farfaɗowa da kula da hasumiya na ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review3&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.62–64 &quot;Intra and Inter-Ministerial Coordination&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ka'idoji ===
'''Ka'idojin tattalin arziki.''' Hukumar Tsara Ayyukan Ruwa (WASREB) ce ke gudanar da tsari da sanya idanu kan samar da ayyukan ruwa na birane da karkara. WASREB wani kamfani ne na jiha wanda ba na kasuwanci ba wanda aka kafa a watan Maris na shekarar 2003 bisa ga Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da: ba da lasisi ga hukumomin ayyukan ruwa da amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Samar da Ayyuka, haɓaka jagororin kuɗin fito da gudanar da shawarwarin kuɗin fito, kafa ma'aunai da haɓaka jagororin samar da sabis, buga sakamakon sanya idanu na fannin a cikin hanyar rahotanni na kwatanta (kamar Rahoton Tasiri).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=50&amp;Itemid=94 Water Services Regulatory Board – Institutional Profile]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsarin muhalli''' a Kenya ana gudanar da shi ne ta Hukumar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMA). An kafa NEMA ne a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa da Daidaita Muhalli Lamba 8 na shekarar 1999 kuma ta fara aiki a watan Yuli na shekarar 2002. Rawarta ita ce haɓaka haɗakar duba lamuran muhalli cikin manufofin gwamnati, tsare-tsare, shirye-shirye da ayyuka. Game da fannin ruwa musamman, NEMA ita ke da alhakin tsara ƙa'idojin ingancin ruwa (an fayyace sigar yanzu a shekarar 2006).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf Water Quality Regulations – 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211230720/http://www.nema.go.ke/images/stories/pdfs/water_quality_regulations.pdf |date=11 February 2025 }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nema.go.ke/index.php?option=com_frontpage&amp;Itemid=1 National Environment Management Authority, Kenya]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanar da kaddarori ===
Sakamakon gyare-gyaren fannoni, an mika alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli zuwa hukumomin yanki guda takwas na '''Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSBs): Athi (wanda ke hidima ga babban birnin kasar Nairobi), Coast, Tana, Lake Victoria North, Lake Victoria South, Northern, Rift Valley Water Services Board, kuma tun shekarar 2008, Tanathi Water Services Board. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa suna da alhakin gudanar da kaddarori, wato, don haɓakawa da farfaɗo da dabarun ruwa da magudanun ruwa, don tsara saka hannun jari da aiwatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/Resources/2009_17mon/Kenya_Water_Human_Rights_brochure-final.pdf Water Sector Reform in Kenya and the Human Right to Water – October 2007] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka kafa WSBs, an soki su a matsayin &quot;wani tsari na zama murnuci mara amfani&quot; wanda ke haifar da &quot;haɗewar ayyuka&quot; saboda su &quot;masu tsari ne (tare da WSRB) kuma masu yin wasa a kasuwa&quot; sannan kuma &quot;guda ɗaya... waɗanda ke da nisa da inda ake yin hidima&quot;. WSBs suna aiki a ƙarƙashin lasisi, amma an soki tsarin ba da lasisin a matsayin &quot;na hukuma, mai wahala da rikitarwa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=J. M. Migai Akech, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Nairobi|title=Governing Water And Sanitation in Kenya: Public Law, Private Sector Participation and the Elusive Quest for a Suitable Institutional Framework|url=http://www.ielrc.org/activities/workshop_0704/content/d0702.pdf|publisher=Paper prepared for the workshop entitled 'Legal Aspects of Water Sector Reforms' to be organised in Geneva from 20 to 21 April 2007 by the International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC) in the context of the Research partnership 2006–2009 on water law sponsored by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)|access-date=27 December 2012|pages=32–33|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da sabis ===
Alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana hannun Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa. Koyaya, ba lallai ba ne su samar da ayyuka kai tsaye - suna iya mika su ga kamfanonin gwamnati masu daidaiton kasuwanci, waɗanda ake kira '''Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSPs). Ana tsara samar da sabis ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin samar da sabis (SPAs) don tabbatar da bin ma'aunai akan inganci, matakan sabis da ayyukan da WASREB ta kafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wwap&quot;&gt;World Water Assessment Programme: [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001488/148866E.pdf Kenya National Water Development Report – 2006] Retrieved 17 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rukunoni biyu na WSPs:

* ayyukan jama'a - akwai WSPs guda 89 a cikin wannan rukunin, gami da kamfanoni masu iyakataccen alhaki a yankunan birane na hukumomin gida guda ɗaya ko fiye da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa a yankunan karkara.
* '''kamfanoni masu zaman kansu''' - akwai WSPs guda biyu kacal ƙanana a cikin wannan rukunin, Kamfanin Ruwa na Runda da Aikin Ruwa na Kiamumbi.

Masu samar da ayyuka na yau da kullum '''ƙananan masu samar da sabis''' (SSPs) suna samar da ruwa a cikin karkara da birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Wasu daga cikinsu suna sayar da ruwa ne daga manyan motocin dakon kaya ko ta jeri-kani, galibi akan farashin da ya ninka na ruwan famfo sau biyar zuwa goma. Wasu kuma ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ne, waɗanda mata ke gudanar da su galibi, waɗanda ke samar da ruwan famfo. Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa yana ƙoƙarin tsara samar da sabis a cikin matsugunai masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Ya ɓullo da ra'ayoyi na ƙasa guda biyu don samar da sabis ga matalauta. Na farko shi ne Tsarin Ayyukan Al'umma, wanda ke samar da kuɗi ga al'ummomin gida da ke son bin mafi ƙarancin ma'aunai na sabis. Na biyu, &quot;Urban Poor Concept&quot; an aiwatar da shi a cikin birane masu ƙarancin kuɗi tun shekarar 2007 kuma ya haifar da gina runfuna ko kantunan ruwa da yawa waɗanda suka dace da ma'aunai na dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review4&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.65–66 &quot;Human right to WSS.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfani da ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai ana iya samunsa a Nyalenda, wata unguwa matalauciya mai mazauna kusan 60,000 a Kisumu. Kamfanin na gida yana sayar da ruwa mai yawa ga ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da kai waɗanda kuma suke gudanar da hanyoyin sadarwa da runfunan ruwa a cikin unguwanninsu.&lt;ref&gt;Dailymotion Video: [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xc7cv1_afd-rendez-vous-au-kenya-gestion-de_webcam AFD Rendez-vous au Kenya, Gestion de l'eau], accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.''' Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna taka rawa mai iyaka, amma ba maras amfani ba wajen gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa a Kenya. Tun daga shekarar 1975 Runda Water Limited ke samar da ruwan famfo ga Gidajen Zama na Zartarwa na Tsohon Runda a Nairobi. A shekarar 2008, Runda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da Athi WSB don samar da ruwa ga mazauna wasu rukunonin gidaje biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rundaestate.com/runda/runda_inner.asp?pcat=services&amp;cat=water Runda Estate Association website] Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1995 an sanya hannu kan kwangilar sabis tsakanin NWCPC da Gauff Consulting Engineers don tallafawa hukumomin gida a garin Malindi na bakin teku wajen lissafin kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga. An tsawaita kwangilar daga watanni bakwai da rabi zuwa shekaru uku da rabi. Bayan kammala shi a shekarar 1999, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa tsakanin Kamfanin Ruwa na Malindi da kamfani mai zaman kansa na tsawon shekaru huɗu don tallafawa kamfanin akan fannonin fasaha da kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;Ballance, T. and S. Tremolet:Private sector participation in urban water supply in Sub-Sahara Africa, GTZ, 2005, quoted in:Agro Paris Tech &amp; Group SUEZ: [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/28316800/MANAGEMENT-CONTRACTS-IN-DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES Management Contracts in Developing Countries] February 2008, pp.8–9. Retrieved 25 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

An ɗauki kwangilar a matsayin mai nasara kuma bayan ta ƙare, alhakin samar da sabis ya koma ga sassan gwamnati. A cikin ƙaramin garin Tala a shekarar 1999, majalisar gundumar Kangundo ta shiga kwangilar samar da ruwa na tsawon shekaru 30 tare da Romane Agencies Ltd. Kwangilar ta yi hasashen cewa za a biya kashi 10% na kuɗaɗen shiga ga majalisar garin. Ya zuwa yau, an sami ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ingancin sabis, amma samar da ruwa har yanzu ya kasance babban ƙalubale.

=== Sasantawa a fannin ruwa ===
Dokar Ruwa ta shekarar 2002 ta kuma ba da damar kafa wata '''Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa''' mai zaman kanta don daidaita koke-koke da rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;reform&quot; /&gt; An kafa Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Ruwa a shekarar 2005 a Nairobi amma tun lokacin shari'o'i uku kacal aka yanke shawara akansu. Wasu ƙarin daukaka ƙara guda biyar suna jiran a duba su saboda shugaban ya yi murabus a watan Maris na shekarar 2009 kuma wa'adin sauran mambobin hukumar guda biyu ba a tsawaita ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;review5&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.32–34 &quot;Ruling on appeals – WAB.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin sa-kai ===
Kenya tana da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai masu ƙwazo da suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da ke aiki a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Da yawa daga cikinsu mambobi ne na Hanyar Sadarwar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Kenya ([https://kewasnet.co.ke/ Kewasnet]) da aka kafa a shekarar 2007. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, Kewasnet tana sanya idanu kan isar da sabis, musamman ga matalauta, da aiwatar da manufofi kan gyare-gyaren fannin ruwa. Har ila yuzu tana &quot;ba da bayanai ga 'yan Kenya don ba su damar shiga da kuma shiga cikin hanyoyin gudanarwa da yanke shawara na Fannin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli&quot;. Tana kuma &quot;haɓaka al'adar alhakin mabukaci wanda ke biyan ayyukan da aka samar daga kamfanonin amfani, kiyaye ababen more rayuwa na ayyukan ruwa da kayan aiki daga barna ta hanyar masu laifi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kenya Water and Sanitation Network (KEWASNET):[http://www.kewasnet.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=48&amp;Itemid=54 What we do], retrieved on 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Kenya da ke aiki a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ita ce &quot;Maji Na Ufanisi&quot; (Ruwa da Ci gaba). Tana da hannu cikin ci gaban al'umma da ginin ababen more rayuwa a cikin ƙauyuka na birane da ƙananan garuruwa, tana ba da shawarar ingantaccen gudanar da fanni tare da gudanar da bincike. An ƙirƙiri ta ne a shekarar 1998 don karɓar ayyukan WaterAid UK na Kenya lokacin da na ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar rufe ayyukansu a Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Maji na Ufanisi|title=Background of Maji na Ufanisi|url=http://www.majinaufanisi.org/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=itemlist&amp;layout=category&amp;task=category&amp;id=34&amp;Itemid=128|access-date=12 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan WASH ga makarantu ===
Wani rahoto a shekarar 2021 ya bincika ayyukan ruwa a makarantu a Kenya. Ya gano cewa &quot;alhakin ayyukan WASH a cikin makarantu a matakin gunduma ya kasance mai rikitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hope, R., Katuva, J., Nyaga, C., Koehler, J., Charles, K., Nowicki, S., Dyer, E., Olago, D., Tanui, F., Trevett, A., Thomas, M., and Gladstone, N. (2021). [https://reachwater.uk/resource/delivering-safely-managed-water-to-schools-in-kenya/ Delivering safely-managed water to schools in Kenya]. REACH Working Paper 8, University of Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-1-874370-82-6&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|3}} Daidaitawa mai inganci tsakanin gwamnatin ƙasa da ta gundumomi babu shi. Don haka, kowace makaranta tana da alhakin kashin kanta wajen gudanar da isar da ayyukan WASH na kanta. A halin yanzu babu ingantaccen sanya idanu da tsari don wannan tsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}}

== Ingantaccen tattalin arziki ==
Hukumar WASREB tana sanya idanu na kusa kan ayyukan tattalin arziki na Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya, kuma ana samun hakan a cikin &quot;Rahoton Tasiri&quot; (Impact Report) don ƙarfafa gasa da yaɗa mafi kyawun ayyuka. Muhimman alamomin ingantaccen tattalin arziki sune: ƙimar karɓar kuɗi, matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi (non-revenue water), rabon sanya mita da kuma yawan aikin ma'aikata. Mafi yawancin Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa na Kenya ba su cika ma'aunai a cikin waɗannan ɓangarori ba.

'''Kimar karbar kudi.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-14 mafi yawancin WSPs na Kenya sun yi rikodin ingon gudanar da karɓar kuɗaɗen shiga tare da matsakaicin kashi 93%, sama da kashi 86% a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Kamfanin da ya fi kowane rashin tabuka abin a zo a gani shi ne Mawingo, inda kashi 40% kacal na adadin kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa aka karɓa. A wasu kamfanoni, ƙimar karɓar kuɗin ta wuce kashi 100% saboda WSPs sun sami damar karɓar tsoffin bashi da ake bin masu amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|pages=24 and 31–36|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudi (Non-revenue water).''' A matsakaici, kashi 42% na ruwan da aka samar a Kenya ba a lissafa kuɗinsa ba a cikin shekarar 2013-2014, misali saboda zubar ruwa ta hanyar fasa bututu ko satar ruwa. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda ɗaya kacal (Nyeri) ne suka cika ma'aunin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta gitta na samun matakan NRW ƙasa da kashi 20%. A birnin Nairobi matakan NRW sun kasance kashi 39%, a Mombasa kuma kashi 48%. Dangane da farashin rukunin samarwa, asarar da aka yi a fadin ƙasar saboda ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi a cikin shekarar 2014 an kiyasta ta kai Shilling na Kenya (KSh) biliyan 5.2, wanda ya yi daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;

'''Rabon sanya mita.''' Rabon sanya mita na kamfanonin ruwa na Kenya ya kasance kashi 89% a cikin shekarar 2013-14, sama da kashi 82% a cikin shekarar 2006-2007. To sai dai kuma, akwai rashin tabbas kan ko mitocin ruwan da aka girka suna aiki a aikace. An ƙara rabon sanya mita a birnin Nairobi zuwa kashi 99% a cikin shekarar 2006-07, amma kuma ya sake raguwa zuwa kashi 94% a cikin shekarar 2013-14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;impact4&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Metering Ratio – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.31–33. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Yawan aikin ma'aikata.''' A cikin shekarar 2013-2014 an sami matsakaicin ma'aikata 7 ga kowane haɗin ruwa (connections) 1000 a Kenya, wani babban ci gaba ne idan aka kwatanta da ma'aikata 11 a cikin shekarar 2006-07. Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa guda bakwai, dukkansu manya ne, sun sami kyakkyawan mataki na yawan aikin ma'aikata, tare da ma'aikata 5 ko ƙasa da haka ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000, sama da guda ɗaya kacal a cikin shekarar 2006-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Staff per 1000 connections – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.35–36. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bangarorin kudi ==

=== Dawo da kudaden aiki ===
A cikin shekarar 2014, WSPs sun dawo da kusan kashi 100% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa a matsakaici. Koyaya, duk kamfanonin ban da guda huɗu sun gaza cimma burin dawo da kashi 150% na kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa don biyan bashi da kuma haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na kansu. Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ya kamata su biya kuɗaɗen gudanarwansu ta hanyar Harajin Tsari (Regulatory Levy) da suke karɓa daga WSPs a yankin hidimarsu. A zahiri, Hukumar Athi WSB ce kawai ta sami damar biyan kashi 115% na kuɗaɗen gudanarwa a cikin shekarar 2006/2007. Sauran WSBs har yanzu sun dogara kacokan akan tallafin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=53&amp;Itemid=109 Performance analysis of Water services boards – WASREB Impact Report 2009], pp.54–57. Retrieved 10 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matakin kudin fito (Tariff level) ===
Matsakaicin kuɗin fito na ruwa da aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 2014 ya kasance KSh 60 jewa dalar Amurka 0.60 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Wannan adadin ba ya nuna ainihin yanayin saboda akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma saboda a Kenya ana amfani da tsarin kuɗin fito na gungun ci gaba (progressive block tariff system) don haɗin gidaje. Wannan yana nufin cewa don m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 na farko ana biyan mafi ƙarancin kuɗi wanda ya dace da ƙaramin kuɗin fito mai tallafi mai yawa, yayin da gungun na gaba (har zuwa 20, 50, 100 da 300 gami da sama da 300 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) ana cajin kuɗin fito mafi girma a jere, tare da kuɗin fito a cikin mafi girman gungu wanda ya ninka na mafi ƙanƙanta sau biyar. Idan ba a girka mita ba, ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun caji na kowane wata. Manufar wannan tsarin ita ce haɓaka dabarun adana ruwa da tabbatar da cewa gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi za su iya samun damar amfani da isasshen adadin ruwa. Koyaya, akwai matsaloli game da wannan tsarin, saboda gidaje a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi suna sake sayar da ruwa ko kuma raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya da sauran gidaje kuma ta haka suna fuskantar haɗarin ƙarewa da biyan kuɗin fito mafi girma.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Misali, a yankin karkara na Mwingi-North, ana ɗauko ruwa ne daga madatsar ruwa ta Kiambere da ke kan kogin Tana kuma ana sayar da shi ga gidajen da ba su da haɗin ruwan famfo akan farashi mai tallafi na dalar Amurka 1 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a cikin shekarar 2014 (ko KSh 2 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hoque |first1=Sonia Ferdous |last2=Hope |first2=Robert |date=2018 |title=The water diary method – proof-of-concept and policy implications for monitoring water use behaviour in rural Kenya |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/20/4/725/39060/The-water-diary-method-proofofconcept-and-policy |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=725–743 |doi=10.2166/wp.2018.179 |issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin yanki guda, ana samun ruwa daga zurfafan rijiyoyin burtsatse da hanyoyin adana ruwa na duwatsu na halitta sannan a sayar da shi a runfunan ruwa akan farashi na dalar Amurka 1 zuwa 2.5 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 2 zuwa 5 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Wani lokaci mutane kan sayi ruwa daga masu siyar da ruwa na yawo amma wannan ya fi tsada: dalar Amurka 2.5 zuwa 10 ga kowane m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (KSh 5 zuwa 20 ga kowane lita 20).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Bayanai game da kuɗaɗen fito a runfunan ruwa sun saba wa juna. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 game da biranen Kenya guda uku ya nuna cewa ƙimar rukunin don runfunan ruwa ya kasance KSh.10/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Nairobi, KSh.15/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Mombasa, da KSh.55/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a Kisumu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 51, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, rahoton guda ya bayyana a baya cewa masu amfani da runfunan ruwa suna biyan KSh.100/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a dukkan biranen guda uku, wanda aka ce ya ninka sau biyar zuwa goma abin da mutanen da ke samun ruwansu ta hanyar sadarwa zuwa gidajensu suke biya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/11/05/000334955_20081105050028/Rendered/PDF/463040WP0Box331Card111Summary1Kenya.pdf Citizens' Report Card on urban water, sanitation and solid waste services in Kenya, 2007], p. 3, Retrieved 20 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu wani kuɗin fito na magudanun ruwa (sewer tariff) a Kenya, don haka kaddarorin da ke da haɗin gwiwa da hanyoyin magudanun ruwa suna samun wannan sabis kyauta, kodayake magudanun ruwa da sarrafa ruwan datti suna da tsada daidai da samar da ruwan sha ko ma fiye da haka. A cikin shekarar 2013 wani bincike da hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji ta ɗauki nauyinsa ya ba da shawarar gabatar da harajin magudanun ruwa na kashi 5% a matsayin ƙarin caji akan lissafin kuɗin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=6|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bayan kuɗaɗen fito, Kenya ta kuma gabatar da caji don hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da na saman ƙasa.

=== Daidaita kudin fito (Tariff adjustments) ===
Sanya kuɗin fito alhakin Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa ne da Masu Samar da Ayyukan Ruwa dangane da kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Dole ne kuɗaɗen fito su sami amincewar WASREB, wadda kuma za ta iya umurtar WSB ta tsara daidaiton kuɗin fito. Akwai nau'ikan daidaiton kuɗin fito guda uku, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin &quot;Jagororin Kuɗin Fito&quot; (Tariff Guidelines): Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Kai-da-kai dangane da tsarin kasuwanci na WSPs; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman lokacin da tsarin kuɗi ya sami gagarumin canji; Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Atomatiki kowane bayan watanni 12 wanda zai iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar samar da sabis tare da WSP.&lt;ref&gt;WASREB: [http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=63 Tariff Guidelines] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2008 an ba da izinin Daidaita Kuɗin Fito na Musamman ga dukkan WSPs a matsayin matakin wucin gadi don taimaka wa WSPs biyan kuɗaɗen aiki da kulawa. Kuɗaɗen fito na ayyukan magudanun ruwa suna cikin daidaiton kuɗin fito kuma burin shi ne a kai ga dawo da cikakken kuɗin aiki har ma ga tsaftar muhalli. Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin ruwa tana sane da cewa cikakken dawo da kuɗin aiki na kuɗaɗen fito na magudanun ruwa don wasu tsare-tsaren zai sa samar da sabis ɗin ya gaza kasancewa mai sauƙin kuɗi ga gidaje da yawa da ke da haɗin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;review6&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.48–49 &quot;WSS tariffs.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saka hannun jari ===
Dangane da Binciken Fannin Ruwa na Shekara-shekara na 2013-14, saka hannun jari a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na birane ya kai KSh biliyan 12 a cikin shekarar 2013-14 (dalar Amurka miliyan 120) idan aka kwatanta da buƙatar saka hannun jari na kusan KSh biliyan 75 duk shekara (dalar Amurka miliyan 750).&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact Investment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014|url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/|publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board|access-date=14 December 2015|page=8|date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, kasafin kuɗinta na samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance KSh biliyan 18.7 ko dalar Amurka miliyan 242.8 a cikin Shekarar Kuɗi ta 2008-09, don haka ya kasance mafi girma fiye da saka hannun jari a cikin shekarar 2013-14. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, an ƙara kasafin kuɗi na fannin ruwa da kashi 245% daga KSh biliyan 4.2 (dalar Amurka miliyan 54.5) a cikin shekarar 2004-2005. Kashi 82% na kuɗaɗen an ware su ne don ƙaramin fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, yayin da sauran aka sadaukar da su ga Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, don Ban Ruwa, Magudanun Ruwa da Adana Ruwa gami da Farfaɗo da Ƙasa.

=== Samar da kudaden tallafi (Financing) ===
A cewar hukumar tsara ƙa'idoji, &quot;dogaro mai yawa da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba (wato masu ba da taimako na waje) tare da sama da kashi 94% na jimillar kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari da aka samar a cikin shekarar 2013/14 ba ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayi ga fannin.&quot; Babban hanyoyin samar da kuɗi ga hukumomin ruwa na Kenya guda uku ne: kuɗaɗen gwamnati waɗanda har yanzu suke samar da kashi 58% na kuɗaɗen fannin a cikin shekarar 2008-2009, kuɗaɗen da aka samar a cikin gida waɗanda suka kai kashi 11%, da gudummawar masu ba da taimako da suka kai kashi 31% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su a wancan lokacin. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gudummawar da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba suka bayar an tura su ne ta hanyar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, yayin da sauran kashi biyu cikin uku aka raba su a wajen kasafin kuɗin. Daga cikin kiyasin kuɗaɗen masu ba da taimako na shekarar 2008-2009, kashi 70% sun kasance ta hanyar bashi, yayin da tallafin kyauta (grants) ya wakilci kashi 30%.&lt;ref name=&quot;review7&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 Annual Water Sector Review 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304084845/http://www.hackenya.org/documents/details/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=948&amp;Itemid=538 |date=4 March 2012 }}, pp.11–16 &quot;Water sector financial turnout.&quot; Retrieved 1 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Samar da kuɗi don matakan da ke da nufin inganta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan da ba su da isasshen sabis - musamman yankunan da matalauta ke zaune - ana ba da su ne ta hanyar '''Asusun Amana na Ayyukan Ruwa''' (WSTF). Hukumar WSTF tana karɓar kuɗi ne daga Gwamnatin Kenya da kuma hukumomin ba da taimako sannan ta tura su zuwa wurare 362 mafi fama da talauci a faɗin ƙasar (waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wstfkenya.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=blogcategory&amp;id=13&amp;Itemid=26 Water Services Trust Fund – who we are] Retrieved 18 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biyan kudin fito ta wayoyin salula ===
Tun daga shekarar 2009 babban kamfanin wayar salula na Kenya ya tsawaita tsarin biyan kuɗi na hada-hadar banki ta wayar salula ta M-Pesa don amfani da shi wajen biyan kuɗaɗen kamfanonin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Fastcompany|title=Kenya's M-PESA System Lets Cell Phones Control Access to Water|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/ariel-schwartz/sustainability/kenyas-m-pesa-system-lets-cell-phones-control-access-water|access-date=27 August 2011|date=3 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 sama da 'yan Kenya miliyan 12 da kashi 85% na al'ummar birane suna amfani da wayoyin salula don hada-hadar banki. Wani bincike da jami'ar Oxford ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kafin gabatar da wannan tsarin, mazauna Kiamumbi da ke kewayen birnin Nairobi dole ne su yi tafiyar mintuna 40 ta hanyar amfani da motocin sufurin jama'a, su yi dogon layi don yin ajiya a banki sannan su gabatar da takardar ajiya a ofisoshin kamfanin ruwa don biyan lissafin kuɗinsu na kowane wata. Lokacin da ƙaramin kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tsarin ruwa na gida ya ba da damar biyan kuɗi ta hanyar M-Pesa a watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, cikin watanni biyu rabin abokan cinikin su sun koma tsarin biyan kuɗi ta wayar salula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Foster|first=Timothy|author2=Robert Hope |author3=Cliff Nyaga |title=Adoption and implications of mobile phone banking for urban water services in Kenya|journal=World Water Week in Stockholm Abstract Volume|date= 21–27 August 2011|pages=76–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Kasar Kenya tana samun tallafi daga waje daga hukumomin bayar da tallafi da dama tare da ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a halin yanzu da darajarsu ta kai €627 miliyan. Manyan masu ba da tallafin su ne, wato, Bankin Raya Afirka, Faransa, Jamus, Sweden da Denmark, haka kuma da Bankin Duniya: Sauran masu ba da tallafin sun haɗa da: Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Italiya, Finland, Japan (ta hanyar JICA), Netherlands da UNICEF. Taimakon waje ya mayar da hankali ne kan samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a birane, tare da ƙarancin ayyuka a yankunan karkara.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, Gwamnatin Kenya ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Ko-ina cikin Sashi (SWAp) don daidaita ayyukan abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, daidaitawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan. SWAp yana taimakawa wajen inganta tattaunawa tsakanin Ma'aikatar da masu ba da tallafi da kuma ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin sassa daban-daban. Hukumomin bayar da tallafi na maza ne ke haɓaka tsarin manufofin sashi ɗaya, sa ido gami da tsarin shirye-shirye da dabarun sashi guda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100609140901/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO931.pdf USAID Kenya WSS Profile], Retrieved 19 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2007 ana gudanar da taron Bita na Sashen Ruwa na Shekara-shekara (AWSR) wanda ke taimakawa wajen haɓaka daidaitawar ayyukan masu ba da tallafi tsakanin sauran abubuwa. Abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba sun kafa Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Sashen Ruwa (WSTG) don inganta daidaitawa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kansu, da kuma Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Sashen Ruwa (WSWG) don daidaitawa da gwamnati. WSTG tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin troika da kujera da ke juyawa a kowace shekara. A cikin 2012, troika sun haɗa da Jamus, Netherlands da Sweden.

=== Bankin Raya Afirka ===
Bankin Raya Afirka yana nan a cikin sashen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Kenya tare da ayyuka masu zuwa tare da darajar tallafi na kusan €70 miliyan:
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Sharar Kananan Garuruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €84.2 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;&gt;1 Unit Account Value =  1.08 Euro (October 2009); Source: http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406201441/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Benin%20-%20Ndali%20Nikki%20Road-%20APR%20ENG__.pdf |date=6 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka ƙaddamar a lokacin rani na 2009, zai mayar da hankali a cikin shekaru huɗu kan tallafin ci gaban cibiyoyi, samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha gami da ayyukan adana ruwa a yankin Yatta. Adadin mutanen da ake sa ran za su ci gajiyar aikin zai kai 780,000.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-007/ Small Towns Water Supply &amp; Waste]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Kenya%20-%20Small%20Towns%20and%20Rural%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Project.pdf SMALL TOWNS AND RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT], p. 3. Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* A lokacin bazara na 2009 aka fara aikin &quot;Taimakon Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €61.5 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda ya fi haɓaka ci gaban cibiyoyi na Hukumomin Ayyukan Ruwa da yawa kamar Lake Victoria South (LVSWSB), Northern Water (NWSB) ko Tana Water Services Board (TWSB) kuma wanda ke inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankuna daban-daban.
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Rift Valley&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €22.9 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a 2006, wanda zai amfani mazauna 350,000 a birane da karkara a cikin kwarin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-002 Rift Valley Water Supply &amp; Sanitation]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aikin &quot;Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Makarantun Firamare na Gundumar Kisumu&quot; (jimillar darajar aikin: €0.22 miliyan),&lt;ref name=&quot;euro&quot;/&gt; wanda aka fara a lokacin rani na 2007, tare da cibiyoyin aiwatarwa kan kusan ɗalibai 3,200 da Kwamitocin Gudanar da Makarantu a makarantu shida da ke shiga aikin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-e00-006/ Kisumu District Primary Schools Water and Sanitation Project]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===
Hukumar Raya Faransa (AFD) tana tallafawa sashen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Kenya ta hanyar ayyuka a Nairobi, Kisumu da Mombasa. A cikin 2008 jimillar kuɗaɗen ayyukan da ake gudanarwa ya kasance €105 miliyan, gami da rancen €40 miliyan don Mombasa da aka amince da shi a 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFD East Africa&quot;&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd-maroc.org/jahia/webdav/site/afd/users/administrateur/public/plaquettes/AFD_Afrique_Est_FR.pdf L'AFD EN AFRIQUE DE L'EST]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, November 2007, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/CA-du-13-novembre-2008 Conseil d'administration du 13 novembre 2008 de l'AFD : engagement de 162 millions d'euros en faveur du développement, Kenya : eau et assainissement à Mombasa]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009 AFD ta amince da sabon rancen €51 miliyan don samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Nairobi da Kisumu.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}}Hukumar Raya Faransa:[http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/pid/33409 L'AFD engage plus de 840 millions d'euros en faveur du développement à l'occasion de son CA du 25 juin 2009, Kenya : extension des services d'eau potable et d'assainissement à Nairobi et Kisumu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225092349/http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/Presse/Communique/pid/33409 |date=25 December 2010 }}, accessed on 16 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, hukumar ta kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka a Kandara, Kahuti, Litein da Siaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFD East Africa&quot;/&gt;

=== Jamus ===
Tun daga shekara ta 1975 Jamus ta ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa na Kenya ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi da Ci Gaba ta Tarayya ta Jamus, wacce ke aiki ta hanyar GIZ mai kula da haɗin gwiwar fasaha da KfW mai kula da haɗin gwiwar kuɗi. An zaɓi KfW a matsayin mai daidaita sashen.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nairobi.diplo.de/Vertretung/nairobi/en/005__Development_20Cooperation/s__Water_20Sector.html German Embassy Nairobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005161245/http://www.nairobi.diplo.de/Vertretung/nairobi/en/005__Development_20Cooperation/s__Water_20Sector.html |date=5 October 2013 }}, Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen Jamus na yanzu sun kai kusan €80 miliyan. Babban makasudin taimakon ci gaba na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu shi ne tallafawa cibiyoyin sassa don tabbatar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftace muhalli a cikin birane da kuma kiyaye albarkatun ruwa. Misali, GIZ tana ba da gudummawa ga burin ƙasa a cikin &quot;Shirin Gyaran Sashen Ruwa&quot; daga 2003 zuwa 2013: Aikin yana da sassa da yawa kamar: a) tallafawa ma'aikatar ruwa a cikin gyaran sashi b) tsara sashen ruwa da samar da kuɗaɗe da suka shafi talauci c) kasuwancin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli d) haɓaka ƙarfin aiki don Hukumar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa e) ƙaddamar da tsaftace muhalli mai dogaro da sake amfani da kayayyaki (Ecosan).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/afrika/kenia/1621.htm GTZ Priority Areas in Kenya], Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sweden da Denmark ===
Sweden, Denmark da Kenya suna da dogon tarihin haɗin gwiwa a sashen ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2005 Sweden, ta hanyar Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba ta Duniya ta Sweden (SIDA) tare da Denmark, ta hanyar Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Duniya ta Denmark (DANIDA), sun tallafawa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Kenya (KWSP) wanda ke da jimillar kasafin kuɗin tallafi na dalar Amurka miliyan 80 a lokacin 2005 – 2010. KWSP ya tallafawa aiwatar da gyare-gyaren sashen ruwa, tare da mai da hankali na musamman kan ginin cibiyoyi, samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a karkara, da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of Denmark, Nairobi: [http://www.ambnairobi.um.dk/en/menu/Development/Water/TheWaterAndSanitationProgramme/ The Water and Sanitation Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008140544/http://www.ambnairobi.um.dk/en/menu/Development/Water/TheWaterAndSanitationProgramme/ |date=8 October 2011 }}, retrieved on 11 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____106331.aspx Embassy of Sweden, Fact Sheet on Development Cooperation with Kenya], retrieved on 11 May 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bankin Duniya ===
Aikin Bankin Duniya na &quot;Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli&quot; na tsawon lokacin 2007–2012 a Kenya yana da jimillar rancen kusan dala miliyan 159. Yana tallafawa hukumomin Athi Water Services, Coast Water Services da Lake Victoria North Services sannan kuma, yana ba Hukumar Kula da Sashen Ruwa da Hukumar Ɗaukaka  Kara ta Ruwa tallafin fasaha. Bayan saka hannun jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa, aikin kuma yana tallafawa ayyukan da ke da nufin ƙarfafa ayyukan kasuwanci, kuɗi da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&amp;piPK=73230&amp;theSitePK=356509&amp;menuPK=356542&amp;Projectid=P096367 World Bank WSS Project Kenya], Retrieved 15 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Misali a matakin gunduma ==

=== Gundumar Kitui ===
Gundumar Kitui tana da tazarar kusan kilomita 160 gabas da Birnin Nairobi kuma tana da mazauna kusan 1,221,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Nyaga, C. 2019. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210412200228/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/sws/infrastructure-audit-kitui-county A water infrastructure audit of Kitui County]}}. Sustainable WASH Systems, USAID&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} Kamfanoni biyu masu samar da ayyukan ruwa (WSPs) a gundumar su ne Kamfanin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Kitui (KITWASCO) da Kamfanin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Kiambere-Mwingi (KIMWASCO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|8}} Sun yi wa kashi 32 kacal na al'ummar gundumar rajista a shekarar 2017 kuma mafi yawancinsu a yankunan birane ne, ba su taka rawar gani ba a yankunan karkara. Kusan kashi 42 kacal na al'ummar gundumar Kitui ne ke da damar samun aƙalla ingantaccen rukunin ayyukan ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|8}} A shekarar 2017, akwai &quot;majiɓobin ruwa guda 3,126 sanye da kayan aiki da marasa kayan aiki da ke baje a faɗin Gundumar Kitui&quot;. ''Majisoshin da ke sanye da kayan aiki'' sun haɗa da fanfunan tura ruwa na hannu da tsarin bututun ruwa. ''Majisoshin da ba su da kayan aiki'' sun haɗa da madatsun ruwa na yashi, madatsun ƙasa, rijiyoyin marasa zurfi da sauransu. Sai dai, a cikin binciken ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 2017, kashi 60 kacal na majiɓobin ruwan ne ke aiki cikakkiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|8}}

Kusan mutane 400,000 a Kitui sun dogara ne da ruwan sama ko na saman ƙasa a matsayin babban ruwansu na sha, kuma mutane da yawa suna gudanar da dabarun tatar ruwan sama ta hanyar rukunin kwan rufi da magudanun ruwa, rumbunan duwatsu da madatsun yashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ga waɗannan mutane, tsawaitaccen lokacin rani (Yuni zuwa Oktoba) yana haifar da ƙalubale ga samar da ruwa. Albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, waɗanda ake ɗogo da su ta fanfunan hannu ko ake tura su zuwa tsarin bututu da rumbunan sayar da ruwa, suna ba da kariya daga fari ga mazauna gundumar Kitui da dama. Sai dai akwai matsaloli game da inganci (gishirin halitta), kula da ababen more rayuwa da kuma yanayin aiki ga waɗannan tsare-tsare na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Tsarin bututun ruwa suna samun ƙarancin abokan ciniki ko ma ba su da su sam lokacin damina saboda &quot;masu amfani suna komawa ga amfani da madadin ruwan saman ƙasa da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa kyauta&quot;. Abokan cinikin yakan karkata ne ga rijiyoyin marasa zurfi lokacin damina duk da cewa hakan yana jefa su cikin haɗarin lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|11}}

Mafi akasarin makarantu a Gundumar Kitui ba su da wuraren wanke hannu (53%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|42}} Hakan yana haifar da matsaloli da dama ga ɗalibai, ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne tilastawa 'yan mata mata balaga gudanar da buƙatun tsaftar al'ada ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da wuraren wanke hannu ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|43}}

== Al'umma da al'ada ==

=== Zargin cin hanci da rashawa ===

A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, Ministar Ruwa Charity Ngilu ta amince a gaban Majalisar Dokoki cewa cin hanci da rashawa ya yi kamari a cibiyoyin ruwa na gwamnati, ciki har da dukkan hukumomin ayyukan ruwa guda takwas da Hukumar Kula da Bututun Ruwa da Kiyayewa ta Ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corruption&quot;&gt;IRC E-Source: [http://www.source.irc.nl/page/55322 Kenya: Minister admits corruption is rampant in public water institutions], 1 November 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Kenya (Kewasnet) ta bayyana sanarwar a matsayin &quot;ƙwankwacin munafunci da ma'ayoyin fuska biyu&quot;, inda ta yi iƙirarin cewa Ministar ta yi magana a bainar jama'a game da cin hanci da rashawa a fannin ne kawai bayan jaridar Daily Nation ta tona asirin cin hancin. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin nan, an dakatar da babban jami'in gudanarwa na Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa ta Tanathi bayan binciken WASREB a kan hukumar ya yi zargin tafka cin hanci da rashawa.&lt;ref&gt;[allAfrica.com]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/201009210108.html Kenya: Water Chief Sent Home As Probe Starts], 20 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An buga rahoton ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 ba tare da ɗaukar wani mataki ba na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corruption&quot; /&gt; A cewar Kewasnet, &quot;shugabanci a fannin ruwa yana cikin mafi muni da mafi ƙasƙancin mataki.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Kenya Water and Sanitation Civil Society Network (Kewasnet):[http://www.kara.or.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=213:kewasnet-why-kenya-water-minister-ngilu-is-not-honest-on-anti-corruption&amp;catid=34:update Why Kenya water minister Ngilu is not honest on anti-corruption], 1 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Fatimatou Mint Abdel Malick''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) ɗan siyasan [[Muritaniya|Mauritanci]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Tevragh-Zeina tun shekara ta 2001. Ita ce mace ta farko a kasar ta da ta rike mukamin magajin gari. Daga 2012 zuwa 2015 ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar The Network for Local Elected Women of Africa (REFELA).

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Abdel Malik a shekara ta 1958 a Tamchakett, inda mahaifinta ya kasance mai gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fatima&quot;/&gt; Ta yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta a Louvain-la-Neuve, [[Beljik|Belgium]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fatima&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Abdel Malik ya gudanar da ofishin sabis na kwamfuta, MINFE, a [[Nouakchott]] kafin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da cibiyar sadarwa na Bankin Habitat . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fatima&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik |url=http://www.leaders-afrique.com/fatimetou-abdel-malik/ |publisher=Leaders Afrique |language=fr |access-date=2026-05-31 |archive-date=2019-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420133149/http://www.leaders-afrique.com/fatimetou-abdel-malik/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Shirye-shiryen Birane da Ma'aikata kafin a nada ta a Ofishin Firayim Minista.&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Jam'iyyar Democrat da Social Republican Party (PRDS) ta nemi Abdel Malick ta yi takarar karamar hukuma, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin magajin gari na Tevragh-Zeina, ɗaya daga cikin yankuna tara na yankin Nouakchott Urban Community . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fatima&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faujas |first=Alain |date=10 September 2015 |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik, première femme maire de Mauritanie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/263061/politique/fatimetou-abdel-malik-premiere-femme-maire-de-mauritanie/ |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |last2=Charlton |first2=Angela |last3=Ritter |first3=Karl |date=4 December 2015 |title=Odd climate math: The difference between 2 degree and 1.5 degree goal much bigger than 0.5 |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2015/12/04/matter-of-degree-temperature-goal-in-climate-talks-an-issue |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=US News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2015 |title=Daily report of the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) |url=http://www.preventionweb.net/news/view/43258 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=International Institute for Sustainable Development |publisher=Prevention Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari a Mauritania . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2013 |title=Femmes élues dans le monde : focus sur 13 politiques engagées |url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/L-actu-en-images/Femmes-elues-dans-le-monde-focus-sur-13-politiques-engagees/Fatimetou-Mint-Abdel-Malick-dirigeante-africaine |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Elle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta inganta ilimin makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata, kuma ta sake fasalin gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;role&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rheinheimer |first=Elisa |date=15 June 2016 |title=Role model for Africa's women |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/profile-fatimetou-mint-abdel-malick-role-model-for-africas-women |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Qantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zabar ta a 2006, 2011 da 2015.  &lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;role&quot; /&gt;

Daga 2012 har zuwa Disamba 2015, Abdel Malick ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Mata ta Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2015 |title=La camerounaise Célestine Ketcha Courtès accède au trône du Refela |url=https://www.lebledparle.com/du-bled/1100713-la-camerounaise-celestine-ketcha-courtes-accede-au-trone-du-refela |access-date=29 January 2017 |website=Le Bled Parle |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar sadarwa, wacce aka kafa a [[Tanja|Tangier]] a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, ta haɗu da mata da aka zaba a mukaman kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;diplomat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aaron |first=Onana N. |date=2 December 2015 |title=Diplomatie: Célestine Ketcha Courtès prend les rênes du Réseau des Femmes Elues Locales d'Afrique (REFELA) |url=http://www.africapresse.com/diplomatie-celestine-ketcha-courtes-prend-les-renes-du-reseau-des-femmes-elues-locales-dafrique-refela/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420120245/http://www.africapresse.com/diplomatie-celestine-ketcha-courtes-prend-les-renes-du-reseau-des-femmes-elues-locales-dafrique-refela/ |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=29 January 2017 |website=Africa Presse |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cities&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=45–46}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abdel Malick ta yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Mauritania don tallafawa 'yan takarar mata don ofis kuma ta ga wasu mata biyar sun shiga ta a matsayin magajin gari, gami da [[Maty Mint Hamady]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fatima&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 2023, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[António Guterres]] ya nada Abdel Malick ya zama shugaban kungiyarsa mai ba da shawara kan gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da na yanki, tare da Pilar Cancela Rodríguez . 

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==

* Shirye-shiryen Kasa da Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Rage Bala'i &quot;Champion for Resilience&quot; 2013
* Knight of Honor na [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] 2013
* Medal na FAO na 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Abdel Malick uwa ce mai zaman kanta ga yara uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fatima&quot;/&gt; Ita [[Musulmi]] ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;role&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze</title>
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'''Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze''' // i (18 ga Janairun 1963 - 31 ga Disamba 2007) [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Eze kwararre ne a fannin [[Falsafa|falsafar]] Bayan mulkin mallaka. Ya rubuta kuma ya shirya tarihin tarihin falsafar bayan mulkin mallaka a [[Afirka]], [[Turai]], da [[Amurka]]. Ya kawo wariyar launin fata na [[Immanuel Kant]] ga haske tsakanin masu tunani na Yamma a cikin shekarun 1990, wani yanki na rayuwar Kant wanda masana falsafa na Yammacin sau da yawa ke haskakawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bouie |first=Jamelle |date=5 June 2018 |title=How the Enlightenment Created Modern Race Thinking and Why We Should Confront It |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/06/taking-the-enlightenment-seriously-requires-talking-about-race.html |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasiri a cikin aikinsa sun hada da Paulin Hountondji, Richard Rorty, David Hume, da [[Immanuel Kant]] .{{Spaced en dash}}

A lokacin mutuwarsa, Eze ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa na Falsafa a Jami'ar DePaul, inda ya kuma kafa kuma ya shirya mujallar Philosophia Africana .[http://condor.depaul.edu/~africana/] Ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2007, a Lewisburg, Pennsylvania  bayan gajeren rashin lafiya.

== Tarihi ==
Eze an haife ta ne ga iyayen Najeriya, Daniel da Rebecca (waɗanda su ne [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] kuma [[Cocin katolika|Katolikawa]] ne masu ibada), a Agbokete, a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya]]. Saboda kabilanci da addinin iyayensa sun tsere daga Arewa a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] zuwa [[Nsukka]], a gabashin kasar.

== Ilimi da koyarwa ==
Eze ta sami ilimi daga Jesuits a kwalejoji a Benin City, [[Najeriya]] da Kimwenza, Zaire (yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Patrick a Iheakpu-Awka daga 1970 zuwa 1976. A shekara ta 1982 ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Igbo-Eze . Daga watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a Funtua .

A shekarar 1983, Eze ya yi murabus daga aikinsa sannan ya shiga makarantar horas da sabbin mabiya ta '''St. Ignatius Jesuit Novitiate''' a . Daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 1987 ya yi karatu a '''S. Pierre Canisius College''' da ke , a cikin .

Bayan haka, ya koyar da harshen Faransanci a '''Bishop Kelly College''' da ke Benin City na tsawon shekara guda ta karatu kafin ya koma . Ya samu digirinsa na biyu (Master's Degree) a shekarar 1989 da kuma digirin digirgir (Ph.D.) a shekarar 1993 daga .

Taken kundin bincikensa na digirin Ph.D. shi ne: '''&quot;Hankali da Muhawarar da ake yi kan Falsafar Afirka&quot;''' (''Rationality and the Debates about African Philosophy'')..

Eze ya koyar a Jami'ar Bucknell da Kwalejin Mount Holyoke . Bugu da kari, ya kasance masanin ziyara na post-doctoral a Jami'ar Cambridge (1996-1997, inda ya tsara shirin M.Phil. a Nazarin Afirka), farfesa mai ziyara a Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Jama'a (1997) da kuma [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] (2003).

== Ayyuka ==

=== Littattafai ===

* A kan Dalili: Rationality in a World of Cultural Conflict and Racism (2008)   [https://web.archive.org/web/20070903225337/http://www.dukeupress.edu/cgibin/forwardsql/search.cgi?template0=nomatch.htm]{{ISBN|978-0822341956}}
* ''Tseren da Haskakawa: Mai Karatu'' (1997),  . [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/]{{ISBN|0-631-20137-8}}
* Falsafar Afirka ta Postcolonial: Mai Karatu mai Karatu (1997),   . [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/]{{ISBN|0-631-20340-0}}
* Samun bil'adama: The Idea of the Postracial Future (2001),   . [http://www.routledge.com/]{{ISBN|0-415-92941-5}}
* ''Falsafar Afirka: Anthology'' (2006),   . [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/]{{ISBN|0-631-20338-9}}
* ''Tunanin Afirka (I): Da'a da siyasa'',  . [http://www.agapea.com/PENSAMIENTO-AFRICANO-I--n62962i.htm]{{ISBN|84-7290-155-6}}
* ''Tunanin Afirka (II): Falsafa'',  . [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016174722/http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/libros/Titulos/8472901900.htm]{{ISBN|84-7290-189-0}}
* ''Pensamieto Africano (III): Al'adu da Al'umma'',  . [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016174703/http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/libros/Titulos/847290282x.htm]{{ISBN|84-7290-282-X}}

=== Labarai ===

* &quot;Fitar da Afirka: Ka'idar Sadarwa da Hegemony na Al'adu&quot;. ''Telos'' 111 (Spring 1998). New York: [http://www.telospress.com Telos Press]

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Falsafar Afirka]]
* Falsafar Afirka
* Falsafar Amurka
* Jerin masana falsafa na Amurka

== Bayani ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Carmen L. Bohórquez, &quot;Kaddamarwa, Dussel, Wiredu da Eze: Hanyar Al'adu ga Kyakkyawan Adalci,&quot; Revista de Filosofia, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2000): 7-16.
* Michael A. Rosenthal, &quot;'The black, scabby Brazilian': Wasu Tunanin kan Race da Falsafar zamani ta Farko,&quot; Falsafa da Karyataccen Jama'a, Vo.l 31, No. 2 (2005): 211-221.
* M.L. Thomas, &quot;Tsarin Dimokuradiyya na Yarjejeniya na Akan a matsayin Sauran Hanyar Yin Shawarwarin Siyasa. &quot; [http://home.uchicago.edu/~mlthomas/consensus.pdf]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [maɓallin mutu na dindindin] 

''A kan &quot;Cinquirer Our Humanity: The Idea of the Postracial Future&quot;''

* Binciken Frank M. Kirkland, a cikin Notre Dame Philosophical Review, 2002.04.05 Archived.cfm?date=4%7C2002&quot; id=&quot;mwmQ&quot; rel=&quot;ve:NumberedLink&quot;&gt;[1] An adana shi 2007-03-11 a 
* Binciken da Cleavis Headley ya yi, &quot;The Ideal of the Postracial Future,&quot; a cikin Philosophia Africana, Vol. 7, Na 1, 2004:109-202.
* Tattaunawar Charles Mills, &quot;Kant's ''Untermenschen'',&quot; a cikin Andrew Valls, Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy, Cornell University Press, 2005, shafi na 169-193.&amp;nbsp;

''A kan &quot;Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader&quot;'':

* Bincike na Peter Hulme, ''Bincike a cikin Littattafan Afirka'', Vol. 31, No. 2, 2000: 232-233 [http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/research_in_african_literatures/v031/31.2hulme.html]
* Binciken da Bob Carter ya yi, &quot;Fata daga Afirka: Falsafa, 'tseren' da hukumar ,&quot; a cikin Falsafa ta Radical, Mayu / Yuni 1998. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061022041537/http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2188&amp;editorial_id=10278]
* Binciken da Andrew N. Carpenter ya yi, a cikin Falsafar Koyarwa, Vol. 23 Na 3 (2000).
* Binciken Felmon Davis, a cikin Constellations, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998: 296-304 [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/cons]
* Bincike a cikin ''Jaridar Baƙi a Ilimi Mafi Girma'', No. 16, 1997: 137-138
* Binciken Adam Shatz, &quot;Mene ne mafi munin Haskakawa ya shafi mafi kyawunsa?,&quot; Lingua Franca, Afrilu-Mayu 1997, shafuffuka 19-20&amp;nbsp;

''A kan &quot;Falsafar Afirka ta Bayan mulkin mallaka: Mai Karatu Mai Karatu&quot;'':

* Binciken da Kai Kresse ya yi, a cikin polylog: Forum for Intercultural Philosophy [http://lit.polylog.org/2/rkk-en.htm]
* Bincike a cikin ''Mujallar Falsafa'' . [https://web.archive.org/web/20060821220555/http://www.philosophersnet.com/magazine/reviews_archive.php]
* Bincike a cikin The Sociological Review, Vol. 45, No. 4, 1997: 704-750 [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/sore]
* Bincike a cikin Juyin Juya Halin, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2001: 264 [https://web.archive.org/web/20040409160540/http://www.ocms.ac.uk/transformation/results_authors.php?mm_aut=346]

''A kan &quot;Falsafar Afirka: Anthology&quot;'':

* Binciken Barry Hallen, &quot;Falsafar Afirka a cikin Sabon Maɓalli,&quot; a cikin ''Binciken Nazarin Afirka'', Vol. 43, Na 3, 2000: 131-134.
* Binciken Stephen Clark, &quot;Falsafar Afirka: tarihin,&quot; a cikin ''Afr Aff'' (Lond), 1999 98: 128-130.
* Binciken da [[Nigel Gibson]] ya yi, a cikin ''Nazarin Afirka da Asiya'', Vol. 36, Na 3, 2001: 253-329.
* Binciken da Rodney C. Roberts ya yi, a cikin Falsafa ta Gabas da Yamma, Oktoba, 1999 [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb235/is_199910/ai_hibm1G162496720]

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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    <title>Gidaje a Victoria, Ostiraliya</title>
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[[Fayil:Bulleen-estate2.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Gidaje na yau da kullun da aka samu a yawancin Victoria.]]
Mazauna a jihar Victoria, Ostiraliya na da alaƙa da yawan kuɗin mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu, ƙarancin gidaje da rashin gidaje na jama'a da yawan buƙatu, kuma galibin gidaje na haya.  A wajen Melbourne, gida mai kashi 70% na yawan jama'ar jihar, gidaje da haya ya fi araha.  A Melbourne, samun damar samun gidajen jama'a gabaɗaya ya fi kyau, amma gidaje da haya ba su da araha.

Gidajen jama'a a Victoria yawanci ana ba da su ne daga sassan gwamnatin jihar Victoria kuma suna aiki a cikin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Gidajen Commonwealth-State, wanda gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi ke ba da tallafi ga gidajen jama'ar.

Tun daga 2010, duka Victoria da Melbourne suna fuskantar haɓaka cikin sauri a yawan jama'a, suna haifar da babban buƙatun gidaje.  Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar gidaje, haɓaka farashin gidaje da yin tasiri akan farashin haya da kuma samun kowane nau'in gidaje..

== Gidaje masu zaman kansu ==
Gidaje masu zaman kansu a Victoria suna da inganci gabaɗaya, yawancin su ana gina su bayan yaƙi da ƙarshen karni na 20. Koyaya, yana fama da rashin samun dama ga kayan aikin sufuri na jama'a da abubuwan more rayuwa, dangane da wurin da yake. 

Ana tilasta wa mazauna da yawa mallakar mota don ba da damar samun damar abubuwan more rayuwa da ayyuka da kuma samar da sufuri zuwa da dawowa daga aiki. Yawancin matsalolin ababen more rayuwa na gidaje masu zaman kansu suna cikin gidajen haya na Victoria. Kasuwancin yanayin sufuri na jama'a a Melbourne yana kusa da kashi 10 cikin dari, yayin da yawancin garuruwan Victoria na yankin sun fi ƙasa.

A ƙarshen 2000s, farashin gidaje masu zaman kansu a Ostiraliya, dangane da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga, sun kasance daga cikin mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya haifar da hasashe cewa ƙasar tana fuskantar kumfa na ƙasa kamar sauran ƙasashe da yawa.

Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2007, bashin jinginar gida ya yi daidai da 80% na GDP na Australiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debunking Economics |url=http://www.debunkingeconomics.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622235520/http://debunkingeconomics.com/ |archive-date=2012-06-22 |access-date=2010-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009, ya tashi zuwa mafi girman matakan da ya samu a duk lokacin tarihin Australiya, kusan sau uku na bashin masu zaman kansu a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali.

Dangane da Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016, kashi 32.3% na gidaje a Victoria mallakar su ne, kashi 35.3% mallakar su ta amfani da jinginar gida, yayin da ake hayar 28.7.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 October 2017 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Victoria |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/2?opendocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609051412/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/2%3Fopendocument |archive-date=2019-06-09 |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidajen haya ==
Gidajen haya a cikin Victoria a halin yanzu yana cikin buƙatu da yawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa daga haɓakar yawan jama'a.  Sakamakon haka, gidaje na haya na iya zama da wahala a samu, musamman ma gidajen haya mai araha.  Masu neman hayan gida galibi suna ba da ƙarin hayar hayar, hayan watanni da yawa a gaba da sauran abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga masu gida don tabbatar da gidaje.  A halin yanzu babu kaɗan ko babu sarrafa haya da aka aiwatar a Victoria.

== Gidajen jama'a ==
[[Fayil:Housing_Commission_High_Rise_Collingwood.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Babban ɗaki na jama'a a Collingwood, Melbourne]]
Gidajen jama'a a Victoria yana da halin rashin wadata da inganci gabaɗaya, yawancin mazauna a cikin gidajen jama'a sun kasance masu ƙarancin kuɗi.  Gine-ginen gine-ginen gine-ginen da Hukumar Gidaje ta Victoria ta gina a Melbourne a cikin shekarun 1960, kusan duk ana amfani da su a yau.  Ayyukan gidaje na jama'a na baya-bayan nan sun kasance na ƙanana zuwa ƙananan matsakaicin yawa.

Samun damar samun gidajen jama'a a Victoria na iya zama da wahala kamar yadda yawancin mazauna dole ne su jira a jerin jira har sai ɗakuna da gidaje sun kasance. Akwai rashin saka hannun jari a cikin gidajen jama'a, wanda ke haifar da rashin wadata da inganci.

Kamar sauran jihohi da yankuna a Ostiraliya, ana ɗaukar gidajen jama'a a Victoria a matsayin abin zargi, kuma galibi ana ganin su kuma &quot;an tsara su a matsayin wuraren haɗari, kwayoyi da mugunta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sisson, Alistair |last2=Chatterjee, Pratichi |date=7 August 2020 |title=Why public housing is stigmatised and how we can fix it |url=https://theconversation.com/why-public-housing-is-stigmatised-and-how-we-can-fix-it-142913 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zargi, a tsakanin sauran dalilai, na iya haifar da mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gidajen jama'a da ke fuskantar nuna bambanci da cin zarafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=Rowland |last2=Jacobs |first2=Keith |date=2 June 2008 |title=Public housing in Australia: stigma, home and opportunity |url=https://apo.org.au/node/311 |access-date=22 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin gidaje na Victoria yana da alaƙa da hanyoyin sufuri a cikin amfani da yawa a lokacin ginin gidaje.  Yankunan ciki na Melbourne da wasu garuruwan yanki, waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, suna jin daɗin samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a, jiragen ƙasa, trams, bas da kayan aikin keke.  Sabanin haka, kewayen birni da na waje na Melbourne da garuruwan yanki, waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 20, suna fama da nau'ikan birane masu cin gashin kai tare da matalauta ko rashin samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a.

Wannan ababen more rayuwa ya tsara abubuwa da yawa na gidaje a Victoria; daga farashin gidaje masu zaman kansu, haya, farashi na gaba ɗaya, inganci, gentrification da wadatar gidaje, gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa inda aka fi dacewa da jin daɗi da sufuri na jama'a. Yawancin yankuna masu wadata da masu arziki suna da kyakkyawar damar samun kayan more rayuwa da sufuri na jama'a, yayin da yankunan da ke kusa da birni da na waje galibi sun fi rahusa kuma ba su da damar samun kyawawan kayan more rayuwa.

== Nau'ikan gidaje ==
[[Fayil:Three_storey_terraces_in_drummond_street_carlton.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidaje na Victorian, na yau da kullun a cikin birni na Melbourne da wasu garuruwan yanki]]
Nau'o'in gidaje a cikin Victoria suna mamaye gidaje guda ɗaya ko bene biyu waɗanda ke bayan gida, galibinsu sun haɗa da wuraren zama kamar iyali/ɗakin zama, ɗakin cin abinci, da dai sauransu, gareji, gaban da/ko bayan gida da titin mota.

A cikin Melbourne da wasu yankuna na ciki na garuruwan yanki, yawancin nau'ikan gidaje suna da ƙananan matsakaicin matsakaicin nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban da matakan dangane da wadatar tarihi ko rashin shi na yankin.

A cikin Melbourne da wasu yankuna, manyan gidaje masu yawa kuma suna nan.  Tubalan salon akwatin takalmi da aka gina a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin tsofaffin yankunan birni na Melbourne.  Yawancin waɗannan suna cikin salon Dingbat.  Yawancin manyan gine-ginen gidaje an gina su a Melbourne cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000.

== Albarka da tallafi ==
Akwai wasu tsarin tallafi da jin dadin wadanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje a Victoria, waɗannan sun haɗa da samun dama ga cibiyoyin kamar Tenants Unions, hukumomin gwamnati kamar Kotun Jama'a da Gudanarwa ta Victoria da jin dadin kamar 'Rent Assistance' da aka rarraba ta hanyar Centrelink.

== Kasuwar gidaje ==
Tun daga shekarun 1980s matsakaicin farashin gida a Victoria yana ƙaruwa da kashi 7.9% a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Housing Prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=econ.mq.edu.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin sashi / farashin gida yana ƙaruwa da kashi 7.73% a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Median House Prices - By Type and Sale Year |url=https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Property/Median-House-Prices-By-Type-and-Sale-Year/i8px-csib |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=data.melbourne.vic.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kididdigar da ake samu, Yuni 2004: 

* Yawan jama'a: 4,644, 950
* Jimlar Gidaje: 1,928,617 (Mayu 2010) (Source: [http://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing_and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf http://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing _and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402073619/http://tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing_and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf |date=2014-04-02 }}) 
* Adadin Gidajen Ma'aikata: 382,981
* Adadin Gidajen Masu Rashin Rashin Rashi: 328,176
* Rarraba Gidaje a Kasuwar Rental: 17.9%
* Adadin Gidajen Masu Rashin Rashin Rashi A Melbourne: 247,208
* Adadin Gidajen Ma'aikata na Jama'a: 62,645
* Adadin masu karɓar Taimako na Commonwealth Rent: 194,507
* Adadin gidaje masu zaman kansu tare da samun kudin shiga na mako-mako bai kai $ 500 ba: 85,186
* Adadin mazauna a cikin wuraren shakatawa na Caravan: 15,650
* Adadin mazauna a cikin Gidajen Gidaje: Ba a sani ba

=== Sauran kididdiga ===

* Kashi na duk masu haya tare da matsalolin tsari ko gyare-gyare tare da gidansu: gidaje shekaru goma ko ƙasa da haka: 53.2% gidaje sama da shekaru goma: 66.5%
** gidaje shekaru goma ko ƙasa da haka: 53.2%
** gidaje sama da shekaru goma: 66.5%
* Rarrabawar gidajen haya masu zaman kansu ba tare da dumama ba: 10%
* Rarrabawar gidajen haya ba tare da wata matsala a ƙofar gaba ba: 34%
* Rarrabawar gidajen haya ba tare da wata matsala a ƙofar baya ba: 55%</text>
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    <title>Furta</title>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Furta&lt;/div&gt;
|-
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]&lt;/mapframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Taswirar hulɗa ta Furta&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Countries of the world|Kasar]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Hungary]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Counties of Hungary|Gundumar]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Hajdú-Bihar
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| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |4&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.85 km2 (16.54 sq mi) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Yawan jama'a &lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt; (2001)&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;• Jimillar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1,179
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.51/km2 (71.3/sq mi) &amp;nbsp;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[UTC+1]] ([[Central European Time|CET]]) 
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;• Lokacin bazara ([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[UTC+2]] ([[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]) 
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Postal code|Lambar gidan waya]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data adr&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;4141&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Telephone numbering plan|Lambar yanki]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |54
|}


'''Furta''' [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]] ne a cikin gundumar [[Hajdú-Bihar County|Hajdú-Bihar]], a yankin Arewacin Great Plain na gabashin [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Furta Map: Detailed maps of Furta - ViaMichelin |url=https://www.viamichelin.co.uk/web/Maps/Map-Furta-4141-Hajdu_Bihar-Hungary |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.viamichelin.co.uk |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419071229/https://www.viamichelin.co.uk/web/Maps/Map-Furta-4141-Hajdu_Bihar-Hungary |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 42.85 (murabba'in mil 17) kuma tana da yawan jama'a 1179 (2001){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Kogin Blyde</title>
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'''Kogin Motlatse'''  (&quot;Kogin Dindindin&quot;), '''Kogin Blyde''' ( Afrikaans   &quot;Kogin Glad&quot;), ko kuma '''Kogin Umdhlazi''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=T. V. Bulpin}}&lt;/ref&gt; kogi ne a lardunan Mpumalanga da Limpopo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;Bulpin, T.V. (2012). Lost Trails of the Lowveld. Pretoria: Protea. p. 42. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-86919-555-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da hanyar zuwa arewa a cikin kwaruruka masu tsayi da kwaruruka na Mpumalanga Drakensberg, kafin ya shiga yankin ƙananan lardunan Limpopo. Asalinsa ya kai kimanin tsayin mita 2,000 a yankin kiyaye [[Hartebeesvlakte]], a arewacin Long Tom Pass . Yana ratsa ta cikin kogin Blyde

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
An sanya wa Blyde suna, ma'ana &quot;farin ciki&quot;, &quot;farin ciki&quot; ko &quot;farin ciki&quot;  a cikin [[Afrikaans|Cape Dutch]], saboda haka aka sanya masa suna a lokacin wani balaguron voortrekker . Wannan ya faru ne a shekara ta 1844 lokacin da Hendrik Potgieter da wasu suka dawo lafiya daga Delagoa Bay zuwa ga sauran ƙungiyar masu tafiya waɗanda suka ɗauke su matattu. Yayin da suke ƙarƙashin wannan rashin fahimta, sun sanya wa kogin da ke kusa da sansaninsu suna [[Kogin Treur|Treurrivier]], ko kuma 'kogin makoki'. An ce sunan Motlatse ya riga sunan Blyde, kuma yana nufin 'kogi wanda koyaushe yake cike' a Sepulane.  

== Kama ruwa ==
Daga cikin yankin da ake amfani da shi wajen kama ruwa na murabba'in kilomita 2,842, 220&amp;nbsp;km² an keɓe shi ne ga gandun daji na kasuwanci, kuma kusan 1,399&amp;nbsp;km² ya ƙunshi dazuzzukan 'yan asalin ƙasar.  An kafa gonakin 'ya'yan itace da filayen noma a gefen ƙananan Blyde a ƙarshen rabin ƙarni na 20, inda aka ware hekta 23,521 don ban ruwa a shekarar 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;IWMI&quot; /&gt; Hartebeesvlakte, [[Mount Sheba Nature Reserve]], Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve da Blyde-Olifants Conservancy suna kare sassa daban-daban na shi.

== Magudanar ruwa ==
A cikin Wurin Ajiye Nature na Kogin Blyde, koguna ko rafuka da dama suna haɗuwa. [[Kogin Treur]] yana haɗuwa da Blyde a Bourke's Luck Potholes, a cikin saman kwarin. Daga ƙasan kogin yana haɗuwa da rafukan Belvedere da Ga-nogakgolo.

Tashar wutar lantarki ta Belvedere da ta daina aiki (a yanzu haka)

[[Kogin Ohrigstad]] yana haɗuwa da Kogin Blyde a [[Blyderivierpoort Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Blyderivierpoort]] . Kogin yana rarrafe zuwa magudanan ruwa da dama da zarar ya shiga ƙasa. [[Sandspruit (Blyde)|Sandspruit]] ita ce kawai babbar magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa, ba ta da nisa da mahaɗar Olifants .

== Darasi na ƙasa da gudummawa ==
[[Fayil:Fanie_Botha_hiking_.jpg|right|thumb|240x240px|Kogin Blyde ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Hartebeesvlakte mai ruwa sosai.]]
Kogin [[Klein Olifants River|Klein Olifants]], [[Kogin Steelpoort|Steelpoort]] da Blyde suna magudanar ruwa ta kudu ta Kogin Olifants, wanda ke shiga wurin shakatawa na Kruger da kuma wuraren kiwon dabbobi masu zaman kansu da ke makwabtaka da su, daga karshe suka ketare kan iyakar [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], inda suke kwarara zuwa cikin [[Dam din Massingir|madatsar ruwa ta Massingir]] . Matsakaicin gudummawar da Blyde ke bayarwa ga Olifants a kowace shekara shine ruwa miliyan 436 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;mwfQ&quot;&gt;m3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;,   wani babban kaso saboda hadewar ruwan sama mai yawa da kuma ƙarancin tururi a yankin da ke kewaye da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;IWMI&quot; /&gt;

== Nau'in kifi ==
Kifi na waje kamar ƙananan kifi kamar bass, manyan kifaye kamar bass, brown trout da kuma bakan gizo suna faruwa a cikin kogin, wanda hakan ya rage nisan da barb na Kogin Treur na gida ke yi zuwa manyan magudanan ruwa na tsarin Kogin Blyde.  Godiya ga sake ginawa bayan sake gano shi a shekarun 1970, barb na Kogin Treur yanzu yana bunƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;srr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Olifants River System, Ecoregions 4.03 &amp; 4.05 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_4.03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309021319/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_4.03.html |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=25 December 2013 |website=State of the Rivers Report, South African River Health Programme |publisher=Water Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kifin Natal natal, ''Amphilius natalensis'', yana faruwa ne a matsayin al'umma mai zaman kanta a cikin tsarin [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]], kuma rafin Belvedere shine kawai wuri a cikin tsarin Limpopo inda ake samun barb na Rosefin, ''Barbus argenteus'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;srr&quot; /&gt; Ana kuma samun ƙananan kifaye kamar rawaya da manyan kifaye kamar rawaya a ƙananan kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maimela |first=Lerato T |last2=Chimimba |first2=Christian T |last3=Zengeya |first3=Tsungai A |date=2 January 2022 |title=The effect of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) invasions on native fish communities in the subtropical Blyde River, Mpumalanga province, South Africa |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=78–87 |doi=10.2989/16085914.2021.1949260}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

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'''Kogin Motlatse'''  (&quot;Kogin Dindindin&quot;), '''Kogin Blyde''' ( Afrikaans   &quot;Kogin Glad&quot;), ko kuma '''Kogin Umdhlazi''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=T. V. Bulpin}}&lt;/ref&gt; kogi ne a lardunan Mpumalanga da Limpopo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;Bulpin, T.V. (2012). Lost Trails of the Lowveld. Pretoria: Protea. p. 42. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-86919-555-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da hanyar zuwa arewa a cikin kwaruruka masu tsayi da kwaruruka na Mpumalanga Drakensberg, kafin ya shiga yankin ƙananan lardunan Limpopo. Asalinsa ya kai kimanin tsayin mita 2,000 a yankin kiyaye [[Hartebeesvlakte]], a arewacin Long Tom Pass . Yana ratsa ta cikin kogin Blyde

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
An sanya wa Blyde suna, ma'ana &quot;farin ciki&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dictionary of Southern African Place Names&quot; by RE Raper - HSRC&lt;/ref&gt;  a cikin [[Afrikaans|Cape Dutch]], saboda haka aka sanya masa suna a lokacin wani balaguron voortrekker . Wannan ya faru ne a shekara ta 1844 lokacin da Hendrik Potgieter da wasu suka dawo lafiya daga Delagoa Bay zuwa ga sauran ƙungiyar masu tafiya waɗanda suka ɗauke su matattu. Yayin da suke ƙarƙashin wannan rashin fahimta, sun sanya wa kogin da ke kusa da sansaninsu suna [[Kogin Treur|Treurrivier]], ko kuma 'kogin makoki'. An ce sunan Motlatse ya riga sunan Blyde, kuma yana nufin 'kogi wanda koyaushe yake cike' a Sepulane.&lt;ref&gt;AENS (1 June 2005), &quot;Blyde Canyon gets new name&quot;, Daily Sun, p. 8, archived from the original on 25 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins, Elwyn (2007), Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names, David Philip Publishers, p. 75&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Kama ruwa ==
Daga cikin yankin da ake amfani da shi wajen kama ruwa na murabba'in kilomita 2,842, 220&amp;nbsp;km² an keɓe shi ne ga gandun daji na kasuwanci,&lt;ref&gt;International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (September 2008), Olifants River Basin in South Africa (PDF), waternetonline, p. 37, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-03&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kusan 1,399&amp;nbsp;km² ya ƙunshi dazuzzukan 'yan asalin ƙasar.  An kafa gonakin 'ya'yan itace da filayen noma a gefen ƙananan Blyde a ƙarshen rabin ƙarni na 20, inda aka ware hekta 23,521 don ban ruwa a shekarar 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;IWMI&quot; /&gt; Hartebeesvlakte, [[Mount Sheba Nature Reserve]], Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve da Blyde-Olifants Conservancy suna kare sassa daban-daban na shi.

== Magudanar ruwa ==
A cikin Wurin Ajiye Nature na Kogin Blyde, koguna ko rafuka da dama suna haɗuwa. [[Kogin Treur]] yana haɗuwa da Blyde a Bourke's Luck Potholes, a cikin saman kwarin. Daga ƙasan kogin yana haɗuwa da rafukan Belvedere da Ga-nogakgolo.

Tashar wutar lantarki ta Belvedere da ta daina aiki (a yanzu haka) yana a wurin haduwar Blyde da Belvedere. Daga 1911&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Belvedere Day Walk&quot;. Trails and walks. Mpumalanga Parks Board. Retrieved 24 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; har zuwa 1992 ya ba da wutar lantarki mai amfani da wutar lantarki ga Hutun Mahajjata da sauran al'ummomin da ke kusa.&lt;ref&gt;Viljoen, Buks (17 March 2011). &quot;'Sakesektor moet help met krag'&quot;. Beeld. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiya ta yini na kusan kilomita 10 yana bawa baƙo damar bincika wannan yanki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Belvedere Day Walk&quot;. Trails and walks. Mpumalanga Parks Board. Retrieved 24 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Belvedere Day Hike&quot;. Blyde River Canyon: Sights &amp; Activities. modernoverland.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kogin Ohrigstad]] yana haɗuwa da Kogin Blyde a [[Blyderivierpoort Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Blyderivierpoort]] . Kogin yana rarrafe zuwa magudanan ruwa da dama da zarar ya shiga ƙasa. [[Sandspruit (Blyde)|Sandspruit]] ita ce kawai babbar magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa, ba ta da nisa da mahaɗar Olifants .

== Darasi na ƙasa da gudummawa ==
[[Fayil:Fanie_Botha_hiking_.jpg|right|thumb|240x240px|Kogin Blyde ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Hartebeesvlakte mai ruwa sosai.]]
Kogin [[Klein Olifants River|Klein Olifants]], [[Kogin Steelpoort|Steelpoort]] da Blyde suna magudanar ruwa ta kudu ta Kogin Olifants, wanda ke shiga wurin shakatawa na Kruger da kuma wuraren kiwon dabbobi masu zaman kansu da ke makwabtaka da su, daga karshe suka ketare kan iyakar [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], inda suke kwarara zuwa cikin [[Dam din Massingir|madatsar ruwa ta Massingir]] . Matsakaicin gudummawar da Blyde ke bayarwa ga Olifants a kowace shekara shine ruwa miliyan 436   wani babban kaso saboda hadewar ruwan sama mai yawa da kuma ƙarancin tururi a yankin da ke kewaye da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;IWMI&quot; /&gt;

== Nau'in kifi ==
Kifi na waje kamar ƙananan kifi kamar bass, manyan kifaye kamar bass, brown trout da kuma bakan gizo suna faruwa a cikin kogin, wanda hakan ya rage nisan da barb na Kogin Treur na gida ke yi zuwa manyan magudanan ruwa na tsarin Kogin Blyde.  Godiya ga sake ginawa bayan sake gano shi a shekarun 1970, barb na Kogin Treur yanzu yana bunƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;srr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Olifants River System, Ecoregions 4.03 &amp; 4.05 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_4.03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309021319/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_4.03.html |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=25 December 2013 |website=State of the Rivers Report, South African River Health Programme |publisher=Water Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kifin Natal natal, ''Amphilius natalensis'', yana faruwa ne a matsayin al'umma mai zaman kanta a cikin tsarin [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]], kuma rafin Belvedere shine kawai wuri a cikin tsarin Limpopo inda ake samun barb na Rosefin, ''Barbus argenteus'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;srr&quot; /&gt; Ana kuma samun ƙananan kifaye kamar rawaya da manyan kifaye kamar rawaya a ƙananan kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maimela |first=Lerato T |last2=Chimimba |first2=Christian T |last3=Zengeya |first3=Tsungai A |date=2 January 2022 |title=The effect of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) invasions on native fish communities in the subtropical Blyde River, Mpumalanga province, South Africa |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=78–87 |doi=10.2989/16085914.2021.1949260}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

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    <title>Gidan ajiyar yanayi na Hawane</title>
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An fara kafa wurin ajiyar yanayi na Hawane a shekarar 1978 don kare wani yanki na marsh tare da [[Kogin Mbuluzi]] a [[Eswatini]] . Wannan yanki ya haɗa da mazaunin halitta na ''Kniphofia umbrina'', wani karamin karamin karami na Eswatini. Lokacin da aka gina madatsar ruwan Hawane a cikin 1988 don samar da ruwan [[Mbabane]], an faɗaɗa wurin ajiya don kare wuraren da ke kewaye da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hawane Nature Reserve |url=http://www.sntc.org.sz/reserves/hawane.asp |access-date=2009-10-15 |publisher=[[Swaziland National Trust Commission]] |archive-date=2009-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124121810/http://www.sntc.org.sz/reserves/hawane.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Amincewa ta Kasa ta Swaziland ce ke kula da ajiyar.

Babban abin jan hankali na ajiyar shine wadatar rayuwar tsuntsaye. An samar da hanya don kallon tsuntsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hawane Dam and horse trails |url=http://www.roughguides.com/website/travel/Destination/content/default.aspx?titleid=35&amp;xid=idh475705600_0832 |access-date=2009-10-15 |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] Ltd }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'in tsuntsaye sun haɗa da falcon lanner, Goose na Masar, pied kingfisher da fararen fuska mai busawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bird Watching |url=http://www.welcometoswaziland.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=18&amp;Itemid=61 |access-date=2009-10-15 |publisher=Swaziland Tourism Authority |archive-date=2007-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070731050856/http://www.welcometoswaziland.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=18&amp;Itemid=61 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Gidan shakatawa na Cacheu River Mangroves</title>
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Kogin '''Cacheu River Mangroves Natural Park''' ( Portuguese  Parque Natural  Cacheu ) wani wurin shakatawa ne na ƙasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guinea Bissau National Park |url=http://bissautourism.com/tourism-information/national-park.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407044645/http://www.bissautourism.com/tourism-information/national-park.html |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=16 November 2015 |publisher=Bissautourism.com: Guinea Bissau: 88 Heavenly Inhabited Islands |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke kan [[Kogin Cacheu]] a [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] . An kafa shi a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2000. Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa, wanda ke da faɗin 886.&amp;nbsp;An sanya km {{Sup|2}},  a matsayin wurin Ramsar tun daga shekarar 2015.

An dauki wurin shakatawa a matsayin mafi girman yankin mangrove a Yammacin Afirka, tare da kusan kashi 68% na yankinsa da aka rufe da mangroves.

Wadannan manyan mangroves suna samar da mazaunin don kiyaye rayuwar ruwa da adana bambancin flora da fauna. Gidan shakatawa ya zama gida ga yawancin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura, waɗanda ke zuwa nan zuwa hunturu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National park of cacheu river mangroves - Réseau Régional d'Aires Marines Protégées en Afrique de l'Ouest |url=http://www.rampao.org/Parc-Naturel-des-Mangroves-du.html?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209012719/http://www.rampao.org/Parc-Naturel-des-Mangroves-du.html?lang=en |archive-date=2021-02-09 |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=www.rampao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canjin yanayi ==
A cikin 2022, Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya haɗa da Cacheu River Mangroves Natural Park a cikin jerin wuraren al'adun gargajiya na Afirka waɗanda [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da Rushewar bakin teku za su yi barazana a ƙarshen ƙarni, amma kawai idan [[Canjin yanayi]] ya biyo bayan RCP 8.5, wanda shine yanayin babban kuma yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa da hayaki mai ɗumi wanda ke da alaƙa da dumama sama da 4 ° C. ,  kuma ba a sake la'akari da shi sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hausfather |first=Zeke |last2=Peters |first2=Glen |date=29 January 2020 |title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading |journal=Nature |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=618–20 |bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 |pmid=31996825 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hausfather |first=Zeke |last2=Peters |first2=Glen |date=20 October 2020 |title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions |journal=PNAS |volume=117 |issue=45 |pages=27791–27792 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |pmc=7668049 |pmid=33082220 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran, abubuwan da suka fi dacewa suna haifar da ƙananan matakan dumama kuma saboda haka ƙananan matakan teku: duk da haka, matakan teku za su ci gaba da ƙaruwa na kimanin shekaru 10,000 a ƙarƙashin su duka. Ko da yake dumama ya iyakance zuwa 1.5 °C, har yanzu ana sa ran hauhawar matakin teku na duniya ya wuce 2-3 m (7-10  bayan shekaru 2000 (kuma matakan dumama mafi girma za su ga karuwa mafi girma a lokacin), saboda haka ya wuce matakan 2100 na hauhawar matakan teku a ƙarƙashin RCP 8.5 (~ {{Convert|0.75|m|ft|0}}   tare da kewayon 0.5-1 m (2-3 ) da kyau kafin shekara ta 4000.{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://apes.eva.mpg.de/apeswiki/index.php/Rio_Cacheu APES MAPPER] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716150931/http://apes.eva.mpg.de/apeswiki/index.php/Rio_Cacheu |date=2010-07-16 }} An adana shi 2010-07-16 a 

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'''Gidan shakatawa na Sahamalaza''' yana cikin arewa maso yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a Yankin Sofia, tare da kadada 26035.

Gudanar da wurin shakatawa na kasa an sanya shi ga wuraren shakatawa na Madagascar,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parc National Sahamalaza |url=https://www.parcs-madagascar.com/parcs/sahamalaza.php |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.parcs-madagascar.com |archive-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220141830/https://www.parcs-madagascar.com/parcs/sahamalaza.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da wani ɓangare na kudaden da aka bayar daga Madagascar Protected Areas and Biodiversity Fund (FAPBM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahamalaza – Îles Radama |url=https://www.fapbm.org/en/aire_protegee/sahamalaza-national-park-radama-islands/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Fondation pour les Aires Protégées et la Biodiversité de Madagascar |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tana kusa da Ambanja a cikin Gundumar Ambanja (Yankin Diana) da Analalava (Yankin Sofia).

== Nau'o'in ==

* Blue-eyed black lemur, Northern giant mouse lemur, Sahamalaza sports lemur, Boophis ankarafensis.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin wuraren shakatawa na kasa na Madagascar
* Dabbobi na Madagascar

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Gidan shakatawa na Diawling</title>
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'''Gidan shakatawa na Diawling''' yana cikin kudu maso yammacin Mauritania a kusa da [[Kogin Senegal]]. Gidan shakatawa muhimmiyar wurin kare namun daji ce.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa wurin shakatawa a cikin 1991. Hamayya da kafa ta ya zo ne daga mazauna yankin, waɗanda suka ji tsoron irin wannan makoma kamar na jama'ar Djoudj, a kan kogi a Senegal, lokacin da aka kafa Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary a cikin 1971. Sun ji tsoron sakamakon yankin da aka kare, wanda zai nufin cewa za a haramta kiwo da kamun kifi ko kuma a iyakance su, suna kawo karshen hanyar rayuwa da kabilansu suka sani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Diawling National Park: Joint Management for the Rehabilitation of a Degraded Coastal Wetland |url=http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-07cs12.pdf |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Ramsar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Gidan shakatawa ya shimfiɗa a kan yanki na hekta 16,000, dukansu sun taɓa zama ambaliyar ruwa. Kogin [[Senegal]] yana aiki ne a matsayin iyaka tsakanin wurin shakatawa da Senegal. Yana daga cikin wani Trans-Border Biosphere Reserve wanda shine sanannen wurin kiwon tsuntsaye saboda cakuda ruwan sanyi da gishiri a cikin Kogin Senegal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;/&gt;

Wasu daga cikin mafi munin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a yankin suna samuwa a wannan yanki, saboda gina madatsar ruwa da aka gina a yankin. [[Masasaku|Bilharzia]] da nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu mamayewa suma sun kama.&lt;ref name=&quot;foundation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity conservation in the Diawling National Park through sustainable and participatory management |url=http://www.fondationensemble.org/en/projet/conservation-de-la-biodiversite-du-parc-national-du-diawling-par-la-gestion-durable-et-participative/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Fondation Ensemble}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhalli ===
A Lokacin ruwan sama, yawancin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi manyan [[Tafki|tabkuna]]. An san shi da samun fiye da nau'in [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] 220 da aka gano, da kuma nau'in [[kifi]] da yawa.

==== Tsuntsaye ====
[[Fayil:Northern_Pintails_(Male_&amp;_Female)_I_IMG_0911.jpg|thumb|Yankunan arewa guda biyu]]
Wurin Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Diawling gida ne ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri. Nau'ikan da ake samu a nan sun haɗa da northern pintail, northern shoveler, greater flamingo, lesser flamingo, Eurasian spoonbill, African spoonbill, [[Farin zalbe|great egret]], great white pelican, [[Kadaufkara|Arabian bustard]], pied avocet, slender-billed gull, Caspian tern, greater hoopoe-lark da [[Ɓankwalo|Sudan golden sparrow]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Diawling National Park&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diawling National Park |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6643 |access-date=10 December 2013 |publisher=BirdLife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; BirdLife International ta kuma sanya wurin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) saboda yana tallafawa yawan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin hunturu.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024 |title=Diawling National Park |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/diawling-national-park-iba-mauritania |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Dabbobi masu shayarwa ====
Halitta da mutum sun haɗu don kawar da wasu nau'o'in a Diawling. Wasu daga cikin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun mutu saboda fari mai tsawo da farauta mai yawa. Zaki na karshe da ya rage na Yammacin Afirka &lt;ref name=&quot;Haas2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haas, S.K. |last2=Hayssen, V. |last3=Krausman, P.R. |year=2005 |title=''Panthera leo'' |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Mammalian Species |volume=762 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=198968757 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728131140/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-28 |access-date=2017-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Diawling an harbe shi a shekarar 1970, kuma ganin karshe na gazelle mai jan gaba ya kasance a shekarar 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;Catsg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kitchener, A.C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |last3=Eizirik, E. |last4=Gentry, A. |last5=Werdelin, L. |last6=Wilting, A. |last7=Yamaguchi, N. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |page=76 |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-date=2017-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731185717/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A yau, kawai dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin wurin shakatawa sune hyenas, wolves na zinariya na Afirka, warthogs, dabbobin daji na Afirka, Cape hares da birai. Sauran nau'o'in, ciki har da Manatee na Afirka, Yammacin Afirka, da Hippopotamus, sun ɓace tare da gina madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diawling National Park&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Rashin fahimta</title>
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        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358621135|Delirium]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Delirium''' (wanda a da yake da '''yanayi mai rikitarwa''', kalma ce mai rikitarwa wadda yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba) &lt;ref name=&quot;slooter2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Slooter AJ, Otte WM, Devlin JW, Arora RC, Bleck TP, Claassen J, Duprey MS, Ely EW, Kaplan PW, Latronico N, Morandi A, Neufeld KJ, Sharshar T, MacLullich AM, Stevens RD |date=May 2020 |title=Updated nomenclature of delirium and acute encephalopathy: statement of ten Societies |journal=Intensive Care Medicine |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=1020–1022 |doi=10.1007/s00134-019-05907-4 |pmc=7210231 |pmid=32055887}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani yanayi ne na rikicewar hankali wanda ya samo asali daga sakamakon yanayin lafiya kai tsaye, tasirin wani abu mai tabin hankali, ko dalilai da yawa, wanda yawanci yakan taso a cikin awanni zuwa kwanaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Delirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, Slooter AJ, Ely EW |date=November 2020 |title=Delirium |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4 |pmc=9012267 |pmid=33184265 |s2cid=226302415 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™) |url=https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin wata cuta, delirium yana fuskantar rikice-rikice a hankali, wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma fahimta mai zurfi. Mutanen da ke fama da delirium na iya fuskantar wasu rikice-rikicen kwakwalwa ciki har da canje-canje a cikin ayyukan motsin rai (misali, yawan aiki mai yawa, yawan aiki mai yawa, ko yawan aiki mai gauraye), raguwar zagayowar barci-farko, rikice-rikicen motsin rai, rikice-rikicen sani, ko canjin yanayin sani, da kuma rikice-rikicen fahimta (misali, [[Hallucination|mafarki]] da ruɗani ), kodayake ba a buƙatar waɗannan fasalulluka don ganewar asali ba.

A ganewar asali, cutar delirium ta ƙunshi ciwon ruɗani mai tsanani da kuma tsarin da ke tattare da shi na halitta, &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt; wanda aka sani da cutar encephalopathy mai tsanani . &lt;ref name=&quot;slooter2020&quot; /&gt; Sanadin cutar delirium na iya zama ko dai wata cuta ''a cikin'' kwakwalwa ko kuma wata cuta ''a wajen'' kwakwalwa wadda ke shafar kwakwalwa. Delirium na iya zama sakamakon wata cuta ta asali (misali, kamuwa da cuta ko hypoxia ), illar magani kamar diphenhydramine, promethazine, da dicyclomine, maye (misali, opioids ko hallucinogenic deriants ), janyewar sinadarai (misali, barasa ko maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ), ko kuma daga abubuwa da yawa da ke shafar lafiyar mutum gaba ɗaya (misali, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, zafi, da sauransu). Sabanin haka, siffofin motsin rai da ɗabi'a saboda manyan cututtukan tabin hankali (misali, kamar a cikin [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar bipolar]] ) ba su cika sharuɗɗan ganewar asali na 'delirium' ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Delirium&quot; /&gt;

Ciwon Delirium na iya zama da wahala a gano ba tare da fara gano aikin kwakwalwar mutum na yau da kullun ko 'babban tushe na fahimta' ba. Ciwon Delirium na iya rikicewa da cututtukan tabin hankali da yawa ko cututtukan kwakwalwa na yau da kullun saboda alamu da alamu da yawa da suka haɗu da [[Dementia|cutar dementia]], baƙin ciki, tabin hankali, da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gleason OC |date=March 2003 |title=Delirium |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0301/p1027.html |url-status=live |journal=American Family Physician |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1027–1034 |pmid=12643363 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606072937/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0301/p1027.html |archive-date=2011-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA |date=Fall 2021 |title=Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=356–364 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316 |pmc=8929410 |pmid=34392693}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon Delirium na iya faruwa a cikin mutanen da ke da cututtukan kwakwalwa da ke akwai, nakasa ta hankali ta asali, ko ciwon dementia, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da ɗayan waɗannan yanayi. Sau da yawa ana rikitar da ciwon Delirium da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], psychosis, cututtukan kwakwalwa na halitta, da ƙari, saboda irin waɗannan alamu da alamun waɗannan cututtuka.

Maganin ciwon hauka yana buƙatar gano da kuma kula da abubuwan da ke haifar da shi, magance alamun ciwon hauka, da kuma rage haɗarin rikitarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;SIGN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SIGN 157 Delirium |url=https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206065513/https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Sign.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da magunguna na wucin gadi ko na alama don kwantar da hankalin mutum ko don sauƙaƙe wasu kulawa (misali, hana mutane fitar da bututun numfashi). Ba a tallafawa magungunan hana tabin hankali don magance ko hana ciwon hauka tsakanin waɗanda ke asibiti; duk da haka, ana iya amfani da su a lokuta inda mutum ke da abubuwan da ke damun sa kamar mafarki ko kuma idan mutumin yana haifar da haɗari ga kansa ko wasu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Devlin_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJ, Pandharipande PP, Watson PL, Weinhouse GL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Balas MC, van den Boogaard M, Bosma KJ, Brummel NE, Chanques G, Denehy L, Drouot X, Fraser GL, Harris JE, Joffe AM, Kho ME, Kress JP, Lanphere JA, McKinley S, Neufeld KJ, Pisani MA, Payen JF, Pun BT, Puntillo KA, Riker RR, Robinson BR, Shehabi Y, Szumita PM, Winkelman C, Centofanti JE, Price C, Nikayin S, Misak CJ, Flood PD, Kiedrowski K, Alhazzani W |date=September 2018 |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=e825–e873 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299 |pmid=30113379}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Santos_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Santos CD, Rose MQ |date=June 2021 |title=Extrapyramidal Symptoms Induced by Treatment for Delirium: A Case Report |journal=Critical Care Nurse |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=50–54 |doi=10.4037/ccn2021765 |pmid=34061189}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, Simpkins SA |date=March 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3 |pmc=10431752 |pmid=26967259}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;JAGS2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neufeld KJ, Yue J, Robinson TN, Inouye SK, Needham DM |date=April 2016 |title=Antipsychotic Medication for Prevention and Treatment of Delirium in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=705–714 |doi=10.1111/jgs.14076 |pmc=4840067 |pmid=27004732}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Burry Cochrane&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burry L, Mehta S, Perreault MM, Luxenberg JS, Siddiqi N, Hutton B, Fergusson DA, Bell C, Rose L |date=June 2018 |title=Antipsychotics for treatment of delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/antipsychotics-for-treatment-of-delirium-in-hospitalised-nonicu-patients(27bfcdeb-c56c-431e-930e-e29977f5f500).html |url-status=live |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub3 |pmc=6513380 |pmid=29920656 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107075053/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/antipsychotics-for-treatment-of-delirium-in-hospitalised-nonicu-patients(27bfcdeb-c56c-431e-930e-e29977f5f500).html |archive-date=2019-11-07 |access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da ciwon hauka ya faru ne sakamakon barasa ko janyewar motsa jiki, yawanci ana amfani da benzodiazepines a matsayin magani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Attard-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Attard A, Ranjith G, Taylor D |date=August 2008 |title=Delirium and its treatment |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=631–644 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200822080-00002 |pmid=18601302 |s2cid=94743}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai shaida cewa haɗarin ciwon hauka a cikin mutanen da ke asibiti za a iya rage shi ta hanyar amfani da fakitin kulawa marasa magunguna (duba Delirium § Rigakafi ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot; /&gt; A cewar rubutun DSM-5-TR, kodayake ciwon hauka yana shafar kashi 1-2% ne kawai na yawan jama'a, kashi 18-35% na manya da ke zuwa asibiti za su kamu da ciwon hauka, kuma ciwon hauka zai faru a kashi 29-65% na mutanen da aka kwantar a asibiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt; Ciwon hauka yana faruwa a kashi 11-51% na tsofaffi bayan tiyata, a kashi 81% na waɗanda ke cikin ICU, da kuma kashi 20-22% na mutane a gidajen kula da tsofaffi ko wuraren kulawa bayan sun kamu da cutar. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa mai tsanani, ciwon hauka yana haifar da mutuwa a cikin shekara mai zuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15082703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=Eugene Wesley Ely |vauthors=Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell FE, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Dittus RS |date=April 2004 |title=Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=14 |pages=1753–1762 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.14.1753 |pmid=15082703 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda rudanin da ke tattare da irin waɗannan alamomin na delirium tare da wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] da psychosis, maganin delirium na iya zama da wahala, har ma yana iya haifar da mutuwar majiyyaci saboda an yi masa magani da magunguna marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dharmarajan K, Swami S, Gou RY, Jones RN, Inouye SK |date=May 2017 |title=Pathway from Delirium to Death: Potential In-Hospital Mediators of Excess Mortality |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=1026–1033 |doi=10.1111/jgs.14743 |pmc=5435507 |pmid=28039852}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rockwood K, Cosway S, Carver D, Jarrett P, Stadnyk K, Fisk J |date=October 1999 |title=The risk of dementia and death after delirium |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=551–556 |doi=10.1093/ageing/28.6.551 |pmid=10604507}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Holford TR, Bogardus ST, Leo-Summers LS, Inouye SK |date=July 2005 |title=Premature death associated with delirium at 1-year follow-up |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33751055 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=14 |pages=1657–1662 |doi=10.1001/archinte.165.14.1657 |pmid=16043686}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anar ==
A yadda aka saba, ciwon hauka na iya nufin barci, tashin hankali, rashin fahimta, ko mafarki. Duk da haka, a cikin [[Kalmomin kiwon lafiya|kalmomin likitanci]], manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon hauka sun haɗa da matsala mai tsanani a hankali, wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma fahimtar duniya.

Duk da cewa akwai ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin ma'anar delirium a cikin DSM-5-TR &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™) |url=https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.appi.org/products/dsm &quot;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™)&quot;]. ''American Psychiatric Association''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm Archived] from the original on April 22, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 18,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da ICD-10, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines |url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017011412/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf |archive-date=2004-10-17 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=Who.int [[World Health Organization]] |publisher=[[Microsoft Word]] |pages=56–7 |via=[[Microsoft Bing]] |agency=bluebook.doc}}&lt;/ref&gt; ainihin siffofin iri ɗaya ne. A cikin 2022, Ƙungiyar Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta fitar da gyaran rubutu na bugu na biyar na DSM ( DSM-5-TR ) tare da waɗannan sharuɗɗan don ganewar asali: &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt;

* A. Damuwa a hankali da sanin yakamata. Wannan wata alama ce da ake buƙata kuma ta ƙunshi sauƙin shagala, rashin iya kula da hankali, da kuma matakai daban-daban na faɗakarwa. 
* B. Farawa yana da tsanani (daga awanni zuwa kwanaki), yana wakiltar canji daga ambaton farko kuma sau da yawa yana da sauyi a cikin yini.
* C. Aƙalla ƙarin matsala guda ɗaya ta fahimta (a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa, yanayin fahimta, harshe, ikon gani, ko fahimta)
* D. Ba a yi bayanin matsalolin (ma'aunin A da C) da kyau ta wata cuta ta neurocognitive ba.
* E. Akwai shaida cewa rikice-rikicen da ke sama &quot;sakamakon kai tsaye ne na ilimin halittar jiki&quot; na wani yanayi na lafiya, maye ko janyewar abubuwa, guba, ko haɗuwa daban-daban na dalilai

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
Delirium exists across a range of arousal levels, either as a state between normal wakefulness/alertness and coma (hypoactive) or as a state of heightened psychophysiological arousal (hyperactive). It can also alternate between the two (mixed level of activity). While requiring an acute disturbance in attention, awareness, and cognition, the syndrome of delirium encompasses a broad range of additional neuropsychiatric disturbances.

* '''Rashin Kulawa''' : Ana buƙatar matsala a hankali don gano cutar delirium. Wannan na iya zama gazawar iya jagorantar, mayar da hankali, ci gaba, ko canza hankali . &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™) |url=https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.appi.org/products/dsm &quot;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™)&quot;]. ''American Psychiatric Association''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm Archived] from the original on April 22, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 18,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Rashin Tunawa''' : Rashin tunawa da ke faruwa a cikin rashin sani sau da yawa yana faruwa ne saboda rashin iya ɓoye sabbin bayanai, galibi sakamakon rashin kulawa . Tsoffin tunanin da suka riga suka kasance a cikin ajiya ana adana su ba tare da buƙatar mai da hankali ba, don haka tunanin da aka riga aka ƙirƙira kafin fara rashin sani yawanci ana adana su a cikin dukkan lokuta sai dai mafi tsanani na rashin sani, kodayake tunawa da irin waɗannan bayanan na iya lalacewa saboda rashin fahimta a duniya.
* '''Rashin fahimta:''' Mutum yana iya zama wanda bai fahimci kansa ba, wuri, ko lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, mutum yana iya zama wanda 'ya saba da yanayi' kuma bai fahimci yanayinsa ba ko kuma bai fahimci abin da ke faruwa a kusa da shi ba.
* '''Tunani mara tsari''' : Ana lura da rashin tsari na tunani ta hanyar magana mai iyaka da rashin dacewa, kuma tana iya haɗawa da talaucin magana, rashin haɗin kai, juriya, daidaito, da sauran alamun rashin tunani na yau da kullun.
* '''Matsalolin harshe''' : Rashin fahimtar harshe, rashin fahimtar harshe, rashin fahimtar harshe, da kuma matsalolin neman kalmomi duk sun haɗa da rashin iya sarrafa bayanai na harshe.
* '''Matsalolin Barci/Tashi''' : Matsalolin barci a cikin barci yana nuna katsewa a cikin daidaita yanayin barci/tashi da kuma yanayin circadian, wanda galibi ke nuna raguwar barci ko ma juyawar zagayowar barci da farkawa (watau, aiki da daddare, barci da rana), gami da alama ta farko kafin fara ciwon hauka.
* '''Ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki da sauran kurakuran imani''' : Alamomin tabin hankali sun haɗa da zato, ra'ayi mai yawa da kuma ruɗani na gaskiya. Ba a samun ruɗani sosai kuma ba a san shi da wani abu kamar na schizophrenia ko cutar Alzheimer ba. Yawanci suna da alaƙa da jigogi masu tsanani na haɗari ko barazana da ke tafe a cikin muhallin da ke kusa (misali, ma'aikatan jinya sun ba da guba).
* '''Matsalolin fahimta''' : Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da ruɗani, waɗanda suka haɗa da rashin fahimtar ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da tunani a cikin muhalli, ko kuma [[Hallucination|abubuwan da ke haifar da tunani]], waɗanda suka haɗa da fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da tunani waɗanda ba su wanzu ba.
* '''Rashin iyawar yanayi''' : Rashin iyawar yanayi na motsin rai da aka fahimta ko aka bayyana da kuma yanayin motsin rai mai canzawa na iya bayyana a cikin damuwa (misali, sauye-sauye cikin sauri tsakanin tsoro, baƙin ciki, barkwanci, tsoro, fushi, da takaici). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leentjens AF, Rundell J, Rummans T, Shim JJ, Oldham R, Peterson L, Philbrick K, Soellner W, Wolcott D, Freudenreich O |date=August 2012 |title=Delirium: An evidence-based medicine (EBM) monograph for psychosomatic medicine practice, commissioned by the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine (APM) and the European Association of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics (EACLPP) |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=149–152 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.05.009 |pmid=22789420}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Canje-canje a cikin aikin motsa jiki:''' An rarraba Delirium zuwa nau'ikan psychomotor na hypoactive, hyperactive, da gauraye matakan aiki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lipowski ZJ |date=March 1989 |title=Delirium in the elderly patient |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=320 |issue=9 |pages=578–582 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198903023200907 |pmid=2644535}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake bincike bai yi daidai ba game da yawan su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Rooij SE, Schuurmans MJ, van der Mast RC, Levi M |date=July 2005 |title=Clinical subtypes of delirium and their relevance for daily clinical practice: a systematic review |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=609–615 |doi=10.1002/gps.1343 |pmid=16021665 |s2cid=37993802}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lamunin hypoactive suna da saurin kamuwa da rashin ganowa ko kuskuren ganewar asali a matsayin baƙin ciki. Nazari da yawa sun nuna cewa nau'ikan motsi sun bambanta dangane da cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar, buƙatun magani, hasashen aiki, da haɗarin mace-mace, kodayake ma'anoni marasa daidaituwa da rashin gano ƙananan nau'ikan hypoactive na iya yin tasiri ga fassarar waɗannan binciken. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meagher D |date=February 2009 |title=Motor subtypes of delirium: past, present and future |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=59–73 |doi=10.1080/09540260802675460 |pmid=19219713 |s2cid=11705848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ra'ayin haɗa yanayin hypoactive da hyperactive a ƙarƙashin ginin delirium yawanci ana danganta shi da Lipowski. 
** Alamomin '''da ke nuna yawan aiki''' sun haɗa da yawan sa ido, rashin natsuwa, magana mai sauri ko mai ƙarfi, fushi, faɗa, rashin haƙuri, zagi, waƙa, dariya, rashin haɗin kai, farin ciki, fushi, yawo, sauƙin firgita, amsawar motsin jiki da sauri, shagala, tangarɗa, mafarkai marasa daɗi, da kuma tunani mai ɗorewa (an bayyana ƙaramin rubutu mai yawan aiki da aƙalla uku daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama). &lt;ref name=&quot;Liptzin_1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liptzin B, Levkoff SE |date=December 1992 |title=An empirical study of delirium subtypes |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=161 |issue=6 |pages=843–845 |doi=10.1192/bjp.161.6.843 |pmid=1483173 |s2cid=8754215}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Alamomin '''rashin kuzari''' sun haɗa da raguwar faɗakarwa, ƙarancin magana ko jinkirin magana, kasala, motsi a hankali, kallon ido, da rashin kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Liptzin_1992&quot; /&gt;
** '''Matakan aiki iri-iri''' suna bayyana misalan rashin kuzari inda matakin aiki ko dai al'ada ne ko kuma yana canzawa tsakanin rashin kuzari da rashin kuzari. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt;

== Dalilai ==
Rashin bacci yana tasowa ne ta hanyar hulɗar abubuwa da dama da ke haifar da rashin barci da kuma tayar da hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Magny E, Le Petitcorps H, Pociumban M, Bouksani-Kacher Z, Pautas É, Belmin J, Bastuji-Garin S, Lafuente-Lafuente C |date=2018-02-23 |title=Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in community-dwelling older adults admitted to hospital with this condition: A prospective case series |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=2 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1393034M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0193034 |pmc=5825033 |pmid=29474380 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormseth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC |date=January 2023 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutane masu abubuwa da yawa da/ko masu mahimmanci suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon hauka mai sau ɗaya ko/ko mai sauƙi. Akasin haka, ciwon hauka na iya haifar da ƙarancin haɗari ne kawai idan sun fuskanci abubuwa masu tsanani ko da yawa masu tasowa. Waɗannan abubuwan na iya canzawa akan lokaci, don haka haɗarin ciwon hauka na mutum ana iya gyara shi (duba Delirium § Rigakafi ).

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaddara ===
Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin haihuwa sun haɗa da waɗannan: &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormseth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC |date=January 2023 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOrmsethLaHueOldhamJosephson2023&quot;&gt;Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC (January 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 &quot;Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''JAMA Network Open''. '''6''' (1): e2249950. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950|10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 9856673]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36607634 36607634].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19347026&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fong TG, Tulebaev SR, Inouye SK |date=April 2009 |title=Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment |journal=Nature Reviews. Neurology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=210–220 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2009.24 |pmc=3065676 |pmid=19347026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* shekaru 65 ko fiye
* Rashin fahimtar hankali/ [[Dementia|jinin jini]]
* Rashin lafiyar jiki (misali, [[Gazawar zuciya|gazawar zuciya ta biyu]], [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], cutar cerebrovascular )
* Ciwon tabin hankali (misali, baƙin ciki )
* Matsalar ji (misali, gani da ji)
* Dogaro da aiki (misali, buƙatar taimako don kula da kai ko motsi)
* Rashin ruwa/ [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]]
* Matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, musamman [[Yin amfani da barasa|matsalar shan barasa]] da kuma amfani da magungunan hana ƙwannafi.

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da ruwa ===
Duk wani abu mai tsanani, mai tsanani na halitta wanda ke shafar hanyoyin neurotransmitter, neuroendocrine, ko neuroinflammation na iya haifar da ciwon hauka a cikin kwakwalwa mai rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hughes CG, Patel MB, Pandharipande PP |date=October 2012 |title=Pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction: what's the cause of all this confusion? |journal=Current Opinion in Critical Care |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=518–526 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0b013e328357effa |pmid=22941208 |s2cid=22572990}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu abubuwa na yanayin asibiti suma an danganta su da haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon hauka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Han L, Podoba JE, Ramman-Haddad L |date=October 2001 |title=Environmental risk factors for delirium in hospitalized older people |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1327–1334 |doi=10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49260.x |pmid=11890491 |s2cid=22910426}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi haifar da tashin hankali an jera su a ƙasa: &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormseth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC |date=January 2023 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOrmsethLaHueOldhamJosephson2023&quot;&gt;Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC (January 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 &quot;Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''JAMA Network Open''. '''6''' (1): e2249950. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950|10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 9856673]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36607634 36607634].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Inouye2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK |date=March 2006 |title=Delirium in older persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |url-status=live |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–1165 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Takaita barci ko hana shi na dogon lokaci
* Damuwar muhalli, damuwa ta psychophysiological (kamar yadda ake samu a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani)
** Ciwon da ba a iya sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba
** Rashin motsa jiki, amfani da abubuwan da ke hana motsi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rollo E, Callea A, Brunetti V, Vollono C, Marotta J, Imperatori C, Frisullo G, Broccolini A, Della Marca G |date=May 2021 |title=Delirium in acute stroke: A prospective, cross-sectional, cohort study |journal=European Journal of Neurology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1590–1600 |doi=10.1111/ene.14749 |pmid=33476475 |s2cid=231677499}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Rike fitsari, amfani da catheter na mafitsara
** Damuwa ta motsin rai
** Maƙarƙashiya mai tsanani/tashin bayan gida
* Magunguna &lt;ref name=&quot;CleggYoung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Clegg A, Young JB |date=January 2011 |title=Which medications to avoid in people at risk of delirium: a systematic review |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afq140 |pmid=21068014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy TH, Castro VM, Hart KL, Perlis RH |date=July 2021 |title=Stratified delirium risk using prescription medication data in a state-wide cohort |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=71 |pages=114–120 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.05.001 |pmc=8249339 |pmid=34091195}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran magunguna, suna haifar da '''ciwon hauka da ke haifar da sinadarai''' . Wannan nau'in ciwon hauka ya bambanta da ciwon hauka a cikin tsofaffi da tsofaffi sama da shekaru 65, kuma ana siffanta shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci (yawanci awanni da yawa), kuma alamun suna da tasiri sosai ga nau'in maganin da adadin da aka sha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=G. L. |last2=Dawson |first2=A. H. |last3=Lopert |first3=R. |date=October 7, 1996 |title=Drug-induced delirium. Incidence, management and prevention |journal=Drug Safety |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=291–301 |doi=10.2165/00002018-199615040-00007 |pmid=8905254}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Substance-Induced Delirium |url=https://blackbearrehab.com/mental-health/substance-induced-disorders/delirium/#:~:text=Substance-induced%20delirium%20occurs%20when,prescription%20medications%20do%20the%20same |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Black Bear Lodge |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Magungunan kwantar da hankali ( benzodiazepines, opioids ), magungunan hana kumburi, dopaminergics, corticosteroids, polypharmacy
** Maganin sa barci na yau da kullun
** Maye gurɓata ko janyewa daga shan ƙwayoyi
* Babban yanayin jijiyoyi
** Matsanancin raguwar hawan jini, idan aka kwatanta da yadda jinin mutum yake a al'ada ( orthostatic hypotension ) wanda ke haifar da rashin isasshen kwararar jini zuwa kwakwalwa ( cerebral hypoperfusion )
** [[Bugun jini|Shanyewar jiki]] / harin ischemic na ɗan lokaci (TIA)
** Zubar da jini a cikin kwakwalwa
** [[Sanƙarau|Ciwon kwakwalwa (encephalitis)]], [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|ciwon kwakwalwa (meningitis)]]
* Rashin lafiya a lokaci guda
** Cututtuka - musamman na numfashi (misali [[ciwon huhu]], [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Saini A, Oh TH, Ghanem DA, Castro M, Butler M, Sin Fai Lam CC, Posporelis S, Lewis G, David AS, Rogers JP |date=October 2022 |title=Inflammatory and blood gas markers of COVID-19 delirium compared to non-COVID-19 delirium: a cross-sectional study |journal=Aging &amp; Mental Health |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2054–2061 |doi=10.1080/13607863.2021.1989375 |pmid=34651536 |s2cid=238990849 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) da [[Ciwon filin fitsari|cututtukan mafitsara]]
** Matsalolin Iatrogenic
** Hypoxia, anemia, [[Rashin jini|ciwon suga]]
** Rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, rashin ruwa a jiki, rashin daidaiton electrolyte, hypoglycemia
** [[Girgiza (hanzari)|Girgiza]], [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]], [[gazawar zuciya]]
** Matsalolin metabolism (misali SIADH, cutar Addison, hyperthyroidism )
** Ciwon da ke da tsanani/marasa tsanani (misali ciwon daji)
** Abin da ya faru bayan rauni (misali faɗuwa, karyewa)
** [[Guba na zaiba|Gubar Mercury]] (misali, rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa )
* Babban tiyata (misali tiyatar zuciya, ƙashi, da jijiyoyin jini)

== Ilimin Halittar Jiki ==
Har yanzu ba a fahimci yanayin cutar delirium sosai ba, duk da bincike mai zurfi.

=== Samfuran dabbobi ===
Rashin samfuran dabbobi da suka dace da delirium ya bar tambayoyi da yawa masu mahimmanci a cikin ilimin cututtukan delirium. Tsarin farko na berayen delirium sun yi amfani da atropine (mai toshe acetylcholine mai karɓar muscarinic ) don haifar da canje-canje na fahimta da electroencephalography (EEG) kama da delirium, da sauran magungunan anticholinergic, kamar biperiden da hyoscine, sun haifar da irin wannan tasirin. Tare da nazarin asibiti ta amfani da magunguna daban-daban tare da aikin anticholinergic, waɗannan samfuran sun ba da gudummawa ga &quot;hasashe na ƙarancin cholinergic&quot; na delirium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hshieh TT, Fong TG, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK |date=July 2008 |title=Cholinergic deficiency hypothesis in delirium: a synthesis of current evidence |journal=The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=764–772 |doi=10.1093/gerona/63.7.764 |pmc=2917793 |pmid=18693233}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An san cewa kumburin tsarin da ke faruwa yayin [[sepsis]] yana haifar da delirium (wanda galibi ake kira sepsis-associated encephalopathy). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zampieri FG, Park M, Machado FS, Azevedo LC |date=2011 |title=Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: not just delirium |journal=Clinics |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=1825–1831 |doi=10.1590/S1807-59322011001000024 |pmc=3180153 |pmid=22012058}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samfuran dabbobi da ake amfani da su don nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin cututtukan da suka gabata da kumburin tsarin da ya wuce gona da iri sun nuna cewa ko da ƙaramin kumburin tsarin yana haifar da ƙarancin aiki mai tsanani da na ɗan lokaci a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tsakanin dabbobi masu rashin lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cunningham 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cunningham C, Maclullich AM |date=February 2013 |title=At the extreme end of the psychoneuroimmunological spectrum: delirium as a maladaptive sickness behaviour response |journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity |volume=28 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.012 |pmc=4157329 |pmid=22884900}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dementia|Hauka]] ko raunin fahimta da ke da alaƙa da shekaru shine babban abin da ke haifar da delirium na asibiti da &quot;cututtukan da suka gabata&quot; kamar yadda waɗannan sabbin samfuran dabbobi suka bayyana na iya haɗawa da asarar synaptic, haɗin hanyar sadarwa mara kyau, da macrophages na kwakwalwa &quot;masu tushe&quot; waɗanda cututtukan neurodegenerative da tsufa suka haifar don haɓaka martanin kumburi na gaba a cikin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya (CNS). &lt;ref name=&quot;Cunningham 2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Ruwan Cerebrospinal ===
Nazarin ruwan cerebrospinal (CSF) a cikin majiyyaci yana da wahalar aiwatarwa. Baya ga wahalar ɗaukar mahalarta waɗanda galibi ba sa iya ba da izini, yanayin mamayewar samfurin CSF yana sa irin wannan binciken ya zama ƙalubale. Duk da haka, wasu bincike kaɗan sun sami nasarar ɗaukar CSF daga mutanen da aka yi musu maganin sa barci na kashin baya don tiyatar zaɓi ko ta gaggawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormseth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC |date=January 2023 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOrmsethLaHueOldhamJosephson2023&quot;&gt;Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC (January 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 &quot;Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''JAMA Network Open''. '''6''' (1): e2249950. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950|10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 9856673]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36607634 36607634].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Derakhshan P, Imani F, Seyed-Siamdoust SA, Garousi S, Nouri N |date=January 2020 |title=Cerebrospinal Fluid and Spinal Anesthesia Parameters in Healthy Individuals versus Opium-addict Patients during Lower Limb Surgery |journal=Addiction &amp; Health |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=11–17 |doi=10.22122/ahj.v12i1.257 |pmc=7291896 |pmid=32582410}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tigchelaar C, Atmosoerodjo SD, van Faassen M, Wardenaar KJ, De Deyn PP, Schoevers RA, Kema IP, Absalom AR |date=March 2021 |title=The Anaesthetic Biobank of Cerebrospinal fluid: a unique repository for neuroscientific biomarker research |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |volume=9 |issue=6 |page=455 |doi=10.21037/atm-20-4498 |pmc=8039635 |pmid=33850852 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bita na tsari na 2018 ya nuna cewa, gabaɗaya, rashin hankali na iya alaƙa da rashin daidaituwar neurotransmitter (wato serotonin da siginar dopamine), faɗuwar somatostatin mai canzawa, da ƙaruwar cortisol. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hall_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall RJ, Watne LO, Cunningham E, Zetterberg H, Shenkin SD, Wyller TB, MacLullich AM |date=November 2018 |title=CSF biomarkers in delirium: a systematic review |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10060989/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1479–1500 |doi=10.1002/gps.4720 |pmid=28585290 |s2cid=205842730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054455/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10060989/ |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-07-01 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana babban &quot;ma'anar neuroinflammatory&quot; (inda cututtukan neurodegenerative da tsufa ke haifar da kwakwalwa ta mayar da martani ga kumburin gefe tare da ƙarin martanin kumburi na CNS), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cerejeira J, Firmino H, Vaz-Serra A, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB |date=June 2010 |title=The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium |journal=Acta Neuropathologica |volume=119 |issue=6 |pages=737–754 |doi=10.1007/s00401-010-0674-1 |pmid=20309566 |s2cid=206972133 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma shaidar da ake da ita a yanzu har yanzu tana da karo da juna kuma ta kasa tallafawa wannan hasashe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hall_2018&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsarin Jijiyoyin Jiki ===
Jijiyoyin kwakwalwa suna ba da muhimmiyar hanya don bincika hanyoyin da ke haifar da rashin hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nitchingham_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nitchingham A, Kumar V, Shenkin S, Ferguson KJ, Caplan GA |date=November 2018 |title=A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1458–1478 |doi=10.1002/gps.4724 |pmid=28574155 |s2cid=20723293 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Soiza_2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soiza RL, Sharma V, Ferguson K, Shenkin SD, Seymour DG, Maclullich AM |date=September 2008 |title=Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021 |pmid=18707946}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da ci gaba a cikin ci gaban hoton maganadisu (MRI), bambancin da aka samu a cikin binciken da aka yi bisa ga hoto ya iyakance fahimtarmu game da canje-canje a cikin kwakwalwa wanda ƙila za a iya dangantawa da rashin hankali. Wasu ƙalubalen da ke da alaƙa da hoton mutanen da aka gano suna da rashin hankali sun haɗa da ɗaukar mahalarta aiki da rashin yin la'akari da muhimman abubuwan da ke rikitar da su kamar tarihin [[Dementia|rashin hankali]] da/ko baƙin ciki, waɗanda aka san suna da alaƙa da canje-canje masu haɗuwa a cikin kwakwalwa waɗanda aka lura akan MRI. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nitchingham_2018&quot; /&gt;

Shaida kan canje-canje a cikin alamun tsari da aiki sun haɗa da: canje-canje a cikin daidaiton fararen abu (raunukan fararen abu), raguwar girman kwakwalwa (mai yiwuwa sakamakon lalacewar nama), rashin daidaituwar haɗin aiki na sassan kwakwalwa wanda ke da alhakin sarrafa aikin zartarwa na yau da kullun, sarrafa ji, hankali, daidaita motsin rai, ƙwaƙwalwa, da yanayin aiki, bambance-bambance a cikin daidaita jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jini a cikin kwakwalwa, raguwar kwararar jini a kwakwalwa da yiwuwar canje-canje a cikin metabolism na kwakwalwa (gami da iskar oxygen na kyallen kwakwalwa da hypometabolism na glucose). &lt;ref name=&quot;Nitchingham_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nitchingham A, Kumar V, Shenkin S, Ferguson KJ, Caplan GA |date=November 2018 |title=A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1458–1478 |doi=10.1002/gps.4724 |pmid=28574155 |s2cid=20723293 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNitchinghamKumarShenkinFerguson2018&quot;&gt;Nitchingham A, Kumar V, Shenkin S, Ferguson KJ, Caplan GA (November 2018). &quot;A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences&quot;. ''International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry''. '''33''' (11): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1458–&lt;/span&gt;1478. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/gps.4724|10.1002/gps.4724]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:20.500.11820/7a4af237-0b71-4ba4-a930-ede25c172a1b|20.500.11820/7a4af237-0b71-4ba4-a930-ede25c172a1b]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28574155 28574155]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20723293 20723293].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Soiza_2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soiza RL, Sharma V, Ferguson K, Shenkin SD, Seymour DG, Maclullich AM |date=September 2008 |title=Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021 |pmid=18707946}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSoizaSharmaFergusonShenkin2008&quot;&gt;Soiza RL, Sharma V, Ferguson K, Shenkin SD, Seymour DG, Maclullich AM (September 2008). &quot;Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review&quot;. ''Journal of Psychosomatic Research''. '''65''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;239–&lt;/span&gt;248. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021|10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18707946 18707946].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, waɗannan canje-canje a cikin ma'aunin MRI suna gayyatar ƙarin bincike game da hanyoyin da za su iya haifar da delirium, a matsayin wata hanya mai yuwuwa don inganta kula da lafiya na mutanen da ke da wannan yanayin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nitchingham_2018&quot; /&gt;

=== Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jiki ===
Electroencephalography (EEG) yana ba da damar ci gaba da kama ayyukan cortical a cikin kwakwalwa, kuma yana da amfani wajen fahimtar canje-canje a cikin yanayin jiki a lokacin delirium. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shafi MM, Santarnecchi E, Fong TG, Jones RN, Marcantonio ER, Pascual-Leone A, Inouye SK |date=June 2017 |title=Advancing the Neurophysiological Understanding of Delirium |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1114–1118 |doi=10.1111/jgs.14748 |pmc=5576199 |pmid=28165616}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarun 1950, an san delirium yana da alaƙa da raguwar yanayin hutawa na EEG, tare da raguwar ƙarfin alpha na baya da ƙaruwar ayyukan theta da delta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi_2017&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Engel GL, Romano J |date=Fall 2004 |title=Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency. 1959 |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=526–538 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.4.526 |pmid=15616182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga irin waɗannan shaidu, wani bita na tsari na 2018 ya gabatar da wani tsari na tunani wanda ke haifar da rashin hankali lokacin da zagi/damuwa ke haifar da rushewar yanayin hanyar sadarwa ta kwakwalwa a cikin mutanen da ke da ƙarancin juriyar kwakwalwa (watau mutanen da suka riga suna da matsalolin ƙarancin haɗin jijiyoyi da/ko ƙarancin jijiyoyi kamar waɗanda ke da cutar Alzheimer). &lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shafi MM, Santarnecchi E, Fong TG, Jones RN, Marcantonio ER, Pascual-Leone A, Inouye SK |date=June 2017 |title=Advancing the Neurophysiological Understanding of Delirium |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1114–1118 |doi=10.1111/jgs.14748 |pmc=5576199 |pmid=28165616}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShafiSantarnecchiFongJones2017&quot;&gt;Shafi MM, Santarnecchi E, Fong TG, Jones RN, Marcantonio ER, Pascual-Leone A, et&amp;nbsp;al. (June 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576199 &quot;Advancing the Neurophysiological Understanding of Delirium&quot;]. ''Journal of the American Geriatrics Society''. '''65''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1114–&lt;/span&gt;1118. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jgs.14748|10.1111/jgs.14748]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576199 5576199]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165616 28165616].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin Jijiyoyi ===
Kaɗan daga cikin nazarce-nazarce ne kawai aka yi inda aka yi ƙoƙarin danganta ciwon hauka da binciken cututtuka a lokacin gwajin gawa. An bayar da rahoton wani bincike kan mutane 7 da suka mutu a lokacin da aka kwantar da marasa lafiya a asibiti (ICU). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Janz DR, Abel TW, Jackson JC, Gunther ML, Heckers S, Ely EW |date=September 2010 |title=Brain autopsy findings in intensive care unit patients previously suffering from delirium: a pilot study |journal=Journal of Critical Care |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=538.e7–538.12 |doi=10.1016/j.jcrc.2010.05.004 |pmc=3755870 |pmid=20580199}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shigar da kowace shari'a da nau'ikan cututtukan farko, amma duk suna da ciwon matsananciyar numfashi da/ko [[Tsoro na Septic|girgizar septic]] da ke taimakawa wajen haifar da ciwon hauka, 6 sun nuna shaidar ƙarancin kumburi a kwakwalwa da raunin jijiyoyin jini, kuma 5 sun nuna hannu a hippocampal . Wani bincike na kula da shari'a ya nuna cewa shari'o'in ciwon hauka 9 sun nuna mafi girman bayyanar HLA-DR da CD68 (alamomin kunna microglial), IL-6 (cytokines pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities) da GFAP (alamar aikin astrocyte ) fiye da kula da shekaru; wannan yana goyan bayan dalilin kumburi a cikin jijiyoyi, amma ƙarshen ya iyakance ta hanyar matsalolin hanyoyin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Munster BC, Aronica E, Zwinderman AH, Eikelenboom P, Cunningham C, Rooij SE |date=December 2011 |title=Neuroinflammation in delirium: a postmortem case-control study |journal=Rejuvenation Research |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=615–622 |doi=10.1089/rej.2011.1185 |pmc=4309948 |pmid=21978081}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2017 wanda ya yi daidai da bayanan gwajin gawawwaki da ƙananan gwaje-gwajen yanayin kwakwalwa (MMSE) daga masu ba da gudummawa ga kwakwalwa 987 ya gano cewa rashin hankali tare da tsarin cututtukan dementia ya hanzarta raguwar maki MMSE fiye da kowane tsari na mutum ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davis DH, Muniz-Terrera G, Keage HA, Stephan BC, Fleming J, Ince PG, Matthews FE, Cunningham C, Ely EW, MacLullich AM, Brayne C |date=March 2017 |title=Association of Delirium With Cognitive Decline in Late Life: A Neuropathologic Study of 3 Population-Based Cohort Studies |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=244–251 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3423 |pmc=6037291 |pmid=28114436}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganewar Ganewa ==
Sharuɗɗan DSM-5-TR galibi su ne mizani don gano cutar delirium a asibiti. Duk da haka, gano siffofin delirium da wuri ta amfani da kayan aikin tantancewa, tare da ɗaukar tarihin da ya dace, na iya taimakawa wajen gano cutar delirium. Gane cutar delirium gabaɗaya yana buƙatar sanin matakin ''farko'' na aikin fahimi na mutum. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman don magance mutanen da ke da cututtukan neurocognitive ko neurodevelopment, waɗanda yanayin tunaninsu na asali zai iya zama delirium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morandi A, Grossi E, Lucchi E, Zambon A, Faraci B, Severgnini J, MacLullich A, Smith H, Pandharipande P, Rizzini A, Galeazzi M, Massariello F, Corradi S, Raccichini A, Scrimieri A, Morichi V, Gentile S, Lucchini F, Pecorella L, Mossello E, Cherubini A, Bellelli G |date=July 2021 |title=The 4-DSD: A New Tool to Assess Delirium Superimposed on Moderate to Severe Dementia |journal=Journal of the American Medical Directors Association |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1535–1542.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.jamda.2021.02.029 |pmid=33823162 |s2cid=233173770}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saitunan gabaɗaya ===
Jagorori sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a riƙa gano cutar delirium akai-akai idan akwai ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;SIGN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SIGN 157 Delirium |url=https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206065513/https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Sign.ac.uk}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium &quot;SIGN 157 Delirium&quot;]. ''Sign.ac.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221206065513/https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium Archived] from the original on 2022-12-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-05-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2010 |title=Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaida da yawa ta nuna cewa a yawancin cibiyoyin ba a gano cutar delirium sosai ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ibitoye T, So S, Shenkin SD, Anand A, Reed MJ, Vardy ER, Pendlebury ST, MacLullich AM |date=2023-05-15 |title=Delirium is under-reported in discharge summaries and in hospital administrative systems: a systematic review |url=https://deliriumjournal.com/article/74541-delirium-is-under-reported-in-discharge-summaries-and-in-hospital-administrative-systems-a-systematic-review |journal=Delirium |language=en |doi=10.56392/001c.74541 |pmc=7617113 |pmid=39654697}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bellelli G, Nobili A, Annoni G, Morandi A, Djade CD, Meagher DJ, Maclullich AM, Davis D, Mazzone A, Tettamanti M, Mannucci PM |date=November 2015 |title=Under-detection of delirium and impact of neurocognitive deficits on in-hospital mortality among acute geriatric and medical wards |journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=696–704 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2015.08.006 |pmid=26333532}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sepulveda_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sepulveda E, Franco JG, Trzepacz PT, Gaviria AM, Meagher DJ, Palma J, Viñuelas E, Grau I, Vilella E, de Pablo J |date=May 2016 |title=Delirium diagnosis defined by cluster analysis of symptoms versus diagnosis by DSM and ICD criteria: diagnostic accuracy study |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue= |doi=10.1186/s12888-016-0878-6 |pmc=4882791 |pmid=27229307 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy TH, Snapper L, Stern TA, Perlis RH |year=2016 |title=Underreporting of Delirium in Statewide Claims Data: Implications for Clinical Care and Predictive Modeling |journal=Psychosomatics |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=480–488 |doi=10.1016/j.psym.2016.06.001 |pmid=27480944 |s2cid=3300073}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bita mai tsari na manyan nazarin bayanai na yau da kullun da ke ba da rahoton bayanai kan kayan aikin gano delirium ya nuna muhimman bambance-bambance a cikin ƙimar kammala kayan aiki da ƙimar maki mai kyau na kayan aiki. Wasu kayan aiki, ko da an kammala su da babban ƙima, sun nuna ƙimar maki mai kyau na delirium wanda ya yi ƙasa da matakin da ake tsammani na faruwar delirium, wanda ke nuna ƙarancin jin daɗi a aikace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Penfold RS, Squires C, Angus A, Shenkin SD, Ibitoye T, Tieges Z, Neufeld KJ, Avelino-Silva TJ, Davis D, Anand A, Duckworth AD, Guthrie B, MacLullich AM |date=May 2024 |title=Delirium detection tools show varying completion rates and positive score rates when used at scale in routine practice in general hospital settings: A systematic review |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1508–1524 |doi=10.1111/jgs.18751 |pmid=38241503 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai shaida cewa gano delirium da ƙimar lambar na iya nuna ci gaba a martanin jagora da ilimi; misali, bayanan ƙasa baki ɗaya a Ingila da Scotland (girman samfurin mutane miliyan 7.7 a kowace shekara) sun nuna cewa an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa (ninki 3-4) a cikin lambar delirium tsakanin 2012 da 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ibitoye T, Jackson TA, Davis D, MacLullich AM |date=July 2023 |title=Trends in delirium coding rates in older hospital inpatients in England and Scotland: full population data comprising 7.7M patients per year show substantial increases between 2012 and 2020 |journal=Delirium Communications |volume=2023 |doi=10.56392/001c.84051 |pmc=7614999 |pmid=37654785}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gano delirium a cikin saitunan kulawa na gaggawa gabaɗaya ana iya taimakawa ta amfani da kayan aikin tantance delirium da aka tabbatar. An buga irin waɗannan kayan aikin da yawa, kuma sun bambanta a cikin halaye daban-daban (misali, tsawon lokaci, rikitarwa, da buƙatar horo). Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da cewa an tabbatar da cewa an tabbatar da kayan aikin da aka bayar don yanayin da ake amfani da shi.

Misalan kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a aikin likitanci sun haɗa da:

* Hanyar Kimanta Rikici (CAM), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI |date=December 1990 |title=Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=113 |issue=12 |pages=941–948 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941 |pmid=2240918 |s2cid=7740657}}&lt;/ref&gt; gami da bambance-bambancen kamar Hira ta Ganewar Jiki na Minti 3 don CAM (3D-CAM) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marcantonio ER, Ngo LH, O'Connor M, Jones RN, Crane PK, Metzger ED, Inouye SK |date=October 2014 |title=3D-CAM: derivation and validation of a 3-minute diagnostic interview for CAM-defined delirium: a cross-sectional diagnostic test study |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=161 |issue=8 |pages=554–561 |doi=10.7326/M14-0865 |pmc=4319978 |pmid=25329203}}&lt;/ref&gt; da taƙaitaccen CAM (bCAM) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Han JH, Wilson A, Vasilevskis EE, Shintani A, Schnelle JF, Dittus RS, Graves AJ, Storrow AB, Shuster J, Ely EW |date=November 2013 |title=Diagnosing delirium in older emergency department patients: validity and reliability of the delirium triage screen and the brief confusion assessment method |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=457–465 |doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.05.003 |pmc=3936572 |pmid=23916018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sikelin Dubawa na Delirium (DOS) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Duursma SA |date=2003-01-01 |title=The Delirium Observation Screening Scale: a screening instrument for delirium |journal=Research and Theory for Nursing Practice |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=31–50 |doi=10.1891/rtnp.17.1.31.53169 |pmid=12751884 |s2cid=219203272}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ma'aunin tantancewar rashin lafiyar ma'aikatan jinya (Nu-DESC) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gaudreau JD, Gagnon P, Harel F, Tremblay A, Roy MA |date=April 2005 |title=Fast, systematic, and continuous delirium assessment in hospitalized patients: the nursing delirium screening scale |journal=Journal of Pain and Symptom Management |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=368–375 |doi=10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.009 |pmid=15857740 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gane Ciwon Mara Mai Tsanani A Matsayin Wani ɓangare na Tsarin Rayuwarku (RADAR) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Voyer P, Champoux N, Desrosiers J, Landreville P, McCusker J, Monette J, Savoie M, Richard S, Carmichael PH |date=2015-01-01 |title=Recognizing acute delirium as part of your routine [RADAR]: a validation study |journal=BMC Nursing |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12912-015-0070-1 |pmc=4384313 |pmid=25844067 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwajin 4AT (Gwajin 4A) &lt;ref name=&quot;Tieges_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tieges Z, Maclullich AM, Anand A, Brookes C, Cassarino M, O'connor M, Ryan D, Saller T, Arora RC, Chang Y, Agarwal K, Taffet G, Quinn T, Shenkin SD, Galvin R |date=May 2021 |title=Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=733–743 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afaa224 |pmc=8099016 |pmid=33951145}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kayan Aikin Bincike na Delirium-Provisional (DDT-Pro), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kean J, Trzepacz PT, Murray LL, Abell M, Trexler L |date=2010 |title=Initial validation of a brief provisional diagnostic scale for delirium |journal=Brain Injury |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1222–1230 |doi=10.3109/02699052.2010.498008 |pmid=20645705 |s2cid=27856235}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Franco JG, Ocampo MV, Velásquez-Tirado JD, Zaraza DR, Giraldo AM, Serna PA, López C, Zuluaga A, Sepúlveda E, Kean J, Trzepacz PT |date=2020 |title=Validation of the Delirium Diagnostic Tool-Provisional (DDT-Pro) With Medical Inpatients and Comparison With the Confusion Assessment Method Algorithm |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=213–226 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18110255 |pmid=31662094 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ga ciwon zuciya na subsyndromal &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Franco JG, Trzepacz PT, Sepúlveda E, Ocampo MV, Velásquez-Tirado JD, Zaraza DR, Restrepo C, Giraldo AM, Serna PA, Zuluaga A, López C |date=2020 |title=Delirium diagnostic tool-provisional (DDT-Pro) scores in delirium, subsyndromal delirium and no delirium |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=67 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.10.003 |pmid=33091783 |s2cid=225053525}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sashen kulawa mai tsanani ===
Mutanen da ke cikin ICU suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon hauka, kuma ciwon hauka na ICU na iya haifar da tsawaita iska, tsawaita zama a asibiti, ƙara damuwa ga iyali da masu kula da su, da kuma ƙaruwar damar mutuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burry_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burry L, Hutton B, Williamson DR, Mehta S, Adhikari NK, Cheng W, Ely EW, Egerod I, Fergusson DA, Rose L |date=September 2019 |title=Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011749.pub2 |pmc=6719921 |pmid=31479532}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin ICU, jagororin ƙasa da ƙasa sun ba da shawarar cewa duk wanda aka kwantar da shi a asibiti a duba shi don ciwon hauka kowace rana (yawanci sau biyu ko fiye a rana) ta amfani da kayan aikin asibiti da aka tabbatar. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11902253&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, Chalfin DB, Masica MF, Bjerke HS, Coplin WM, Crippen DW, Fuchs BD, Kelleher RM, Marik PE, Nasraway SA, Murray MJ, Peruzzi WT, Lumb PD |date=January 2002 |title=Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=119–141 |doi=10.1097/00003246-200201000-00020 |pmid=11902253 |s2cid=16654002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muhimman abubuwan gano ciwon hauka a cikin ICU sune ko mutum zai iya mai da hankali yayin aikin sauraro kuma ya bi umarni masu sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.icudelirium.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorshpi (CIBS) Center |url=https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044929/https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu |archive-date=2019-03-22 |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=Icudelirium.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune Hanyar Kimanta Rikici don ICU (CAM-ICU) &lt;ref name=&quot;Ely2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, Truman B, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Hart RP, Dittus R |date=December 2001 |title=Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) |journal=JAMA |volume=286 |issue=21 |pages=2703–2710 |doi=10.1001/jama.286.21.2703 |pmid=11730446 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Jerin Binciken Kulawa Mai Tsanani (ICDSC). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bergeron2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y |date=May 2001 |title=Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool |journal=Intensive Care Medicine |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=859–864 |doi=10.1007/s001340100909 |pmid=11430542 |s2cid=24997942}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassarar waɗannan kayan aikin suna cikin harsuna sama da 20 kuma ana amfani da ICUs a duk duniya tare da bidiyon koyarwa da shawarwari kan aiwatarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.icudelirium.org&quot; /&gt; Ga yara da ke buƙatar kulawa mai zurfi akwai ingantattun kayan aikin asibiti da aka daidaita bisa ga shekaru. Kayan aikin da aka ba da shawarar su ne hanyoyin tantance rikice-rikice na yara da na makarantan yara don ICU (ps/pCAM-ICU) ko kuma Cornell Assessment for Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) a matsayin kayan aikin sa ido mafi inganci kuma abin dogaro ga yara ko matasa masu fama da rashin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith HA, Besunder JB, Betters KA, Johnson PN, Srinivasan V, Stormorken A, Farrington E, Golianu B, Godshall AJ, Acinelli L, Almgren C, Bailey CH, Boyd JM, Cisco MJ, Damian M, deAlmeida ML, Fehr J, Fenton KE, Gilliland F, Grant MJ, Howell J, Ruggles CA, Simone S, Su F, Sullivan JE, Tegtmeyer K, Traube C, Williams S, Berkenbosch JW |date=February 2022 |title=2022 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation, Neuromuscular Blockade, and Delirium in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Consideration of the ICU Environment and Early Mobility |journal=Pediatric Critical Care Medicine |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=e74–e110 |doi=10.1097/PCC.0000000000002873 |pmid=35119438 |s2cid=246530757 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ƙara mai da hankali kan tantancewa akai-akai kan zaɓin kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su. Wannan, tare da takaddun shaida masu dacewa da kuma wayar da kan jama'a daga ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya, na iya shafar sakamakon asibiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.icudelirium.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorshpi (CIBS) Center |url=https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044929/https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu |archive-date=2019-03-22 |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=Icudelirium.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu &quot;Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorshpi (CIBS) Center&quot;]. ''Icudelirium.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044929/https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu Archived] from the original on 2019-03-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-03-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba tare da amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan kayan aikin ba, ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya za ta iya rasa kashi 75% na delirium na ICU, wanda zai bar mutumin ba tare da wani taimako da zai taimaka wajen rage tsawon lokacin delirium ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.icudelirium.org&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones SF, Pisani MA |date=April 2012 |title=ICU delirium: an update |journal=Current Opinion in Critical Care |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=146–151 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0b013e32835132b9 |pmid=22322260 |s2cid=404583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shaida daga bita na tsari da kuma nazarin meta-nazari sun nuna cewa tarin kulawa da ba na magunguna ba suna da tasiri wajen rage faruwar cutar hauka da tsawon lokacin da marasa lafiya ke sha. Waɗannan hanyoyin kuma suna da alaƙa da raguwar tsawon lokacin da ake amfani da iska a cikin marasa lafiya da ke shakar iska, rage tsawon lokacin zama a asibiti, ƙarancin yawan rikitarwa, da kuma ƙara gamsuwa da marasa lafiya da kulawa. Kunshin kulawa da yawa suna wakiltar wata dabara mai kyau ta hanyar shaida don rigakafin cutar hauka da kuma kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya. A cikin aikin asibiti, aiwatarwa mai nasara yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa mai yawa wanda ya haɗa da ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci, da 'yan uwa don samar da gajerun hanyoyin shiga tsakani waɗanda aka tsara don takamaiman abubuwan haɗari ga marasa lafiya. 

'''Kunshin ABCDEF''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''kunshin A2F''' ) yana wakiltar wani shiri mai tushen shaida, wanda aka tsara don daidaitawa da daidaita kulawa mai fannoni daban-daban a cikin sashin kulawa mai zurfi (ICU). Yana mai da hankali musamman kan kimantawa, rigakafi, da gudanarwa a matsayin muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin kula da marasa lafiya, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi kyawun kula da ciwo da kwantar da hankali, dabarun iska ta injina, da kuma ka'idojin motsa jiki da wuri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical Professionals Overview |url=https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/overview#:~:text=The+ABCDEF+(A2F)+bundle+is,,+breathing+machines,+and+mobilization |access-date=June 9, 2026 |website=Icudelirium.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menene abubuwan da ke cikin kunshin A2F?

* '''A'''

Kimantawa, Hana, da Sarrafa Ciwo

* '''B'''

Gwaje-gwajen Farkawa Ba Tare Da Kai Ba &amp; Gwaje-gwajen Numfashi Ba Tare Da Kai Ba

* '''C'''

Zaɓin Maganin Rage Jijiyoyi da Kwantar da Hankali

* '''D'''

Delirium: Kimantawa, Hanawa da Sarrafawa

* '''E'''

Motsi da Motsa Jiki da wuri

* '''F'''

Hulɗar Iyali da Ƙarfafawa

=== Ganewar bambance-bambance ===
Akwai yanayi da ka iya samun irin waɗannan yanayin asibiti kamar waɗanda aka gani a cikin hayyacin mutum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haukan saniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treating Delirium &amp; Agitation in the Emergency Room, 2015 |url=https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/psychiatric-behavioral/delirium-agitation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223105314/https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/psychiatric-behavioral/delirium-agitation |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=EB Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Soiza_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soiza RL, Myint PK |date=August 2019 |title=The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) 157: Guidelines on Risk Reduction and Management of Delirium |journal=Medicina |volume=55 |issue=8 |page=491 |doi=10.3390/medicina55080491 |pmc=6722546 |pmid=31443314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oh ES, Fong TG, Hshieh TT, Inouye SK |date=September 2017 |title=Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=JAMA |volume=318 |issue=12 |pages=1161–1174 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.12067 |pmc=5717753 |pmid=28973626}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sugalski_2019&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Grover_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grover S, Avasthi A |date=February 2018 |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Delirium in Elderly |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S329–S340 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.224473 |pmc=5840908 |pmid=29535468 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; baƙin ciki, &lt;ref name=&quot;Grover_2018&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot; /&gt; psychosis, &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA |date=Fall 2021 |title=Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=356–364 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316 |pmc=8929410 |pmid=34392693}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilsonAndrewsAinsworthRoy2021&quot;&gt;Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA (Fall 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929410 &quot;Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium&quot;]. ''The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences''. '''33''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;356–&lt;/span&gt;364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316|10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929410 8929410]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34392693 34392693].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Grover_2018&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot; /&gt; catatonia, &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot; /&gt; da sauran yanayi waɗanda ke shafar aikin fahimta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sugalski_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sugalski G, Ullo M, Winograd SM |date=February 2019 |title=Making Sense of Delirium in the Emergency Department. |journal=Emergency Medicine Reports |volume=40 |issue=3 |id={{ProQuest|2175238208}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Ciwon Hauka''' : Wannan rukunin cututtuka ana kamuwa da su (ba a haifa ba) tare da raguwar aiki da fahimta da kuma yanayin tunanin ɗan adam. [[Dementia|Ciwon Hauka]] yawanci yana faruwa ne sakamakon wata cuta mai saurin lalacewa (misali, [[cutar Alzheimer]] ko cutar Huntington ), yana buƙatar nakasa ta yau da kullun (idan aka kwatanta da farkon ciwon Hauka), kuma yawanci ba a danganta shi da canje-canje a matakin sani ba.  Ciwon Hauka ya bambanta da ciwon Hauka domin ciwon Hauka yana daɗewa yayin da ciwon Hauka yana ɗaukar ɗan gajeren lokaci.
* '''Baƙin Ciki''' : Akwai irin waɗannan alamu tsakanin [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] da rashin bege (musamman ma ƙaramin nau'in hypoactive). Tattara tarihi daga wasu masu kula da marasa lafiya na iya fayyace ambaton farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Sullivan R, Inouye SK, Meagher D |date=September 2014 |title=Delirium and depression: inter-relationship and clinical overlap in elderly people |journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=303–311 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70281-0 |pmc=5338740 |pmid=26360863}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Ciwon Hauka''' : Gabaɗaya, mutanen da ke fama da ciwon hauka ''na farko'' suna da cikakken aikin fahimta; duk da haka, ciwon hauka na farko na iya kwaikwayon ciwon hauka idan ya zo da tunani mara tsari da rashin daidaituwar yanayi. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a yanayin da aka sani da ciwon hauka na hauka. &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA |date=Fall 2021 |title=Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=356–364 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316 |pmc=8929410 |pmid=34392693}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilsonAndrewsAinsworthRoy2021&quot;&gt;Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA (Fall 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929410 &quot;Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium&quot;]. ''The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences''. '''33''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;356–&lt;/span&gt;364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316|10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929410 8929410]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34392693 34392693].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Sauran cututtukan kwakwalwa''' : Wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa, kamar su ciwon zuciya na bipolar disorder, disorder depersonalization, ko wasu yanayi na rabuwar kai, na iya kasancewa da siffofi makamancin na delirium. &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, irin wannan yanayin ba zai cancanci a gano delirium bisa ga ka'idar DSM-5-TR D ba (watau, alamun fahimta masu canzawa waɗanda ke faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''babban'' matsalar ''kwakwalwa'' sakamakon wannan matsalar kwakwalwa ce), yayin da cututtukan ''jiki'' (misali, cututtuka, hypoxia, da sauransu) na iya haifar da delirium a matsayin sakamako/alama ta tunani. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™) |url=https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.appi.org/products/dsm &quot;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™)&quot;]. ''American Psychiatric Association''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm Archived] from the original on April 22, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 18,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rigakafi ==
Maganin ciwon hauka wanda aka riga aka kafa yana da ƙalubale kuma saboda wannan dalili, hana ciwon hauka kafin ya fara abu ne mai kyau. Hanyoyin rigakafi sun haɗa da tantancewa don gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma maganin da aka yi bisa ga magani da wanda ba magani ba (wanda ba magani ba). &lt;ref name=&quot;Burton_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, Siddiqi N, Teale EA, Woodhouse R, Barugh AJ, Shepherd AM, Brunton A, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ, Quinn TJ |date=November 2021 |title=Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013307.pub3 |pmc=8623130 |pmid=34826144}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kiyasta cewa kashi 30-40% na dukkan lamuran delirium za a iya hana su a cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin fahimta, kuma yawan delirium yana nuna mummunan tasirin kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Inouye2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK |date=March 2006 |title=Delirium in older persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |url-status=live |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–1165 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-01-04}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFInouye2006&quot;&gt;Inouye SK (March 2006). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 &quot;Delirium in older persons&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''354''' (11): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1157–&lt;/span&gt;1165. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra052321|10.1056/NEJMra052321]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16540616 16540616]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245337 245337]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 Archived] from the original on 2021-08-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya hana aukuwar delirium ta hanyar gano mutanen da ke asibiti a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da wannan cuta. Wannan ya haɗa da mutanen da suka haura shekaru 65, waɗanda ke da nakasa a fahimi, waɗanda ake yi wa babban tiyata, ko kuma waɗanda ke da mummunan rashin lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2010 |title=Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 &quot;Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care&quot;]. ''National Institute for Health and Care Excellence''. 28 July 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 Archived] from the original on 2023-06-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da shawarar yin gwajin delirium na yau da kullun a cikin irin waɗannan mutanen. Ana tsammanin cewa hanyar rigakafi ta musamman wacce ta haɗa da hanyoyi daban-daban tare za ta iya rage yawan delirium da kashi 27% a tsakanin tsofaffi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N |date=March 2015 |title=Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=196–204 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afu173 |pmid=25424450 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, Simpkins SA |date=March 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3 |pmc=10431752 |pmid=26967259}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSiddiqiHarrisonCleggTeale2016&quot;&gt;Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, et&amp;nbsp;al. (March 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 &quot;Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients&quot;]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''2016''' (3) CD005563. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3|10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 10431752]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26967259 26967259].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1999, Sharon K. Inouye a Jami'ar Yale, ta kafa Shirin Rayuwar Tsofaffi na Asibiti (HELP) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hshieh TT, Yang T, Gartaganis SL, Yue J, Inouye SK |date=October 2018 |title=Hospital Elder Life Program: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Effectiveness |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1015–1033 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2018.06.007 |pmc=6362826 |pmid=30076080}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda tun daga lokacin aka gane shi a matsayin wani tsari da aka tabbatar don hana hauka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waite LJ |date=2004 |title=The Demographic Faces of the Elderly |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=30 |issue=Supplement |pages=3–16 |pmc=2614322 |pmid=19129925}}&lt;/ref&gt; HELP yana hana hauka tsakanin tsofaffi ta hanyar shiga tsakani da kuma hulɗa da waɗannan mutane. Akwai sassa biyu na aiki a cikin wannan shirin, ƙwararrun likitoci kamar ma'aikaciyar jinya mai horo, da kuma masu sa kai, waɗanda ma'aikaciyar jinya ke kula da su. Shirin sa kai yana ba wa kowane ɗalibi isasshen ilimin tsofaffi da ƙwarewar hulɗa da mutane don mu'amala da marasa lafiya. Masu sa kai suna yin motsa jiki iri-iri, ƙarfafa fahimta, da tattaunawa gabaɗaya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zachary W, Kirupananthan A, Cotter S, Barbara GH, Cooke RC, Sipho M |date=2020 |title=The impact of Hospital Elder Life Program interventions, on 30-day readmission Rates of older hospitalized patients |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=86 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2019.103963 |pmid=31733512 |s2cid=208086667}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da tsofaffi marasa lafiya waɗanda ke zama a asibiti. An ƙirƙiri wasu shirye-shiryen rigakafin hauka masu tasiri, wasu daga cikinsu ba sa buƙatar masu sa kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ludolph P, Stoffers-Winterling J, Kunzler AM, Rösch R, Geschke K, Vahl CF, Lieb K |date=August 2020 |title=Non-Pharmacologic Multicomponent Interventions Preventing Delirium in Hospitalized People |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=1864–1871 |doi=10.1111/jgs.16565 |pmid=32531089 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ƙoƙarin rigakafi yana kan masu kulawa. Masu kulawa galibi suna da abubuwa da yawa da ake tsammani daga gare su kuma a nan ne matsayin tattalin arziki ke taka rawa wajen rigakafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last5=for the SwiSCI Study Group |vauthors=Tough H, Brinkhof MW, Siegrist J, Fekete C |date=December 2019 |title=Social inequalities in the burden of care: a dyadic analysis in the caregiving partners of persons with a physical disability |journal=International Journal for Equity in Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12939-019-1112-1 |pmc=6938621 |pmid=31892324 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan rigakafi yana buƙatar motsa jiki na yau da kullun da motsa jiki na yau da kullun, wannan yana ɗaukar lokaci daga ranar mai kulawa. Dangane da azuzuwan tattalin arziki, wannan na iya zama lokaci mai mahimmanci wanda za a yi amfani da shi don aiki don tallafawa iyali. Wannan yana haifar da adadin mutanen da ke fuskantar rashin hankali waɗanda suka fito daga asalin waɗanda aka ware. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waite LJ |date=2004 |title=The Demographic Faces of the Elderly |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=30 |issue=Supplement |pages=3–16 |pmc=2614322 |pmid=19129925}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWaite2004&quot;&gt;Waite LJ (2004). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614322 &quot;The Demographic Faces of the Elderly&quot;]. ''Population and Development Review''. '''30''' (Supplement): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3–&lt;/span&gt;16. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614322 2614322]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19129925 19129925].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shirye kamar Shirin Rayuwar Tsofaffin Asibiti na iya ƙoƙarin yaƙi da waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar samar da ƙarin tallafi da ilimi game da rashin hankali wanda ƙila ba za a iya samu ba.

=== Ba na likitanci ba ===
Ana iya hana kuma a magance matsalar rashin barci ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da ba na magunguna ba waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari, kamar maƙarƙashiya, bushewar jiki, ƙarancin iskar oxygen, rashin motsi, rashin gani ko ji, matsalar barci, raguwar aiki, da kuma ta hanyar cire ko rage magunguna masu matsala. &lt;ref name=&quot;NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2010 |title=Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 &quot;Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care&quot;]. ''National Institute for Health and Care Excellence''. 28 July 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 Archived] from the original on 2023-06-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oh ES, Fong TG, Hshieh TT, Inouye SK |date=September 2017 |title=Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=JAMA |volume=318 |issue=12 |pages=1161–1174 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.12067 |pmc=5717753 |pmid=28973626}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOhFongHshiehInouye2017&quot;&gt;Oh ES, Fong TG, Hshieh TT, Inouye SK (September 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717753 &quot;Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment&quot;]. ''JAMA''. '''318''' (12): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1161–&lt;/span&gt;1174. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jama.2017.12067|10.1001/jama.2017.12067]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717753 5717753]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28973626 28973626].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tabbatar da yanayin magani (misali, kulawa ta musamman, sadarwa mai kyau, sake tsarawa da haske a lokacin rana, haɓaka tsabtace barci ba tare da katsewa ba tare da ƙara hayaniya da haske da dare, rage ƙaura zuwa ɗaki, samun abubuwa da aka saba gani kamar hotunan iyali, samar da abin toshe kunne, da samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, rage zafi, da taimako wajen fara motsa jiki da wuri) na iya taimakawa wajen hana rashin barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, Simpkins SA |date=March 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3 |pmc=10431752 |pmid=26967259}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSiddiqiHarrisonCleggTeale2016&quot;&gt;Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, et&amp;nbsp;al. (March 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 &quot;Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients&quot;]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''2016''' (3) CD005563. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3|10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 10431752]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26967259 26967259].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Inouye2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK |date=March 2006 |title=Delirium in older persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |url-status=live |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–1165 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-01-04}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFInouye2006&quot;&gt;Inouye SK (March 2006). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 &quot;Delirium in older persons&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''354''' (11): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1157–&lt;/span&gt;1165. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra052321|10.1056/NEJMra052321]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16540616 16540616]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245337 245337]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 Archived] from the original on 2021-08-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poongkunran C, John SG, Kannan AS, Shetty S, Bime C, Parthasarathy S |date=October 2015 |title=A meta-analysis of sleep-promoting interventions during critical illness |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=128 |issue=10 |pages=1126–1137.e1 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.05.026 |pmc=4577445 |pmid=26071825}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Flannery AH, Oyler DR, Weinhouse GL |date=December 2016 |title=The Impact of Interventions to Improve Sleep on Delirium in the ICU: A Systematic Review and Research Framework |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=44 |issue=12 |pages=2231–2240 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000001952 |pmid=27509391 |s2cid=24494855}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike kan rigakafin da magani na magunguna yana da rauni kuma bai isa ba don bayar da shawarwari masu kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot; /&gt;

=== Ilimin Magunguna ===
An yi nazarin Melatonin da sauran magungunan magani don rigakafin cutar delirium, amma shaidun sun ci karo da juna. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, Simpkins SA |date=March 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3 |pmc=10431752 |pmid=26967259}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSiddiqiHarrisonCleggTeale2016&quot;&gt;Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, et&amp;nbsp;al. (March 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 &quot;Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients&quot;]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''2016''' (3) CD005563. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3|10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 10431752]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26967259 26967259].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gosch M, Nicholas JA |date=February 2014 |title=Pharmacologic prevention of postoperative delirium |journal=Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=105–109 |doi=10.1007/s00391-013-0598-1 |pmid=24619041 |s2cid=19868320}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da shawarar gujewa ko amfani da benzodiazepines a hankali don rage haɗarin cutar delirium ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani.  Ba a san ko maganin donepezil, mai hana cholinesterase, yana rage cutar delirium bayan tiyata ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot; /&gt; Babu wata hujja bayyananna da ke nuna cewa citicoline, methylprednisolone, ko magungunan antipsychotic suna hana cutar delirium. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot; /&gt; Bitar kula da maganin sa barci na jijiya da na numfashi don sakamakon fahimta bayan tiyata a cikin tsofaffi waɗanda aka yi wa tiyatar da ba ta zuciya ba ta nuna ɗan bambanci ko babu bambanci a cikin cutar delirium bayan tiyata bisa ga nau'in magungunan sa barci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller D, Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Schofield-Robinson OJ, Shelton CL, Alderson P, Smith AF |date=August 2018 |title=Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non-cardiac surgery |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=8 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012317.pub2 |pmc=6513211 |pmid=30129968}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin bincike biyar (mahalarta 321). Marubutan wannan bitar ba su da tabbas ko kula da maganin sa barci tare da maganin sa barci na jijiya na propofol (TIVA) ko tare da magungunan shaƙatawa na iya shafar yawan kamuwa da cutar delirium bayan tiyata.

== Magani ==
Sau da yawa, delirium yana iya canzawa; duk da haka, mutanen da ke fama da delirium suna buƙatar magani don dalilan da ke haifar da shi, sau da yawa don hana rauni da sauran mummunan sakamako da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da delirium. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burry_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burry L, Hutton B, Williamson DR, Mehta S, Adhikari NK, Cheng W, Ely EW, Egerod I, Fergusson DA, Rose L |date=September 2019 |title=Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011749.pub2 |pmc=6719921 |pmid=31479532}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBurryHuttonWilliamsonMehta2019&quot;&gt;Burry L, Hutton B, Williamson DR, Mehta S, Adhikari NK, Cheng W, et&amp;nbsp;al. (September 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6719921 &quot;Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults&quot;]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''2019''' (9) CD011749. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011749.pub2|10.1002/14651858.CD011749.pub2]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6719921 6719921]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31479532 31479532].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Maganin ciwon hauka yana buƙatar kulawa ga fannoni da dama, ciki har da waɗannan: &lt;ref name=&quot;Delirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, Slooter AJ, Ely EW |date=November 2020 |title=Delirium |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4 |pmc=9012267 |pmid=33184265 |s2cid=226302415 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilsonMartCunninghamShehabi2020&quot;&gt;Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, et&amp;nbsp;al. (November 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012267 &quot;Delirium&quot;]. ''Nature Reviews. Disease Primers''. '''6''' (1) 90. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4|10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012267 9012267]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33184265 33184265]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226302415 226302415].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Inouye2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK |date=March 2006 |title=Delirium in older persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |url-status=live |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–1165 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-01-04}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFInouye2006&quot;&gt;Inouye SK (March 2006). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 &quot;Delirium in older persons&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''354''' (11): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1157–&lt;/span&gt;1165. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra052321|10.1056/NEJMra052321]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16540616 16540616]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245337 245337]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 Archived] from the original on 2021-08-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Gano da kuma magance matsalar ko dalilin rashin lafiya da ke haifar da hakan
* Magance duk wani abu da zai iya haifar da matsala ko kuma haifar da matsala wanda zai iya kawo cikas ga aikin kwakwalwa
* Inganta ilimin halittar jiki da yanayi don murmurewa daga kwakwalwa (misali, iskar oxygen, hydration, abinci mai gina jiki, electrolytes, metabolites, bita kan magunguna)
* Gano da kuma sarrafa matsalolin damuwa da ɗabi'a (misali, rage radadi)
* Kula da motsi
* Samar da gyara ta hanyar fahimtar juna da kuma motsa jiki
* Yi magana yadda ya kamata da mutumin da ke fama da rashin lafiya da kuma masu kula da shi ko masu kula da shi
* Bayar da cikakken bayani, gami da la'akari da yiwuwar ciwon hauka da damuwa bayan rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Delirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, Slooter AJ, Ely EW |date=November 2020 |title=Delirium |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4 |pmc=9012267 |pmid=33184265 |s2cid=226302415 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilsonMartCunninghamShehabi2020&quot;&gt;Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, et&amp;nbsp;al. (November 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012267 &quot;Delirium&quot;]. ''Nature Reviews. Disease Primers''. '''6''' (1) 90. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4|10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012267 9012267]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33184265 33184265]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226302415 226302415].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Delirium''' (wanda a da yake da '''yanayi mai rikitarwa''', kalma ce mai rikitarwa wadda yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba) &lt;ref name=&quot;slooter2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Slooter AJ, Otte WM, Devlin JW, Arora RC, Bleck TP, Claassen J, Duprey MS, Ely EW, Kaplan PW, Latronico N, Morandi A, Neufeld KJ, Sharshar T, MacLullich AM, Stevens RD |date=May 2020 |title=Updated nomenclature of delirium and acute encephalopathy: statement of ten Societies |journal=Intensive Care Medicine |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=1020–1022 |doi=10.1007/s00134-019-05907-4 |pmc=7210231 |pmid=32055887}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani yanayi ne na rikicewar hankali wanda ya samo asali daga sakamakon yanayin lafiya kai tsaye, tasirin wani abu mai tabin hankali, ko dalilai da yawa, wanda yawanci yakan taso a cikin awanni zuwa kwanaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Delirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, Slooter AJ, Ely EW |date=November 2020 |title=Delirium |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4 |pmc=9012267 |pmid=33184265 |s2cid=226302415 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™) |url=https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin wata cuta, delirium yana fuskantar rikice-rikice a hankali, wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma fahimta mai zurfi. Mutanen da ke fama da delirium na iya fuskantar wasu rikice-rikicen kwakwalwa ciki har da canje-canje a cikin ayyukan motsin rai (misali, yawan aiki mai yawa, yawan aiki mai yawa, ko yawan aiki mai gauraye), raguwar zagayowar barci-farko, rikice-rikicen motsin rai, rikice-rikicen sani, ko canjin yanayin sani, da kuma rikice-rikicen fahimta (misali, [[Hallucination|mafarki]] da ruɗani ), kodayake ba a buƙatar waɗannan fasalulluka don ganewar asali ba.

A ganewar asali, cutar delirium ta ƙunshi ciwon ruɗani mai tsanani da kuma tsarin da ke tattare da shi na halitta, &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt; wanda aka sani da cutar encephalopathy mai tsanani . &lt;ref name=&quot;slooter2020&quot; /&gt; Sanadin cutar delirium na iya zama ko dai wata cuta ''a cikin'' kwakwalwa ko kuma wata cuta ''a wajen'' kwakwalwa wadda ke shafar kwakwalwa. Delirium na iya zama sakamakon wata cuta ta asali (misali, kamuwa da cuta ko hypoxia ), illar magani kamar diphenhydramine, promethazine, da dicyclomine, maye (misali, opioids ko hallucinogenic deriants ), janyewar sinadarai (misali, barasa ko maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ), ko kuma daga abubuwa da yawa da ke shafar lafiyar mutum gaba ɗaya (misali, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, zafi, da sauransu). Sabanin haka, siffofin motsin rai da ɗabi'a saboda manyan cututtukan tabin hankali (misali, kamar a cikin [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar bipolar]] ) ba su cika sharuɗɗan ganewar asali na 'delirium' ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Delirium&quot; /&gt;

Ciwon Delirium na iya zama da wahala a gano ba tare da fara gano aikin kwakwalwar mutum na yau da kullun ko 'babban tushe na fahimta' ba. Ciwon Delirium na iya rikicewa da cututtukan tabin hankali da yawa ko cututtukan kwakwalwa na yau da kullun saboda alamu da alamu da yawa da suka haɗu da [[Dementia|cutar dementia]], baƙin ciki, tabin hankali, da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gleason OC |date=March 2003 |title=Delirium |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0301/p1027.html |url-status=live |journal=American Family Physician |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1027–1034 |pmid=12643363 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606072937/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0301/p1027.html |archive-date=2011-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA |date=Fall 2021 |title=Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=356–364 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316 |pmc=8929410 |pmid=34392693}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon Delirium na iya faruwa a cikin mutanen da ke da cututtukan kwakwalwa da ke akwai, nakasa ta hankali ta asali, ko ciwon dementia, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da ɗayan waɗannan yanayi. Sau da yawa ana rikitar da ciwon Delirium da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], psychosis, cututtukan kwakwalwa na halitta, da ƙari, saboda irin waɗannan alamu da alamun waɗannan cututtuka.

Maganin ciwon hauka yana buƙatar gano da kuma kula da abubuwan da ke haifar da shi, magance alamun ciwon hauka, da kuma rage haɗarin rikitarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;SIGN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SIGN 157 Delirium |url=https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206065513/https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Sign.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da magunguna na wucin gadi ko na alama don kwantar da hankalin mutum ko don sauƙaƙe wasu kulawa (misali, hana mutane fitar da bututun numfashi). Ba a tallafawa magungunan hana tabin hankali don magance ko hana ciwon hauka tsakanin waɗanda ke asibiti; duk da haka, ana iya amfani da su a lokuta inda mutum ke da abubuwan da ke damun sa kamar mafarki ko kuma idan mutumin yana haifar da haɗari ga kansa ko wasu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Devlin_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJ, Pandharipande PP, Watson PL, Weinhouse GL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Balas MC, van den Boogaard M, Bosma KJ, Brummel NE, Chanques G, Denehy L, Drouot X, Fraser GL, Harris JE, Joffe AM, Kho ME, Kress JP, Lanphere JA, McKinley S, Neufeld KJ, Pisani MA, Payen JF, Pun BT, Puntillo KA, Riker RR, Robinson BR, Shehabi Y, Szumita PM, Winkelman C, Centofanti JE, Price C, Nikayin S, Misak CJ, Flood PD, Kiedrowski K, Alhazzani W |date=September 2018 |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=e825–e873 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299 |pmid=30113379}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Santos_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Santos CD, Rose MQ |date=June 2021 |title=Extrapyramidal Symptoms Induced by Treatment for Delirium: A Case Report |journal=Critical Care Nurse |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=50–54 |doi=10.4037/ccn2021765 |pmid=34061189}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, Simpkins SA |date=March 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3 |pmc=10431752 |pmid=26967259}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;JAGS2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neufeld KJ, Yue J, Robinson TN, Inouye SK, Needham DM |date=April 2016 |title=Antipsychotic Medication for Prevention and Treatment of Delirium in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=705–714 |doi=10.1111/jgs.14076 |pmc=4840067 |pmid=27004732}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Burry Cochrane&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burry L, Mehta S, Perreault MM, Luxenberg JS, Siddiqi N, Hutton B, Fergusson DA, Bell C, Rose L |date=June 2018 |title=Antipsychotics for treatment of delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/antipsychotics-for-treatment-of-delirium-in-hospitalised-nonicu-patients(27bfcdeb-c56c-431e-930e-e29977f5f500).html |url-status=live |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub3 |pmc=6513380 |pmid=29920656 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107075053/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/antipsychotics-for-treatment-of-delirium-in-hospitalised-nonicu-patients(27bfcdeb-c56c-431e-930e-e29977f5f500).html |archive-date=2019-11-07 |access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da ciwon hauka ya faru ne sakamakon barasa ko janyewar motsa jiki, yawanci ana amfani da benzodiazepines a matsayin magani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Attard-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Attard A, Ranjith G, Taylor D |date=August 2008 |title=Delirium and its treatment |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=631–644 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200822080-00002 |pmid=18601302 |s2cid=94743}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai shaida cewa haɗarin ciwon hauka a cikin mutanen da ke asibiti za a iya rage shi ta hanyar amfani da fakitin kulawa marasa magunguna (duba Delirium § Rigakafi ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot; /&gt; A cewar rubutun DSM-5-TR, kodayake ciwon hauka yana shafar kashi 1-2% ne kawai na yawan jama'a, kashi 18-35% na manya da ke zuwa asibiti za su kamu da ciwon hauka, kuma ciwon hauka zai faru a kashi 29-65% na mutanen da aka kwantar a asibiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt; Ciwon hauka yana faruwa a kashi 11-51% na tsofaffi bayan tiyata, a kashi 81% na waɗanda ke cikin ICU, da kuma kashi 20-22% na mutane a gidajen kula da tsofaffi ko wuraren kulawa bayan sun kamu da cutar. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa mai tsanani, ciwon hauka yana haifar da mutuwa a cikin shekara mai zuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15082703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=Eugene Wesley Ely |vauthors=Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell FE, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Dittus RS |date=April 2004 |title=Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=14 |pages=1753–1762 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.14.1753 |pmid=15082703 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda rudanin da ke tattare da irin waɗannan alamomin na delirium tare da wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] da psychosis, maganin delirium na iya zama da wahala, har ma yana iya haifar da mutuwar majiyyaci saboda an yi masa magani da magunguna marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dharmarajan K, Swami S, Gou RY, Jones RN, Inouye SK |date=May 2017 |title=Pathway from Delirium to Death: Potential In-Hospital Mediators of Excess Mortality |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=1026–1033 |doi=10.1111/jgs.14743 |pmc=5435507 |pmid=28039852}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rockwood K, Cosway S, Carver D, Jarrett P, Stadnyk K, Fisk J |date=October 1999 |title=The risk of dementia and death after delirium |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=551–556 |doi=10.1093/ageing/28.6.551 |pmid=10604507}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Holford TR, Bogardus ST, Leo-Summers LS, Inouye SK |date=July 2005 |title=Premature death associated with delirium at 1-year follow-up |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33751055 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=14 |pages=1657–1662 |doi=10.1001/archinte.165.14.1657 |pmid=16043686}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anar ==
A yadda aka saba, ciwon hauka na iya nufin barci, tashin hankali, rashin fahimta, ko mafarki. Duk da haka, a cikin [[Kalmomin kiwon lafiya|kalmomin likitanci]], manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon hauka sun haɗa da matsala mai tsanani a hankali, wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma fahimtar duniya.

Duk da cewa akwai ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin ma'anar delirium a cikin DSM-5-TR &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™) |url=https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.appi.org/products/dsm &quot;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™)&quot;]. ''American Psychiatric Association''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm Archived] from the original on April 22, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 18,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da ICD-10, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines |url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017011412/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf |archive-date=2004-10-17 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=Who.int [[World Health Organization]] |publisher=[[Microsoft Word]] |pages=56–7 |via=[[Microsoft Bing]] |agency=bluebook.doc}}&lt;/ref&gt; ainihin siffofin iri ɗaya ne. A cikin 2022, Ƙungiyar Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta fitar da gyaran rubutu na bugu na biyar na DSM ( DSM-5-TR ) tare da waɗannan sharuɗɗan don ganewar asali: &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt;

* A. Damuwa a hankali da sanin yakamata. Wannan wata alama ce da ake buƙata kuma ta ƙunshi sauƙin shagala, rashin iya kula da hankali, da kuma matakai daban-daban na faɗakarwa. 
* B. Farawa yana da tsanani (daga awanni zuwa kwanaki), yana wakiltar canji daga ambaton farko kuma sau da yawa yana da sauyi a cikin yini.
* C. Aƙalla ƙarin matsala guda ɗaya ta fahimta (a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa, yanayin fahimta, harshe, ikon gani, ko fahimta)
* D. Ba a yi bayanin matsalolin (ma'aunin A da C) da kyau ta wata cuta ta neurocognitive ba.
* E. Akwai shaida cewa rikice-rikicen da ke sama &quot;sakamakon kai tsaye ne na ilimin halittar jiki&quot; na wani yanayi na lafiya, maye ko janyewar abubuwa, guba, ko haɗuwa daban-daban na dalilai

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
Delirium exists across a range of arousal levels, either as a state between normal wakefulness/alertness and coma (hypoactive) or as a state of heightened psychophysiological arousal (hyperactive). It can also alternate between the two (mixed level of activity). While requiring an acute disturbance in attention, awareness, and cognition, the syndrome of delirium encompasses a broad range of additional neuropsychiatric disturbances.

* '''Rashin Kulawa''' : Ana buƙatar matsala a hankali don gano cutar delirium. Wannan na iya zama gazawar iya jagorantar, mayar da hankali, ci gaba, ko canza hankali . &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™) |url=https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.appi.org/products/dsm &quot;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™)&quot;]. ''American Psychiatric Association''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm Archived] from the original on April 22, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 18,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Rashin Tunawa''' : Rashin tunawa da ke faruwa a cikin rashin sani sau da yawa yana faruwa ne saboda rashin iya ɓoye sabbin bayanai, galibi sakamakon rashin kulawa . Tsoffin tunanin da suka riga suka kasance a cikin ajiya ana adana su ba tare da buƙatar mai da hankali ba, don haka tunanin da aka riga aka ƙirƙira kafin fara rashin sani yawanci ana adana su a cikin dukkan lokuta sai dai mafi tsanani na rashin sani, kodayake tunawa da irin waɗannan bayanan na iya lalacewa saboda rashin fahimta a duniya.
* '''Rashin fahimta:''' Mutum yana iya zama wanda bai fahimci kansa ba, wuri, ko lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, mutum yana iya zama wanda 'ya saba da yanayi' kuma bai fahimci yanayinsa ba ko kuma bai fahimci abin da ke faruwa a kusa da shi ba.
* '''Tunani mara tsari''' : Ana lura da rashin tsari na tunani ta hanyar magana mai iyaka da rashin dacewa, kuma tana iya haɗawa da talaucin magana, rashin haɗin kai, juriya, daidaito, da sauran alamun rashin tunani na yau da kullun.
* '''Matsalolin harshe''' : Rashin fahimtar harshe, rashin fahimtar harshe, rashin fahimtar harshe, da kuma matsalolin neman kalmomi duk sun haɗa da rashin iya sarrafa bayanai na harshe.
* '''Matsalolin Barci/Tashi''' : Matsalolin barci a cikin barci yana nuna katsewa a cikin daidaita yanayin barci/tashi da kuma yanayin circadian, wanda galibi ke nuna raguwar barci ko ma juyawar zagayowar barci da farkawa (watau, aiki da daddare, barci da rana), gami da alama ta farko kafin fara ciwon hauka.
* '''Ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki da sauran kurakuran imani''' : Alamomin tabin hankali sun haɗa da zato, ra'ayi mai yawa da kuma ruɗani na gaskiya. Ba a samun ruɗani sosai kuma ba a san shi da wani abu kamar na schizophrenia ko cutar Alzheimer ba. Yawanci suna da alaƙa da jigogi masu tsanani na haɗari ko barazana da ke tafe a cikin muhallin da ke kusa (misali, ma'aikatan jinya sun ba da guba).
* '''Matsalolin fahimta''' : Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da ruɗani, waɗanda suka haɗa da rashin fahimtar ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da tunani a cikin muhalli, ko kuma [[Hallucination|abubuwan da ke haifar da tunani]], waɗanda suka haɗa da fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da tunani waɗanda ba su wanzu ba.
* '''Rashin iyawar yanayi''' : Rashin iyawar yanayi na motsin rai da aka fahimta ko aka bayyana da kuma yanayin motsin rai mai canzawa na iya bayyana a cikin damuwa (misali, sauye-sauye cikin sauri tsakanin tsoro, baƙin ciki, barkwanci, tsoro, fushi, da takaici). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leentjens AF, Rundell J, Rummans T, Shim JJ, Oldham R, Peterson L, Philbrick K, Soellner W, Wolcott D, Freudenreich O |date=August 2012 |title=Delirium: An evidence-based medicine (EBM) monograph for psychosomatic medicine practice, commissioned by the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine (APM) and the European Association of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics (EACLPP) |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=149–152 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.05.009 |pmid=22789420}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Canje-canje a cikin aikin motsa jiki:''' An rarraba Delirium zuwa nau'ikan psychomotor na hypoactive, hyperactive, da gauraye matakan aiki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lipowski ZJ |date=March 1989 |title=Delirium in the elderly patient |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=320 |issue=9 |pages=578–582 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198903023200907 |pmid=2644535}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake bincike bai yi daidai ba game da yawan su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Rooij SE, Schuurmans MJ, van der Mast RC, Levi M |date=July 2005 |title=Clinical subtypes of delirium and their relevance for daily clinical practice: a systematic review |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=609–615 |doi=10.1002/gps.1343 |pmid=16021665 |s2cid=37993802}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lamunin hypoactive suna da saurin kamuwa da rashin ganowa ko kuskuren ganewar asali a matsayin baƙin ciki. Nazari da yawa sun nuna cewa nau'ikan motsi sun bambanta dangane da cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar, buƙatun magani, hasashen aiki, da haɗarin mace-mace, kodayake ma'anoni marasa daidaituwa da rashin gano ƙananan nau'ikan hypoactive na iya yin tasiri ga fassarar waɗannan binciken. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meagher D |date=February 2009 |title=Motor subtypes of delirium: past, present and future |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=59–73 |doi=10.1080/09540260802675460 |pmid=19219713 |s2cid=11705848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ra'ayin haɗa yanayin hypoactive da hyperactive a ƙarƙashin ginin delirium yawanci ana danganta shi da Lipowski. 
** Alamomin '''da ke nuna yawan aiki''' sun haɗa da yawan sa ido, rashin natsuwa, magana mai sauri ko mai ƙarfi, fushi, faɗa, rashin haƙuri, zagi, waƙa, dariya, rashin haɗin kai, farin ciki, fushi, yawo, sauƙin firgita, amsawar motsin jiki da sauri, shagala, tangarɗa, mafarkai marasa daɗi, da kuma tunani mai ɗorewa (an bayyana ƙaramin rubutu mai yawan aiki da aƙalla uku daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama). &lt;ref name=&quot;Liptzin_1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liptzin B, Levkoff SE |date=December 1992 |title=An empirical study of delirium subtypes |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=161 |issue=6 |pages=843–845 |doi=10.1192/bjp.161.6.843 |pmid=1483173 |s2cid=8754215}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Alamomin '''rashin kuzari''' sun haɗa da raguwar faɗakarwa, ƙarancin magana ko jinkirin magana, kasala, motsi a hankali, kallon ido, da rashin kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Liptzin_1992&quot; /&gt;
** '''Matakan aiki iri-iri''' suna bayyana misalan rashin kuzari inda matakin aiki ko dai al'ada ne ko kuma yana canzawa tsakanin rashin kuzari da rashin kuzari. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot; /&gt;

== Dalilai ==
Rashin bacci yana tasowa ne ta hanyar hulɗar abubuwa da dama da ke haifar da rashin barci da kuma tayar da hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Magny E, Le Petitcorps H, Pociumban M, Bouksani-Kacher Z, Pautas É, Belmin J, Bastuji-Garin S, Lafuente-Lafuente C |date=2018-02-23 |title=Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in community-dwelling older adults admitted to hospital with this condition: A prospective case series |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=2 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1393034M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0193034 |pmc=5825033 |pmid=29474380 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormseth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC |date=January 2023 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutane masu abubuwa da yawa da/ko masu mahimmanci suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon hauka mai sau ɗaya ko/ko mai sauƙi. Akasin haka, ciwon hauka na iya haifar da ƙarancin haɗari ne kawai idan sun fuskanci abubuwa masu tsanani ko da yawa masu tasowa. Waɗannan abubuwan na iya canzawa akan lokaci, don haka haɗarin ciwon hauka na mutum ana iya gyara shi (duba Delirium § Rigakafi ).

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaddara ===
Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin haihuwa sun haɗa da waɗannan: &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormseth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC |date=January 2023 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOrmsethLaHueOldhamJosephson2023&quot;&gt;Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC (January 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 &quot;Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''JAMA Network Open''. '''6''' (1): e2249950. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950|10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 9856673]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36607634 36607634].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19347026&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fong TG, Tulebaev SR, Inouye SK |date=April 2009 |title=Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment |journal=Nature Reviews. Neurology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=210–220 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2009.24 |pmc=3065676 |pmid=19347026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* shekaru 65 ko fiye
* Rashin fahimtar hankali/ [[Dementia|jinin jini]]
* Rashin lafiyar jiki (misali, [[Gazawar zuciya|gazawar zuciya ta biyu]], [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], cutar cerebrovascular )
* Ciwon tabin hankali (misali, baƙin ciki )
* Matsalar ji (misali, gani da ji)
* Dogaro da aiki (misali, buƙatar taimako don kula da kai ko motsi)
* Rashin ruwa/ [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]]
* Matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, musamman [[Yin amfani da barasa|matsalar shan barasa]] da kuma amfani da magungunan hana ƙwannafi.

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da ruwa ===
Duk wani abu mai tsanani, mai tsanani na halitta wanda ke shafar hanyoyin neurotransmitter, neuroendocrine, ko neuroinflammation na iya haifar da ciwon hauka a cikin kwakwalwa mai rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hughes CG, Patel MB, Pandharipande PP |date=October 2012 |title=Pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction: what's the cause of all this confusion? |journal=Current Opinion in Critical Care |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=518–526 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0b013e328357effa |pmid=22941208 |s2cid=22572990}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu abubuwa na yanayin asibiti suma an danganta su da haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon hauka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Han L, Podoba JE, Ramman-Haddad L |date=October 2001 |title=Environmental risk factors for delirium in hospitalized older people |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1327–1334 |doi=10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49260.x |pmid=11890491 |s2cid=22910426}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi haifar da tashin hankali an jera su a ƙasa: &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormseth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC |date=January 2023 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOrmsethLaHueOldhamJosephson2023&quot;&gt;Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC (January 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 &quot;Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''JAMA Network Open''. '''6''' (1): e2249950. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950|10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 9856673]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36607634 36607634].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Inouye2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK |date=March 2006 |title=Delirium in older persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |url-status=live |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–1165 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Takaita barci ko hana shi na dogon lokaci
* Damuwar muhalli, damuwa ta psychophysiological (kamar yadda ake samu a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani)
** Ciwon da ba a iya sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba
** Rashin motsa jiki, amfani da abubuwan da ke hana motsi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rollo E, Callea A, Brunetti V, Vollono C, Marotta J, Imperatori C, Frisullo G, Broccolini A, Della Marca G |date=May 2021 |title=Delirium in acute stroke: A prospective, cross-sectional, cohort study |journal=European Journal of Neurology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1590–1600 |doi=10.1111/ene.14749 |pmid=33476475 |s2cid=231677499}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Rike fitsari, amfani da catheter na mafitsara
** Damuwa ta motsin rai
** Maƙarƙashiya mai tsanani/tashin bayan gida
* Magunguna &lt;ref name=&quot;CleggYoung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Clegg A, Young JB |date=January 2011 |title=Which medications to avoid in people at risk of delirium: a systematic review |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afq140 |pmid=21068014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy TH, Castro VM, Hart KL, Perlis RH |date=July 2021 |title=Stratified delirium risk using prescription medication data in a state-wide cohort |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=71 |pages=114–120 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.05.001 |pmc=8249339 |pmid=34091195}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran magunguna, suna haifar da '''ciwon hauka da ke haifar da sinadarai''' . Wannan nau'in ciwon hauka ya bambanta da ciwon hauka a cikin tsofaffi da tsofaffi sama da shekaru 65, kuma ana siffanta shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci (yawanci awanni da yawa), kuma alamun suna da tasiri sosai ga nau'in maganin da adadin da aka sha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=G. L. |last2=Dawson |first2=A. H. |last3=Lopert |first3=R. |date=October 7, 1996 |title=Drug-induced delirium. Incidence, management and prevention |journal=Drug Safety |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=291–301 |doi=10.2165/00002018-199615040-00007 |pmid=8905254}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Substance-Induced Delirium |url=https://blackbearrehab.com/mental-health/substance-induced-disorders/delirium/#:~:text=Substance-induced%20delirium%20occurs%20when,prescription%20medications%20do%20the%20same |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Black Bear Lodge |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Magungunan kwantar da hankali ( benzodiazepines, opioids ), magungunan hana kumburi, dopaminergics, corticosteroids, polypharmacy
** Maganin sa barci na yau da kullun
** Maye gurɓata ko janyewa daga shan ƙwayoyi
* Babban yanayin jijiyoyi
** Matsanancin raguwar hawan jini, idan aka kwatanta da yadda jinin mutum yake a al'ada ( orthostatic hypotension ) wanda ke haifar da rashin isasshen kwararar jini zuwa kwakwalwa ( cerebral hypoperfusion )
** [[Bugun jini|Shanyewar jiki]] / harin ischemic na ɗan lokaci (TIA)
** Zubar da jini a cikin kwakwalwa
** [[Sanƙarau|Ciwon kwakwalwa (encephalitis)]], [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|ciwon kwakwalwa (meningitis)]]
* Rashin lafiya a lokaci guda
** Cututtuka - musamman na numfashi (misali [[ciwon huhu]], [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Saini A, Oh TH, Ghanem DA, Castro M, Butler M, Sin Fai Lam CC, Posporelis S, Lewis G, David AS, Rogers JP |date=October 2022 |title=Inflammatory and blood gas markers of COVID-19 delirium compared to non-COVID-19 delirium: a cross-sectional study |journal=Aging &amp; Mental Health |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2054–2061 |doi=10.1080/13607863.2021.1989375 |pmid=34651536 |s2cid=238990849 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) da [[Ciwon filin fitsari|cututtukan mafitsara]]
** Matsalolin Iatrogenic
** Hypoxia, anemia, [[Rashin jini|ciwon suga]]
** Rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, rashin ruwa a jiki, rashin daidaiton electrolyte, hypoglycemia
** [[Girgiza (hanzari)|Girgiza]], [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]], [[gazawar zuciya]]
** Matsalolin metabolism (misali SIADH, cutar Addison, hyperthyroidism )
** Ciwon da ke da tsanani/marasa tsanani (misali ciwon daji)
** Abin da ya faru bayan rauni (misali faɗuwa, karyewa)
** [[Guba na zaiba|Gubar Mercury]] (misali, rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa )
* Babban tiyata (misali tiyatar zuciya, ƙashi, da jijiyoyin jini)

== Ilimin Halittar Jiki ==
Har yanzu ba a fahimci yanayin cutar delirium sosai ba, duk da bincike mai zurfi.

=== Samfuran dabbobi ===
Rashin samfuran dabbobi da suka dace da delirium ya bar tambayoyi da yawa masu mahimmanci a cikin ilimin cututtukan delirium. Tsarin farko na berayen delirium sun yi amfani da atropine (mai toshe acetylcholine mai karɓar muscarinic ) don haifar da canje-canje na fahimta da electroencephalography (EEG) kama da delirium, da sauran magungunan anticholinergic, kamar biperiden da hyoscine, sun haifar da irin wannan tasirin. Tare da nazarin asibiti ta amfani da magunguna daban-daban tare da aikin anticholinergic, waɗannan samfuran sun ba da gudummawa ga &quot;hasashe na ƙarancin cholinergic&quot; na delirium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hshieh TT, Fong TG, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK |date=July 2008 |title=Cholinergic deficiency hypothesis in delirium: a synthesis of current evidence |journal=The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=764–772 |doi=10.1093/gerona/63.7.764 |pmc=2917793 |pmid=18693233}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An san cewa kumburin tsarin da ke faruwa yayin [[sepsis]] yana haifar da delirium (wanda galibi ake kira sepsis-associated encephalopathy). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zampieri FG, Park M, Machado FS, Azevedo LC |date=2011 |title=Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: not just delirium |journal=Clinics |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=1825–1831 |doi=10.1590/S1807-59322011001000024 |pmc=3180153 |pmid=22012058}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samfuran dabbobi da ake amfani da su don nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin cututtukan da suka gabata da kumburin tsarin da ya wuce gona da iri sun nuna cewa ko da ƙaramin kumburin tsarin yana haifar da ƙarancin aiki mai tsanani da na ɗan lokaci a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tsakanin dabbobi masu rashin lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cunningham 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cunningham C, Maclullich AM |date=February 2013 |title=At the extreme end of the psychoneuroimmunological spectrum: delirium as a maladaptive sickness behaviour response |journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity |volume=28 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.012 |pmc=4157329 |pmid=22884900}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dementia|Hauka]] ko raunin fahimta da ke da alaƙa da shekaru shine babban abin da ke haifar da delirium na asibiti da &quot;cututtukan da suka gabata&quot; kamar yadda waɗannan sabbin samfuran dabbobi suka bayyana na iya haɗawa da asarar synaptic, haɗin hanyar sadarwa mara kyau, da macrophages na kwakwalwa &quot;masu tushe&quot; waɗanda cututtukan neurodegenerative da tsufa suka haifar don haɓaka martanin kumburi na gaba a cikin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya (CNS). &lt;ref name=&quot;Cunningham 2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Ruwan Cerebrospinal ===
Nazarin ruwan cerebrospinal (CSF) a cikin majiyyaci yana da wahalar aiwatarwa. Baya ga wahalar ɗaukar mahalarta waɗanda galibi ba sa iya ba da izini, yanayin mamayewar samfurin CSF yana sa irin wannan binciken ya zama ƙalubale. Duk da haka, wasu bincike kaɗan sun sami nasarar ɗaukar CSF daga mutanen da aka yi musu maganin sa barci na kashin baya don tiyatar zaɓi ko ta gaggawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormseth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC |date=January 2023 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOrmsethLaHueOldhamJosephson2023&quot;&gt;Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC (January 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 &quot;Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''JAMA Network Open''. '''6''' (1): e2249950. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950|10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9856673 9856673]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36607634 36607634].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Derakhshan P, Imani F, Seyed-Siamdoust SA, Garousi S, Nouri N |date=January 2020 |title=Cerebrospinal Fluid and Spinal Anesthesia Parameters in Healthy Individuals versus Opium-addict Patients during Lower Limb Surgery |journal=Addiction &amp; Health |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=11–17 |doi=10.22122/ahj.v12i1.257 |pmc=7291896 |pmid=32582410}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tigchelaar C, Atmosoerodjo SD, van Faassen M, Wardenaar KJ, De Deyn PP, Schoevers RA, Kema IP, Absalom AR |date=March 2021 |title=The Anaesthetic Biobank of Cerebrospinal fluid: a unique repository for neuroscientific biomarker research |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |volume=9 |issue=6 |page=455 |doi=10.21037/atm-20-4498 |pmc=8039635 |pmid=33850852 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bita na tsari na 2018 ya nuna cewa, gabaɗaya, rashin hankali na iya alaƙa da rashin daidaituwar neurotransmitter (wato serotonin da siginar dopamine), faɗuwar somatostatin mai canzawa, da ƙaruwar cortisol. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hall_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall RJ, Watne LO, Cunningham E, Zetterberg H, Shenkin SD, Wyller TB, MacLullich AM |date=November 2018 |title=CSF biomarkers in delirium: a systematic review |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10060989/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1479–1500 |doi=10.1002/gps.4720 |pmid=28585290 |s2cid=205842730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054455/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10060989/ |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-07-01 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana babban &quot;ma'anar neuroinflammatory&quot; (inda cututtukan neurodegenerative da tsufa ke haifar da kwakwalwa ta mayar da martani ga kumburin gefe tare da ƙarin martanin kumburi na CNS), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cerejeira J, Firmino H, Vaz-Serra A, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB |date=June 2010 |title=The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium |journal=Acta Neuropathologica |volume=119 |issue=6 |pages=737–754 |doi=10.1007/s00401-010-0674-1 |pmid=20309566 |s2cid=206972133 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma shaidar da ake da ita a yanzu har yanzu tana da karo da juna kuma ta kasa tallafawa wannan hasashe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hall_2018&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsarin Jijiyoyin Jiki ===
Jijiyoyin kwakwalwa suna ba da muhimmiyar hanya don bincika hanyoyin da ke haifar da rashin hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nitchingham_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nitchingham A, Kumar V, Shenkin S, Ferguson KJ, Caplan GA |date=November 2018 |title=A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1458–1478 |doi=10.1002/gps.4724 |pmid=28574155 |s2cid=20723293 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Soiza_2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soiza RL, Sharma V, Ferguson K, Shenkin SD, Seymour DG, Maclullich AM |date=September 2008 |title=Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021 |pmid=18707946}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da ci gaba a cikin ci gaban hoton maganadisu (MRI), bambancin da aka samu a cikin binciken da aka yi bisa ga hoto ya iyakance fahimtarmu game da canje-canje a cikin kwakwalwa wanda ƙila za a iya dangantawa da rashin hankali. Wasu ƙalubalen da ke da alaƙa da hoton mutanen da aka gano suna da rashin hankali sun haɗa da ɗaukar mahalarta aiki da rashin yin la'akari da muhimman abubuwan da ke rikitar da su kamar tarihin [[Dementia|rashin hankali]] da/ko baƙin ciki, waɗanda aka san suna da alaƙa da canje-canje masu haɗuwa a cikin kwakwalwa waɗanda aka lura akan MRI. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nitchingham_2018&quot; /&gt;

Shaida kan canje-canje a cikin alamun tsari da aiki sun haɗa da: canje-canje a cikin daidaiton fararen abu (raunukan fararen abu), raguwar girman kwakwalwa (mai yiwuwa sakamakon lalacewar nama), rashin daidaituwar haɗin aiki na sassan kwakwalwa wanda ke da alhakin sarrafa aikin zartarwa na yau da kullun, sarrafa ji, hankali, daidaita motsin rai, ƙwaƙwalwa, da yanayin aiki, bambance-bambance a cikin daidaita jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jini a cikin kwakwalwa, raguwar kwararar jini a kwakwalwa da yiwuwar canje-canje a cikin metabolism na kwakwalwa (gami da iskar oxygen na kyallen kwakwalwa da hypometabolism na glucose). &lt;ref name=&quot;Nitchingham_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nitchingham A, Kumar V, Shenkin S, Ferguson KJ, Caplan GA |date=November 2018 |title=A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1458–1478 |doi=10.1002/gps.4724 |pmid=28574155 |s2cid=20723293 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNitchinghamKumarShenkinFerguson2018&quot;&gt;Nitchingham A, Kumar V, Shenkin S, Ferguson KJ, Caplan GA (November 2018). &quot;A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences&quot;. ''International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry''. '''33''' (11): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1458–&lt;/span&gt;1478. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/gps.4724|10.1002/gps.4724]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:20.500.11820/7a4af237-0b71-4ba4-a930-ede25c172a1b|20.500.11820/7a4af237-0b71-4ba4-a930-ede25c172a1b]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28574155 28574155]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20723293 20723293].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Soiza_2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soiza RL, Sharma V, Ferguson K, Shenkin SD, Seymour DG, Maclullich AM |date=September 2008 |title=Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021 |pmid=18707946}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSoizaSharmaFergusonShenkin2008&quot;&gt;Soiza RL, Sharma V, Ferguson K, Shenkin SD, Seymour DG, Maclullich AM (September 2008). &quot;Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review&quot;. ''Journal of Psychosomatic Research''. '''65''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;239–&lt;/span&gt;248. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021|10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18707946 18707946].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, waɗannan canje-canje a cikin ma'aunin MRI suna gayyatar ƙarin bincike game da hanyoyin da za su iya haifar da delirium, a matsayin wata hanya mai yuwuwa don inganta kula da lafiya na mutanen da ke da wannan yanayin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nitchingham_2018&quot; /&gt;

=== Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jiki ===
Electroencephalography (EEG) yana ba da damar ci gaba da kama ayyukan cortical a cikin kwakwalwa, kuma yana da amfani wajen fahimtar canje-canje a cikin yanayin jiki a lokacin delirium. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shafi MM, Santarnecchi E, Fong TG, Jones RN, Marcantonio ER, Pascual-Leone A, Inouye SK |date=June 2017 |title=Advancing the Neurophysiological Understanding of Delirium |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1114–1118 |doi=10.1111/jgs.14748 |pmc=5576199 |pmid=28165616}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarun 1950, an san delirium yana da alaƙa da raguwar yanayin hutawa na EEG, tare da raguwar ƙarfin alpha na baya da ƙaruwar ayyukan theta da delta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi_2017&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Engel GL, Romano J |date=Fall 2004 |title=Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency. 1959 |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=526–538 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.4.526 |pmid=15616182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga irin waɗannan shaidu, wani bita na tsari na 2018 ya gabatar da wani tsari na tunani wanda ke haifar da rashin hankali lokacin da zagi/damuwa ke haifar da rushewar yanayin hanyar sadarwa ta kwakwalwa a cikin mutanen da ke da ƙarancin juriyar kwakwalwa (watau mutanen da suka riga suna da matsalolin ƙarancin haɗin jijiyoyi da/ko ƙarancin jijiyoyi kamar waɗanda ke da cutar Alzheimer). &lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shafi MM, Santarnecchi E, Fong TG, Jones RN, Marcantonio ER, Pascual-Leone A, Inouye SK |date=June 2017 |title=Advancing the Neurophysiological Understanding of Delirium |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1114–1118 |doi=10.1111/jgs.14748 |pmc=5576199 |pmid=28165616}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShafiSantarnecchiFongJones2017&quot;&gt;Shafi MM, Santarnecchi E, Fong TG, Jones RN, Marcantonio ER, Pascual-Leone A, et&amp;nbsp;al. (June 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576199 &quot;Advancing the Neurophysiological Understanding of Delirium&quot;]. ''Journal of the American Geriatrics Society''. '''65''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1114–&lt;/span&gt;1118. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jgs.14748|10.1111/jgs.14748]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576199 5576199]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165616 28165616].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin Jijiyoyi ===
Kaɗan daga cikin nazarce-nazarce ne kawai aka yi inda aka yi ƙoƙarin danganta ciwon hauka da binciken cututtuka a lokacin gwajin gawa. An bayar da rahoton wani bincike kan mutane 7 da suka mutu a lokacin da aka kwantar da marasa lafiya a asibiti (ICU). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Janz DR, Abel TW, Jackson JC, Gunther ML, Heckers S, Ely EW |date=September 2010 |title=Brain autopsy findings in intensive care unit patients previously suffering from delirium: a pilot study |journal=Journal of Critical Care |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=538.e7–538.12 |doi=10.1016/j.jcrc.2010.05.004 |pmc=3755870 |pmid=20580199}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shigar da kowace shari'a da nau'ikan cututtukan farko, amma duk suna da ciwon matsananciyar numfashi da/ko [[Tsoro na Septic|girgizar septic]] da ke taimakawa wajen haifar da ciwon hauka, 6 sun nuna shaidar ƙarancin kumburi a kwakwalwa da raunin jijiyoyin jini, kuma 5 sun nuna hannu a hippocampal . Wani bincike na kula da shari'a ya nuna cewa shari'o'in ciwon hauka 9 sun nuna mafi girman bayyanar HLA-DR da CD68 (alamomin kunna microglial), IL-6 (cytokines pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities) da GFAP (alamar aikin astrocyte ) fiye da kula da shekaru; wannan yana goyan bayan dalilin kumburi a cikin jijiyoyi, amma ƙarshen ya iyakance ta hanyar matsalolin hanyoyin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Munster BC, Aronica E, Zwinderman AH, Eikelenboom P, Cunningham C, Rooij SE |date=December 2011 |title=Neuroinflammation in delirium: a postmortem case-control study |journal=Rejuvenation Research |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=615–622 |doi=10.1089/rej.2011.1185 |pmc=4309948 |pmid=21978081}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2017 wanda ya yi daidai da bayanan gwajin gawawwaki da ƙananan gwaje-gwajen yanayin kwakwalwa (MMSE) daga masu ba da gudummawa ga kwakwalwa 987 ya gano cewa rashin hankali tare da tsarin cututtukan dementia ya hanzarta raguwar maki MMSE fiye da kowane tsari na mutum ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davis DH, Muniz-Terrera G, Keage HA, Stephan BC, Fleming J, Ince PG, Matthews FE, Cunningham C, Ely EW, MacLullich AM, Brayne C |date=March 2017 |title=Association of Delirium With Cognitive Decline in Late Life: A Neuropathologic Study of 3 Population-Based Cohort Studies |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=244–251 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3423 |pmc=6037291 |pmid=28114436}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganewar Ganewa ==
Sharuɗɗan DSM-5-TR galibi su ne mizani don gano cutar delirium a asibiti. Duk da haka, gano siffofin delirium da wuri ta amfani da kayan aikin tantancewa, tare da ɗaukar tarihin da ya dace, na iya taimakawa wajen gano cutar delirium. Gane cutar delirium gabaɗaya yana buƙatar sanin matakin ''farko'' na aikin fahimi na mutum. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman don magance mutanen da ke da cututtukan neurocognitive ko neurodevelopment, waɗanda yanayin tunaninsu na asali zai iya zama delirium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morandi A, Grossi E, Lucchi E, Zambon A, Faraci B, Severgnini J, MacLullich A, Smith H, Pandharipande P, Rizzini A, Galeazzi M, Massariello F, Corradi S, Raccichini A, Scrimieri A, Morichi V, Gentile S, Lucchini F, Pecorella L, Mossello E, Cherubini A, Bellelli G |date=July 2021 |title=The 4-DSD: A New Tool to Assess Delirium Superimposed on Moderate to Severe Dementia |journal=Journal of the American Medical Directors Association |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1535–1542.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.jamda.2021.02.029 |pmid=33823162 |s2cid=233173770}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saitunan gabaɗaya ===
Jagorori sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a riƙa gano cutar delirium akai-akai idan akwai ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;SIGN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SIGN 157 Delirium |url=https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206065513/https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Sign.ac.uk}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium &quot;SIGN 157 Delirium&quot;]. ''Sign.ac.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221206065513/https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-157-delirium Archived] from the original on 2022-12-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-05-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2010 |title=Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaida da yawa ta nuna cewa a yawancin cibiyoyin ba a gano cutar delirium sosai ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ibitoye T, So S, Shenkin SD, Anand A, Reed MJ, Vardy ER, Pendlebury ST, MacLullich AM |date=2023-05-15 |title=Delirium is under-reported in discharge summaries and in hospital administrative systems: a systematic review |url=https://deliriumjournal.com/article/74541-delirium-is-under-reported-in-discharge-summaries-and-in-hospital-administrative-systems-a-systematic-review |journal=Delirium |language=en |doi=10.56392/001c.74541 |pmc=7617113 |pmid=39654697}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bellelli G, Nobili A, Annoni G, Morandi A, Djade CD, Meagher DJ, Maclullich AM, Davis D, Mazzone A, Tettamanti M, Mannucci PM |date=November 2015 |title=Under-detection of delirium and impact of neurocognitive deficits on in-hospital mortality among acute geriatric and medical wards |journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=696–704 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2015.08.006 |pmid=26333532}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sepulveda_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sepulveda E, Franco JG, Trzepacz PT, Gaviria AM, Meagher DJ, Palma J, Viñuelas E, Grau I, Vilella E, de Pablo J |date=May 2016 |title=Delirium diagnosis defined by cluster analysis of symptoms versus diagnosis by DSM and ICD criteria: diagnostic accuracy study |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue= |doi=10.1186/s12888-016-0878-6 |pmc=4882791 |pmid=27229307 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy TH, Snapper L, Stern TA, Perlis RH |year=2016 |title=Underreporting of Delirium in Statewide Claims Data: Implications for Clinical Care and Predictive Modeling |journal=Psychosomatics |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=480–488 |doi=10.1016/j.psym.2016.06.001 |pmid=27480944 |s2cid=3300073}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bita mai tsari na manyan nazarin bayanai na yau da kullun da ke ba da rahoton bayanai kan kayan aikin gano delirium ya nuna muhimman bambance-bambance a cikin ƙimar kammala kayan aiki da ƙimar maki mai kyau na kayan aiki. Wasu kayan aiki, ko da an kammala su da babban ƙima, sun nuna ƙimar maki mai kyau na delirium wanda ya yi ƙasa da matakin da ake tsammani na faruwar delirium, wanda ke nuna ƙarancin jin daɗi a aikace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Penfold RS, Squires C, Angus A, Shenkin SD, Ibitoye T, Tieges Z, Neufeld KJ, Avelino-Silva TJ, Davis D, Anand A, Duckworth AD, Guthrie B, MacLullich AM |date=May 2024 |title=Delirium detection tools show varying completion rates and positive score rates when used at scale in routine practice in general hospital settings: A systematic review |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1508–1524 |doi=10.1111/jgs.18751 |pmid=38241503 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai shaida cewa gano delirium da ƙimar lambar na iya nuna ci gaba a martanin jagora da ilimi; misali, bayanan ƙasa baki ɗaya a Ingila da Scotland (girman samfurin mutane miliyan 7.7 a kowace shekara) sun nuna cewa an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa (ninki 3-4) a cikin lambar delirium tsakanin 2012 da 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ibitoye T, Jackson TA, Davis D, MacLullich AM |date=July 2023 |title=Trends in delirium coding rates in older hospital inpatients in England and Scotland: full population data comprising 7.7M patients per year show substantial increases between 2012 and 2020 |journal=Delirium Communications |volume=2023 |doi=10.56392/001c.84051 |pmc=7614999 |pmid=37654785}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gano delirium a cikin saitunan kulawa na gaggawa gabaɗaya ana iya taimakawa ta amfani da kayan aikin tantance delirium da aka tabbatar. An buga irin waɗannan kayan aikin da yawa, kuma sun bambanta a cikin halaye daban-daban (misali, tsawon lokaci, rikitarwa, da buƙatar horo). Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da cewa an tabbatar da cewa an tabbatar da kayan aikin da aka bayar don yanayin da ake amfani da shi.

Misalan kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a aikin likitanci sun haɗa da:

* Hanyar Kimanta Rikici (CAM), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI |date=December 1990 |title=Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=113 |issue=12 |pages=941–948 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941 |pmid=2240918 |s2cid=7740657}}&lt;/ref&gt; gami da bambance-bambancen kamar Hira ta Ganewar Jiki na Minti 3 don CAM (3D-CAM) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marcantonio ER, Ngo LH, O'Connor M, Jones RN, Crane PK, Metzger ED, Inouye SK |date=October 2014 |title=3D-CAM: derivation and validation of a 3-minute diagnostic interview for CAM-defined delirium: a cross-sectional diagnostic test study |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=161 |issue=8 |pages=554–561 |doi=10.7326/M14-0865 |pmc=4319978 |pmid=25329203}}&lt;/ref&gt; da taƙaitaccen CAM (bCAM) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Han JH, Wilson A, Vasilevskis EE, Shintani A, Schnelle JF, Dittus RS, Graves AJ, Storrow AB, Shuster J, Ely EW |date=November 2013 |title=Diagnosing delirium in older emergency department patients: validity and reliability of the delirium triage screen and the brief confusion assessment method |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=457–465 |doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.05.003 |pmc=3936572 |pmid=23916018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sikelin Dubawa na Delirium (DOS) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Duursma SA |date=2003-01-01 |title=The Delirium Observation Screening Scale: a screening instrument for delirium |journal=Research and Theory for Nursing Practice |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=31–50 |doi=10.1891/rtnp.17.1.31.53169 |pmid=12751884 |s2cid=219203272}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ma'aunin tantancewar rashin lafiyar ma'aikatan jinya (Nu-DESC) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gaudreau JD, Gagnon P, Harel F, Tremblay A, Roy MA |date=April 2005 |title=Fast, systematic, and continuous delirium assessment in hospitalized patients: the nursing delirium screening scale |journal=Journal of Pain and Symptom Management |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=368–375 |doi=10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.009 |pmid=15857740 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gane Ciwon Mara Mai Tsanani A Matsayin Wani ɓangare na Tsarin Rayuwarku (RADAR) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Voyer P, Champoux N, Desrosiers J, Landreville P, McCusker J, Monette J, Savoie M, Richard S, Carmichael PH |date=2015-01-01 |title=Recognizing acute delirium as part of your routine [RADAR]: a validation study |journal=BMC Nursing |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12912-015-0070-1 |pmc=4384313 |pmid=25844067 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwajin 4AT (Gwajin 4A) &lt;ref name=&quot;Tieges_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tieges Z, Maclullich AM, Anand A, Brookes C, Cassarino M, O'connor M, Ryan D, Saller T, Arora RC, Chang Y, Agarwal K, Taffet G, Quinn T, Shenkin SD, Galvin R |date=May 2021 |title=Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=733–743 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afaa224 |pmc=8099016 |pmid=33951145}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kayan Aikin Bincike na Delirium-Provisional (DDT-Pro), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kean J, Trzepacz PT, Murray LL, Abell M, Trexler L |date=2010 |title=Initial validation of a brief provisional diagnostic scale for delirium |journal=Brain Injury |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1222–1230 |doi=10.3109/02699052.2010.498008 |pmid=20645705 |s2cid=27856235}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Franco JG, Ocampo MV, Velásquez-Tirado JD, Zaraza DR, Giraldo AM, Serna PA, López C, Zuluaga A, Sepúlveda E, Kean J, Trzepacz PT |date=2020 |title=Validation of the Delirium Diagnostic Tool-Provisional (DDT-Pro) With Medical Inpatients and Comparison With the Confusion Assessment Method Algorithm |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=213–226 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18110255 |pmid=31662094 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ga ciwon zuciya na subsyndromal &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Franco JG, Trzepacz PT, Sepúlveda E, Ocampo MV, Velásquez-Tirado JD, Zaraza DR, Restrepo C, Giraldo AM, Serna PA, Zuluaga A, López C |date=2020 |title=Delirium diagnostic tool-provisional (DDT-Pro) scores in delirium, subsyndromal delirium and no delirium |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=67 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.10.003 |pmid=33091783 |s2cid=225053525}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sashen kulawa mai tsanani ===
Mutanen da ke cikin ICU suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon hauka, kuma ciwon hauka na ICU na iya haifar da tsawaita iska, tsawaita zama a asibiti, ƙara damuwa ga iyali da masu kula da su, da kuma ƙaruwar damar mutuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burry_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burry L, Hutton B, Williamson DR, Mehta S, Adhikari NK, Cheng W, Ely EW, Egerod I, Fergusson DA, Rose L |date=September 2019 |title=Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011749.pub2 |pmc=6719921 |pmid=31479532}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin ICU, jagororin ƙasa da ƙasa sun ba da shawarar cewa duk wanda aka kwantar da shi a asibiti a duba shi don ciwon hauka kowace rana (yawanci sau biyu ko fiye a rana) ta amfani da kayan aikin asibiti da aka tabbatar. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11902253&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, Chalfin DB, Masica MF, Bjerke HS, Coplin WM, Crippen DW, Fuchs BD, Kelleher RM, Marik PE, Nasraway SA, Murray MJ, Peruzzi WT, Lumb PD |date=January 2002 |title=Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=119–141 |doi=10.1097/00003246-200201000-00020 |pmid=11902253 |s2cid=16654002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muhimman abubuwan gano ciwon hauka a cikin ICU sune ko mutum zai iya mai da hankali yayin aikin sauraro kuma ya bi umarni masu sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.icudelirium.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorshpi (CIBS) Center |url=https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044929/https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu |archive-date=2019-03-22 |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=Icudelirium.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune Hanyar Kimanta Rikici don ICU (CAM-ICU) &lt;ref name=&quot;Ely2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, Truman B, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Hart RP, Dittus R |date=December 2001 |title=Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) |journal=JAMA |volume=286 |issue=21 |pages=2703–2710 |doi=10.1001/jama.286.21.2703 |pmid=11730446 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Jerin Binciken Kulawa Mai Tsanani (ICDSC). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bergeron2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y |date=May 2001 |title=Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool |journal=Intensive Care Medicine |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=859–864 |doi=10.1007/s001340100909 |pmid=11430542 |s2cid=24997942}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassarar waɗannan kayan aikin suna cikin harsuna sama da 20 kuma ana amfani da ICUs a duk duniya tare da bidiyon koyarwa da shawarwari kan aiwatarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.icudelirium.org&quot; /&gt; Ga yara da ke buƙatar kulawa mai zurfi akwai ingantattun kayan aikin asibiti da aka daidaita bisa ga shekaru. Kayan aikin da aka ba da shawarar su ne hanyoyin tantance rikice-rikice na yara da na makarantan yara don ICU (ps/pCAM-ICU) ko kuma Cornell Assessment for Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) a matsayin kayan aikin sa ido mafi inganci kuma abin dogaro ga yara ko matasa masu fama da rashin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith HA, Besunder JB, Betters KA, Johnson PN, Srinivasan V, Stormorken A, Farrington E, Golianu B, Godshall AJ, Acinelli L, Almgren C, Bailey CH, Boyd JM, Cisco MJ, Damian M, deAlmeida ML, Fehr J, Fenton KE, Gilliland F, Grant MJ, Howell J, Ruggles CA, Simone S, Su F, Sullivan JE, Tegtmeyer K, Traube C, Williams S, Berkenbosch JW |date=February 2022 |title=2022 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation, Neuromuscular Blockade, and Delirium in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Consideration of the ICU Environment and Early Mobility |journal=Pediatric Critical Care Medicine |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=e74–e110 |doi=10.1097/PCC.0000000000002873 |pmid=35119438 |s2cid=246530757 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ƙara mai da hankali kan tantancewa akai-akai kan zaɓin kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su. Wannan, tare da takaddun shaida masu dacewa da kuma wayar da kan jama'a daga ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya, na iya shafar sakamakon asibiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.icudelirium.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorshpi (CIBS) Center |url=https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044929/https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu |archive-date=2019-03-22 |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=Icudelirium.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu &quot;Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorshpi (CIBS) Center&quot;]. ''Icudelirium.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044929/https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/delirium/monitoring-delirium-in-the-icu Archived] from the original on 2019-03-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-03-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba tare da amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan kayan aikin ba, ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya za ta iya rasa kashi 75% na delirium na ICU, wanda zai bar mutumin ba tare da wani taimako da zai taimaka wajen rage tsawon lokacin delirium ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.icudelirium.org&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones SF, Pisani MA |date=April 2012 |title=ICU delirium: an update |journal=Current Opinion in Critical Care |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=146–151 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0b013e32835132b9 |pmid=22322260 |s2cid=404583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shaida daga bita na tsari da kuma nazarin meta-nazari sun nuna cewa tarin kulawa da ba na magunguna ba suna da tasiri wajen rage faruwar cutar hauka da tsawon lokacin da marasa lafiya ke sha. Waɗannan hanyoyin kuma suna da alaƙa da raguwar tsawon lokacin da ake amfani da iska a cikin marasa lafiya da ke shakar iska, rage tsawon lokacin zama a asibiti, ƙarancin yawan rikitarwa, da kuma ƙara gamsuwa da marasa lafiya da kulawa. Kunshin kulawa da yawa suna wakiltar wata dabara mai kyau ta hanyar shaida don rigakafin cutar hauka da kuma kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya. A cikin aikin asibiti, aiwatarwa mai nasara yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa mai yawa wanda ya haɗa da ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci, da 'yan uwa don samar da gajerun hanyoyin shiga tsakani waɗanda aka tsara don takamaiman abubuwan haɗari ga marasa lafiya. 

'''Kunshin ABCDEF''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''kunshin A2F''' ) yana wakiltar wani shiri mai tushen shaida, wanda aka tsara don daidaitawa da daidaita kulawa mai fannoni daban-daban a cikin sashin kulawa mai zurfi (ICU). Yana mai da hankali musamman kan kimantawa, rigakafi, da gudanarwa a matsayin muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin kula da marasa lafiya, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi kyawun kula da ciwo da kwantar da hankali, dabarun iska ta injina, da kuma ka'idojin motsa jiki da wuri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical Professionals Overview |url=https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/overview#:~:text=The+ABCDEF+(A2F)+bundle+is,,+breathing+machines,+and+mobilization |access-date=June 9, 2026 |website=Icudelirium.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menene abubuwan da ke cikin kunshin A2F?

* '''A'''

Kimantawa, Hana, da Sarrafa Ciwo

* '''B'''

Gwaje-gwajen Farkawa Ba Tare Da Kai Ba &amp; Gwaje-gwajen Numfashi Ba Tare Da Kai Ba

* '''C'''

Zaɓin Maganin Rage Jijiyoyi da Kwantar da Hankali

* '''D'''

Delirium: Kimantawa, Hanawa da Sarrafawa

* '''E'''

Motsi da Motsa Jiki da wuri

* '''F'''

Hulɗar Iyali da Ƙarfafawa

=== Ganewar bambance-bambance ===
Akwai yanayi da ka iya samun irin waɗannan yanayin asibiti kamar waɗanda aka gani a cikin hayyacin mutum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haukan saniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treating Delirium &amp; Agitation in the Emergency Room, 2015 |url=https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/psychiatric-behavioral/delirium-agitation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223105314/https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/psychiatric-behavioral/delirium-agitation |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=EB Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Soiza_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soiza RL, Myint PK |date=August 2019 |title=The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) 157: Guidelines on Risk Reduction and Management of Delirium |journal=Medicina |volume=55 |issue=8 |page=491 |doi=10.3390/medicina55080491 |pmc=6722546 |pmid=31443314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oh ES, Fong TG, Hshieh TT, Inouye SK |date=September 2017 |title=Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=JAMA |volume=318 |issue=12 |pages=1161–1174 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.12067 |pmc=5717753 |pmid=28973626}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sugalski_2019&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Grover_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grover S, Avasthi A |date=February 2018 |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Delirium in Elderly |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S329–S340 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.224473 |pmc=5840908 |pmid=29535468 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; baƙin ciki, &lt;ref name=&quot;Grover_2018&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot; /&gt; psychosis, &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA |date=Fall 2021 |title=Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=356–364 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316 |pmc=8929410 |pmid=34392693}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilsonAndrewsAinsworthRoy2021&quot;&gt;Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA (Fall 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929410 &quot;Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium&quot;]. ''The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences''. '''33''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;356–&lt;/span&gt;364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316|10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929410 8929410]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34392693 34392693].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Grover_2018&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot; /&gt; catatonia, &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot; /&gt; da sauran yanayi waɗanda ke shafar aikin fahimta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sugalski_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sugalski G, Ullo M, Winograd SM |date=February 2019 |title=Making Sense of Delirium in the Emergency Department. |journal=Emergency Medicine Reports |volume=40 |issue=3 |id={{ProQuest|2175238208}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Ciwon Hauka''' : Wannan rukunin cututtuka ana kamuwa da su (ba a haifa ba) tare da raguwar aiki da fahimta da kuma yanayin tunanin ɗan adam. [[Dementia|Ciwon Hauka]] yawanci yana faruwa ne sakamakon wata cuta mai saurin lalacewa (misali, [[cutar Alzheimer]] ko cutar Huntington ), yana buƙatar nakasa ta yau da kullun (idan aka kwatanta da farkon ciwon Hauka), kuma yawanci ba a danganta shi da canje-canje a matakin sani ba.  Ciwon Hauka ya bambanta da ciwon Hauka domin ciwon Hauka yana daɗewa yayin da ciwon Hauka yana ɗaukar ɗan gajeren lokaci.
* '''Baƙin Ciki''' : Akwai irin waɗannan alamu tsakanin [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] da rashin bege (musamman ma ƙaramin nau'in hypoactive). Tattara tarihi daga wasu masu kula da marasa lafiya na iya fayyace ambaton farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Sullivan R, Inouye SK, Meagher D |date=September 2014 |title=Delirium and depression: inter-relationship and clinical overlap in elderly people |journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=303–311 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70281-0 |pmc=5338740 |pmid=26360863}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Ciwon Hauka''' : Gabaɗaya, mutanen da ke fama da ciwon hauka ''na farko'' suna da cikakken aikin fahimta; duk da haka, ciwon hauka na farko na iya kwaikwayon ciwon hauka idan ya zo da tunani mara tsari da rashin daidaituwar yanayi. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a yanayin da aka sani da ciwon hauka na hauka. &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA |date=Fall 2021 |title=Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=356–364 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316 |pmc=8929410 |pmid=34392693}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilsonAndrewsAinsworthRoy2021&quot;&gt;Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, Roy K, Ely EW, Oldham MA (Fall 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929410 &quot;Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric Conditions to Consider on the Differential for Delirium&quot;]. ''The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences''. '''33''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;356–&lt;/span&gt;364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316|10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120316]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929410 8929410]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34392693 34392693].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Sauran cututtukan kwakwalwa''' : Wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa, kamar su ciwon zuciya na bipolar disorder, disorder depersonalization, ko wasu yanayi na rabuwar kai, na iya kasancewa da siffofi makamancin na delirium. &lt;ref name=&quot;pseudodelirium&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, irin wannan yanayin ba zai cancanci a gano delirium bisa ga ka'idar DSM-5-TR D ba (watau, alamun fahimta masu canzawa waɗanda ke faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''babban'' matsalar ''kwakwalwa'' sakamakon wannan matsalar kwakwalwa ce), yayin da cututtukan ''jiki'' (misali, cututtuka, hypoxia, da sauransu) na iya haifar da delirium a matsayin sakamako/alama ta tunani. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-TR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™) |url=https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.appi.org/products/dsm &quot;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™)&quot;]. ''American Psychiatric Association''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004848/https://www.appi.org/products/dsm Archived] from the original on April 22, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 18,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rigakafi ==
Maganin ciwon hauka wanda aka riga aka kafa yana da ƙalubale kuma saboda wannan dalili, hana ciwon hauka kafin ya fara abu ne mai kyau. Hanyoyin rigakafi sun haɗa da tantancewa don gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma maganin da aka yi bisa ga magani da wanda ba magani ba (wanda ba magani ba). &lt;ref name=&quot;Burton_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, Siddiqi N, Teale EA, Woodhouse R, Barugh AJ, Shepherd AM, Brunton A, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ, Quinn TJ |date=November 2021 |title=Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013307.pub3 |pmc=8623130 |pmid=34826144}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kiyasta cewa kashi 30-40% na dukkan lamuran delirium za a iya hana su a cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin fahimta, kuma yawan delirium yana nuna mummunan tasirin kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Inouye2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK |date=March 2006 |title=Delirium in older persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |url-status=live |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–1165 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-01-04}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFInouye2006&quot;&gt;Inouye SK (March 2006). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 &quot;Delirium in older persons&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''354''' (11): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1157–&lt;/span&gt;1165. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra052321|10.1056/NEJMra052321]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16540616 16540616]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245337 245337]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 Archived] from the original on 2021-08-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya hana aukuwar delirium ta hanyar gano mutanen da ke asibiti a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da wannan cuta. Wannan ya haɗa da mutanen da suka haura shekaru 65, waɗanda ke da nakasa a fahimi, waɗanda ake yi wa babban tiyata, ko kuma waɗanda ke da mummunan rashin lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2010 |title=Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 &quot;Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care&quot;]. ''National Institute for Health and Care Excellence''. 28 July 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 Archived] from the original on 2023-06-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da shawarar yin gwajin delirium na yau da kullun a cikin irin waɗannan mutanen. Ana tsammanin cewa hanyar rigakafi ta musamman wacce ta haɗa da hanyoyi daban-daban tare za ta iya rage yawan delirium da kashi 27% a tsakanin tsofaffi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N |date=March 2015 |title=Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=196–204 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afu173 |pmid=25424450 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, Simpkins SA |date=March 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3 |pmc=10431752 |pmid=26967259}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSiddiqiHarrisonCleggTeale2016&quot;&gt;Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, et&amp;nbsp;al. (March 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 &quot;Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients&quot;]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''2016''' (3) CD005563. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3|10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 10431752]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26967259 26967259].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1999, Sharon K. Inouye a Jami'ar Yale, ta kafa Shirin Rayuwar Tsofaffi na Asibiti (HELP) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hshieh TT, Yang T, Gartaganis SL, Yue J, Inouye SK |date=October 2018 |title=Hospital Elder Life Program: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Effectiveness |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1015–1033 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2018.06.007 |pmc=6362826 |pmid=30076080}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda tun daga lokacin aka gane shi a matsayin wani tsari da aka tabbatar don hana hauka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waite LJ |date=2004 |title=The Demographic Faces of the Elderly |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=30 |issue=Supplement |pages=3–16 |pmc=2614322 |pmid=19129925}}&lt;/ref&gt; HELP yana hana hauka tsakanin tsofaffi ta hanyar shiga tsakani da kuma hulɗa da waɗannan mutane. Akwai sassa biyu na aiki a cikin wannan shirin, ƙwararrun likitoci kamar ma'aikaciyar jinya mai horo, da kuma masu sa kai, waɗanda ma'aikaciyar jinya ke kula da su. Shirin sa kai yana ba wa kowane ɗalibi isasshen ilimin tsofaffi da ƙwarewar hulɗa da mutane don mu'amala da marasa lafiya. Masu sa kai suna yin motsa jiki iri-iri, ƙarfafa fahimta, da tattaunawa gabaɗaya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zachary W, Kirupananthan A, Cotter S, Barbara GH, Cooke RC, Sipho M |date=2020 |title=The impact of Hospital Elder Life Program interventions, on 30-day readmission Rates of older hospitalized patients |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=86 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2019.103963 |pmid=31733512 |s2cid=208086667}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da tsofaffi marasa lafiya waɗanda ke zama a asibiti. An ƙirƙiri wasu shirye-shiryen rigakafin hauka masu tasiri, wasu daga cikinsu ba sa buƙatar masu sa kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ludolph P, Stoffers-Winterling J, Kunzler AM, Rösch R, Geschke K, Vahl CF, Lieb K |date=August 2020 |title=Non-Pharmacologic Multicomponent Interventions Preventing Delirium in Hospitalized People |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=1864–1871 |doi=10.1111/jgs.16565 |pmid=32531089 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ƙoƙarin rigakafi yana kan masu kulawa. Masu kulawa galibi suna da abubuwa da yawa da ake tsammani daga gare su kuma a nan ne matsayin tattalin arziki ke taka rawa wajen rigakafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last5=for the SwiSCI Study Group |vauthors=Tough H, Brinkhof MW, Siegrist J, Fekete C |date=December 2019 |title=Social inequalities in the burden of care: a dyadic analysis in the caregiving partners of persons with a physical disability |journal=International Journal for Equity in Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12939-019-1112-1 |pmc=6938621 |pmid=31892324 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan rigakafi yana buƙatar motsa jiki na yau da kullun da motsa jiki na yau da kullun, wannan yana ɗaukar lokaci daga ranar mai kulawa. Dangane da azuzuwan tattalin arziki, wannan na iya zama lokaci mai mahimmanci wanda za a yi amfani da shi don aiki don tallafawa iyali. Wannan yana haifar da adadin mutanen da ke fuskantar rashin hankali waɗanda suka fito daga asalin waɗanda aka ware. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waite LJ |date=2004 |title=The Demographic Faces of the Elderly |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=30 |issue=Supplement |pages=3–16 |pmc=2614322 |pmid=19129925}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWaite2004&quot;&gt;Waite LJ (2004). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614322 &quot;The Demographic Faces of the Elderly&quot;]. ''Population and Development Review''. '''30''' (Supplement): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3–&lt;/span&gt;16. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614322 2614322]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19129925 19129925].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shirye kamar Shirin Rayuwar Tsofaffin Asibiti na iya ƙoƙarin yaƙi da waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar samar da ƙarin tallafi da ilimi game da rashin hankali wanda ƙila ba za a iya samu ba.

=== Ba na likitanci ba ===
Ana iya hana kuma a magance matsalar rashin barci ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da ba na magunguna ba waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari, kamar maƙarƙashiya, bushewar jiki, ƙarancin iskar oxygen, rashin motsi, rashin gani ko ji, matsalar barci, raguwar aiki, da kuma ta hanyar cire ko rage magunguna masu matsala. &lt;ref name=&quot;NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2010 |title=Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103 &quot;Delirium: Prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care&quot;]. ''National Institute for Health and Care Excellence''. 28 July 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150014/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103 Archived] from the original on 2023-06-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oh ES, Fong TG, Hshieh TT, Inouye SK |date=September 2017 |title=Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=JAMA |volume=318 |issue=12 |pages=1161–1174 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.12067 |pmc=5717753 |pmid=28973626}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOhFongHshiehInouye2017&quot;&gt;Oh ES, Fong TG, Hshieh TT, Inouye SK (September 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717753 &quot;Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment&quot;]. ''JAMA''. '''318''' (12): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1161–&lt;/span&gt;1174. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jama.2017.12067|10.1001/jama.2017.12067]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717753 5717753]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28973626 28973626].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tabbatar da yanayin magani (misali, kulawa ta musamman, sadarwa mai kyau, sake tsarawa da haske a lokacin rana, haɓaka tsabtace barci ba tare da katsewa ba tare da ƙara hayaniya da haske da dare, rage ƙaura zuwa ɗaki, samun abubuwa da aka saba gani kamar hotunan iyali, samar da abin toshe kunne, da samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, rage zafi, da taimako wajen fara motsa jiki da wuri) na iya taimakawa wajen hana rashin barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, Simpkins SA |date=March 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3 |pmc=10431752 |pmid=26967259}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSiddiqiHarrisonCleggTeale2016&quot;&gt;Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, et&amp;nbsp;al. (March 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 &quot;Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients&quot;]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''2016''' (3) CD005563. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3|10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 10431752]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26967259 26967259].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Inouye2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK |date=March 2006 |title=Delirium in older persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |url-status=live |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–1165 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-01-04}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFInouye2006&quot;&gt;Inouye SK (March 2006). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 &quot;Delirium in older persons&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''354''' (11): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1157–&lt;/span&gt;1165. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra052321|10.1056/NEJMra052321]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16540616 16540616]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245337 245337]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 Archived] from the original on 2021-08-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poongkunran C, John SG, Kannan AS, Shetty S, Bime C, Parthasarathy S |date=October 2015 |title=A meta-analysis of sleep-promoting interventions during critical illness |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=128 |issue=10 |pages=1126–1137.e1 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.05.026 |pmc=4577445 |pmid=26071825}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Flannery AH, Oyler DR, Weinhouse GL |date=December 2016 |title=The Impact of Interventions to Improve Sleep on Delirium in the ICU: A Systematic Review and Research Framework |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=44 |issue=12 |pages=2231–2240 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000001952 |pmid=27509391 |s2cid=24494855}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike kan rigakafin da magani na magunguna yana da rauni kuma bai isa ba don bayar da shawarwari masu kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oh_2017&quot; /&gt;

=== Ilimin Magunguna ===
An yi nazarin Melatonin da sauran magungunan magani don rigakafin cutar delirium, amma shaidun sun ci karo da juna. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, Simpkins SA |date=March 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3 |pmc=10431752 |pmid=26967259}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSiddiqiHarrisonCleggTeale2016&quot;&gt;Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, et&amp;nbsp;al. (March 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 &quot;Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients&quot;]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''2016''' (3) CD005563. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3|10.1002/14651858.CD005563.pub3]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431752 10431752]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26967259 26967259].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gosch M, Nicholas JA |date=February 2014 |title=Pharmacologic prevention of postoperative delirium |journal=Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=105–109 |doi=10.1007/s00391-013-0598-1 |pmid=24619041 |s2cid=19868320}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da shawarar gujewa ko amfani da benzodiazepines a hankali don rage haɗarin cutar delirium ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani.  Ba a san ko maganin donepezil, mai hana cholinesterase, yana rage cutar delirium bayan tiyata ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot; /&gt; Babu wata hujja bayyananna da ke nuna cewa citicoline, methylprednisolone, ko magungunan antipsychotic suna hana cutar delirium. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siddiqi2016&quot; /&gt; Bitar kula da maganin sa barci na jijiya da na numfashi don sakamakon fahimta bayan tiyata a cikin tsofaffi waɗanda aka yi wa tiyatar da ba ta zuciya ba ta nuna ɗan bambanci ko babu bambanci a cikin cutar delirium bayan tiyata bisa ga nau'in magungunan sa barci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller D, Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Schofield-Robinson OJ, Shelton CL, Alderson P, Smith AF |date=August 2018 |title=Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non-cardiac surgery |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=8 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012317.pub2 |pmc=6513211 |pmid=30129968}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin bincike biyar (mahalarta 321). Marubutan wannan bitar ba su da tabbas ko kula da maganin sa barci tare da maganin sa barci na jijiya na propofol (TIVA) ko tare da magungunan shaƙatawa na iya shafar yawan kamuwa da cutar delirium bayan tiyata.

== Magani ==
Sau da yawa, delirium yana iya canzawa; duk da haka, mutanen da ke fama da delirium suna buƙatar magani don dalilan da ke haifar da shi, sau da yawa don hana rauni da sauran mummunan sakamako da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da delirium. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burry_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burry L, Hutton B, Williamson DR, Mehta S, Adhikari NK, Cheng W, Ely EW, Egerod I, Fergusson DA, Rose L |date=September 2019 |title=Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011749.pub2 |pmc=6719921 |pmid=31479532}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBurryHuttonWilliamsonMehta2019&quot;&gt;Burry L, Hutton B, Williamson DR, Mehta S, Adhikari NK, Cheng W, et&amp;nbsp;al. (September 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6719921 &quot;Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults&quot;]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''2019''' (9) CD011749. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011749.pub2|10.1002/14651858.CD011749.pub2]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6719921 6719921]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31479532 31479532].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Maganin ciwon hauka yana buƙatar kulawa ga fannoni da dama, ciki har da waɗannan: &lt;ref name=&quot;Delirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, Slooter AJ, Ely EW |date=November 2020 |title=Delirium |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4 |pmc=9012267 |pmid=33184265 |s2cid=226302415 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilsonMartCunninghamShehabi2020&quot;&gt;Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, et&amp;nbsp;al. (November 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012267 &quot;Delirium&quot;]. ''Nature Reviews. Disease Primers''. '''6''' (1) 90. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4|10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012267 9012267]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33184265 33184265]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226302415 226302415].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Inouye2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inouye SK |date=March 2006 |title=Delirium in older persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |url-status=live |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–1165 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2019-01-04}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFInouye2006&quot;&gt;Inouye SK (March 2006). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 &quot;Delirium in older persons&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''354''' (11): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1157–&lt;/span&gt;1165. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra052321|10.1056/NEJMra052321]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16540616 16540616]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245337 245337]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054457/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/13956255 Archived] from the original on 2021-08-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Gano da kuma magance matsalar ko dalilin rashin lafiya da ke haifar da hakan
* Magance duk wani abu da zai iya haifar da matsala ko kuma haifar da matsala wanda zai iya kawo cikas ga aikin kwakwalwa
* Inganta ilimin halittar jiki da yanayi don murmurewa daga kwakwalwa (misali, iskar oxygen, hydration, abinci mai gina jiki, electrolytes, metabolites, bita kan magunguna)
* Gano da kuma sarrafa matsalolin damuwa da ɗabi'a (misali, rage radadi)
* Kula da motsi
* Samar da gyara ta hanyar fahimtar juna da kuma motsa jiki
* Yi magana yadda ya kamata da mutumin da ke fama da rashin lafiya da kuma masu kula da shi ko masu kula da shi
* Bayar da cikakken bayani, gami da la'akari da yiwuwar ciwon hauka da damuwa bayan rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Delirium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, Slooter AJ, Ely EW |date=November 2020 |title=Delirium |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4 |pmc=9012267 |pmid=33184265 |s2cid=226302415 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilsonMartCunninghamShehabi2020&quot;&gt;Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AM, et&amp;nbsp;al. (November 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012267 &quot;Delirium&quot;]. ''Nature Reviews. Disease Primers''. '''6''' (1) 90. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4|10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012267 9012267]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33184265 33184265]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226302415 226302415].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Eastwood Anaba</title>
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      <text bytes="4617" sha1="hrxzp4mr9a59w98xidyg0ng67luj7j5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Eastwood Anaba
| image =
| birth_name = Joseph Eastwood Anaba
| birth_date = 10 Mayu 1959
| birth_place = Bolgatanga, Upper East Region, Ghana
| nationality = Dan Ghana
| occupation = Fasto, mai wa'azi, marubuci
| known_for = Kafa Eastwood Anaba Ministries da Fountain Gate Chapel
| spouse = Rosemond Nana Wiredua Anaba
}}

'''Joseph Eastwood Anaba''' (an haife shi ranar 10 ga Mayu 1959) fasto ne, mai wa'azin bishara, marubuci kuma shugaban addini daga ƙasar Ghana. Shi ne wanda ya kafa '''Eastwood Anaba Ministries (EAM)''' kuma yana daga cikin fitattun masu wa'azi a Ghana da nahiyar Afirka. Ya shahara wajen koyarwa kan Ruhu Mai Tsarki, adalci, horo, tsari a cikin coci da kuma soyayyar Allah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The President |url=https://eastwoodanaba.com/the-president/ |publisher=Eastwood Anaba Ministries |access-date=7 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Eastwood Anaba a Bolgatanga da ke Upper East Region na Ghana a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1959. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School sannan ya sami digiri a fannin Pharmacy daga Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) da ke Kumasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Founders |url=https://eastwoodanaba.com/who-are-we/founders/ |publisher=Eastwood Anaba Ministries |access-date=7 June 2026 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126064403/https://eastwoodanaba.com/who-are-we/founders/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin wa'azi ==
Anaba ya fara aikin wa'azi a shekarun 1980 bayan ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga hidimar Kirista. A shekarar 1987 ya kafa '''Northern Deliverance In Tears Ministry (NINTAM)''' domin yada bishara da kawo farfaɗowar addini a arewacin Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://eastwoodanaba.com/about-us/ |publisher=Eastwood Anaba Ministries |access-date=7 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1988 an sauya sunan kungiyar zuwa '''Broken Yoke Foundation'''. Daga baya kuma aka kafa '''Fountain Gate Chapel''', wadda ta zama daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin Pentecostal a Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://eastwoodanaba.org.uk/about/our-background/ |publisher=EAM UK |access-date=7 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya shafe fiye da shekaru 22 yana jagorantar Fountain Gate Chapel, ya sauka daga matsayin shugaban cocin domin mayar da hankali ga wa'azi da hidimar duniya baki daya. A shekarar 2010 ya kafa '''Eastwood Anaba Ministries (EAM)'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://eastwoodanaba.com/about-us/ |publisher=Eastwood Anaba Ministries |access-date=7 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Eastwood Anaba ya rubuta littattafai sama da 100 da suka shafi rayuwar Kirista, jagoranci da ci gaban ruhaniya. Daga cikin fitattun littattafansa akwai ''God's End-Time Militia'', ''The Love Revolution'', ''Humility'' da ''Four Kinds''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pastor Eastwood Anaba |url=https://www.pi.edu.gh/member/pastor-eastwood-anaba/ |publisher=Pneuma Institute |access-date=7 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi da koyarwa ==
Anaba ya yi fice wajen jaddada muhimmancin soyayya, hadin kai da mutunta dan Adam. A jawabai da dama ya yi kira ga Kiristoci su mayar da hankali ga soyayyar juna da taimakon al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Christians urged to be each other’s keeper in 2018 |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2018/01/02/christians-urged-to-be-each-others-keeper-in-2018/ |publisher=Ghana Business News |date=2 January 2018 |access-date=7 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2024 ya bayyana damuwarsa cewa yawaitar nishaɗi a wasu majami'u na iya karkatar da hankali daga ainihin manufar ibada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Too much entertainment in churches overshadowing its purpose - Rev Eastwood Anaba |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/articles/entertainment/too-much-entertainment-in-churches-overshadowing-its-purpose-rev-eastwood-anaba-2024072415200811327 |publisher=Pulse Ghana |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=7 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Eastwood Anaba ya auri '''Rosemond Nana Wiredua Anaba''', wadda ita ma jagora ce a hidimar EAM. Sun hadu tun lokacin karatunsu na jami'a kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Vice President |url=https://eastwoodanaba.com/the-vice-president/ |publisher=Eastwood Anaba Ministries |access-date=7 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Pentecostalism in Ghana]]
* [[Christianity in Ghana]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ghanaian Christians]]
[[Category:Ghanaian clergy]]
[[Category:Ghanaian writers]]
[[Category:People from Upper East Region]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bambancin jinsi a cikin kiwon lafiya</title>
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      <comment>An kirkira ta fassara &quot;Definition of health disparity&quot; daga shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358289322|Gender disparities in health]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Databox}}


== Ma'anar bambancin kiwon lafiya ==
[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ta bayyana bambancin kiwon lafiya a matsayin bambance-bambance a cikin kiwon lafiya da kungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane suka karɓa waɗanda ba kawai ba su da mahimmanci kuma ba za a iya gujewa ba, har ma da rashin adalci da nuna bambanci. Kasancewar bambancin kiwon lafiya yana nuna cewa [[Daidaitaccen lafiya|daidaito na kiwon lafiya]] bai wanzu a sassa da yawa na duniya ba. Adalci a cikin kiwon lafiya yana nufin halin da ake ciki inda kowane mutum yake da damar da za a iya samun cikakkiyar damar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;The concepts and principles of equity and health&quot; /&gt; Gabaɗaya, kalmar nan &quot;[[Daidaitaccen lafiya|Rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya]]&quot;, ko &quot;rashin jituwa na kiwon lafiyar&quot;, ana fahimtar ta sosai a matsayin bambance-bambance a cikin kiwon lafiya tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin matsayi daban-daban a cikin matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Health Disparities and Health Equity: Concepts and Measurement&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Braveman |first=P. |year=2006 |title=Health Disparities and Health Equity: Concepts and Measurement |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=167–194 |bibcode=2006ARPH...27..167B |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103 |pmid=16533114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jima'i a matsayin bambanci ==

=== Rashin amincewa da mata ===
Tsarin zamantakewa na ƙasashe da yawa suna ci gaba da warewa da zalunci ga mata ta hanyar [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idojin al'adu]] da ka'idoji na doka. A sakamakon wannan rashin daidaito na zamantakewa, mata galibi ana mayar da su zuwa matsayi inda ba su da damar samun dama da sarrafa albarkatun kiwon lafiya, suna sa mata su fi fuskantar wahalar matsalolin kiwon lafiya fiye da maza. Misali, mata da ke zaune a yankunan da ba su da isasshen kuɗi sun ƙuntata kariya ga lafiyarsu saboda ba su da damar samun ilimi da aiki. A sakamakon haka, Tsawon rayuwa mata a lokacin haihuwa, jin daɗin abinci mai gina jiki, da rigakafin [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa]] ba, galibi sun fi na maza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vlassoff |first=C |date=March 2007 |title=Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness. |journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=47–61 |pmc=3013263 |pmid=17615903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Amartya |year=1990 |title=More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing |journal=New York Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rashin amincewa da maza ===
Akwai yanayi inda maza ke fama da talauci. Misali daya shine karancin rayuwa ga maza a yawancin ƙasashe. [[yaƙi]] irin wannan misali shine [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]], inda maza galibi ke fama da su. Binciken rikice-rikice a kasashe 13 daga 1955 zuwa 2002 ya gano cewa kashi 81% na duk mutuwar yaki na tashin hankali maza ne. Baya ga rikice-rikicen makamai, yankunan da ke da yawan tashin hankali, kamar yankunan da masu cin gashin kansu ke sarrafawa, suma suna ganin maza da ke fuskantar yawan mace-mace. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga imani na zamantakewa wanda ke haɗa manufofi na namiji tare da tashin hankali, halayyar rikici. A ƙarshe, sauye-sauye na kwatsam da gagarumin yanayi a cikin yanayin tattalin arziki da asarar hanyoyin tsaro na zamantakewa, musamman tallafin zamantakewa da hatimi na abinci, an kuma danganta su da matakan amfani da barasa da damuwa tsakanin maza, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan mace-mace. Wannan shi ne saboda irin waɗannan yanayi sau da yawa suna sa maza su sami wahalar samar da iyalansu, aikin da aka daɗe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin &quot;mahimmanci na namiji. &quot;  Binciken da aka yi wa mutanen da suka kamu da sanyi na yau da kullun ya gano cewa likitoci sun rage alamun maza, kuma sun fi son danganta alamun da rashin lafiya ga mata fiye da maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;Autopsy on an Empire: Understanding Mortality in Russia and the Former Soviet Union&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brainerd |first=Elizabeth |last2=Cutler |first2=David |year=2005 |title=Autopsy on an Empire: Understanding Mortality in Russia and the Former Soviet Union |location=Ann Arbor, MI |publisher=William Davidson Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sue |first=Kyle |year=2017 |title=The science behind 'man flu.' |url=http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/december/manflu.pdf |journal=BMJ |volume=359 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j5560 |pmid=29229663 |s2cid=3381640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208203826/http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/december/manflu.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2017 |access-date=11 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata suna rayuwa fiye da maza a duk ƙasashe, kuma a duk rukunin shekaru, waɗanda akwai rubuce-rubuce masu aminci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Austad |first=S.N.A |last2=Bartke |first2=A.A. |year=2016 |title=Sex Differences in Longevity and in Responses to Anti-Aging Interventions: A Mini-Review |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/381472 |journal=Gerontology |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=40–6 |doi=10.1159/000381472 |pmid=25968226 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, maza ba su da lafiya fiye da mata a duk faɗin zamantakewar al'umma. Mutanen da ba fararen fata ba su da lafiya sosai. Maza suna da yawa a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari kuma suna wakiltar mafi yawan mutuwar a wurin aiki. Bugu da ƙari, likitocin likitoci suna ba wa maza ƙaramin sabis, da ƙarancin shawara, kuma suna ciyar da ƙaranci lokaci tare da maza fiye da yadda suke yi da mata a kowane gamuwa ta likita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=David R. |date=May 2003 |title=The Health of Men: Structured Inequalities and Opportunities |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=724–731 |doi=10.2105/ajph.93.5.724 |pmc=1447828 |pmid=12721133}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rashin amincewa da mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i ===
Wani bangare na bambancin kiwon lafiya yana cikin al'ummar Intersex. Mutanen da aka haifa tare da halaye na jima'i, kamar su chromosomes, gonads, ko genitalia, waɗanda ba su dace da ra'ayoyin binary na jikin namiji da na mace ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intersex people |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/intersex-people |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=[[OHCHR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definition of health disparity ==
WHO ta bayyana bambancin kiwon lafiya a matsayin bambance-bambance a cikin kiwon lafiya da kungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane suka karɓa waɗanda ba kawai ba su da mahimmanci kuma ba za a iya gujewa ba, har ma da rashin adalci da nuna bambanci.[1] Kasancewar bambancin kiwon lafiya yana nuna cewa daidaito na kiwon lafiya bai wanzu a sassa da yawa na duniya ba. Adalci a cikin kiwon lafiya yana nufin halin da ake ciki inda kowane mutum yake da damar da za a iya samun cikakkiyar damar kiwon lafiya.[1] Gabaɗaya, kalmar nan &quot;Rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya&quot;, ko &quot;rashin jituwa na kiwon lafiyar&quot;, ana fahimtar ta sosai a matsayin bambance-bambance a cikin kiwon lafiya tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin matsayi daban-daban a cikin matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.[2]￼
== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Gidan shakatawa na Murchison Falls</title>
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'''Gidan shakatawa na Murchison Falls''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na kasa a [[Uganda]] wanda Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda ke sarrafawa. Yana cikin arewa maso yammacin Uganda, yana yadawa cikin ƙasa daga gabar [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] a kusa da [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] har zuwa Karuma Falls.

Tare da {{Cvt|748|km2}} da ke kusa   Wurin Ajiye Namun Daji na Bugungu da kuma {{Cvt|720|km2}}   Kariyar Namun Daji ta Karuma, wurin shakatawa ya samar da Yankin Kare Murayen Murchison. &lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=About Murchison Falls National Park |url=http://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/murchison-falls-national-park |access-date=3 November 2016 |publisher=Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) |archive-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101071508/http://ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/murchison-falls-national-park |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
[[Fayil:Crocodile_along_River_Nile_in_Murchison_Falls_National_Park,_Uganda_01.jpg|thumb|Crocodile tare da Kogin Nilu a cikin Murchison Falls National Park]]
Gidan shakatawa ya ratsa gundumomin Ugandan Buliisa, Nwoya, Kiryandongo, da Masindi

== Tarihi ==
Masu binciken John Speke da James Grant sune Turawa na farko da suka ziyarci MFCA na yanzu a 1862. Samuel da Florence Baker sun fi bincika shi sosai a 1863-4. Baker ya ba da sunan Ruwan [[Murchison Falls]] bayan masanin ilimin ƙasa Roderick Murchison, sannan shugaban Royal Geographical Society

Tsakanin 1907 da 1912, mazauna yankin da ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|13000|km2}}  an kwashe su daga gidajensu saboda cutar barci da kwari suka yaɗa. A shekarar 1910, an ƙirƙiri wurin adana namun daji na Bunyoro a kudancin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . Wannan yanki ya yi daidai da ɓangaren MFNP wanda ke cikin gundumomin Buliisa, Masindi, da Kiryandongo .  shekarar 1928, an faɗaɗa iyakokin arewacin kogin zuwa gundumar Nwoya ta zamani. &lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 1952, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kafa Dokar Gidajen Kasa ta [[Uganda]] . Yankin da aka bayyana a sama ya zama Murchison Falls National Park . &lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 1972 [[Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu|Mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin]] ya sake sunan wurin shakatawa zuwa Kabalega National Park a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen dinsa na Afirka, don girmama [[Bunyoro]]&quot; id=&quot;mwWw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Kabalega of Bunyoro&quot;&gt;Chwa II Kabalega na Bunyoro .  Sunan daga baya ya koma Murchison.
[[Fayil:Murchison_falls_National_Park.2.jpg|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na Murchison Falls]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Gada ta Dona Ana</title>
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'''Gadar Dona Ana''' ta ratsa ƙananan [[kogin Zambezi]] tsakanin garuruwan Vila de Sena da Mutarara a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], inda ta haɗa rabin ƙasar biyu yadda ya kamata. Da farko an gina ta ne a matsayin gadar jirgin ƙasa don haɗa [[Malawi]] da filayen kwal na Moatize zuwa [[tashar jiragen ruwa ta Beira]] .

== Tarihi ==
Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu ya sami izini daga gwamnatin Portugal na gina layin dogo daga Dondo, Mozambique a kan babban layin dogo daga [[Beira|Beira, Mozambique]] zuwa [[Rhodesia]] . A shekarar 1912, gwamnatin Nyasaland ta amince ta ba da tallafin kuɗi ga Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu don gina {{Convert|61|mi|km}} Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Tsakiyar Afirka daga Nsanje, tashar jirgin ƙasa ta kudu ta Shire Highlands zuwa gabar arewa ta Zambezi a Chindio . An kammala wannan layin a shekarar 1914 kuma, da farko, jiragen ruwa masu tururi a kogi sun tashi daga Chindio zuwa [[Chinde]] a [[Tekun Indiya]] .  Daga Chinde, na'urorin kunna wuta masu tafiya a teku sun ci gaba da tafiya zuwa [[Beira|Beira, Mozambique]] . Ya ɗauki makonni biyu zuwa uku kafin a kwashe kayayyaki daga Blantyre zuwa Beira, ya ƙunshi jigilar kaya sau uku da kuma fallasa kayayyaki ga haɗarin lalacewar ruwa. 

A shekarar 1922, Kamfanin Jirgin Ƙasa na Trans-Zambezia ya kammala layin dogo daga Beira zuwa Murracca a kan Zambezi, a gaban Chindio, don haka akwai hanyar jirgin ƙasa kusan cikakke daga Blantyre zuwa Beira sai dai ɗan gajeren hanyar ratsa kogin ta jirgin ruwa. Wannan bai dace ba saboda ƙarfin jirgin ya dogara ne da zurfin kogin. Tsawon watanni biyu a lokacin rani, kogin ya yi ƙasa kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta lokacin damina sau da yawa ta wanke wasu sassan titin. A shekarar 1927, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da umarnin a bayar da rahoto kan gina gadar Zambezi. 

Rahoton Hammond ya gabatar da shawarar gina gadar Zambezi a Mutarara, {{Convert|25|mi|km}} hawan kogin Chindio. An kiyasta kudin gadar Zambezi ya kai fam miliyan 1.06.  Ana sa ran kawar da kula da jirgin ruwa da karuwar zirga-zirga zai biya riba ta shekara-shekara da kuma samar da asusun nutsewa don biyan bashin gini. Kudaden karshe na gadar Zambezi sun kai fam miliyan 1.74 kuma bai taba samar da isassun zirga-zirgar ababen hawa don biyan kudin ruwa ba, balle a biya bashin da aka tara don gina shi. 

{{Convert|3.67|km|miyd|-long}} Gadar Dona Ana ita ce gadar layin dogo mafi tsayi a [[Afirka]] a wancan lokacin. Gadar ta ƙunshi tsawon zango 33 na tsawon zango {{Convert|80|m|ft}} da kuma tsawon ƙafa 7 na tsawon ƙafa {{Convert|50|m|ft}} .  An gina shi ne a shekarar 1934 a lokacin mulkin Portugal na Mozambique, kuma ba a iya amfani da shi a shekarun 1980 ba, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Basasar Mozambik|Yaƙin Basasa na Mozambique]] .  [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] ta taimaka wajen gyara shi kuma an mayar da shi gada mai layi ɗaya don zirga-zirgar ababen hawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=1995: Rebuilding Bridges |url=http://transition.usaid.gov/mz/photogal_history_13.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130409230409/http://transition.usaid.gov/mz/photogal_history_13.htm |archive-date=9 April 2013 |access-date=8 March 2013 |publisher=[[USAID]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa ba a gina ta a kan babbar hanyar mota ba, ta samar da wata hanyar da za ta ratsa Zambezi. Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka biyu sune gadar Tete da tsohon jirgin ruwa a Caia wanda ba koyaushe abin dogaro ba ne. Gadar Dona Ana ita ce gada mafi tsayi a fadin Zambezi kuma ita ce gada ta ƙarshe da ke ƙasa kafin a gina [[Armando Emilio Guebuza Bridge|gadar Armando Emilio Guebuza]] a shekarar 2009.

An rufe gadar gaba ɗaya ga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a watan Oktoban 2006 don gyara da sake mayar da ita gadar jirgin ƙasa kuma an sake buɗe ta a matsayin gadar jirgin ƙasa a shekarar 2009. A shekarar 2017, an yi mata gyare-gyare, musamman ga layin masu tafiya a ƙasa, wanda mutane sama da 3,000 ke amfani da shi kowace rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=One of Africa's longest bridges, 86-year-old Ponte Dona Ana gets a much-needed facelift |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/one-of-africas-longest-bridges-86-year-old-ponte-dona-ana-gets-a-much-needed-facelift/ |website=clubofmozambique.com |access-date=11 June 2026 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203062654/https://clubofmozambique.com/news/one-of-africas-longest-bridges-86-year-old-ponte-dona-ana-gets-a-much-needed-facelift/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Dona_Ana_Bridge_Moz.jpg
Fayil:Sena_Bridge_Following_2000_Floods_(5687097826).jpg|alt=Destroyed by flood waters, 2000| Ruwan sama ya lalata shi, 2000
Fayil:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-105-13.jpg|alt=Archives| Taskar Labarai
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin gadoji mafi tsayi a duniya
* [[Jerin hanyoyin da za su haye Kogin Zambezi|Jerin wuraren da aka ketare Kogin Zambezi]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Eva Rausing</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Eva Louise Rausing''' ( née Kemeny ; 7 Maris 1964 - kimanin 7 Mayu 2012)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eva Louise Rausing |url=http://company-director-check.co.uk/director/904940573 |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=company-director-check.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai taimakon jama'a, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 July 2012 |title=Hans Kristian Rausing Arrested in Connection With Eva Rausing Death, TetraPak Heir Prime Suspect in Case |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/361888/20120711/hans-kristian-rausing-eva-tetrapak-arrested.htm |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=International Herald Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma memba ce a cikin dangin Rausing, waɗanda ke da kamfanin shirya abinci na Tetra Pak .  Ita ce matar Hans Kristian Rausing, wanda ta haɗu da shi a wani asibitin gyaran hali a ƙasarta ta asali a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]],  kuma tana da 'ya'ya huɗu tare da ita. 

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haife ta '''Eva Louise Kemeny''',  'yar Tom Kemeny, wani babban jami'in PepsiCo . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)&quot;&gt;an buƙata a ambaci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Rausing ita ce mai tallafawa ƙungiyar agaji ta duniya ta Mentor a Burtaniya, kuma tare da mijinta, ta kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga [[Ayyuka game da Jaraba|Action on Addiction]], wata ƙungiyar agaji da ke taimaka wa matasa da ke fama da matsalolin shan giya da miyagun ƙwayoyi. 

A shekarar 2008, an kama Rausing bayan ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga ofishin jakadancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da ke tsakiyar Landan yayin da yake ɗauke da naɗaɗɗen hodar iblis da heroin. An tsare ta a wajen ofishin jakadancin da ke Mayfair, wanda hakan ya haifar da farmakin 'yan sanda a gidan ma'auratan na Chelsea, inda aka gano fiye da fam 1,500 na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Daga nan aka kama mijinta, Hans Kristian Rausing, magajin daular Tetra Pak ta sayar da kayan sha ta fam biliyan 5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2008 |title=Heir's wife held after 'drugs trip to US embassy' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/apr/11/ukcrime |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2012, an same ta a mace a gidanta da ke Belgravia, [[Landan]] .  An kama mijinta mai shekaru 49 da laifin mutuwarta da kuma zarginsa da laifukan miyagun kwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tetra Pak heir held over death |url=http://www.itv.com/news/story/2012-07-10/wife-of-tetra-pak-heir-eva-rausing-found-dead-in-london/ |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=ITV news}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Yuli, an tuhume shi da jinkirta binne gawarta .  Hans Kristian Rausing ya amsa laifinsa, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin watanni goma a ranar 1 ga Agusta, an dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru biyu; Alkali ya bukaci ya halarci wani shirin gyaran miyagun kwayoyi na shekaru biyu. Kotun ta ji cewa na'urar bugun zuciya ta nuna cewa wataƙila Eva Rausing ta mutu a ranar 7 ga Mayu.  A lokacin mutuwarta, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi arziki a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . 

A ranar 29 ga Agusta 2012, ɗan jaridar Burtaniya Ben Quinn ya bayyana a ''jaridar The Guardian'' cewa a shekarar 2011 Eva Rausing ta isar da bayanai ga masu gabatar da ƙara na Sweden game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa firayim ministan Sweden Olof Palme a shekarar 1986 da ba a warware ba. Scotland Yard ta tabbatar da cewa ta ba wa hukumomin Sweden bayanai, waɗanda ke son yin tambayoyi ga matar da mijinta ya mutu, Hans Kristian Rausing, a matsayin shaida game da bayanan da matarsa ta yi iƙirarin samu. Gunnar Wall, marubuciya 'yar Sweden wadda ta rubuta littattafai biyu kan kisan Palme, ta ce Rausing ta tuntube shi a watan Yunin 2011, tana mai cewa ta ji labarin cewa wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Sweden ne ya kashe Palme, wanda ke tsoron cewa Palme barazana ce ga kasuwancinsa. Wall ta gudanar da wasiƙun [[Email|imel]] da Rausing, wanda ya gaya masa cewa ta rubuta wa ɗan kasuwan sau uku game da zarge-zargen. A cikin wata imel da ta aika wa Wall, ta rubuta: &quot;Kada ku manta da bincika ko zan mutu ba zato ba tsammani! Ina fatan zan yi wasa.&quot; Wall ta shaida wa ''jaridar Guardian'' cewa: &quot;Lokacin da imel ɗinta suka tsaya, ban yi tunani sosai a kai ba, sai da na ji cewa ta mutu a cikin yanayi da ba a fayyace ba ... Ta kuma gaya mini cewa za ta sanar da masu gabatar da ƙara a Sweden kuma da alama tana da wani shiri don ganawa da su.&quot; 

A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2012, wani likitan binciken gawar ya ce Rausing ta mutu sakamakon &quot;cin zarafin miyagun kwayoyi&quot; da ta yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CORONER: EVA RAUSING DIED AS RESULT OF DRUG ABUSE |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/coroner-eva-rausing-died-result-drug-abuse |access-date=14 December 2012 |publisher=AP |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311001239/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/coroner-eva-rausing-died-result-drug-abuse |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

Littafin soyayya '''''ga dukkan samarin da na ƙaunace a baya''''' wani littafi ne na soyayya na matasa na shekarar 2014 wanda marubuciyar Amurka Jenny Han ta wallafa, wanda Simon &amp;amp;amp; Schuster suka fara bugawa kuma aka fitar a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2014.  Han ta sami kwarin gwiwa ta rubuta littafin bisa ga dabi'arta ta rubuta wasikun soyayya ga samarin da ta ƙaunace su tun tana ƙarama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Author interview: Jenny Han |url=http://ronreads.com/author-interview/author-interview-jenny-han-2/ |access-date=May 20, 2015 |website=RonReads.com |archive-date=May 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507213834/http://ronreads.com/author-interview/author-interview-jenny-han-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin ya biyo bayan wasu littattafai guda biyu, ''PS I Still Love You'', wanda aka fitar a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2015,  da kuma ''Always and Forever, Lara Jean'', wanda aka fitar a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2017. 

An fitar da wani fim na littafin a [[Netflix]] a shekarar 2018. Labarinsa yayi kama da na asali tare da wasu sauye-sauye.

== Labari ==
Lara Jean Song Covey yarinya ce 'yar asalin Koriya ' yar shekara goma sha shida wacce take zaune a Virginia. Tana da kusanci sosai da babbar 'yar uwarta Margot da ƙanwarta Kitty. Lara Jean tana ajiye wasiƙun soyayya ga dukkan samarin da ta taɓa ƙauna a cikin akwatin hula mai launin shuɗi da mahaifiyarta ta rasu ta ba ta, wacce ta mutu bayan faɗuwa da gangan lokacin da Lara Jean ke da shekaru 10 kacal. Akwai maza 5: Saurayin Margot Josh Sanderson, wani yaro mai suna Kenny daga sansani, Peter daga aji 7, Lucas daga dawowa gida, da John Ambrose daga ƙirar UN. Kafin Margot ta tafi jami'a a [[Scotland]], ta rabu da Josh, wanda shi ma maƙwabcinsu ne kuma ƙawar Lara Jean.

Lara Jean ta ga yadda take ji game da Josh bayan Margot ta tafi makaranta, kuma Josh ya yarda a lokacin tattaunawa game da waɗanda suka yi soyayya cewa soyayyarsa ta farko da ta yi da Lara Jean ita ce Lara Jean. Domin ta jure wa yadda take ji, Lara Jean ta ƙara wani rubutu a cikin wasiƙar da ta rubuta wa Josh a baya tana bayyana yadda take ji, amma ba ta aika ba.

Peter Kavinsky, ɗaya daga cikin yaran da Lara Jean ta rubuta wa wasiƙa, ya kusance ta ya gaya mata cewa ba shi da wata sha'awa a gare ta. Lara Jean ta rikice amma ta fahimci cewa yana nufin wasiƙar da ta rubuta masa shekaru da suka wuce bayan ta karɓe ta a wasiƙa. Cikin firgici, ta gaya masa ta rubuta ta tun da daɗewa. Lara Jean ta ba da labarin abin da ya sa ta rubuta wasiƙar: lokacin da take aji bakwai, ita da Peter suna tare da wasu abokan juna lokacin da Peter ya sumbace ta.

Lara Jean ba ta sami akwatin hularta a gida ba. A daren nan, ta ji Josh ya zo ta ɓuya a cikin wani gidan bishiya da ta saba kwana a ciki tun tana ƙarama. Washegari da safe a makaranta, Josh ya tambaye ta game da wasiƙar da aka rubuta masa. Ta yi ƙarya ta ce ba ta sake jin daɗinsa ba kuma tana soyayya da wani. Lokacin da ya tambaye ta ko wanene, sai ta ce Peter shi ne mutum na farko da take tunani a kai yayin da yake tafiya a kan hanyar shiga. Lara Jean ta yi tsalle ta yi wa Peter sumba a gaban Josh, kuma Peter ya sumbace ta. A makaranta, Lara Jean ta bayyana halin da take ciki ga Peter, wanda ya yanke shawarar bin ƙaryar, domin ya rabu da budurwarsa ta dogon lokaci Genevieve (ita ma maƙiyin Lara Jean) kuma yana son hutu mai kyau.

Lara Jean da Peter sun tsara jerin ƙa'idodi na yin aiki tare da juna. Yayin da suke ƙara zama tare, Lara Jean ta ƙara rikicewa game da yadda take ji. Yayin da Lara Jean da Peter suka fara ƙaunar juna da gaske, Josh ya fara kishin Peter, kuma lokacin da Lara Jean ta tunkare shi game da hakan, ya sumbace ta ya gaya mata yana son kasancewa tare da ita, wanda hakan ya sa Lara Jean ta fahimci cewa ba ta son Josh kuma tana son yin soyayya da Peter da gaske.

A wata tafiya ta makaranta a kan dusar ƙanƙara, Peter ya gaya wa Lara Jean cewa yana son yin soyayya da ita kuma suka yi sumba a cikin wani baho mai zafi. Washegari, Genevieve ta gaya mata cewa akwai jita-jita cewa su biyun sun yi jima'i a cikin baho mai zafi, kuma Peter bai musanta hakan ba. Cikin kunya, Lara Jean ta guji Peter a lokacin hutun [[Kirsimeti]] . Kitty ta gayyace shi zuwa liyafar Covey, wadda suke yi kowace shekara kafin mahaifiyarsu ta mutu. Lokacin da Peter ya yi ƙoƙarin yin magana da Lara Jean, Josh ya shigo don ya yi ƙoƙarin kare ta, kuma Margot ta ji labarin yadda Josh da Lara Jean suka sumbace ta.

Daga ƙarshe Margot da Lara Jean sun sulhunta, amma Lara Jean ta ci gaba da fushi da Peter har sai da Kitty ta yarda cewa ta sace akwatin hular 'yar uwarta ta kuma aika wasiƙun don ƙoƙarin mayar wa Lara Jean martani saboda kusan bayyana ƙaunar Kitty ga Josh. Lara Jean ta yafe wa Kitty. Kitty ta gaya wa Lara Jean cewa Peter yana kula da ita sosai kuma ta mayar da akwatin hular da yanzu ke cike da bayanan da Peter ya ba Lara Jean yayin da suke soyayya ta bogi. Tana karanta su a kai, Lara Jean ta canza ra'ayi ta fitar da alkalami da takarda don rubuta wa Peter wasiƙar soyayya ta gaske.

== Liyafar maraba ==
Littafin ya shafe makonni 40 a jerin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwNw&quot;&gt;jaridar The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a cikin sashen almara na matasa.  An buga shi cikin harsuna 30. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Jenny Han |url=https://www.jennyhan.com/about |access-date=February 28, 2021 |website=Jenny Han.com |archive-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315030608/https://www.jennyhan.com/about |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daidaita fim ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;A watan Yunin 2014, an ruwaito cewa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na Overbrook Entertainment, kamfanin shirya fina-finai na [[Will Smith]], ya tabbatar da haƙƙin fim ɗin, inda Annie Neal ta ɗauki hayar don daidaita littafin don allon. James Lassiter na Smith da Overbrook ne ya shirya fim ɗin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yamato |first=Jen |date=June 26, 2014 |title=Overbrook Sets Annie Neal To Pen YA Adaptation 'To All The Boys I've Loved Before' |url=https://deadline.com/2014/06/to-all-the-boys-ive-loved-before-movie-annie-neal-overbrook-796748/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Darakta ''Carrie Pilby'' Susan Johnson ce ta jagoranci fim ɗin, daga wani fim ɗin Sofia Alvarez, tare da [[Lana Condor]], Janel Parrish, Anna Cathcart, Noah Centineo, Israel Broussard, da John Corbett waɗanda suka fito a fim ɗin. An fara shirya fim ɗin a [[Vancouver]] a watan Yulin 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=July 21, 2017 |title=Lana Condor to Star in 'To All the Boys I've Loved Before' Movie Based on Jenny Han Novel |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/lana-condor-to-all-the-boys-ive-loved-before-jenny-han-novel-1202502572/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma [[Netflix]] ya fitar da fim ɗin a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=March 21, 2018 |title=Netflix Acquires Rights to Adaptation of YA Novel 'To All the Boys I've Loved Before' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/netflix-ya-novel-to-all-the-boys-ive-loved-before-exclusive-1202732565/ |access-date=March 21, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=To All the Boys I've Loved Before (2018) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/to_all_the_boys_ive_loved_before |access-date=August 21, 2018 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=To All the Boys I've Loved BeforeReviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/to-all-the-boys-ive-loved-before |access-date=August 21, 2018 |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Famfon nono</title>
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      <text bytes="23874" sha1="gf0tic6ufbc4gxa84045670fth1r48u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Breast pump
| image         = Infant Nutrition (Team Nutrition) (20210805-FNS-UNC-0011).jpg
| caption       = An electric breast pump in use
| specialty     = Lactation and breastfeeding; milk storage for breastfeeding
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{External media|width=210px|float=right|headerimage=[[File:Omega manual breast reliever with red bulb 2018.018.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/video/distilled-7-bicycle-horn-or-breast-pump Distilled #7: Bicycle Horn or Breast Pump?], ''Distillations'' Podcast, [[Science History Institute]], January 18, 2019.}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Famfon nono''' na'ura ce ta injiniya da mata masu shayarwa ke amfani da ita don fitar da madara daga [[Nono|nononsu]] . Suna iya zama na'urori da hannu ke amfani da su ta hanyar motsa hannu ko ƙafa, ko na'urori masu sarrafa kansu ta hanyar wutar lantarki.

Famfon nono suna zuwa da nau'o'i daban-daban don dacewa da buƙatun uwaye daban-daban. Famfon hannu, waɗanda ake amfani da su da hannu, suna da sauƙin ɗauka kuma suna da shiru, wanda hakan ya sa suka dace da amfani lokaci-lokaci. Famfon lantarki, waɗanda ke amfani da batura ko wutar lantarki ta hanyar babban bututu, suna ba da ƙarin inganci kuma galibi ana fifita su don yin amfani da su akai-akai. Famfon nono na asibiti sune mafi ƙarfi, waɗanda aka tsara don amfani akai-akai, masu nauyi, musamman ga uwayen jarirai da ba su kai lokacin haihuwa ba ko waɗanda ke da ƙalubalen shayarwa. Famfon nono na zamani da yawa suna haɗa matakan tsotsa daidaitacce da saurin hawa keke don kwaikwayon yanayin ciyar da jariri, da nufin inganta jin daɗi da samar da madara ga mai amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education - Breast Pumps Hub |url=https://breastpumpshub.com/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da famfunan nono tun zamanin da, tare da shaidu da ke nuna amfani da su a cikin wayewar zamani kamar Masar da Roma ta dā. Hanyoyin farko sun haɗa da na'urori da dabaru daban-daban don fitar da madara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=p-themes |title=From Clay Pots to Wearable Pumps: A Brief History of Breast Pumping |url=https://www.healthyhorizons.com/blogs/blog/from-clay-pots-to-wearable-pumps-a-brief-history-of-breast-pumping?srsltid=AfmBOorWSsEhE2PBiVJqHRW1zj-Qgpr6uKcxDEkWo-CLYxKrhR1d-Imv |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Healthy Horizons Breastfeeding Centers, Inc. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |last2=Courage |first2=Katherine Harmon |title=The Sucky History of the Breast Pump |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/sucky-history-of-the-breast-pump-180980653/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Obladen |first=Michael |date=2012-11-01 |title=Guttus, tiralatte and téterelle: a history of breast pumps |journal=Journal of Perinatal Medicine |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=669–675 |doi=10.1515/jpm-2012-0120 |issn=1619-3997 |pmid=23095190}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
 
A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1854, Ofishin Patent na Amurka ya ba da Patent mai lamba 11,135 ga OH Needham don famfon nono.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breas |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US11135/en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Scientific American'' (1863) ya amince da LO Colbin a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙira kuma ya nemi patent na famfon nono.  A cikin 1921-23, injiniya kuma ƙwararren dara Edward Lasker ya samar da famfon nono na injiniya wanda ya kwaikwayi aikin tsotsar jariri kuma likitoci suka ɗauke shi a matsayin ci gaba mai kyau akan famfon nono da ake amfani da su da hannu, wanda ya kasa cire duk madarar daga nonon.  Ofishin Patent na Amurka ya ba da U.S. patent 1,644,257 don famfon nono na Lasker. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patent No. 1,644,257 issued by U.S. Patent Office |url=http://patentpdf.net/US1644257.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143621/http://patentpdf.net/US1644257.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1956, Einar Egnell ya buga aikinsa mai ban mamaki, &quot;Ra'ayoyi kan abin da ke faruwa ta hanyar injiniya a cikin nonon mace yayin hanyoyi daban-daban na tattara madara&quot;.  Wannan labarin ya ba da haske game da fannoni na fasaha na fitar da madara daga nono. Yawancin famfunan nono na Egnell SMB da aka tsara ta wannan binciken har yanzu suna aiki sama da shekaru 50 bayan wallafa su.
[[Fayil:Muttermilch_-_Saugglocke_-_DDR_-_um_1980_-_Bild_001.jpg|thumb|Muttermilch - Saugglocke - DDR - um 1980 - Bild 001]]
Masana ilmin kayan tarihi da ke aiki a wani wurin masana'antar gilashi a [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], sun haƙa wani bututun nono na ƙarni na 19 wanda ya dace da kayan aikin famfo na nono a cikin tallace-tallace na lokacin al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Rebecca |date=2013-08-07 |title=Symbols of motherhood: breast pipe and nursing bottle. Artifact of the month August 2013. |url=http://www.phillyarchaeology.net/philly-archaeology/artifactindex/august-2013-artifact-of-the-month |access-date=2 August 2014 |publisher=Philadelphia Archaeological Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1927, Edward Lasker ya sami takardar izinin mallakar famfon nono na farko mai amfani da wutar lantarki. 

== Dalilan amfani ==
Ana amfani da famfon nono saboda dalilai da yawa. Iyaye da yawa suna amfani da su don ci gaba [[Shayarwa|da shayarwa]] bayan sun koma aiki. Suna ba da madarar su a wurin aiki, wanda daga baya mai kula da yara ke ba wa ɗansu ta kwalba. Wannan amfani da madarar nono ya yaɗu a Amurka, inda [[Hutun iyaye|hutun iyali na albashi]] yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi guntu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Masanin tarihi na Amurka Jill Lepore ya yi jayayya cewa buƙatar abin da ake kira &quot; ɗakunan shayarwa &quot; da famfon nono yana faruwa ne saboda sha'awar kamfanoni ga iyaye su koma aiki nan da nan maimakon buƙatun uwaye ko buƙatun jarirai. 

Ana iya amfani da famfon nono don magance ƙalubale iri-iri da iyaye za su iya fuskanta wajen shayarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da wahalhalun ɗaurewa, rabuwa da jariri a cikin kulawa mai zurfi, don ciyar da jariri wanda ba zai iya cire isasshen madara daga nono ba, don guje wa ba wa jariri magani ta hanyar nono, ko don rage yawan shayarwa, wani yanayi mai raɗaɗi wanda nonon ke cika da yawa. Haka kuma famfon nono yana da kyau don ci gaba da shayarwa da hormones ɗin da ke tattare da shi don taimakawa wajen murmurewa daga [[Juna biyu|ciki]], koda kuwa ba a yi amfani da madarar da aka yi wa famfon ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johns12 |first=Helene M |last2=Forster |first2=Della A |last3=Amir1 |first3=Lisa H |last4=McLachlan |first4=Helen L |date=2013-11-19 |title=Prevalence and outcomes of breast milk expressing in women with healthy term infants: a systematic review |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=13 |issue=212 |pages=212 |doi=10.1186/1471-2393-13-212 |pmc=4225568 |pmid=24246046 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=Kathleen M. |last2=Geraghty |first2=Sheela R. |date=August 2011 |title=The Quiet Revolution: Breastfeeding Transformed With the Use of Breast Pumps |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=1356–1359 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300136 |pmc=3134520 |pmid=21680919}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata sanarwa ta manufofin shekarar 2012, Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar ciyar da jarirai nonon ɗan adam kafin lokacin haihuwa, inda ta gano &quot;mahimman sakamako masu amfani na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci,&quot; gami da ƙarancin ƙimar cutar enterocolitis (NEC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding |year=2012 |title=Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=e827–e841 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-3552 |pmid=22371471 |quote=Meta-analyses of 4 randomized clinical trials performed over the period 1983 to 2005 support the conclusion that feeding preterm infants human milk is associated with a significant reduction (58%) in the incidence of NEC. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da jarirai ba su iya shayarwa ba, iyaye mata za su iya yin famfo idan suna son a ciyar da jariransu (ta hanyar bututun naso-gastric ) da madarar uwaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Feeding Your Baby in the NICU |url=http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/feeding-your-baby-in-the-nicu.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906214119/http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/feeding-your-baby-in-the-nicu.aspx |archive-date=2014-09-06 |access-date=2014-03-14 |publisher=March of Dimes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shafa madara don bayarwa wani amfani ne ga famfunan nono. Ana iya samun madarar mai bayarwa daga bankunan madara ga jarirai waɗanda ba za su iya karɓar madarar uwayensu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milk Donation FAQ |url=http://www.breastmilkproject.org/give-milk/milk-donation-faq.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910102453/http://www.breastmilkproject.org/give-milk/milk-donation-faq.php |archive-date=10 September 2015 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=International Breast Milk Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Pampo da dump&quot; yana nufin yin zubar da nono maimakon yin famfo don amfani. Ana iya yin hakan ne saboda uwa tana samar da madara da yawa, ko kuma saboda uwa za ta yi nisa da jaririn na dogon lokaci ba tare da hanyar adana madarar ba, ko kuma saboda damuwa game da barasa ko wani abu da bai kamata jaririn ya ci ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title='Pump and Dump': What Is It? |url=https://www.webmd.com/baby/pump-and-dump-what-is-it#:~:text=need%20to%20do.-,What%20Does%20Pump%20and%20Dump%20Mean%3F,it%20out%20in%20a%20sink |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=[[WebMD]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inganci da hanya ==
Binciken da aka yi a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a shekarar 2009 ya nuna alaƙar abubuwa daban-daban da yawan samar da madara a cikin uwayen jarirai kafin lokacin haihuwa (wanda aka haifa kafin makonni 31 na ciki). &lt;ref name=&quot;j093&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=J |last2=Hall |first2=J Y |last3=Wong |first3=R J |last4=Thairu |first4=L |last5=Benitz |first5=W E |last6=Rhine |first6=W D |date=2009-07-02 |title=Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases milk production in mothers of preterm infants |journal=Journal of Perinatology |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=757–764 |doi=10.1038/jp.2009.87 |issn=0743-8346 |pmid=19571815}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa bayyanar hannu baya ga famfon nono (wani dabara da ake kira &quot;famfo da hannu&quot;, ko HOP), tare da wasu dalilai, yana da alaƙa da yawan samar da madara. Binciken ya gano cewa uwayen da suka yi amfani da dabarun tausa da kuma bayyanar hannu fiye da sau biyar a rana a cikin kwanaki uku na farko bayan haihuwa sun ƙara samar da madarar su makonni 8 bayan haka, kuma samar da madara ya karu da kashi 48%. Marubutan sun samar da bidiyo da ke nuna dabarar kuma sun bayyana cewa wannan dabarar tana da kyau ga uwayen jarirai kafin lokacin haihuwa da kuma uwayen da suka koma aiki ko famfo don wasu dalilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2023 |title=Home |url=http://newborns.stanford.edu/Breastfeeding/MaxProduction.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622171605/http://newborns.stanford.edu/Breastfeeding/MaxProduction.html |archive-date=2014-06-22 |access-date=2013-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kasida ta biyu kan wannan binciken ya gano cewa haɗakar dabarun HOP yana ƙara yawan kitsen da ke cikin madarar da aka nuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;t153&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=J |last2=Wong |first2=R J |last3=Hall |first3=J Y |last4=Pang |first4=W W |last5=Lai |first5=C T |last6=Lui |first6=J |last7=Hartmann |first7=P E |last8=Rhine |first8=W D |date=2012-01-05 |title=Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases the caloric content of milk in mothers of preterm infants |journal=Journal of Perinatology |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=791–796 |doi=10.1038/jp.2011.195 |issn=0743-8346 |pmid=22222549}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Nau'ikan famfon nono na zamani ==

=== Jagora ===
Ana sarrafa famfunan nono da hannu ta hanyar matsewa ko jan maƙala akai-akai, wanda ke bawa mai amfani damar sarrafa matsin lamba da yawan fitar madara kai tsaye. Duk da cewa famfunan hannu ƙanana ne kuma masu araha, suna iya buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa kuma suna iya zama masu gajiya saboda mai amfani yana ba da duk ƙarfin. Waɗannan famfunan ba za su iya samar da isasshen kuzari da fitar da nono ba. famfunan hannu na &quot;ƙaho-kekuna&quot; na iya lalata kyallen nono da kuma adana ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwan fitilar tsotsa roba, wanda yake da wahalar tsaftacewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Womenshealth.gov (archive)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breastfeeding and Pumping Accessories |url=http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=238 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114212054/http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=238 |archive-date=14 January 2009 |website=Breastfeeding Made Easier At Home And Work |publisher=Womenshealth.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Womenshealth.gov (current)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2010 |title=Pumping and milk storage |url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/pumping-and-milk-storage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210214412/http://womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/pumping-and-milk-storage/ |archive-date=10 February 2012 |website=Breastfeeding |publisher=Womenshealth.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corley |first=Heather |title=Before You Buy A Breast Pump |url=http://babyproducts.about.com/od/feedingdrinks/bb/breastpumpbuy.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217030027/http://babyproducts.about.com/od/feedingdrinks/bb/breastpumpbuy.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=9 March 2012 |publisher=About.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Famfon nono masu amfani da ƙafa suna amfani da bututun tattarawa da ƙahonin nono iri ɗaya kamar famfon nono na lantarki, amma ana amfani da feda na ƙafa. Wannan yana kawar da aikin famfo da hannu ko buƙatar neman hanyar lantarki mai sirri. 

=== Lantarki ===
[[Fayil:WIC_Overseas_offers_free_supplemental_services_amid_pandemic_(6387713).jpg|thumb|Famfon nono na lantarki na asibiti wanda ake amfani da shi don nuna madara da adanawa.]]
Akwai nau'ikan famfunan nono na lantarki guda biyu, na asibiti da na mutum. Famfon da aka yi a asibiti sun fi girma kuma an yi su ne don masu amfani da yawa. Famfon da aka yi a asibiti gabaɗaya an yi su ne don mai amfani ɗaya. Famfon nono na lantarki ana amfani da su ta hanyar injin da ke ba da tsotsa ta bututun filastik zuwa ƙaho da ya dace da kan nono. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wireless Charging Breast Pump |url=https://momcozy.com/products/momcozy-air-1-ultra-slim-breast-pump?variant=44479007621318}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne a tsaftace sassan famfon da suka taɓa nonon da aka bayyana kai tsaye don hana gurɓatawa . Wannan salon yana ba da ƙarin tsotsa, yana sa famfon ya fi sauri, kuma yana ba masu amfani damar famfo duka nonon su a lokaci guda. Famfon nono na lantarki sun fi na hannu girma, amma samfuran da aka ɗauka ana iya ɗauka ana iya amfani da su (misali, a cikin jakar baya ko jakar kafada). Wasu samfuran sun haɗa da fakitin baturi ko batura da aka gina a ciki don ba da damar aiki da famfon. Wasu famfunan lantarki suna ba da damar aiki da masu amfani da yawa, amma suna ba da shawarar kayan haɗi ga kowane mai amfani don kiyaye tsabta. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDARent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buying or Renting a Breast Pump |url=https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/BreastPumps/ucm061952.htm |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=fda.gov |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929043350/http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/homehealthandconsumer/consumerproducts/breastpumps/ucm061952.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya ba da shawarar famfunan haya idan yanayin lafiya ya hana shayarwa na ɗan lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDARent&quot;/&gt;

An tsara wasu famfunan nono don zama wani ɓangare na &quot;tsarin ciyarwa&quot; don haka ɓangaren ajiyar madara na famfon shine kwalbar jariri da ake amfani da ita don ciyar da jariri. Wannan yana ba da damar tattara madarar a cikin kwalba ɗaya da za ta ciyar da jariri, wanda hakan ke kawar da buƙatar canja wurin madarar. Ana samun jakunkunan ajiyar madarar nono masu daskarewa waɗanda ke haɗuwa kai tsaye zuwa wasu famfunan nono kuma ana iya amfani da su tare da tsarin ciyar da kwalba.

==== Matsi da aminci da kewayon matsi ====
[[File:Chart_from_J_Kent_Hale_Hartman_Conference_Amarillo_2009.png|right|thumb|Jadawalin da ke nuna matsakaicin matsin lamba mafi mahimmanci]]
Egnell a shekarar 1956 ya kafa matsakaicin matsakaicin 220 mmHg don famfunan kekuna na atomatik; duk da haka, an sami rahotannin nono masu laushi da nonuwa a ƙasan matsin lamba. Hartman et al., a cikin wani bincike na 2008, &lt;ref name=&quot;j894&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=Jacqueline C. |last2=Mitoulas |first2=Leon R. |last3=Cregan |first3=Mark D. |last4=Geddes |first4=Donna T. |last5=Larsson |first5=Michael |last6=Doherty |first6=Dorota A. |last7=Hartmann |first7=Peter E. |year=2008 |title=Importance of Vacuum for Breastmilk Expression |journal=Breastfeeding Medicine |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–19 |doi=10.1089/bfm.2007.0028 |issn=1556-8253 |pmid=18333764}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun nuna cewa mafi girman injin tsotsar nono yana ƙara yawan kwararar madara da yawan madara.

== Tsarin tattarawa a buɗe idan aka kwatanta da tsarin tattarawa a rufe ==
Ana kiran ƙirar famfo a matsayin ko dai a buɗe ko a rufe bisa ga ko akwai shinge tsakanin inda bututun ke haɗuwa da famfon da kuma inda madara ke shiga cikin famfon. Ana kiran bututun filastik da ƙaho na famfon nono na lantarki a matsayin tsarin tattarawa kuma yawanci suna samar da tsotsar famfon.

Tsarin tattarawa a rufe yana da shinge ko diaphragm wanda ke raba bututun famfo daga ƙaho. A cikin wannan ƙira, tsotsar injin famfo yana ɗaga diaphragm don ƙirƙirar injin tsotsa a cikin tsarin tattarawa don fitar da madara.

Sabanin haka, tsarin buɗewa ba shi da shinge tsakanin bututun da ƙaho. Matatun ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kasancewa don hana gurɓatawa ko kwarara cikin motar famfo. Tsotsar motar famfo ana wucewa kai tsaye zuwa nono idan aka kwatanta da tsarin rufewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Opensys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shu. |first=Dr. Jennifer |date=2011-06-13 |title=Is a used breast pump safe? |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin tattarawa a buɗe na iya sa madara ta cika bututun tsarin tattarawa, kuma ana iya jawo ƙwayoyin madara cikin injin famfo. Idan madara ta zube a cikin bututun famfo, ya kamata a wanke bututun, a tsaftace su, sannan a busar da su da iska kafin a sake amfani da famfon. Rashin tsaftace bututun tattarawa sosai na iya haifar da haɓakar mold a cikin bututun. Wasu samfuran famfo suna da ƙwayoyin cuta da matatun ruwa da ke hana madara shiga bututun. &lt;ref name=&quot;Opensys&quot;/&gt;

Wani nau'in tsarin tattarawa na buɗewa shine tushen tsotsar nonon mai amfani ɗaya. Waɗannan famfunan sun ƙara fa'ida mai kyau ta yadda duk sassan da ke haifar da tsotsar nonon da kuma taɓa nonon uwa suna tare da uwa. Sassan da ke haifar da tsotsar nonon suna waje ne da famfon kuma ana iya cire su, suna hana gurɓatar juna. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan famfunan a matsayin &quot;matakin asibiti&quot; kuma kusan suna kawar da damar gurɓatar famfon daga mai amfani zuwa mai amfani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Opensys&quot;/&gt; Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tsaftace diaphragm domin danshi ko madarar da ta isa wannan ɓangaren na iya haifar da gurɓatar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Wani rashin amfani da diaphragm shine yana iya iyakance yawan iska/tsotsar madara da ake samu don cire madara daga nono. Hakanan yana iya kasa iya biyan girman garkuwar da ta fi girma.

Babu wani bincike da aka yi kan tsarin da aka tsara a bude ko rufe. Yawancin bayanai a cikin kayan tallan da masana'antun famfon nono ke bayarwa ana bayar da su ne ba tare da wani bincike da zai tabbatar da hakan ba.

== Tattara da adana madara da kuma adana ta ==
Yawancin famfunan nono suna tura madarar da aka yi amfani da ita zuwa cikin akwati wanda za a iya amfani da shi don ajiya da ciyarwa. Wasu masana'antun suna ba da adaftar da za su dace da nau'ikan kwalabe iri-iri da girma dabam-dabam, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin sassauci don haɗa da daidaita samfuran samfuran daban-daban.

Ana iya adana madarar nono da aka tace (EBM) sannan a ciyar da jariri ta kwalba. Ko dai a daskare ta kai tsaye a cikin kwalba, ko kuma a adana ta a cikin jakunkunan madarar nono da za a iya zubarwa, waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta idan aka daskare, don haka suna adana sarari a cikin injin daskarewa. Ana iya ajiye madarar da aka tace a zafin ɗaki har zuwa awanni shida (a digiri 66-72 na Fahrenheit, kusan digiri 20 na Celsius), a cikin injin sanyaya mai rufi tare da fakitin kankara har zuwa kwana ɗaya, a sanya a cikin firiji a bayan firiji har zuwa kwanaki 5 (mafi kyau: yi amfani ko daskare madarar cikin kwanaki 3), ko kuma a daskare ta tsawon watanni 12 a cikin daskare mai zurfi daban da firiji da aka ajiye a zafin digiri 0 na Fahrenheit ko digiri −18 na Celsius (mafi kyau: yi amfani da wannan madarar cikin watanni 6). &lt;ref name=&quot;The Mayo Clinic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayo Clinic Staff |date=2020-04-01 |title=Breast milk storage: Do's and don'ts |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/breast-milk-storage/art-20046350 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=mayoclinic.org |publisher=[[The Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan ana amfani da madarar da aka daskarewa, ya kamata a narke madarar da ta fi tsufa a fara amfani da ita. Ana iya narke ta hanyar sanya madarar da aka daskarewa a cikin firiji daren da aka yi niyya, ko kuma ta hanyar sanya madarar a cikin kwano na ruwan dumi. Bai kamata a taɓa sanya madarar nono a cikin microwave ba domin wannan zai iya haifar da wurare masu zafi masu haɗari kuma yana iya lalata ƙwayoyin cuta na madarar. Masana da yawa sun ba da shawarar a zubar da madarar da aka narke wadda ba a yi amfani da ita cikin awanni 24 ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;The Mayo Clinic&quot; /&gt; Nonon uwa yana canzawa don biyan buƙatun jariri, ta yadda nonon uwa da aka sha lokacin da jariri ya zama jariri ba zai cika buƙatun jariri ɗaya ba idan ya girma 'yan watanni. Haka kuma, jagororin ajiya na iya bambanta ga jarirai da ba su cika haihuwa ba, marasa lafiya ko waɗanda aka kwantar da su a asibiti.

Ana iya bayar da madarar da aka tace ga wuraren adana madara, waɗanda ke ba da madarar nono ga jarirai da ba su cika haihuwa ba da sauran yaran da uwayensu ba za su iya kula da su ba. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Ajiye da sarrafa madarar mama
* Danganta nono
* Yin tausa
* Mai shayarwa, mace mai shayar da jariri wanda ba nata ba

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat|Breast pumps}}

* [http://www.wicworks.ca.gov/breastfeeding/EmployeeResources/CollectStoreMilk.html Tattara da adana nonon uwa] - Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta California
* [http://www.toronto.ca/health/breastfeeding/storing.htm Ajiyar Madarar Nono/Narke Madarar Nono Mai Daskarewa] – Sashen Lafiya na Birnin Toronto
* [http://www.lalecheleague.org Ƙungiyar La Leche League ta Duniya]
{{Infants and their care}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sesheke</title>
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      <text bytes="2834" sha1="kou2o3d4xn09xcjhoizg144wwkzs3ks" xml:space="preserve">'''Sesheke''' gari ne mai iyaka a lardin Yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]], a cikin gundumar da take da irin wannan suna . Tana kan iyakar arewacin [[Kogin Zambezi]] wanda ke kan iyaka da Caprivi Strip [[Namibiya|na Namibia]] a wancan lokacin.

[[Katima Mulilo Bridge|Gadar Katima Mulilo]], wacce aka kammala a watan Mayu na 2004, ta ratsa kogin a nan, inda ta haɗa Sesheke da garin Katima Mulilo da ke kan iyakar Namibia a gefen kudancin Zambezi.  Hanyar M10, wacce ta haɗa Sesheke zuwa [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]] da kuma [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] 200&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa gabas, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roads and Road Traffic Act {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}&lt;/ref&gt; an inganta shi a shekarar 2004. Bankin bayar da tallafi na Jamus Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau ne ya ba da kuɗin sabuwar gada da hanyar kuma ita ce hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta ƙarshe da ta ɓace a cikin &quot;Trans Caprivi Corridor&quot; (wanda a yau aka sani da Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road ). Wannan 2500 mai girman kilomita 2500.&amp;nbsp;Hanyar kwalta mai tsawon kilomita 10 yanzu ta haɗa Copperbelt na Zambia da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Namibia ( [[Walvis Bay]] ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon haka, yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan hanya ya ƙaru sosai. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Inganta hanyoyin shiga da kuma gina sabbin masauki da sauran wuraren yawon bude ido sun kuma ƙara yawan masu yawon bude ido da ke ratsawa ta Sesheke a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]], zuwa [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park|wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Sioma Ngwezi]] 50&amp;nbsp;kilomita a yammacin garin, ko kuma zuwa saman Zambezi da kuma [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|yankin ambaliyar Barotse]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hanyar M10 kuma ta haɗa Sesheke zuwa [[Sioma]], [[Senanga]] da Mongu 300&amp;nbsp;km arewa-arewa-yamma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roads and Road Traffic Act {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492 &quot;Roads and Road Traffic Act | National Assembly of Zambia&quot;]. ''www.parliament.gov.zm''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-06-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2846" sha1="8rn7o6bgfm32syv81q3tndwe6vl3y6l" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sesheke''' gari ne mai iyaka a lardin Yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]], a cikin gundumar da take da irin wannan suna . Tana kan iyakar arewacin [[Kogin Zambezi]] wanda ke kan iyaka da Caprivi Strip [[Namibiya|na Namibia]] a wancan lokacin.

[[Katima Mulilo Bridge|Gadar Katima Mulilo]], wacce aka kammala a watan Mayu na 2004, ta ratsa kogin a nan, inda ta haɗa Sesheke da garin Katima Mulilo da ke kan iyakar Namibia a gefen kudancin Zambezi.  Hanyar M10, wacce ta haɗa Sesheke zuwa [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]] da kuma [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] 200&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa gabas, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roads and Road Traffic Act {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}&lt;/ref&gt; an inganta shi a shekarar 2004. Bankin bayar da tallafi na Jamus Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau ne ya ba da kuɗin sabuwar gada da hanyar kuma ita ce hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta ƙarshe da ta ɓace a cikin &quot;Trans Caprivi Corridor&quot; (wanda a yau aka sani da Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road ). Wannan 2500 mai girman kilomita 2500.&amp;nbsp;Hanyar kwalta mai tsawon kilomita 10 yanzu ta haɗa Copperbelt na Zambia da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Namibia ( [[Walvis Bay]] ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon haka, yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan hanya ya ƙaru sosai. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Inganta hanyoyin shiga da kuma gina sabbin masauki da sauran wuraren yawon bude ido sun kuma ƙara yawan masu yawon bude ido da ke ratsawa ta Sesheke a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]], zuwa [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park|wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Sioma Ngwezi]] 50&amp;nbsp;kilomita a yammacin garin, ko kuma zuwa saman Zambezi da kuma [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|yankin ambaliyar Barotse]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hanyar M10 kuma ta haɗa Sesheke zuwa [[Sioma]], [[Senanga]] da Mongu 300&amp;nbsp;km arewa-arewa-yamma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roads and Road Traffic Act {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492 &quot;Roads and Road Traffic Act | National Assembly of Zambia&quot;]. ''www.parliament.gov.zm''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-06-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Senanga</title>
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      <text bytes="3061" sha1="nkdt70zun2bca1lrwgtkbx0ocxb1uqv" xml:space="preserve">{{Weather box}}'''Senanga''' babban birnin gundumar Senanga ne, wanda ke lardin Yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Garin yana gefen gabashin [[kogin Zambezi]], a ƙarshen kudu na [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|yankin ambaliyar Barotse]] . Yana kan babban titin da ke tafiya daidai da kogin daga Livingstone da Sesheke zuwa Mongu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan an kammala gadar Kaunga Lyeti don ketare kogin Kaunga Lyeti kusa da mahadar zuwa Sioma, yana tafiya daga Sesheke da Katima Mulilo.  Baya ga aikin gadar, kwanan nan  ayyukan tituna (hanyoyin zuwa Mongu da Sesheke) sun inganta yanayin tafiye-tafiye kuma sun ƙarfafa kwarin gwiwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tembo |first=Benedict |date=April 30, 2018 |title=Wind of change gushes over Senanga – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/wind-of-change-gushes-over-senanga/ |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.daily-mail.co.zm |publisher=Zambia Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga kogin da ambaliyar ruwa tare da namun daji da damar kamun kifi, Senanga tana da kusan murabba'in kilomita 120.&amp;nbsp;kilomita (75)&amp;nbsp;mi) daga [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park]] da kuma kusan 80&amp;nbsp;kilomita (50)&amp;nbsp;mi) daga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]] . Yana da otal kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushen yawon shakatawa na kamun kifi ta jirgin ruwa. Babban tashar rediyo ta zama sanannen wuri a garin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wurin da Senanga yake, wanda yake a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]], sananne ne saboda yawan kifayen da yake da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga {{!}} Route {{!}} Open Africa - Do Travel Differently |url=http://www.openafrica.org/experiences/route/104-senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.openafrica.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowace shekara garin yana gudanar da Gasar Kamun Kifi ta Wasanni ta Zambia, wanda ke jan hankalin mahalarta na gida da na ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yankin yana da saurin kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba wanda ke da babban tasiri ga muhimman wuraren kiwon kifi na nembwe, tigerfish da slidejaw. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phiri |first=Friday |date=September 17, 2017 |title=Improved fish processing brings gains for women – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/improved-fish-processing-brings-gains-for-women/ |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.daily-mail.co.zm |publisher=Zambia Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==

== Birane masu 'yan'uwa ==

* {{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Kelowna]], [[Kanada|Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.kelowna.ca/CM/Page133.aspx |access-date=2007-09-26 |publisher=City of Kelowna}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311333573|Senanga]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2852" sha1="46g0ne8em47i8z2sse02wxutmv6x9pa" xml:space="preserve">'''Senanga''' babban birnin gundumar Senanga ne, wanda ke lardin Yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Garin yana gefen gabashin [[kogin Zambezi]], a ƙarshen kudu na [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|yankin ambaliyar Barotse]] . Yana kan babban titin da ke tafiya daidai da kogin daga [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]] da Sesheke zuwa Mongu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan an kammala gadar Kaunga Lyeti don ketare kogin Kaunga Lyeti kusa da mahadar zuwa Sioma, yana tafiya daga Sesheke da Katima Mulilo.  Baya ga aikin gadar, kwanan nan  ayyukan tituna (hanyoyin zuwa Mongu da Sesheke) sun inganta yanayin tafiye-tafiye kuma sun ƙarfafa kwarin gwiwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tembo |first=Benedict |date=April 30, 2018 |title=Wind of change gushes over Senanga – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/wind-of-change-gushes-over-senanga/ |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.daily-mail.co.zm |publisher=Zambia Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga kogin da ambaliyar ruwa tare da namun daji da damar kamun kifi, Senanga tana da kusan murabba'in kilomita 120.&amp;nbsp;kilomita (75)&amp;nbsp;mi) daga [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park]] da kuma kusan 80&amp;nbsp;kilomita (50)&amp;nbsp;mi) daga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]] . Yana da otal kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushen yawon shakatawa na kamun kifi ta jirgin ruwa. Babban tashar rediyo ta zama sanannen wuri a garin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wurin da Senanga yake, wanda yake a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]], sananne ne saboda yawan kifayen da yake da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga {{!}} Route {{!}} Open Africa - Do Travel Differently |url=http://www.openafrica.org/experiences/route/104-senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.openafrica.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowace shekara garin yana gudanar da Gasar Kamun Kifi ta Wasanni ta Zambia, wanda ke jan hankalin mahalarta na gida da na ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yankin yana da saurin kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba wanda ke da babban tasiri ga muhimman wuraren kiwon kifi na nembwe, tigerfish da slidejaw. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phiri |first=Friday |date=September 17, 2017 |title=Improved fish processing brings gains for women – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/improved-fish-processing-brings-gains-for-women/ |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.daily-mail.co.zm |publisher=Zambia Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2864" sha1="1gqlbzvmwidu0ou1hrqq1sv9fyxqo79" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Senanga''' babban birnin gundumar Senanga ne, wanda ke lardin Yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Garin yana gefen gabashin [[kogin Zambezi]], a ƙarshen kudu na [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|yankin ambaliyar Barotse]] . Yana kan babban titin da ke tafiya daidai da kogin daga [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]] da Sesheke zuwa Mongu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan an kammala gadar Kaunga Lyeti don ketare kogin Kaunga Lyeti kusa da mahadar zuwa Sioma, yana tafiya daga Sesheke da Katima Mulilo.  Baya ga aikin gadar, kwanan nan  ayyukan tituna (hanyoyin zuwa Mongu da Sesheke) sun inganta yanayin tafiye-tafiye kuma sun ƙarfafa kwarin gwiwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tembo |first=Benedict |date=April 30, 2018 |title=Wind of change gushes over Senanga – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/wind-of-change-gushes-over-senanga/ |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.daily-mail.co.zm |publisher=Zambia Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga kogin da ambaliyar ruwa tare da namun daji da damar kamun kifi, Senanga tana da kusan murabba'in kilomita 120.&amp;nbsp;kilomita (75)&amp;nbsp;mi) daga [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park]] da kuma kusan 80&amp;nbsp;kilomita (50)&amp;nbsp;mi) daga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]] . Yana da otal kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushen yawon shakatawa na kamun kifi ta jirgin ruwa. Babban tashar rediyo ta zama sanannen wuri a garin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wurin da Senanga yake, wanda yake a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]], sananne ne saboda yawan kifayen da yake da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga {{!}} Route {{!}} Open Africa - Do Travel Differently |url=http://www.openafrica.org/experiences/route/104-senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.openafrica.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowace shekara garin yana gudanar da Gasar Kamun Kifi ta Wasanni ta Zambia, wanda ke jan hankalin mahalarta na gida da na ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yankin yana da saurin kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba wanda ke da babban tasiri ga muhimman wuraren kiwon kifi na nembwe, tigerfish da slidejaw. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phiri |first=Friday |date=September 17, 2017 |title=Improved fish processing brings gains for women – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/improved-fish-processing-brings-gains-for-women/ |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.daily-mail.co.zm |publisher=Zambia Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2482" sha1="e6pof8m2tk80e52rcz726toteupnld5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Senanga''' babban birni ne na gundumar Senanga, wanda ke lardin Yammacin Zambiya. Garin yana gefen gabas na Kogin Zambezi, a kudancin iyakar Barotse. Yana kan babban titin da ke tafiya daidai da kogin daga Livingstone da Sesheke zuwa Mongu.[1] Kwanan nan an kammala gadar Kaunga Lyeti don tsallaka kogin Kaunga Lyeti kusa da mahadar zuwa Sioma, ta tashi daga Sesheke da Katima Mulilo.[2] A saman aikin gada, ayyukan tituna na baya-bayan nan (hanyoyin zuwa Mongu da Sesheke) sun inganta yanayin tafiye-tafiye da karfafa kwarin gwiwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki.[3][4][5]

Baya ga kogi da ambaliyar ruwa tare da namun daji da damar kamun kifi, Senanga yana da kusan kilomita 120 (75 mi) daga Sioma Ngwezi National Park kuma kusan kilomita 80 (50 mi) daga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]]. Yana da otal kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe don yawon shakatawa na kamun kifi ta jirgin ruwa. Wani tsayi mai tsayi na rediyo ya zama sanannen alama a garin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Yanayin Senanga, wanda ke kan [[Kogin Zambezi]], an san shi da yawan kifaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga {{!}} Route {{!}} Open Africa - Do Travel Differently |url=http://www.openafrica.org/experiences/route/104-senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.openafrica.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowace shekara garin yana gudanar da Gasar Kifi ta Wasanni ta Zambia, wanda ke jan hankalin mahalarta na gida da na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yankin yana da saukin kamun Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ke da babban tasiri a kan mahimman wuraren kiwo na nembwe, tigerfish da slidejaw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phiri |first=Friday |date=September 17, 2017 |title=Improved fish processing brings gains for women – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/improved-fish-processing-brings-gains-for-women/ |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.daily-mail.co.zm |publisher=Zambia Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Biranen 'yan uwa ==

* [[Kelowna]], [[Kanada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.kelowna.ca/CM/Page133.aspx |access-date=2007-09-26 |publisher=City of Kelowna}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Flagicon|CAN}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gidan sauro</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1855" sha1="es3w34u5y6p1610t4y6pb7l2pc26k7d" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}Gidan sauro wani nau'i ne na labule ko tufa da aka lulluɓe da kewaye a kan gado ko wurin kwana don ba da kariya ga mai barci kariya daga cizo da cizo daga sauro,  kwari, da sauran kwari masu kwari, don haka a kan cututtukan da za su iya ɗauka. Misalan irin waɗannan cututtukan da za a iya karewa daga kwari sun haɗa da zazzabin cizon sauro, zazzabin dengue, zazzabin rawaya, cutar zika, cutar Chagas, da nau'o'in ciwon daji daban-daban, gami da cutar ta West Nile.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20100304133031/http://www.mosquito-netting.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

Don zama mai tasiri, raga na sauro dole ne ya kasance mai kyau don cire irin waɗannan kwari ba tare da rufe ganuwa ko iska ba zuwa matakan da ba a yarda da su ba. Ya kamata a yi net ɗin da auduga mai tsayi ko zaren roba don ba da damar motsi na iska. Fararen net yana bawa mai amfani damar ganin sauro a bango. Netting tare da ramuka 285 a kowace murabba'in inci yana da kyau saboda yana da numfashi sosai amma zai hana ko da mafi ƙanƙanta sauro shiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.iamat.org/how-to-choose-a-good-mosquito-net |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424074341/https://www.iamat.org/how-to-choose-a-good-mosquito-net |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana yiwuwa a kara tasirin sauro sosai ta hanyar kula da shi da maganin kashe kwari ko mai hana kwari.

==Tarihi==
Ana amfani da netting na sauro galibi don kariya daga kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, Anopheles gambiae . Rubuce-rubucen farko na alamun cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ya faru tun daga farkon 2700 KZ daga China. Ba a gano kwayar cutar ba, musamman zazzabin cizon sauro na tsuntsaye, har zuwa 1897 lokacin da Sir Ronald Ross ya gano sauro a matsayin kwayar cutar zazzabin.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825508&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar wutar lantarki ta Victoria Falls</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1080642871|Victoria Falls Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Victoria Falls''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a [[kogin Zambezi]] da ke [[Livingstone, Zambia]] . Tana cikin kwazazzabo na uku a ƙarƙashin [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] kuma ta ƙunshi tashoshin wutar lantarki guda uku waɗanda jimillar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|108|MW}} :

* Tashar A, wacce aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1936, tana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{Convert|8|MW}} : 2 x {{Convert|1|MW}} da kuma {{Convert|3|MW}}injina  .
* Tashar B, wacce aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1968, tana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{Convert|60|MW}} : 6 x {{Convert|10|MW}}injina  .
* Tashar C, wacce aka fara aiki da ita a shekarar 1968, tana da karfin wutar lantarki {{Convert|40|MW}} : 4 x {{Convert|10|MW}}injinan  ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-11-17 |title=ZESCO website: Generation&amp;Transmission |url=http://www.zesco.co.zm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1&amp;Itemid= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024132219/http://www.zesco.co.zm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1&amp;Itemid= |archive-date=October 24, 2010 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=www.zesco.co.zm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Zesco ne ke da kuma kula da tashar, mallakar kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na gwamnati.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1307" sha1="lnz6cfn8basajoszcoq8wlqt1kgwvxf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Victoria Falls''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a [[kogin Zambezi]] da ke [[Livingstone, Zambia]] . Tana cikin kwazazzabo na uku a ƙarƙashin [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] kuma ta ƙunshi tashoshin wutar lantarki guda uku waɗanda jimillar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|108|MW}} :

* Tashar A, wacce aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1936, tana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{Convert|8|MW}} : 2 x {{Convert|1|MW}} da kuma {{Convert|3|MW}}injina  .
* Tashar B, wacce aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1968, tana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{Convert|60|MW}} : 6 x {{Convert|10|MW}}injina  .
* Tashar C, wacce aka fara aiki da ita a shekarar 1968, tana da karfin wutar lantarki {{Convert|40|MW}} : 4 x {{Convert|10|MW}}injinan  ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-11-17 |title=ZESCO website: Generation&amp;Transmission |url=http://www.zesco.co.zm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1&amp;Itemid= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024132219/http://www.zesco.co.zm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1&amp;Itemid= |archive-date=October 24, 2010 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=www.zesco.co.zm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Zesco ne ke da kuma kula da tashar, mallakar kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na gwamnati.

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  <page>
    <title>Filin jirgin saman Victoria Falls</title>
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'''Filin jirgin saman [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]]''' (: , : ) filin jirgin sama ne na kasa da kasa wanda ke ba da sabis ga masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Victoria Falls, kuma yana da kilomita 18 (11  kudu da garin [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe]] .

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Bankin Exim na kasar Sin ya ba da rancen dala miliyan 150 don gina sabon titin filin jirgin sama, hanyoyin taksi da sabon tashar don kara karfin filin jirgin sama daga 500,000 zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 1.7 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=No airlines for new Vic Falls airport |url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-22080-No+airlines+for+new+Vic+Falls+airport/business.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601110328/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-22080-No+airlines+for+new+Vic+Falls+airport/business.aspx |archive-date=1 June 2016 |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=www.newzimbabwe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin jirgin saman yana aiki na awanni 12 a kowace rana, tare da shige da fice da sabis na kwastam. Yana ba da kayan aiki da ayyuka ciki har da filin ajiye jirgin sama, kaya da fasinja, man fetur, bayanan yanayi, gidajen cin abinci, shagunan da ba su da haraji, da wuraren banki. Filin jirgin saman yana da sabis na shuttle zuwa otal-otal da sauran wurare a cikin gari. Akwai masu gudanar da yawon shakatawa da kuma hayar mota iri-iri. Hukumar Kula da Yawon Bude Ido ta Zimbabwe tana da ofishin da aka kafa a wurin don taimakawa matafiya.

== Jiragen sama da wuraren da ake nufi ==
Kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa suna gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yau da kullun a Filin jirgin saman Victoria Falls:

== Dubi kuma ==

* Sufuri a Zimbabwe
* Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Zimbabwe

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

* [http://www.fallingrain.com/icao/FVFA.html Filin jirgin saman Victoria Falls]
* [http://ourairports.com/airports/FVFA/pilot-info.html#general Filin jirgin samanmu - Victoria Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828095138/http://ourairports.com/airports/FVFA/pilot-info.html#general |date=2016-08-28 }} An adana shi a ranar  
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Portal bar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Airports in Zimbabwe}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gandhigiri</title>
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      <text bytes="1344" sha1="3cop4684jvcep8qus8s3li6o2rexh2e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Gandhigiri wani neologism ne a Indiya wanda ake amfani da shi don bayyana ka'idodin Gandism (ra'ayoyin Mahatma Gandhi, wanda ya haɗa da Satyagraha da Ahimsa) a cikin sharuddan zamani. Kalmar ta shahara saboda amfani da ita a cikin fim ɗin Hindi na 2006, Lage Raho Munna Bhai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.epw.org.in/uploads/articles/10078.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2007-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701045732/http://www.epw.org.in/uploads/articles/10078.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://archive.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/10/13/how_gandhi_got_his_mojo_back/&lt;/ref&gt; 
==Amfani==
A matsayin magana a cikin harsuna daban-daban a Indiya ciki har da Marathi, Hindi da Tamil, &quot;Gandhigiri&quot; yana nufin aikin manufofin Mahatma Gandhi.[1] Wani nau'i ne na Gandhism. Gandhism (ko Gandhianism) kalma ce da ke ƙoƙarin taƙaita falsafancin Mahatma Gandhi . Ka'idodin Gandhism sun haɗa da satya (gaskiya) da Satyagraha: &quot;Gaskiya (satya) tana nuna ƙauna, da tsayin daka (agraha) masu haifar da sabili da haka yana aiki a matsayin ma'anar karfi... wato, Ƙarfin da aka haifa daga Gaskiya da Ƙauna ko rashin tashin hankali. &quot; Gandhi ya ci gaba da lura da kalmar, Satyagraha,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0394714660/&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afam Osigwe</title>
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{{Infobox person 
| image        = 
| image_size   = 
| alt          = montunrayo_gbadebo-alogba
| caption      = Osigwe, NBA President
| office1      = President, [[Nigerian Bar Association]]
| term_label1  = Assumed role
| term_start1  = August 2024
| term_end1    = 
| predecessor1 = [[Yakubu Maikyau]], SAN
| birth_date   = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|10|25}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-21 |title= Meet Afam Osigwe, Nigerian Bar Association's 32nd President |url= https://nairametrics.com/2024/07/21/meet-afam-osigwe-nigerian-bar-associations-32nd-president//// |access-date=2025-08-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_place  = 
| othername    = 
| spouse       = Ukamaka

'''Afam Josiah Osigwe''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1972) lauya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya tun daga ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2024....&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 July 2024 |title=Afam Osigwe Emerges NBA President |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/07/21/afam-osigwe-emerges-nba-president//// |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Mazi Afam Osigwe takes oath of office as NBA president, unveils agenda for proactive bar |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/mazi-afam-osigwe-san-takes-oath-of-office-as-nba-president-unveils-agenda-for-proactive-bar//// |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829150934/https://thenigerialawyer.com/mazi-afam-osigwe-san-takes-oath-of-office-as-nba-president-unveils-agenda-for-proactive-bar/ |archive-date=29 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Osigwe a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1972. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a shekarar 1997 kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar a shekarar 1999. A shekara ta 2007, ya sami Jagora na Dokoki (LL.M) daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] . Har ila yau, yana da LL. M a cikin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Kasa da Kasa daga Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Duniya a Austria, kuma a cikin 2010 ya sami difloma a cikin Kasar Kasuwanci ta Duniya daga Kwalejin Keble, Oxford .&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 July 2024 |title=Afam Osigwe Emerges NBA President |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/07/21/afam-osigwe-emerges-nba-president//// |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=15 quick facts about new NBA President Afam Osigwe |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/07/22/15-quick-facts-about-new-nba-president-afam-osigwe/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;ref

== Ayyuka ==
Osigwe ya fara aikin lauya tare da Chike Chigbue &amp; Co. a Abuja a 1999 kuma ya bar a 2002 don kafa kamfaninsa, Law Forte . A shekara ta 2006, an nada shi a matsayin notary na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] . Ya zama ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK) a cikin 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 July 2024 |title=Afam Osigwe Emerges NBA President |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/07/21/afam-osigwe-emerges-nba-president//// |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NJC Council Member |url=https://njc.gov.ng/currentcouncilmembers/details/76 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=njc.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osigwe ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma ya kasance shugaban kasa tun daga 29 ga watan Agusta 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=NBA: History as Afam Osigwe replaces Maikyau {{!}} Blueprint |url=https://blueprint.ng/nba-history-as-afam-osigwe-replaces-maikyau/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osigwe ta auri Ukamaka Osigwe, kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NJC Council Member |url=https://njc.gov.ng/currentcouncilmembers/details/76 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=njc.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wouter ter Maat</title>
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      <id>858293</id>
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'''Wouter ter Maat''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon raga ne na ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Ziraat Bankası Ankara da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Netherlands . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2020 |title=Wouter ter Maat van Fenerbahçe naar Ziraat Bankasi Ankara |url=https://www.volleybalkrant.nl/nieuws/wouter-ter-maat-van-fenerbah-e-naar-ziraat-bankasi-ankara/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=volleybalkrant.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2025 |title=Wouter Ter Maat komt 'terug naar huis' en speelt volgend seizoen bij Orion Stars |url=https://www.volleybal.nl/nieuws/wouter-ter-maat-komt-terug-naar-huis-en-speelt-volgend-seizoen-bij-orion-stars |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=volleybal.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

=== Kulob ===

* '''Kofin Kalubalen CEV'''
** [[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] 2020-21 - tare da Ziraat Bankası Ankara

* '''Na cikin gida'''
** '''2014–15'''[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Kofin Holland, tare da VC Zwolle
** '''2014–15'''[[Fayil:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg|16x16px]] Gasar cin Kofin Holland, tare da VC Zwolle
** '''2016–17'''[[Fayil:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg|16x16px]] Gasar Cin Kofin Jamus, tare da Berlin Recycling Volleys
** '''2018–19'''[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Gasar cin kofin Turkiyya ta Fenerbahçe
** '''2018–19'''[[Fayil:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg|16x16px]] Gasar Cin Kofin Turkiyya ta Fenerbahçe
** '''2020–21'''[[Fayil:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg|16x16px]] Gasar Turkiyya, tare da Ziraat Bankası Ankara
** '''2021–22'''[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] SuperCup na Turkiyya, tare da Ziraat Bankası Ankara
** '''2021–22'''[[Fayil:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg|16x16px]] Gasar Turkiyya, tare da Ziraat Bankası Ankara
** '''2022–23'''[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] SuperCup na Turkiyya, tare da Ziraat Bankası Ankara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Ter Maat en Tuinstra winnen Turkse Supercup |url=https://www.volleybalkrant.nl/nieuws/ter-maat-en-tuinstra-winnen-turkse-supercup-1/ |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=volleybalkrant.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** '''2022–23'''[[Fayil:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg|16x16px]] Gasar Turkiyya, tare da Ziraat Bankası Ankara
** '''2023–24'''[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] SuperCup na Turkiyya, tare da Ziraat Bankası Ankara

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Namalaha</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>858180</id>
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        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336885432|Namalaha]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1263" sha1="rgja3abz8zn2t2jerru9lj2y6qxq0c7" xml:space="preserve">'''Namalaha''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Chiponda''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namalaha - Southern Region Map, Weather and Photos - Malawi: populated place - Lat:-14.0333 and Long:35.1667 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/malawi/malawi_(general)/_namalaha/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.getamap.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Chiponda, Malawi |url=https://fallingrain.com/world/MI/00/Chiponda.html |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ƙauye ne &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; a Gundumar Mangochi, Yankin Kudancin, [[Malawi]] tare da [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|yanayin Köppen]] mai [[Yankunan ciyawa na wurare masu zafi da na subtropical, savannah, da kuma shrublands|danshi a wurare]] masu zafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-930613.html |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.mindat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filin jirgin sama mafi kusa da Namalaha shine ƙaramin filin jirgin sama a [[Mashigin Monkey|Monkey Bay]], mil 15 a yamma yana ketare [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; kuma yana haɗuwa da sauran ƙasar ta hanyar titin S129 mai tsawon kilomita 14. Namalaha yana da wasu ƙananan hanyoyi goma a yankinsa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Biranen Malawi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858181</id>
      <parentid>858180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:01:31Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1276" sha1="kiispjaon5gi4cp1kkwvo5s1t93yx96" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Namalaha''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Chiponda''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namalaha - Southern Region Map, Weather and Photos - Malawi: populated place - Lat:-14.0333 and Long:35.1667 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/malawi/malawi_(general)/_namalaha/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.getamap.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Chiponda, Malawi |url=https://fallingrain.com/world/MI/00/Chiponda.html |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ƙauye ne &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; a Gundumar Mangochi, Yankin Kudancin, [[Malawi]] tare da [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|yanayin Köppen]] mai [[Yankunan ciyawa na wurare masu zafi da na subtropical, savannah, da kuma shrublands|danshi a wurare]] masu zafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-930613.html |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.mindat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filin jirgin sama mafi kusa da Namalaha shine ƙaramin filin jirgin sama a [[Mashigin Monkey|Monkey Bay]], mil 15 a yamma yana ketare [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; kuma yana haɗuwa da sauran ƙasar ta hanyar titin S129 mai tsawon kilomita 14. Namalaha yana da wasu ƙananan hanyoyi goma a yankinsa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Biranen Malawi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nkhata Bay</title>
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    <revision>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357823081|Nkhata Bay]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6281" sha1="59c3cyrww3cqyzq0l048l0xr409tifj" xml:space="preserve">''''''Nkhata''' Bay''' (ko kawai Nkhata) ita ce babban birnin Gundumar Nkhata Bay a Malawi . Yana kan iyakar [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] (tsohon Tafkin Nyasa), kilomita 40 a gabashin Mzuzu, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Tafkin Malawi .  Yawan jama'ar Nkhata Bay ya kai 14,274 bisa ga ƙididdigar 2018.

== Yawan jama'a ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Yawan jama'a&lt;ref name=&quot;World Gazetteer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=32&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=dq&amp;geo=-150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223224/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=32&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=dq&amp;geo=-150 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=20 June 2008 |website=World Gazetteer}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1987
|6,494
|-
|1998
|9,433
|-
|2008
|11,269
|-
|2018
|14,274
|}

=== Harshe ===
[[Harshen Tumbuka|Tumbuka]] shine yaren da aka fi magana, sannan wasu harsuna a garin Nkhata. A cikin gidaje, ana amfani da Tonga da Tumbuka. A tarihi, Tongas na Gundumar Nkhata-Bay, suna cikin Ƙungiyar Tumbuka. Glotolog ya rarraba Tonga da Tumbuka a cikin rukuni ɗaya.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Nkhata Bay ya dogara da kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Sam Jnr. |date=13 June 2008 |title=Malawi: Fish production reaps more in 2007 |url=http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18887 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928063117/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18887 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=21 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin noma, musamman maniyyi, shine babban sana'a a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cassava&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chiwona-Karltun, L. |last2=Tylleskar, T. |last3=Mkumbira, J. |last4=Gebre-Medhin, M. |last5=Rosling, H. |date=1 January 2000 |title=Low dietary cyanogen exposure from frequent consumption of potentially toxic cassava in Malawi.(Statistical Data Included) |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27532874_ITM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113204538/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27532874_ITM &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date=13 January 2008 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rubber, macadamia, sukari da shinkafa sun kasance a kusa da Nkhata Bay Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubber&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2004 |title=Malawi newspaper hails newly launched regional development initiative. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18250631_ITM |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=Asia Africa Intelligence Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an &quot;farfado da tsarin ban ruwa na Lweya a Nkhata Bay&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Insurance&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chinyang'anya |first=Lester |date=28 May 2008 |title=Insurance Issues -Insurers go North |url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9706 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=The Daily Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kudin shiga daga yawon bude ido shine babban tushen samun kudin shiga ga al'ummar Nkhata Bay.

=== Lalacewar amfanin gona ===
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, an wanke sama da hekta 1,000 (2,500 acres) na &quot;masara, shinkafa, kwayoyi da cassava&quot; a Nkhata Bay bayan ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da mummunar karancin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;April 2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2002 |title=Heavy rains destroy crops in northern Malawi |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51960151.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020105508/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51960151.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=21 June 2008 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, Nkhata Bay ta karbi jaka sama da 300 na masara daga Asusun Abinci na Kasa, saboda yankin yana fama da karancin abinci. Akwai ruwan sama mai yawa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2006, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga Nkhata Bay. Tsohon ministan noma na Malawi, Uladi Mussa Litinin, ya bayyana a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 cewa saboda ruwan sama mai yawa da ambaliyar ruwa, amfanin gona a Nkhata Bay sun wanke; ya ce wannan zai haifar da &quot;rashin abinci mai tsanani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chipalasa |first=Mike |date=27 May 2008 |title=MP predicts hunger this year |url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9681 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=The Daily Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Sufuri ==
[[Fayil:The_ilala.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|MV Ilala ya bar Nkhata Bay]]
Nkhata Bay tashar jiragen ruwa ce da jirgin ruwa na MV Ilala ya ziyarta, jirgin ruwa wanda ke tafiya zuwa [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] daga Monkey Bay a kudancin Malawi, zuwa Chilumba a arewa, ta hanyar [[Tsibirin Likoma]] da [[Tsibirin Chizumulu|Chizumulu]] . A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, an sanar da shirye-shiryen &quot;maidowa&quot; tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nkhata Bay, da kuma sake kafa sabis na jirgin ruwa tsakanin Nkhata Bay da [[Mbamba Bay]] a Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;New ferry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=21 July 2006 |title=Crowding in |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=89561 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan hanyar a halin yanzu ana amfani da ita ta hanyar motoci. Akwai ƙananan bas na yau da kullun waɗanda ke tafiya daga Nkhata Bay zuwa Mzuzu, Nkhotakota da Salima. Buses masu sauri suna tafiya zuwa Blantyre, Mzuzu da [[Karonga]] waɗanda suka tashi daga hanyar 'yan sanda, kilomita 3 daga garin.&amp;nbsp;

A watan Yunin 2008, an ba da sanarwar cewa Bankin Raya Afirka (ADB) zai ba da kuɗin sake gina hanyar daga Nkhata Bay zuwa Mzuzu, &lt;ref name=&quot;ADB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khunga |first=Suzgo |date=6 June 2008 |title=Blantyre-Zomba road to be reconstructed |url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9846 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=The Daily Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2008, an ce ADB za ta ba da kuɗin don sake ginawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Partial fund&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=20 June 2008 |title=Malawi in talks over funding for Blantyre–Zomba road reconstruction |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=135295 |website=Engineering News}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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''''''Nkhata''' Bay''' (ko kawai Nkhata) ita ce babban birnin Gundumar Nkhata Bay a Malawi . Yana kan iyakar [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] (tsohon Tafkin Nyasa), kilomita 40 a gabashin Mzuzu, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Tafkin Malawi .  Yawan jama'ar Nkhata Bay ya kai 14,274 bisa ga ƙididdigar 2018.

== Yawan jama'a ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Yawan jama'a&lt;ref name=&quot;World Gazetteer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=32&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=dq&amp;geo=-150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223224/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=32&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=dq&amp;geo=-150 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=20 June 2008 |website=World Gazetteer}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1987
|6,494
|-
|1998
|9,433
|-
|2008
|11,269
|-
|2018
|14,274
|}

=== Harshe ===
[[Harshen Tumbuka|Tumbuka]] shine yaren da aka fi magana, sannan wasu harsuna a garin Nkhata. A cikin gidaje, ana amfani da Tonga da Tumbuka. A tarihi, Tongas na Gundumar Nkhata-Bay, suna cikin Ƙungiyar Tumbuka. Glotolog ya rarraba Tonga da Tumbuka a cikin rukuni ɗaya.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Nkhata Bay ya dogara da kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Sam Jnr. |date=13 June 2008 |title=Malawi: Fish production reaps more in 2007 |url=http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18887 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928063117/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18887 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=21 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin noma, musamman maniyyi, shine babban sana'a a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cassava&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chiwona-Karltun, L. |last2=Tylleskar, T. |last3=Mkumbira, J. |last4=Gebre-Medhin, M. |last5=Rosling, H. |date=1 January 2000 |title=Low dietary cyanogen exposure from frequent consumption of potentially toxic cassava in Malawi.(Statistical Data Included) |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27532874_ITM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113204538/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27532874_ITM &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date=13 January 2008 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rubber, macadamia, sukari da shinkafa sun kasance a kusa da Nkhata Bay Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubber&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2004 |title=Malawi newspaper hails newly launched regional development initiative. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18250631_ITM |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=Asia Africa Intelligence Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an &quot;farfado da tsarin ban ruwa na Lweya a Nkhata Bay&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Insurance&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chinyang'anya |first=Lester |date=28 May 2008 |title=Insurance Issues -Insurers go North |url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9706 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=The Daily Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kudin shiga daga yawon bude ido shine babban tushen samun kudin shiga ga al'ummar Nkhata Bay.

=== Lalacewar amfanin gona ===
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, an wanke sama da hekta 1,000 (2,500 acres) na &quot;masara, shinkafa, kwayoyi da cassava&quot; a Nkhata Bay bayan ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da mummunar karancin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;April 2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2002 |title=Heavy rains destroy crops in northern Malawi |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51960151.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020105508/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51960151.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=21 June 2008 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, Nkhata Bay ta karbi jaka sama da 300 na masara daga Asusun Abinci na Kasa, saboda yankin yana fama da karancin abinci. Akwai ruwan sama mai yawa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2006, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga Nkhata Bay. Tsohon ministan noma na Malawi, Uladi Mussa Litinin, ya bayyana a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 cewa saboda ruwan sama mai yawa da ambaliyar ruwa, amfanin gona a Nkhata Bay sun wanke; ya ce wannan zai haifar da &quot;rashin abinci mai tsanani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chipalasa |first=Mike |date=27 May 2008 |title=MP predicts hunger this year |url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9681 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=The Daily Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Sufuri ==
[[Fayil:The_ilala.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|MV Ilala ya bar Nkhata Bay]]
Nkhata Bay tashar jiragen ruwa ce da jirgin ruwa na MV Ilala ya ziyarta, jirgin ruwa wanda ke tafiya zuwa [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] daga Monkey Bay a kudancin Malawi, zuwa Chilumba a arewa, ta hanyar [[Tsibirin Likoma]] da [[Tsibirin Chizumulu|Chizumulu]] . A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, an sanar da shirye-shiryen &quot;maidowa&quot; tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nkhata Bay, da kuma sake kafa sabis na jirgin ruwa tsakanin Nkhata Bay da [[Mbamba Bay]] a Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;New ferry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=21 July 2006 |title=Crowding in |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=89561 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan hanyar a halin yanzu ana amfani da ita ta hanyar motoci. Akwai ƙananan bas na yau da kullun waɗanda ke tafiya daga Nkhata Bay zuwa Mzuzu, Nkhotakota da Salima. Buses masu sauri suna tafiya zuwa Blantyre, Mzuzu da [[Karonga]] waɗanda suka tashi daga hanyar 'yan sanda, kilomita 3 daga garin.&amp;nbsp;

A watan Yunin 2008, an ba da sanarwar cewa Bankin Raya Afirka (ADB) zai ba da kuɗin sake gina hanyar daga Nkhata Bay zuwa Mzuzu, &lt;ref name=&quot;ADB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khunga |first=Suzgo |date=6 June 2008 |title=Blantyre-Zomba road to be reconstructed |url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9846 |access-date=21 June 2008 |website=The Daily Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2008, an ce ADB za ta ba da kuɗin don sake ginawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Partial fund&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=20 June 2008 |title=Malawi in talks over funding for Blantyre–Zomba road reconstruction |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=135295 |website=Engineering News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ahmad Audi Zarewa</title>
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        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359260509|Ahmad Audi Zarewa]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ahmad Audi Zarewa''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne daga Jihar Kano wanda ya wakilci mazabar Karaye / Rogo a Majalisar Wakilai a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa . An fara zabarsa a shekara ta 2007, ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2011, sannan aka sake zabarsa har zuwa shekara de 2011, yana rike da mukamin har zuwa shekara a matsayin memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP). Usman Shehu ne ya gaje shi a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/usman-shehu |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ((((((was initially elected in 2007, serving until 2011, and then re-elected in 2011, holding office until 2015 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was succeeded by Usman Shehu in￼

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Ahmad Audi Zarewa was born in Kano State, Nigeria.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Zarewa ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya, yana aiki a Majalisar Wakilai daga 2007 zuwa 2011 kuma daga 2011 zuwa 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kano state House of Representatives election results and data 2023 - Stears Elections |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/2023/house-of-representatives/KN/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.stears.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/usman-shehu |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usman Shehu ne ya gaje shi bayan ya kammala wa'adinsa a shekarar 2015, bayan da Shehu Aliyu Yemmedi ya riga shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Ahmad Audi Zarewa''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne daga Jihar Kano wanda ya wakilci mazabar Karaye / Rogo a Majalisar Wakilai a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa . An fara zabarsa a shekara ta 2007, ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2011, sannan aka sake zabarsa har zuwa shekara de 2011, yana rike da mukamin har zuwa shekara a matsayin memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP). Usman Shehu ne ya gaje shi a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/usman-shehu |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Ahmad Audi Zarewa was born in Kano State, Nigeria.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Zarewa ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya, yana aiki a Majalisar Wakilai daga 2007 zuwa 2011 kuma daga 2011 zuwa 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kano state House of Representatives election results and data 2023 - Stears Elections |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/2023/house-of-representatives/KN/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.stears.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/usman-shehu |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usman Shehu ne ya gaje shi bayan ya kammala wa'adinsa a shekarar 2015, bayan da Shehu Aliyu Yemmedi ya riga shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nkhotakota</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336884884|Nkhotakota]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4525" sha1="0924kxxrtcm3za72jfdombfpjuqe0zf" xml:space="preserve">'''Nkhotakota''' (N-kho-tah-kho-tuh) (tsohon '''Kota Kota''') (sunan da aka samo daga Chichewa don &quot;Kwallon Ƙofa&quot;) gari ne kuma ɗayan gundumomi ne a Yankin Tsakiya na Malawi . Yana kan iyakar [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] (tsohon Tafkin Nyasa) kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Tafkin Malawi . Ya zuwa 2018, Nkhotakota tana da yawan jama'a da aka kiyasta 28,350. Gundumar tana da yawan jama'a 301,000.

== Tarihi ==
Nkhotakota asalin rukuni ne na ƙauyuka a cikin karni na 19 wanda daga baya ya zama kasuwa ga 'yan kasuwa na bayi na Swahili-Arabiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Nkhotakota |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 |access-date=27 June 2008 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; David Livingstone ya shawo kan Cif Jumbe ya dakatar da cinikin bayi a ƙarƙashin itace a Nkhotakota a cikin karni na 19, wanda a halin yanzu yake a ƙarƙashin manufa.

A cikin 1905, Mary Hall ta zo ta nan yayin da ta yi tafiya don zama mace ta farko da ta yi tafiye-tafiye daga Cape Town zuwa Alkahira. Ta zo ne daga Mangochi.&lt;ref name=&quot;women3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Colin |date=1982 |title=Nyasaland 1905 - 1909: The Journeys of Mary Hall, Olivia Colville and Charlotte Mansfield |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778467 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |issn=0037-993X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shugaban Malawi [[Hastings Banda]] ya ba da jawabai a ƙarƙashin wani itace a Nkhotakota a cikin shekarun 1960, wannan wanda aka fi sani da itacen Livingstone .  Wannan garin ya sami ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara ta 2001, kuma shine mafi munin yankin da ya faru a yankin tsakiya na Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AllAfrica Rain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2001 |title=More Rains, Renewed Problems |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200103210071.html |access-date=1 July 2008 |website=[[AllAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yau, Nkhotakota ita ce babbar garin gargajiya na Afirka a Malawi  kuma tana da tasirin Swahili-Arab mai ƙarfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Nkhotakota |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 |access-date=27 June 2008 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 &quot;Nkhotakota&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Mwaya Beach a Nkhotakota Bay a kan [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]]]]
Nkhotakota tana da tsawo na mita 472 (1,548  a bakin Tekun Malawi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Nkhotakota |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 |access-date=27 June 2008 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 &quot;Nkhotakota&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tana kan dutsen dutse wanda ke kallon tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta da ke kallon Nkhotakota Bay, wanda yashi ya kafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Bugu da kari, Nkhotakota yana da kilomita 200 (120  daga [[Lilongwe]], babban birnin Malawi, da kilomita 378 (235  daga Blantyre, birni mafi girma a Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wild Malawi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Malawi distance table |url=http://www.wildmalawi.com/distance-table/distance-table/malawi-distance-table.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908060148/http://www.wildmalawi.com/distance-table/distance-table/malawi-distance-table.html |archive-date=8 September 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |website=Wild Malawi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dabbobi na daji ==
Nkhotakota gida ce ga Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve, inda, a cewar Lonely Planet, mutum yana da kyakkyawar damar ganin giwaye. Har ila yau, wurin ajiya yana da nau'ikan antelope da yawa, buffalo, da leopards. Yawancin manyan koguna sun haye wannan ajiya, mafi girma a Malawi.

Kimanin kilomita 24 (15  kudu da Nkhotakota shine Chia Lagoon, babban bay da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Malawi ta hanyar karamin tashar, wanda gada ta haye kusa da babbar hanyar Nkhotakota.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Babban ma'aikaci 'mai zaman kansa' a cikin gundumar shine kamfanin masana'antar sukari &quot;Dwangwa Sugar corporation&quot; (a halin yanzu a karkashin Illovo). Yawancin mazauna yankin ƙananan manoma ne na shinkafa, cassava da masara, yayin da wasu da yawa ƙananan masunta ne, waɗanda ke kamun kifi a kai a kai a bakin Tekun Malawi, Chia Lagoon da sauran koguna da yawa ciki har da Bua, Dwangwa, Dwambazi da Chilua, ta amfani da taru na triangular a kan sanduna, ƙugiyoyi, da sauransu.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Nkhotakota''' (N-kho-tah-kho-tuh) (tsohon '''Kota Kota''') (sunan da aka samo daga Chichewa don &quot;Kwallon Ƙofa&quot;) gari ne kuma ɗayan gundumomi ne a Yankin Tsakiya na Malawi . Yana kan iyakar [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] (tsohon Tafkin Nyasa) kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Tafkin Malawi . Ya zuwa 2018, Nkhotakota tana da yawan jama'a da aka kiyasta 28,350. Gundumar tana da yawan jama'a 301,000.

== Tarihi ==
Nkhotakota asalin rukuni ne na ƙauyuka a cikin karni na 19 wanda daga baya ya zama kasuwa ga 'yan kasuwa na bayi na Swahili-Arabiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Nkhotakota |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 |access-date=27 June 2008 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; David Livingstone ya shawo kan Cif Jumbe ya dakatar da cinikin bayi a ƙarƙashin itace a Nkhotakota a cikin karni na 19, wanda a halin yanzu yake a ƙarƙashin manufa.

A cikin 1905, Mary Hall ta zo ta nan yayin da ta yi tafiya don zama mace ta farko da ta yi tafiye-tafiye daga Cape Town zuwa Alkahira. Ta zo ne daga Mangochi.&lt;ref name=&quot;women3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Colin |date=1982 |title=Nyasaland 1905 - 1909: The Journeys of Mary Hall, Olivia Colville and Charlotte Mansfield |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778467 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |issn=0037-993X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shugaban Malawi [[Hastings Banda]] ya ba da jawabai a ƙarƙashin wani itace a Nkhotakota a cikin shekarun 1960, wannan wanda aka fi sani da itacen Livingstone .  Wannan garin ya sami ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara ta 2001, kuma shine mafi munin yankin da ya faru a yankin tsakiya na Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AllAfrica Rain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2001 |title=More Rains, Renewed Problems |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200103210071.html |access-date=1 July 2008 |website=[[AllAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yau, Nkhotakota ita ce babbar garin gargajiya na Afirka a Malawi  kuma tana da tasirin Swahili-Arab mai ƙarfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Nkhotakota |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 |access-date=27 June 2008 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 &quot;Nkhotakota&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Mwaya Beach a Nkhotakota Bay a kan [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]]]]
Nkhotakota tana da tsawo na mita 472 (1,548  a bakin Tekun Malawi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Nkhotakota |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 |access-date=27 June 2008 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985 &quot;Nkhotakota&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tana kan dutsen dutse wanda ke kallon tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta da ke kallon Nkhotakota Bay, wanda yashi ya kafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Bugu da kari, Nkhotakota yana da kilomita 200 (120  daga [[Lilongwe]], babban birnin Malawi, da kilomita 378 (235  daga Blantyre, birni mafi girma a Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wild Malawi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Malawi distance table |url=http://www.wildmalawi.com/distance-table/distance-table/malawi-distance-table.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908060148/http://www.wildmalawi.com/distance-table/distance-table/malawi-distance-table.html |archive-date=8 September 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008 |website=Wild Malawi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dabbobi na daji ==
Nkhotakota gida ce ga Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve, inda, a cewar Lonely Planet, mutum yana da kyakkyawar damar ganin giwaye. Har ila yau, wurin ajiya yana da nau'ikan antelope da yawa, buffalo, da leopards. Yawancin manyan koguna sun haye wannan ajiya, mafi girma a Malawi.

Kimanin kilomita 24 (15  kudu da Nkhotakota shine Chia Lagoon, babban bay da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Malawi ta hanyar karamin tashar, wanda gada ta haye kusa da babbar hanyar Nkhotakota.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Babban ma'aikaci 'mai zaman kansa' a cikin gundumar shine kamfanin masana'antar sukari &quot;Dwangwa Sugar corporation&quot; (a halin yanzu a karkashin Illovo). Yawancin mazauna yankin ƙananan manoma ne na shinkafa, cassava da masara, yayin da wasu da yawa ƙananan masunta ne, waɗanda ke kamun kifi a kai a kai a bakin Tekun Malawi, Chia Lagoon da sauran koguna da yawa ciki har da Bua, Dwangwa, Dwambazi da Chilua, ta amfani da taru na triangular a kan sanduna, ƙugiyoyi, da sauransu.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>MV Kipawo</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354347426|MV Kipawo]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2793" sha1="lrg2irtsgg36axir8hwdfpa8x7y1vf1" xml:space="preserve">'''MV ''Kipawo''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne na tarihi na [[Kanada]] da kuma jigilar kayayyaki wanda aka gina don aiki a Bay of Fundy kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a Newfoundland kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga kirkirar kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo. Ita ce jirgin ruwa na 33 kuma na ƙarshe don samar da sabis a fadin Minas Passage, sabis ɗin da aka bayar tun zamanin Acadian.

== Gine-gine ==
Kamfanin St. John Drydock &amp;amp;amp; Shipbuilding Co. ne ya ƙaddamar da ''Kipawo'' a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1924, kuma jirgin farko da aka gina a wannan farfajiyar ya fara aiki.  An ba da umarnin ''Kipawo'' don Jirgin Ƙasa na Dominion Atlantic kuma an ba shi izinin fara aiki da layin dogo a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1926. Sunan jirgin ruwan yana ɗauke da haruffa 2 na farko daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda uku daban-daban a yankin Minas : Kingsport, Parrsboro da Wolfville.

== Sabis ɗin Newfoundland ==
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, rundunar sojan ruwa ta Royal Canadian ta kwace ''Kipawo'' kuma ta ga sabis a Conception Bay, Newfoundland a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga tarkon yaki da jirgin ruwa daga tashar jigilar ƙarfe a Tsibirin Bell.

A cikin shekarun bayan yaƙin har zuwa ritaya a 1977, ''Kipawo'' ya ga sabis a matsayin ƙaramin fasinja da jirgin ruwa daga tsibirin Bell zuwa Portugal Cove, yana kawo ƙarshen shekaru 51 na sabis, kusan 45 daga cikinsu a matsayin jirgin ruwa kuma a halin yanzu sabis na biyu mafi tsawo a matsayin jirgin ƙasa a Kanada (SS Prince Edward Island yana aiki daga 1915 zuwa 1969).

Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin jirgin ruwa a Newfoundland, ''Kipawo'' ya ga sabis a matsayin jirgin yawon shakatawa mai zaman kansa a cikin ruwa daga Terra Nova National Park na shekaru da yawa. Yayinda take kan hanyar zuwa St. John's wata rana a ƙarshen 1970s, ta nemi mafaka a Bonavista Bay daga guguwa amma ta gudu a kan tudu kuma ta kasance a can tana lalacewa na shekaru da yawa.

== Amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==
[[Fayil:KipawoBow_2011.jpg|right|thumb|Arkon ''Kipawo'' a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kamfanin Jirgin]]
An sayi jirgin ruwan a shekarar 1981 ta ƙungiyar Kipawo Heritage Society of Wolfville kuma aka mayar da shi Minas Basin a shekarar 1982.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan komawa Minas Basin, Garin Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, ya sayi ''Kipawo'' don gidan tarihi kuma da gangan aka rufe shi a bakin teku a cikin wani mashigar ruwa kusa da kudancin garin yayin da aka sami damar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi. A shekarar 1986, an ajiye tsarin gidan kayan tarihi don ɗaukar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida, Ship's Company Theatre, wanda ya fara amfani da ''Kipawo'' a matsayin cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 2004, kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya faɗaɗa kayan aikinsa tare da faɗaɗa ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya haɗa ''Kipawo'' cikin ɗakin shakatawa na waje.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354347426|MV Kipawo]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3031" sha1="58c5znyl25xmg6n4y927ssdrdx4co8q" xml:space="preserve">'''MV ''Kipawo''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne na tarihi na [[Kanada]] da kuma jigilar kayayyaki wanda aka gina don aiki a Bay of Fundy kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a Newfoundland kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga kirkirar kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo. Ita ce jirgin ruwa na 33 kuma na ƙarshe don samar da sabis a fadin Minas Passage, sabis ɗin da aka bayar tun zamanin Acadian.&lt;ref&gt;Plaskin, Robert (2 Jul 1982). &quot;The Kipawo, the last of the once-proud wooden ferryboats...&quot; UPI Archives. United Press international. Retrieved 29 March 2020. Contrary to the title of this article, the ferry was built of steel.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
Kamfanin St. John Drydock &amp;amp;amp; Shipbuilding Co. ne ya ƙaddamar da ''Kipawo'' a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1924, kuma jirgin farko da aka gina a wannan farfajiyar ya fara aiki.  An ba da umarnin ''Kipawo'' don Jirgin Ƙasa na Dominion Atlantic kuma an ba shi izinin fara aiki da layin dogo a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1926. Sunan jirgin ruwan yana ɗauke da haruffa 2 na farko daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda uku daban-daban a yankin Minas : Kingsport, Parrsboro da Wolfville.

== Sabis ɗin Newfoundland ==
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, rundunar sojan ruwa ta Royal Canadian ta kwace ''Kipawo'' kuma ta ga sabis a Conception Bay, Newfoundland a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga tarkon yaki da jirgin ruwa daga tashar jigilar ƙarfe a Tsibirin Bell.

A cikin shekarun bayan yaƙin har zuwa ritaya a 1977, ''Kipawo'' ya ga sabis a matsayin ƙaramin fasinja da jirgin ruwa daga tsibirin Bell zuwa Portugal Cove, yana kawo ƙarshen shekaru 51 na sabis, kusan 45 daga cikinsu a matsayin jirgin ruwa kuma a halin yanzu sabis na biyu mafi tsawo a matsayin jirgin ƙasa a Kanada (SS Prince Edward Island yana aiki daga 1915 zuwa 1969).

Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin jirgin ruwa a Newfoundland, ''Kipawo'' ya ga sabis a matsayin jirgin yawon shakatawa mai zaman kansa a cikin ruwa daga Terra Nova National Park na shekaru da yawa. Yayinda take kan hanyar zuwa St. John's wata rana a ƙarshen 1970s, ta nemi mafaka a Bonavista Bay daga guguwa amma ta gudu a kan tudu kuma ta kasance a can tana lalacewa na shekaru da yawa.

== Amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==
[[Fayil:KipawoBow_2011.jpg|right|thumb|Arkon ''Kipawo'' a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kamfanin Jirgin]]
An sayi jirgin ruwan a shekarar 1981 ta ƙungiyar Kipawo Heritage Society of Wolfville kuma aka mayar da shi Minas Basin a shekarar 1982.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan komawa Minas Basin, Garin Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, ya sayi ''Kipawo'' don gidan tarihi kuma da gangan aka rufe shi a bakin teku a cikin wani mashigar ruwa kusa da kudancin garin yayin da aka sami damar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi. A shekarar 1986, an ajiye tsarin gidan kayan tarihi don ɗaukar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida, Ship's Company Theatre, wanda ya fara amfani da ''Kipawo'' a matsayin cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 2004, kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya faɗaɗa kayan aikinsa tare da faɗaɗa ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya haɗa ''Kipawo'' cikin ɗakin shakatawa na waje.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''MV ''Kipawo''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne na tarihi na [[Kanada]] da kuma jigilar kayayyaki wanda aka gina don aiki a Bay of Fundy kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a Newfoundland kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga kirkirar kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo. Ita ce jirgin ruwa na 33 kuma na ƙarshe don samar da sabis a fadin Minas Passage, sabis ɗin da aka bayar tun zamanin Acadian.&lt;ref&gt;Plaskin, Robert (2 Jul 1982). &quot;The Kipawo, the last of the once-proud wooden ferryboats...&quot; UPI Archives. United Press international. Retrieved 29 March 2020. Contrary to the title of this article, the ferry was built of steel.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
Kamfanin St. John Drydock &amp;amp;amp; Shipbuilding Co. ne ya ƙaddamar da ''Kipawo'' a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1924, kuma jirgin farko da aka gina a wannan farfajiyar ya fara aiki.  An ba da umarnin ''Kipawo'' don Jirgin Ƙasa na Dominion Atlantic kuma an ba shi izinin fara aiki da layin dogo a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1926. Sunan jirgin ruwan yana ɗauke da haruffa 2 na farko daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda uku daban-daban a yankin Minas : Kingsport, Parrsboro da Wolfville.

== Sabis ɗin Newfoundland ==
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, rundunar sojan ruwa ta Royal Canadian ta kwace ''Kipawo'' kuma ta ga sabis a Conception Bay, Newfoundland a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga tarkon yaki da jirgin ruwa daga tashar jigilar ƙarfe a Tsibirin Bell.

A cikin shekarun bayan yaƙin har zuwa ritaya a 1977, ''Kipawo'' ya ga sabis a matsayin ƙaramin fasinja da jirgin ruwa daga tsibirin Bell zuwa Portugal Cove, yana kawo ƙarshen shekaru 51 na sabis, kusan 45 daga cikinsu a matsayin jirgin ruwa kuma a halin yanzu sabis na biyu mafi tsawo a matsayin jirgin ƙasa a Kanada (SS Prince Edward Island yana aiki daga 1915 zuwa 1969).

Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin jirgin ruwa a Newfoundland, ''Kipawo'' ya ga sabis a matsayin jirgin yawon shakatawa mai zaman kansa a cikin ruwa daga Terra Nova National Park na shekaru da yawa. Yayinda take kan hanyar zuwa St. John's wata rana a ƙarshen 1970s, ta nemi mafaka a Bonavista Bay daga guguwa amma ta gudu a kan tudu kuma ta kasance a can tana lalacewa na shekaru da yawa.

== Amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==
[[Fayil:KipawoBow_2011.jpg|right|thumb|Arkon ''Kipawo'' a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kamfanin Jirgin]]
An sayi jirgin ruwan a shekarar 1981 ta ƙungiyar Kipawo Heritage Society of Wolfville kuma aka mayar da shi Minas Basin a shekarar 1982.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan komawa Minas Basin, Garin Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, ya sayi ''Kipawo'' don gidan tarihi kuma da gangan aka rufe shi a bakin teku a cikin wani mashigar ruwa kusa da kudancin garin yayin da aka sami damar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi. A shekarar 1986, an ajiye tsarin gidan kayan tarihi don ɗaukar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida, Ship's Company Theatre, wanda ya fara amfani da ''Kipawo'' a matsayin cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 2004, kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya faɗaɗa kayan aikinsa tare da faɗaɗa ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya haɗa ''Kipawo'' cikin ɗakin shakatawa na waje.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329004798|Vondo Dam]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="548" sha1="bqgh6cy1ymm6dtohzpt71lwoxeqxfu4" xml:space="preserve">'''Madatsar ruwan Vondo''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wadda take a [[kogin Mutshindudi]] kusa da Sibasa, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1985 kuma an gyara ta a shekarar 1994. Madatsar ruwan tana aiki ne musamman don ban ruwa kuma an sanya ta a matsayi mafi girma (3).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858195</id>
      <parentid>858194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:30:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>858195</origin>
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      <text bytes="560" sha1="sekdhdzua13z6igvujvbr0fzr19etey" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Madatsar ruwan Vondo''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wadda take a [[kogin Mutshindudi]] kusa da Sibasa, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1985 kuma an gyara ta a shekarar 1994. Madatsar ruwan tana aiki ne musamman don ban ruwa kuma an sanya ta a matsayi mafi girma (3).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Dam din Makuleke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858196</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:31:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003233|Makuleke Dam]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858196</origin>
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      <text bytes="641" sha1="8nt3p19ogslkk8w8fwsguzz27m8wpq1" xml:space="preserve">'''Madatsar ruwan Makuleke''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wadda take kan [[Mphongolo River|Kogin Mphongolo]], wani magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Shingwedzi]] . Tana kusa da [[Malamulele, at Makuleke village|Malamulele, a ƙauyen Makuleke]], Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1990 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya haɗarin da madatsar ruwan a cikin matsayi mai mahimmanci (2).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858197</id>
      <parentid>858196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:32:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="653" sha1="1eebekcyecajgiqaqec4knecl66dkbm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Madatsar ruwan Makuleke''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wadda take kan [[Mphongolo River|Kogin Mphongolo]], wani magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Shingwedzi]] . Tana kusa da [[Malamulele, at Makuleke village|Malamulele, a ƙauyen Makuleke]], Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1990 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya haɗarin da madatsar ruwan a cikin matsayi mai mahimmanci (2).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adedeji Stanley Olajide</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858205</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:51:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345124612|Adedeji Stanley Olajide]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858205</origin>
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'''Adedeji Stanley Olajide''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Wakilin Tarayya, kuma yana wakiltar Ibadan Northwest / Ibadan Southwest Federal Constituency of Oyo State a 10th National Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Hon. Adedeji Stanley Olajide: A Dedicated Parliamentarian With A Commitment To Constituency Development |url=https://oyoinsight.com/hon-adedeji-stanley-olajide-a-dedicated-parliamentarian-with-a-commitment-to-constituency-development/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Oyoinsight |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-04-07 |title=Olajide emerges PDP's consensus candidate in Ibadan Southwest/Northwest constituency |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/olajide-emerges-pdps-consensus-candidate-in-ibadan-southwest-northwest-constituency/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=PHOTOS: Rep Odidiomo Joins Muslim Faithful In Mount Arafat For Hajj Rites |url=https://oyoinsight.com/photos-rep-odidiomo-joins-muslim-faithful-in-mount-arafat-for-hajj-rites/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Oyoinsight |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((((((currently serves as a Federal Representatives, representing Ibadan Northwest/ Ibadan Southwest Federal Constituency of Oyo State in the 10th

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>gsiwkwuzculn9ukfbrzkngj7l3iyb6z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858206</id>
      <parentid>858205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:54:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>858206</origin>
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'''Adedeji Stanley Olajide''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Wakilin Tarayya, kuma yana wakiltar Ibadan Northwest / Ibadan Southwest Federal Constituency of Oyo State a 10th National Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Hon. Adedeji Stanley Olajide: A Dedicated Parliamentarian With A Commitment To Constituency Development |url=https://oyoinsight.com/hon-adedeji-stanley-olajide-a-dedicated-parliamentarian-with-a-commitment-to-constituency-development/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Oyoinsight |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-04-07 |title=Olajide emerges PDP's consensus candidate in Ibadan Southwest/Northwest constituency |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/olajide-emerges-pdps-consensus-candidate-in-ibadan-southwest-northwest-constituency/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=PHOTOS: Rep Odidiomo Joins Muslim Faithful In Mount Arafat For Hajj Rites |url=https://oyoinsight.com/photos-rep-odidiomo-joins-muslim-faithful-in-mount-arafat-for-hajj-rites/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Oyoinsight |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 == Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adesola Adedayo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858207</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:58:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359258418|Adesola Adedayo]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858207</origin>
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      <text bytes="2268" sha1="1gzgqsoaqe1biqg0puyb96b1fd042pa" xml:space="preserve">
 {{Reflist}}'''Adesola Samuel Adedayo''' likita ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai, yana wakiltar Mazabar Tarayya ta [[Apapa]] a Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=House Member Assures Constituents of More Dividends of Democracy |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/12/31/house-member-assures-constituents-of-more-dividends-of-democracy/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Oladesu |first=Emmanuel |date=2023-12-19 |title=APC legislator tenders stewardship in Apapa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-legislator-tenders-stewardship-in-apapa/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Adedayo ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai ne kan Lafiya. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban majalisa na Apapa-Iganmu (LCDA) na tsawon lokaci biyu..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Badmus |first=Bola |date=2024-11-24 |title=What I won't stop doing at 70 —Reps member, Adedayo |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/what-i-wont-stop-doing-at-70-reps-member-adedayo/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-05-30 |title=Popular Lagos Medical Practitioner, Adedayo Wins APC Reps Ticket For Apapa Federal Constituency |url=https://independent.ng/popular-lagos-medical-practitioner-adedayo-wins-apc-reps-ticket-for-apapa-federal-constituency/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya gaji [[Mufutau Egberongbe]]. (((((((((member member of the House of Representatives, representing the [[:en:Apapa|Apapa]] Federal Constituency in the 10th [[:en:National_Assembly_(Nigeria)|National Assembly]] Adedayo is also the Deputy Chairman of the House of Representatives Committee on Health.member of the House of Representatives, representing the [[:en:Apapa|Apapa]] Federal Constituency in the 10th [[:en:National_Assembly_(Nigeria)|National Assembly]] Adedayo is also the Deputy Chairman of the House of Representatives Committee on Health

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Likitocin Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>1gzgqsoaqe1biqg0puyb96b1fd042pa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858208</id>
      <parentid>858207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>858208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1689" sha1="ouuo7vh9ujak44lvsepggd0zsul0q7p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 {{Reflist}}'''Adesola Samuel Adedayo''' likita ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai, yana wakiltar Mazabar Tarayya ta [[Apapa]] a Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=House Member Assures Constituents of More Dividends of Democracy |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/12/31/house-member-assures-constituents-of-more-dividends-of-democracy/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Oladesu |first=Emmanuel |date=2023-12-19 |title=APC legislator tenders stewardship in Apapa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-legislator-tenders-stewardship-in-apapa/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Adedayo ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai ne kan Lafiya. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban majalisa na Apapa-Iganmu (LCDA) na tsawon lokaci biyu..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Badmus |first=Bola |date=2024-11-24 |title=What I won't stop doing at 70 —Reps member, Adedayo |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/what-i-wont-stop-doing-at-70-reps-member-adedayo/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-05-30 |title=Popular Lagos Medical Practitioner, Adedayo Wins APC Reps Ticket For Apapa Federal Constituency |url=https://independent.ng/popular-lagos-medical-practitioner-adedayo-wins-apc-reps-ticket-for-apapa-federal-constituency/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya gaji [[Mufutau Egberongbe]].
== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ouuo7vh9ujak44lvsepggd0zsul0q7p</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Zimbabwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858210</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:06:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-dab...</comment>
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      <text bytes="3839" sha1="2xtkpsur9h9vppj981gg5y9wk5xui4w" xml:space="preserve">'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.</text>
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      <comment>/* Tarihi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8161" sha1="g8ki2r9xe9yyup2jjdp0dk11hdm4koe" xml:space="preserve">'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;</text>
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        <username>Sirjat</username>
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      <comment>/* Batutuwa na yanzu */</comment>
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      <text bytes="12774" sha1="3rjyhgoe3891rqndukvyepwxl8vtqxd" xml:space="preserve">'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe.

== Bayanin sashi ==
=== Labarin ƙasa ===
Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe.

=== Yanayi ===
Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="17534" sha1="kpjdfc60cwfgxioiel3v4cbxi1hrbcc" xml:space="preserve">'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe.

== Bayanin sashi ==
=== Labarin ƙasa ===
Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe.

=== Yanayi ===
Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa hazo yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a bincika abubuwan da ka iya haifar da raguwar sa a Zimbabwe. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yawancin mutane a Zimbabwe manoma ne na dogaro da kai waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Makoni |first1=Fungai S. |last2=Manase |first2=Gift |last3=Ndamba |first3=Jerry |date=2004-01-01 |title=Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706504001755 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Water, Science, Technology and Policy Convergence and Action by All (A Meeting Point for Action leading to Sustainable Development) |volume=29 |issue=15 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013 |bibcode=2004PCE....29.1291M |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ababen more rayuwa na fasaha ===
A tsakiyar biranen Zimbabwe, mafi yawancin samar da ruwa yana zuwa ne daga ruwan bututu. A yankunan karkara, mutanen Zimbabwe sun fi dogaro ne ga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse waɗanda ke shiga cikin rumbun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; Ginin rijiyoyi da yawa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ne galibi ta hanyar gidajen da kansu. Kyakkyawan ci gaba na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu misali ne mai kyau na yadda ayyukan samar da kai zasu iya kaiwa ga babban ɓangare na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Olschewski|first=Andre|title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences|url=https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf|year=2016|publisher=7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutanen Zimbabwe da dama har yanzu suna yin ba-gari a fili, musamman a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;/&gt; Sai dai, a manyan birane kamar Harare, akwai tsarin magudanun ruwa na shara, kuma gidaje da yawa a faɗin Zimbabwe suna da banɗakunan rami na kashin kai ko kuma suna raba banɗakunan tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Women and children at a borehole.jpg|thumb|left|Wata kungiyar mata da yara a wata rijiya burtsatse a Norton, Zimbabwe]]

A shekarar 2018 an ce matsaloli a Morton Jeffray Waterworks a Harare su ne sanadin sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Makoni |first1=Munyaradzi |title=Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32352-3/fulltext |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=29 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, an gano kamfanin Morton Jeffray Waterworks da ke Harare a matsayin tushen sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara, wanda aka danganta da matsaloli a cikin ginin. Bayan haka, Lisben Chipfunde, shugaban ababen more rayuwa da muhalli a cikin mazaunin Birnin Harare, ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula lamarin, musamman a lokacin damina na 2019-2020. Kamfanin Ruwa na Prince Edward ya fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa saboda yanayin fari, wanda ya tilastawa mazaunin Birnin Harare mayar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a ginin Morton Jaffray Water Works. Sakamakon haka, yankunan mazauna da yawa sun fuskanci tsawaitaccen lokaci ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta ba. Wannan mummunan lamari ya tilastawa mazauna wurin komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau da gurbatattu, kamar rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=In Zimbabwe, Disaster at the Intersection of Cholera and Climate Change |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-disaster-intersection-cholera-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu sauye-sauye na fasaha masu banƙasawa sun inganta damar samun da ingancin samar da ruwa a Zimbabwe sosai. Misali an nuna Fanfon daji na Zimbabwe a matsayin fasaha ta &quot;ruwa&quot; wacce ta faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yaduwar wannan fasaha za a iya fahimtar ta saboda daidaituwarta mai ban mamaki. Aiwatarwa, aiki, da gyaran fanfon daji yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar shigarwa da zaɓin al'ummomin gida, kuma saboda haka wannan fasaha ba ta da &quot;iyaka mai tsanani&quot; tunda za a iya daidaita ta, amfani da ita, da kuma keɓance ta ta al'ummomi a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;De Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol. (2000) &quot;The Zimbabwe bush pump mechanics of a fluid technology.&quot; Social studies of science 30.2: 225-263.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Image:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba kamar yadda ake gani daga Zimbabwe.]]</text>
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      <text bytes="19861" sha1="kb141p0vkyrxu3ykeb8bifqx2zfqn81" xml:space="preserve">'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe.

== Bayanin sashi ==
=== Labarin ƙasa ===
Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe.

=== Yanayi ===
Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa hazo yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a bincika abubuwan da ka iya haifar da raguwar sa a Zimbabwe. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yawancin mutane a Zimbabwe manoma ne na dogaro da kai waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Makoni |first1=Fungai S. |last2=Manase |first2=Gift |last3=Ndamba |first3=Jerry |date=2004-01-01 |title=Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706504001755 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Water, Science, Technology and Policy Convergence and Action by All (A Meeting Point for Action leading to Sustainable Development) |volume=29 |issue=15 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013 |bibcode=2004PCE....29.1291M |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ababen more rayuwa na fasaha ===
A tsakiyar biranen Zimbabwe, mafi yawancin samar da ruwa yana zuwa ne daga ruwan bututu. A yankunan karkara, mutanen Zimbabwe sun fi dogaro ne ga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse waɗanda ke shiga cikin rumbun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; Ginin rijiyoyi da yawa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ne galibi ta hanyar gidajen da kansu. Kyakkyawan ci gaba na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu misali ne mai kyau na yadda ayyukan samar da kai zasu iya kaiwa ga babban ɓangare na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Olschewski|first=Andre|title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences|url=https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf|year=2016|publisher=7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutanen Zimbabwe da dama har yanzu suna yin ba-gari a fili, musamman a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;/&gt; Sai dai, a manyan birane kamar Harare, akwai tsarin magudanun ruwa na shara, kuma gidaje da yawa a faɗin Zimbabwe suna da banɗakunan rami na kashin kai ko kuma suna raba banɗakunan tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Women and children at a borehole.jpg|thumb|left|Wata kungiyar mata da yara a wata rijiya burtsatse a Norton, Zimbabwe]]

A shekarar 2018 an ce matsaloli a Morton Jeffray Waterworks a Harare su ne sanadin sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Makoni |first1=Munyaradzi |title=Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32352-3/fulltext |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=29 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, an gano kamfanin Morton Jeffray Waterworks da ke Harare a matsayin tushen sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara, wanda aka danganta da matsaloli a cikin ginin. Bayan haka, Lisben Chipfunde, shugaban ababen more rayuwa da muhalli a cikin mazaunin Birnin Harare, ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula lamarin, musamman a lokacin damina na 2019-2020. Kamfanin Ruwa na Prince Edward ya fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa saboda yanayin fari, wanda ya tilastawa mazaunin Birnin Harare mayar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a ginin Morton Jaffray Water Works. Sakamakon haka, yankunan mazauna da yawa sun fuskanci tsawaitaccen lokaci ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta ba. Wannan mummunan lamari ya tilastawa mazauna wurin komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau da gurbatattu, kamar rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=In Zimbabwe, Disaster at the Intersection of Cholera and Climate Change |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-disaster-intersection-cholera-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu sauye-sauye na fasaha masu banƙasawa sun inganta damar samun da ingancin samar da ruwa a Zimbabwe sosai. Misali an nuna Fanfon daji na Zimbabwe a matsayin fasaha ta &quot;ruwa&quot; wacce ta faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yaduwar wannan fasaha za a iya fahimtar ta saboda daidaituwarta mai ban mamaki. Aiwatarwa, aiki, da gyaran fanfon daji yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar shigarwa da zaɓin al'ummomin gida, kuma saboda haka wannan fasaha ba ta da &quot;iyaka mai tsanani&quot; tunda za a iya daidaita ta, amfani da ita, da kuma keɓance ta ta al'ummomi a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;De Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol. (2000) &quot;The Zimbabwe bush pump mechanics of a fluid technology.&quot; Social studies of science 30.2: 225-263.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Image:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba kamar yadda ake gani daga Zimbabwe.]]

== Bayanin cibiyoyi ==
Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ana tafiyar da su ne ta ma'aikatu da sassan gwamnati daban-daban, ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyoyi kamar Kwamitin Aiwatarwa na Ƙasa (NAC) da Ma'aikatar Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa da Gudanarwa (MoWRDM).&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan hukumomi suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar WASH, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, UNICEF, da rukunoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Yara, don ba da kuɗi da gina tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli daidai da Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ta MDD.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsscc&quot;&gt;[http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview Wash coalition overview]wsscc.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812135218/http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview |date=12 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; NAC da MoWRDM suna kuma kula da Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA), wacce ke da alhakin rarraba ruwa a sassa daban-daban, gami da gudanar da manyan madatsun ruwa guda 250 &lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Resource Management, Supply, and Sanitation Zimbabwe Report.&quot; African Development Bank Group. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/9.%20Zimbabwe%20Report_Chapter%207.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; NAC tana aiki ta hanyar ƙananan kwamitoci kamar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara, da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birni, yana haɗa hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a cikin tsara ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na karkara da birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Hukuomin ƙauyuka ko na shiyyoyi ne ke gudanar da rarraba ruwa na cikin gida kuma lokaci-lokaci ta ZINWA.

Zimbabwe tana da tsarin ruwa mai aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, wanda ya samar da kashi 85% na al'ummar gida tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Yayin da wasu sassa na wannan tsarin aiki har yanzu ana san su a Harare, gwamnati ba ta yi aiki mai gamsarwa ba wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa na bututu. Haɗuwar iyakantaccen tsarin, karuwar yawan al'umma, da rashin ikon mutane da yawa na samun ruwa, ya haifar da matsananciyar cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito.

Rikicin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Harare, Zimbabwe, yana haifar da babban haɗarin lafiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton 2013 na Human Rights</text>
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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe.

== Bayanin sashi ==
=== Labarin ƙasa ===
Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe.

=== Yanayi ===
Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa hazo yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a bincika abubuwan da ka iya haifar da raguwar sa a Zimbabwe. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yawancin mutane a Zimbabwe manoma ne na dogaro da kai waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Makoni |first1=Fungai S. |last2=Manase |first2=Gift |last3=Ndamba |first3=Jerry |date=2004-01-01 |title=Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706504001755 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Water, Science, Technology and Policy Convergence and Action by All (A Meeting Point for Action leading to Sustainable Development) |volume=29 |issue=15 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013 |bibcode=2004PCE....29.1291M |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ababen more rayuwa na fasaha ===
A tsakiyar biranen Zimbabwe, mafi yawancin samar da ruwa yana zuwa ne daga ruwan bututu. A yankunan karkara, mutanen Zimbabwe sun fi dogaro ne ga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse waɗanda ke shiga cikin rumbun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; Ginin rijiyoyi da yawa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ne galibi ta hanyar gidajen da kansu. Kyakkyawan ci gaba na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu misali ne mai kyau na yadda ayyukan samar da kai zasu iya kaiwa ga babban ɓangare na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Olschewski|first=Andre|title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences|url=https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf|year=2016|publisher=7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutanen Zimbabwe da dama har yanzu suna yin ba-gari a fili, musamman a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;/&gt; Sai dai, a manyan birane kamar Harare, akwai tsarin magudanun ruwa na shara, kuma gidaje da yawa a faɗin Zimbabwe suna da banɗakunan rami na kashin kai ko kuma suna raba banɗakunan tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Women and children at a borehole.jpg|thumb|left|Wata kungiyar mata da yara a wata rijiya burtsatse a Norton, Zimbabwe]]

A shekarar 2018 an ce matsaloli a Morton Jeffray Waterworks a Harare su ne sanadin sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Makoni |first1=Munyaradzi |title=Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32352-3/fulltext |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=29 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, an gano kamfanin Morton Jeffray Waterworks da ke Harare a matsayin tushen sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara, wanda aka danganta da matsaloli a cikin ginin. Bayan haka, Lisben Chipfunde, shugaban ababen more rayuwa da muhalli a cikin mazaunin Birnin Harare, ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula lamarin, musamman a lokacin damina na 2019-2020. Kamfanin Ruwa na Prince Edward ya fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa saboda yanayin fari, wanda ya tilastawa mazaunin Birnin Harare mayar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a ginin Morton Jaffray Water Works. Sakamakon haka, yankunan mazauna da yawa sun fuskanci tsawaitaccen lokaci ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta ba. Wannan mummunan lamari ya tilastawa mazauna wurin komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau da gurbatattu, kamar rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=In Zimbabwe, Disaster at the Intersection of Cholera and Climate Change |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-disaster-intersection-cholera-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu sauye-sauye na fasaha masu banƙasawa sun inganta damar samun da ingancin samar da ruwa a Zimbabwe sosai. Misali an nuna Fanfon daji na Zimbabwe a matsayin fasaha ta &quot;ruwa&quot; wacce ta faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yaduwar wannan fasaha za a iya fahimtar ta saboda daidaituwarta mai ban mamaki. Aiwatarwa, aiki, da gyaran fanfon daji yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar shigarwa da zaɓin al'ummomin gida, kuma saboda haka wannan fasaha ba ta da &quot;iyaka mai tsanani&quot; tunda za a iya daidaita ta, amfani da ita, da kuma keɓance ta ta al'ummomi a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;De Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol. (2000) &quot;The Zimbabwe bush pump mechanics of a fluid technology.&quot; Social studies of science 30.2: 225-263.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Image:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba kamar yadda ake gani daga Zimbabwe.]]

== Bayanin cibiyoyi ==
Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ana tafiyar da su ne ta ma'aikatu da sassan gwamnati daban-daban, ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyoyi kamar Kwamitin Aiwatarwa na Ƙasa (NAC) da Ma'aikatar Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa da Gudanarwa (MoWRDM).&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan hukumomi suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar WASH, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, UNICEF, da rukunoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Yara, don ba da kuɗi da gina tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli daidai da Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ta MDD.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsscc&quot;&gt;[http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview Wash coalition overview]wsscc.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812135218/http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview |date=12 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; NAC da MoWRDM suna kuma kula da Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA), wacce ke da alhakin rarraba ruwa a sassa daban-daban, gami da gudanar da manyan madatsun ruwa guda 250 &lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Resource Management, Supply, and Sanitation Zimbabwe Report.&quot; African Development Bank Group. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/9.%20Zimbabwe%20Report_Chapter%207.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; NAC tana aiki ta hanyar ƙananan kwamitoci kamar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara, da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birni, yana haɗa hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a cikin tsara ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na karkara da birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Hukuomin ƙauyuka ko na shiyyoyi ne ke gudanar da rarraba ruwa na cikin gida kuma lokaci-lokaci ta ZINWA.

Zimbabwe tana da tsarin ruwa mai aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, wanda ya samar da kashi 85% na al'ummar gida tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Yayin da wasu sassa na wannan tsarin aiki har yanzu ana san su a Harare, gwamnati ba ta yi aiki mai gamsarwa ba wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa na bututu. Haɗuwar iyakantaccen tsarin, karuwar yawan al'umma, da rashin ikon mutane da yawa na samun ruwa, ya haifar da matsananciyar cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito.

Rikicin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Harare, Zimbabwe, yana haifar da babban haɗarin lafiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton 2013 na Human Rights</text>
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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe.

== Bayanin sashi ==
=== Labarin ƙasa ===
Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe.

=== Yanayi ===
Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa hazo yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a bincika abubuwan da ka iya haifar da raguwar sa a Zimbabwe. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yawancin mutane a Zimbabwe manoma ne na dogaro da kai waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Makoni |first1=Fungai S. |last2=Manase |first2=Gift |last3=Ndamba |first3=Jerry |date=2004-01-01 |title=Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706504001755 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Water, Science, Technology and Policy Convergence and Action by All (A Meeting Point for Action leading to Sustainable Development) |volume=29 |issue=15 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013 |bibcode=2004PCE....29.1291M |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ababen more rayuwa na fasaha ===
A tsakiyar biranen Zimbabwe, mafi yawancin samar da ruwa yana zuwa ne daga ruwan bututu. A yankunan karkara, mutanen Zimbabwe sun fi dogaro ne ga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse waɗanda ke shiga cikin rumbun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; Ginin rijiyoyi da yawa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ne galibi ta hanyar gidajen da kansu. Kyakkyawan ci gaba na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu misali ne mai kyau na yadda ayyukan samar da kai zasu iya kaiwa ga babban ɓangare na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Olschewski|first=Andre|title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences|url=https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf|year=2016|publisher=7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutanen Zimbabwe da dama har yanzu suna yin ba-gari a fili, musamman a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;/&gt; Sai dai, a manyan birane kamar Harare, akwai tsarin magudanun ruwa na shara, kuma gidaje da yawa a faɗin Zimbabwe suna da banɗakunan rami na kashin kai ko kuma suna raba banɗakunan tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Women and children at a borehole.jpg|thumb|left|Wata kungiyar mata da yara a wata rijiya burtsatse a Norton, Zimbabwe]]

A shekarar 2018 an ce matsaloli a Morton Jeffray Waterworks a Harare su ne sanadin sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Makoni |first1=Munyaradzi |title=Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32352-3/fulltext |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=29 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, an gano kamfanin Morton Jeffray Waterworks da ke Harare a matsayin tushen sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara, wanda aka danganta da matsaloli a cikin ginin. Bayan haka, Lisben Chipfunde, shugaban ababen more rayuwa da muhalli a cikin mazaunin Birnin Harare, ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula lamarin, musamman a lokacin damina na 2019-2020. Kamfanin Ruwa na Prince Edward ya fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa saboda yanayin fari, wanda ya tilastawa mazaunin Birnin Harare mayar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a ginin Morton Jaffray Water Works. Sakamakon haka, yankunan mazauna da yawa sun fuskanci tsawaitaccen lokaci ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta ba. Wannan mummunan lamari ya tilastawa mazauna wurin komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau da gurbatattu, kamar rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=In Zimbabwe, Disaster at the Intersection of Cholera and Climate Change |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-disaster-intersection-cholera-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu sauye-sauye na fasaha masu banƙasawa sun inganta damar samun da ingancin samar da ruwa a Zimbabwe sosai. Misali an nuna Fanfon daji na Zimbabwe a matsayin fasaha ta &quot;ruwa&quot; wacce ta faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yaduwar wannan fasaha za a iya fahimtar ta saboda daidaituwarta mai ban mamaki. Aiwatarwa, aiki, da gyaran fanfon daji yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar shigarwa da zaɓin al'ummomin gida, kuma saboda haka wannan fasaha ba ta da &quot;iyaka mai tsanani&quot; tunda za a iya daidaita ta, amfani da ita, da kuma keɓance ta ta al'ummomi a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;De Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol. (2000) &quot;The Zimbabwe bush pump mechanics of a fluid technology.&quot; Social studies of science 30.2: 225-263.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Image:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba kamar yadda ake gani daga Zimbabwe.]]

== Bayanin cibiyoyi ==
Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ana tafiyar da su ne ta ma'aikatu da sassan gwamnati daban-daban, ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyoyi kamar Kwamitin Aiwatarwa na Ƙasa (NAC) da Ma'aikatar Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa da Gudanarwa (MoWRDM).&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan hukumomi suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar WASH, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, UNICEF, da rukunoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Yara, don ba da kuɗi da gina tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli daidai da Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ta MDD.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsscc&quot;&gt;[http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview Wash coalition overview]wsscc.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812135218/http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview |date=12 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; NAC da MoWRDM suna kuma kula da Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA), wacce ke da alhakin rarraba ruwa a sassa daban-daban, gami da gudanar da manyan madatsun ruwa guda 250 &lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Resource Management, Supply, and Sanitation Zimbabwe Report.&quot; African Development Bank Group. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/9.%20Zimbabwe%20Report_Chapter%207.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; NAC tana aiki ta hanyar ƙananan kwamitoci kamar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara, da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birni, yana haɗa hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a cikin tsara ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na karkara da birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Hukuomin ƙauyuka ko na shiyyoyi ne ke gudanar da rarraba ruwa na cikin gida kuma lokaci-lokaci ta ZINWA.

Zimbabwe tana da tsarin ruwa mai aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, wanda ya samar da kashi 85% na al'ummar gida tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Yayin da wasu sassa na wannan tsarin aiki har yanzu ana san su a Harare, gwamnati ba ta yi aiki mai gamsarwa ba wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa na bututu. Haɗuwar iyakantaccen tsarin, karuwar yawan al'umma, da rashin ikon mutane da yawa na samun ruwa, ya haifar da matsananciyar cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito.

Rikicin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Harare, Zimbabwe, yana haifar da babban haɗarin lafiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton 2013 na Human Rights Watch. Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya, yanayin da ke haifar da annoba ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin unguwannin birni masu yawan jama'a. Rahoton ya bayyana ƙalubale kamar ƙarancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, wanda ke tilastawa mazauna wurin sha daga gurbatattun hanyoyi da yin ba-gari a fili. Tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da karuwar yawan al'umma suna ƙara dagula matsalar rashin tsaro da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin gazawar gwamnati wajen kula da tsarin yana tilasta dogaro ga hanyoyin da ba su da kyau, yana keta haƙƙin mazauna wurin na samun ruwa mai tsafta. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha, farashi mai kyau don ruwan gunduma, da rashin yanke ruwa ga rashin biyan kuɗi. Kodayake ayyukan gwamnati suna ba da bege, damuwa game da gaskiya da cin hanci da rashawa har yanzu suna nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=Zimbabwe: Water and Sanitation Crisis {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/19/zimbabwe-water-and-sanitation-crisis |access-date=2024-03-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da lokutan da aka karkatar da kasafin kuɗin birni don amfanin da ba na tsarin kulawa da ingantawa ba, wanda aka yi niyyar kasafin kuɗin dominsa. Sakamakon haka, ba a ba da kuɗin hanyoyin da suka dace na ɗaukar matakai ba, kamar siyan sinadarai na tace ruwa, yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da wannan lallen danyen ruwa maras kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An lura da yawancin waɗannan lokuta daga rahoton Human Rights Watch da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013, amma sun ci gaba da faruwa a kwanakin baya-bayan nan.

Saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha yana ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci wajen cimma ingantaccen tsaftace ruwa ga Zimbabwe. A shekarar 2013, gwamnatin ƙasar ta karɓi rancen dala miliyan 144 (na Amurka) daga gwamnatin Sin don &quot;haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na ruwa musamman ta hanyar inganta masana'antun sarrafa ruwan shara.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Yayin da wannan ya kasance kyakkyawan mataki zuwa kyakkyawan shiri, da yawa har yanzu suna jin cewa akwai rashin gaskiya da ke fitowa daga gwamnati, da kuma dumbin cin hanci da rashawa da sakaci da ke bayyane ga al'ummomin da ke fafutuka. Zimbabwe kuma ta amince da sabon tsarin mulki a shekarar 2013 wanda ya amince da bayyanannen haƙƙin samun ruwa, amma ko an ba wa wannan haƙƙin fifiko tun lokacin ba a tabbatar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Sun kuma amince da Dokar PPP ta Hukumar Ci Gaban Zimbabwe (ZIDA) ta shekarar 2020 wacce ke ƙarfafa amfani da PPPs (haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mutandwa |first1=Hudson |last2=Vyas-Doorgapersad |first2=Shikha |date=2023-12-07 |title=The State of Water Infrastructure Development in Zimbabwe |url=https://ojs.sabinet.co.za/index.php/african_journal_of_governance/article/view/114 |journal=African Journal of Governance &amp; Development |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=40–57 |doi=10.36369/2616-9045/2023/v12i2a4 |issn=2616-9045|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wannan, babu wata doka guda ɗaya da ta shafi musamman kan gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, kuma rashin ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan yana iyakance ikon gina sabbin madatsun ruwa, gyara tsofaffi, da gina wuraren tace ruwa, wanda zai ci dala biliyan 2.2 (na Amurka) cikin shekaru goma kafin a yi hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;</text>
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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe.

== Bayanin sashi ==
=== Labarin ƙasa ===
Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe.

=== Yanayi ===
Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa hazo yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a bincika abubuwan da ka iya haifar da raguwar sa a Zimbabwe. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yawancin mutane a Zimbabwe manoma ne na dogaro da kai waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Makoni |first1=Fungai S. |last2=Manase |first2=Gift |last3=Ndamba |first3=Jerry |date=2004-01-01 |title=Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706504001755 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Water, Science, Technology and Policy Convergence and Action by All (A Meeting Point for Action leading to Sustainable Development) |volume=29 |issue=15 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013 |bibcode=2004PCE....29.1291M |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ababen more rayuwa na fasaha ===
A tsakiyar biranen Zimbabwe, mafi yawancin samar da ruwa yana zuwa ne daga ruwan bututu. A yankunan karkara, mutanen Zimbabwe sun fi dogaro ne ga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse waɗanda ke shiga cikin rumbun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; Ginin rijiyoyi da yawa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ne galibi ta hanyar gidajen da kansu. Kyakkyawan ci gaba na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu misali ne mai kyau na yadda ayyukan samar da kai zasu iya kaiwa ga babban ɓangare na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Olschewski|first=Andre|title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences|url=https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf|year=2016|publisher=7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutanen Zimbabwe da dama har yanzu suna yin ba-gari a fili, musamman a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;/&gt; Sai dai, a manyan birane kamar Harare, akwai tsarin magudanun ruwa na shara, kuma gidaje da yawa a faɗin Zimbabwe suna da banɗakunan rami na kashin kai ko kuma suna raba banɗakunan tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Women and children at a borehole.jpg|thumb|left|Wata kungiyar mata da yara a wata rijiya burtsatse a Norton, Zimbabwe]]

A shekarar 2018 an ce matsaloli a Morton Jeffray Waterworks a Harare su ne sanadin sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Makoni |first1=Munyaradzi |title=Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32352-3/fulltext |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=29 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, an gano kamfanin Morton Jeffray Waterworks da ke Harare a matsayin tushen sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara, wanda aka danganta da matsaloli a cikin ginin. Bayan haka, Lisben Chipfunde, shugaban ababen more rayuwa da muhalli a cikin mazaunin Birnin Harare, ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula lamarin, musamman a lokacin damina na 2019-2020. Kamfanin Ruwa na Prince Edward ya fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa saboda yanayin fari, wanda ya tilastawa mazaunin Birnin Harare mayar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a ginin Morton Jaffray Water Works. Sakamakon haka, yankunan mazauna da yawa sun fuskanci tsawaitaccen lokaci ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta ba. Wannan mummunan lamari ya tilastawa mazauna wurin komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau da gurbatattu, kamar rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=In Zimbabwe, Disaster at the Intersection of Cholera and Climate Change |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-disaster-intersection-cholera-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu sauye-sauye na fasaha masu banƙasawa sun inganta damar samun da ingancin samar da ruwa a Zimbabwe sosai. Misali an nuna Fanfon daji na Zimbabwe a matsayin fasaha ta &quot;ruwa&quot; wacce ta faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yaduwar wannan fasaha za a iya fahimtar ta saboda daidaituwarta mai ban mamaki. Aiwatarwa, aiki, da gyaran fanfon daji yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar shigarwa da zaɓin al'ummomin gida, kuma saboda haka wannan fasaha ba ta da &quot;iyaka mai tsanani&quot; tunda za a iya daidaita ta, amfani da ita, da kuma keɓance ta ta al'ummomi a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;De Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol. (2000) &quot;The Zimbabwe bush pump mechanics of a fluid technology.&quot; Social studies of science 30.2: 225-263.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Image:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba kamar yadda ake gani daga Zimbabwe.]]

== Bayanin cibiyoyi ==
Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ana tafiyar da su ne ta ma'aikatu da sassan gwamnati daban-daban, ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyoyi kamar Kwamitin Aiwatarwa na Ƙasa (NAC) da Ma'aikatar Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa da Gudanarwa (MoWRDM).&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan hukumomi suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar WASH, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, UNICEF, da rukunoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Yara, don ba da kuɗi da gina tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli daidai da Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ta MDD.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsscc&quot;&gt;[http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview Wash coalition overview]wsscc.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812135218/http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview |date=12 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; NAC da MoWRDM suna kuma kula da Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA), wacce ke da alhakin rarraba ruwa a sassa daban-daban, gami da gudanar da manyan madatsun ruwa guda 250 &lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Resource Management, Supply, and Sanitation Zimbabwe Report.&quot; African Development Bank Group. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/9.%20Zimbabwe%20Report_Chapter%207.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; NAC tana aiki ta hanyar ƙananan kwamitoci kamar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara, da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birni, yana haɗa hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a cikin tsara ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na karkara da birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Hukuomin ƙauyuka ko na shiyyoyi ne ke gudanar da rarraba ruwa na cikin gida kuma lokaci-lokaci ta ZINWA.

Zimbabwe tana da tsarin ruwa mai aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, wanda ya samar da kashi 85% na al'ummar gida tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Yayin da wasu sassa na wannan tsarin aiki har yanzu ana san su a Harare, gwamnati ba ta yi aiki mai gamsarwa ba wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa na bututu. Haɗuwar iyakantaccen tsarin, karuwar yawan al'umma, da rashin ikon mutane da yawa na samun ruwa, ya haifar da matsananciyar cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito.

Rikicin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Harare, Zimbabwe, yana haifar da babban haɗarin lafiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton 2013 na Human Rights Watch. Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya, yanayin da ke haifar da annoba ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin unguwannin birni masu yawan jama'a. Rahoton ya bayyana ƙalubale kamar ƙarancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, wanda ke tilastawa mazauna wurin sha daga gurbatattun hanyoyi da yin ba-gari a fili. Tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da karuwar yawan al'umma suna ƙara dagula matsalar rashin tsaro da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin gazawar gwamnati wajen kula da tsarin yana tilasta dogaro ga hanyoyin da ba su da kyau, yana keta haƙƙin mazauna wurin na samun ruwa mai tsafta. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha, farashi mai kyau don ruwan gunduma, da rashin yanke ruwa ga rashin biyan kuɗi. Kodayake ayyukan gwamnati suna ba da bege, damuwa game da gaskiya da cin hanci da rashawa har yanzu suna nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=Zimbabwe: Water and Sanitation Crisis {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/19/zimbabwe-water-and-sanitation-crisis |access-date=2024-03-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da lokutan da aka karkatar da kasafin kuɗin birni don amfanin da ba na tsarin kulawa da ingantawa ba, wanda aka yi niyyar kasafin kuɗin dominsa. Sakamakon haka, ba a ba da kuɗin hanyoyin da suka dace na ɗaukar matakai ba, kamar siyan sinadarai na tace ruwa, yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da wannan lallen danyen ruwa maras kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An lura da yawancin waɗannan lokuta daga rahoton Human Rights Watch da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013, amma sun ci gaba da faruwa a kwanakin baya-bayan nan.

Saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha yana ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci wajen cimma ingantaccen tsaftace ruwa ga Zimbabwe. A shekarar 2013, gwamnatin ƙasar ta karɓi rancen dala miliyan 144 (na Amurka) daga gwamnatin Sin don &quot;haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na ruwa musamman ta hanyar inganta masana'antun sarrafa ruwan shara.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Yayin da wannan ya kasance kyakkyawan mataki zuwa kyakkyawan shiri, da yawa har yanzu suna jin cewa akwai rashin gaskiya da ke fitowa daga gwamnati, da kuma dumbin cin hanci da rashawa da sakaci da ke bayyane ga al'ummomin da ke fafutuka. Zimbabwe kuma ta amince da sabon tsarin mulki a shekarar 2013 wanda ya amince da bayyanannen haƙƙin samun ruwa, amma ko an ba wa wannan haƙƙin fifiko tun lokacin ba a tabbatar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Sun kuma amince da Dokar PPP ta Hukumar Ci Gaban Zimbabwe (ZIDA) ta shekarar 2020 wacce ke ƙarfafa amfani da PPPs (haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mutandwa |first1=Hudson |last2=Vyas-Doorgapersad |first2=Shikha |date=2023-12-07 |title=The State of Water Infrastructure Development in Zimbabwe |url=https://ojs.sabinet.co.za/index.php/african_journal_of_governance/article/view/114 |journal=African Journal of Governance &amp; Development |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=40–57 |doi=10.36369/2616-9045/2023/v12i2a4 |issn=2616-9045|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wannan, babu wata doka guda ɗaya da ta shafi musamman kan gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, kuma rashin ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan yana iyakance ikon gina sabbin madatsun ruwa, gyara tsofaffi, da gina wuraren tace ruwa, wanda zai ci dala biliyan 2.2 (na Amurka) cikin shekaru goma kafin a yi hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

== Hadin kan ƙasashen waje ==
Gwamnatocin ƙasashe da dama da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje suna aiki tuƙuru don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ta hanyar ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ƙanana da manyan sassa. Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da kuɗi ga sauran ƙoƙarin da ake yi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da [[Banka Duniya]], [[Asusun Haɓaka Afirka]] (AfDB), da Gwamnatin Jamus, wacce ta hanyar hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta, [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] (GIZ), ta ba da dala miliyan 6 (na Amurka) don inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Gweru]], [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]], da [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]]. Gwamnatin Ostareliya kuma ta samar da sama da dala miliyan 10 (na Amurka) don bincike da inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt;

=== Bangaren WASH ===
UNICEF tana jagorantar manyan ayyuka da dama tare da haɗin gwiwar cikakken shirin Ruwa, Tsaftace Muhalli, da Tsabtace Jiki ([[WASH]]), da nufin inganta tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa a duniya. Ta hanyar shirinta na WASH, UNICEF ta sadaukar da kanta don tabbatar da samun ruwa mai tsafta, tsarin tsaftace muhalli, da wuraren tsabtace jiki ga kowa da kowa a cikin al'ummomi a duniya. A shekarar 2018, UNICEF ta faɗaɗa samar da ruwa a karkara ta hanyar haƙa rami na tuka-tuka da gyara tsarin bututun ruwa tare da mai da hankali kan amfani da hasken rana. Samar da ruwa a birane ya ninka sau biyu a ƙananan garuruwa 14, kuma an gyara tsarin magudanar ruwa na shara. Ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da haɓaka tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan gwaji don inganta sa ido. An haɓaka halartar al'umma ta hanyar haɗa Sabis na Saƙon Turewa (SMS) zuwa tsarin bayanan WASH na karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) {{!}} UNICEF Zimbabwe |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana aiki a ƙasashe sama da 100, UNICEF tana ba da muhimman ayyukan WASH ga wasu rukunin mutane mafi rauni a duniya. Yayin bala'in annobar COVID-19, UNICEF ta tsananta ayyukanta na WASH, inda ta rarraba sabulu da kayan tsafta ga mutane miliyan 74, yayin da kuma ta kafa wuraren wanke hannu da bayan gida don haɓaka lafiyar jama'a da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A Zimbabwe, ayyukan UNICEF sun haɗa da sabunta tsarin tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Masvingo]], [[Plumtree, Zimbabwe|Plumtree]], da [[Zvishavane]], gami da gudanar da wani aiki na dala miliyan 30 (Dalar Amurka) don samar da ruwan sha da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga 'yan Zimbabwe 500,000. Cikin haɗin gwiwa, UNICEF da shirin WASH suna ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga mutane miliyan 2.3 a Zimbabwe waɗanda a halin yanzu ba su da waɗannan muhimman ayyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;&gt;&quot;Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene.&quot; UNICEF. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water_san_hygiene.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya kuma nuna amincewa da sadaukarwa ga ɓangaren WASH, wanda ya haɗa da &quot;ƙiyasin kasafin kuɗi na ƙasa don isassun ayyukan WASH a wuraren kula da lafiya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/media/9961/file/UNICEF%20Zimbabwe%20Annual%20Report%202023.pdf |journal=UNICEF |pages=23–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNICEF ta kai wa ƙasashen mutane dubun-dubatar da &quot;ruwa mai tsafta, mai jure canjin yanayi, da aminci ta hanyar tsari na sanin haɗari, tsarin amfani da yawa da haɓaka iko don dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Sun kuma kai wa dubun-dubatar mutane da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullun, gami da tsarin tsaftace muhalli da mazauna ke jagoranta da kuma a lokutan gaggawa, gami da ruwa mai aminci daga motocin jigilar ruwa a yankunan da kwalara ta shafa, da &quot;kayayyakin WASH masu ceton rai kamar na'urorin adana ruwa na gida da sinadarai na tace ruwa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Damuwar muhalli ==
Sakamakon ayyukan ma'adinai, masana'antu, aikin gona na sikelin da ba ya dorewa, da kuma sassaucin dokokin ƙazanta da rashin aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, koguna da tafkuna da yawa a Zimbabwe sun gurbata. Wannan ya sa shan ruwa da yin wanka a waɗannan koguna da tafkuna kasancewa maras kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gogo, Jeffrey. &quot;Water Pollution Major Problem.&quot; The Herald. Published May 19, 2014. http://www.herald.co.zw/water-pollution-major-problem/&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma ruwan wasu koguna da ke ratsa ta [[filayen lu'u-lu'u na Marange]] a gabashin Zimbabwe ya yi matukar gurbata har ya kashe dabbobin da suka sha, kuma ya haifar da kuraje ga masu wanka.&lt;ref&gt;Mambondiyani, Andrew. &quot;The Pollution Fallout From Zimbabwe's Blood Diamonds.&quot; Yale University. May 24, 2012. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_pollution_fallout_from_zimbabwes_blood_diamonds/2533/&lt;/ref&gt; Wani yanki na Zimbabwe mai matukar girman matakan gurbatar ruwa shine [[Harare]] da unguwanninta na kusa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan jama'ar Harare, tsarin magudanar ruwa da suka lalace da kuma lalacewa, da rashin gudanarwa na hukumomin gwamnati da aka ware don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin muhalli da ingancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Nhapi, Innocent. &quot;The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: a policy and management problem.&quot; Water Policy 11. Published 2009. http://test.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/0221/011020221.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Abin farin ciki, akwai shirye-shirye da ke duba ingancin ruwan yawancin manyan koguna gami da tashoshin aunawa da ke auna matakan samar da ruwa na madatsun ruwa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zimbabwe.&quot; FAO. Accessed November 1, 2014. https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x9751e/x9751e08.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe.

== Bayanin sashi ==
=== Labarin ƙasa ===
Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe.

=== Yanayi ===
Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa hazo yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a bincika abubuwan da ka iya haifar da raguwar sa a Zimbabwe. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yawancin mutane a Zimbabwe manoma ne na dogaro da kai waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Makoni |first1=Fungai S. |last2=Manase |first2=Gift |last3=Ndamba |first3=Jerry |date=2004-01-01 |title=Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706504001755 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Water, Science, Technology and Policy Convergence and Action by All (A Meeting Point for Action leading to Sustainable Development) |volume=29 |issue=15 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013 |bibcode=2004PCE....29.1291M |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ababen more rayuwa na fasaha ===
A tsakiyar biranen Zimbabwe, mafi yawancin samar da ruwa yana zuwa ne daga ruwan bututu. A yankunan karkara, mutanen Zimbabwe sun fi dogaro ne ga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse waɗanda ke shiga cikin rumbun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; Ginin rijiyoyi da yawa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ne galibi ta hanyar gidajen da kansu. Kyakkyawan ci gaba na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu misali ne mai kyau na yadda ayyukan samar da kai zasu iya kaiwa ga babban ɓangare na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Olschewski|first=Andre|title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences|url=https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf|year=2016|publisher=7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutanen Zimbabwe da dama har yanzu suna yin ba-gari a fili, musamman a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;/&gt; Sai dai, a manyan birane kamar Harare, akwai tsarin magudanun ruwa na shara, kuma gidaje da yawa a faɗin Zimbabwe suna da banɗakunan rami na kashin kai ko kuma suna raba banɗakunan tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Women and children at a borehole.jpg|thumb|left|Wata kungiyar mata da yara a wata rijiya burtsatse a Norton, Zimbabwe]]

A shekarar 2018 an ce matsaloli a Morton Jeffray Waterworks a Harare su ne sanadin sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Makoni |first1=Munyaradzi |title=Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32352-3/fulltext |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=29 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, an gano kamfanin Morton Jeffray Waterworks da ke Harare a matsayin tushen sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara, wanda aka danganta da matsaloli a cikin ginin. Bayan haka, Lisben Chipfunde, shugaban ababen more rayuwa da muhalli a cikin mazaunin Birnin Harare, ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula lamarin, musamman a lokacin damina na 2019-2020. Kamfanin Ruwa na Prince Edward ya fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa saboda yanayin fari, wanda ya tilastawa mazaunin Birnin Harare mayar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a ginin Morton Jaffray Water Works. Sakamakon haka, yankunan mazauna da yawa sun fuskanci tsawaitaccen lokaci ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta ba. Wannan mummunan lamari ya tilastawa mazauna wurin komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau da gurbatattu, kamar rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=In Zimbabwe, Disaster at the Intersection of Cholera and Climate Change |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-disaster-intersection-cholera-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu sauye-sauye na fasaha masu banƙasawa sun inganta damar samun da ingancin samar da ruwa a Zimbabwe sosai. Misali an nuna Fanfon daji na Zimbabwe a matsayin fasaha ta &quot;ruwa&quot; wacce ta faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yaduwar wannan fasaha za a iya fahimtar ta saboda daidaituwarta mai ban mamaki. Aiwatarwa, aiki, da gyaran fanfon daji yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar shigarwa da zaɓin al'ummomin gida, kuma saboda haka wannan fasaha ba ta da &quot;iyaka mai tsanani&quot; tunda za a iya daidaita ta, amfani da ita, da kuma keɓance ta ta al'ummomi a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;De Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol. (2000) &quot;The Zimbabwe bush pump mechanics of a fluid technology.&quot; Social studies of science 30.2: 225-263.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Image:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba kamar yadda ake gani daga Zimbabwe.]]

== Bayanin cibiyoyi ==
Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ana tafiyar da su ne ta ma'aikatu da sassan gwamnati daban-daban, ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyoyi kamar Kwamitin Aiwatarwa na Ƙasa (NAC) da Ma'aikatar Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa da Gudanarwa (MoWRDM).&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan hukumomi suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar WASH, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, UNICEF, da rukunoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Yara, don ba da kuɗi da gina tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli daidai da Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ta MDD.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsscc&quot;&gt;[http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview Wash coalition overview]wsscc.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812135218/http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview |date=12 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; NAC da MoWRDM suna kuma kula da Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA), wacce ke da alhakin rarraba ruwa a sassa daban-daban, gami da gudanar da manyan madatsun ruwa guda 250 &lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Resource Management, Supply, and Sanitation Zimbabwe Report.&quot; African Development Bank Group. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/9.%20Zimbabwe%20Report_Chapter%207.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; NAC tana aiki ta hanyar ƙananan kwamitoci kamar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara, da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birni, yana haɗa hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a cikin tsara ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na karkara da birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Hukuomin ƙauyuka ko na shiyyoyi ne ke gudanar da rarraba ruwa na cikin gida kuma lokaci-lokaci ta ZINWA.

Zimbabwe tana da tsarin ruwa mai aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, wanda ya samar da kashi 85% na al'ummar gida tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Yayin da wasu sassa na wannan tsarin aiki har yanzu ana san su a Harare, gwamnati ba ta yi aiki mai gamsarwa ba wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa na bututu. Haɗuwar iyakantaccen tsarin, karuwar yawan al'umma, da rashin ikon mutane da yawa na samun ruwa, ya haifar da matsananciyar cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito.

Rikicin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Harare, Zimbabwe, yana haifar da babban haɗarin lafiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton 2013 na Human Rights Watch. Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya, yanayin da ke haifar da annoba ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin unguwannin birni masu yawan jama'a. Rahoton ya bayyana ƙalubale kamar ƙarancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, wanda ke tilastawa mazauna wurin sha daga gurbatattun hanyoyi da yin ba-gari a fili. Tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da karuwar yawan al'umma suna ƙara dagula matsalar rashin tsaro da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin gazawar gwamnati wajen kula da tsarin yana tilasta dogaro ga hanyoyin da ba su da kyau, yana keta haƙƙin mazauna wurin na samun ruwa mai tsafta. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha, farashi mai kyau don ruwan gunduma, da rashin yanke ruwa ga rashin biyan kuɗi. Kodayake ayyukan gwamnati suna ba da bege, damuwa game da gaskiya da cin hanci da rashawa har yanzu suna nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=Zimbabwe: Water and Sanitation Crisis {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/19/zimbabwe-water-and-sanitation-crisis |access-date=2024-03-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da lokutan da aka karkatar da kasafin kuɗin birni don amfanin da ba na tsarin kulawa da ingantawa ba, wanda aka yi niyyar kasafin kuɗin dominsa. Sakamakon haka, ba a ba da kuɗin hanyoyin da suka dace na ɗaukar matakai ba, kamar siyan sinadarai na tace ruwa, yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da wannan lallen danyen ruwa maras kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An lura da yawancin waɗannan lokuta daga rahoton Human Rights Watch da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013, amma sun ci gaba da faruwa a kwanakin baya-bayan nan.

Saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha yana ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci wajen cimma ingantaccen tsaftace ruwa ga Zimbabwe. A shekarar 2013, gwamnatin ƙasar ta karɓi rancen dala miliyan 144 (na Amurka) daga gwamnatin Sin don &quot;haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na ruwa musamman ta hanyar inganta masana'antun sarrafa ruwan shara.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Yayin da wannan ya kasance kyakkyawan mataki zuwa kyakkyawan shiri, da yawa har yanzu suna jin cewa akwai rashin gaskiya da ke fitowa daga gwamnati, da kuma dumbin cin hanci da rashawa da sakaci da ke bayyane ga al'ummomin da ke fafutuka. Zimbabwe kuma ta amince da sabon tsarin mulki a shekarar 2013 wanda ya amince da bayyanannen haƙƙin samun ruwa, amma ko an ba wa wannan haƙƙin fifiko tun lokacin ba a tabbatar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Sun kuma amince da Dokar PPP ta Hukumar Ci Gaban Zimbabwe (ZIDA) ta shekarar 2020 wacce ke ƙarfafa amfani da PPPs (haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mutandwa |first1=Hudson |last2=Vyas-Doorgapersad |first2=Shikha |date=2023-12-07 |title=The State of Water Infrastructure Development in Zimbabwe |url=https://ojs.sabinet.co.za/index.php/african_journal_of_governance/article/view/114 |journal=African Journal of Governance &amp; Development |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=40–57 |doi=10.36369/2616-9045/2023/v12i2a4 |issn=2616-9045|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wannan, babu wata doka guda ɗaya da ta shafi musamman kan gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, kuma rashin ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan yana iyakance ikon gina sabbin madatsun ruwa, gyara tsofaffi, da gina wuraren tace ruwa, wanda zai ci dala biliyan 2.2 (na Amurka) cikin shekaru goma kafin a yi hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

== Hadin kan ƙasashen waje ==
Gwamnatocin ƙasashe da dama da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje suna aiki tuƙuru don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ta hanyar ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ƙanana da manyan sassa. Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da kuɗi ga sauran ƙoƙarin da ake yi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da [[Banka Duniya]], [[Asusun Haɓaka Afirka]] (AfDB), da Gwamnatin Jamus, wacce ta hanyar hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta, [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] (GIZ), ta ba da dala miliyan 6 (na Amurka) don inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Gweru]], [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]], da [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]]. Gwamnatin Ostareliya kuma ta samar da sama da dala miliyan 10 (na Amurka) don bincike da inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt;

=== Bangaren WASH ===
UNICEF tana jagorantar manyan ayyuka da dama tare da haɗin gwiwar cikakken shirin Ruwa, Tsaftace Muhalli, da Tsabtace Jiki ([[WASH]]), da nufin inganta tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa a duniya. Ta hanyar shirinta na WASH, UNICEF ta sadaukar da kanta don tabbatar da samun ruwa mai tsafta, tsarin tsaftace muhalli, da wuraren tsabtace jiki ga kowa da kowa a cikin al'ummomi a duniya. A shekarar 2018, UNICEF ta faɗaɗa samar da ruwa a karkara ta hanyar haƙa rami na tuka-tuka da gyara tsarin bututun ruwa tare da mai da hankali kan amfani da hasken rana. Samar da ruwa a birane ya ninka sau biyu a ƙananan garuruwa 14, kuma an gyara tsarin magudanar ruwa na shara. Ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da haɓaka tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan gwaji don inganta sa ido. An haɓaka halartar al'umma ta hanyar haɗa Sabis na Saƙon Turewa (SMS) zuwa tsarin bayanan WASH na karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) {{!}} UNICEF Zimbabwe |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana aiki a ƙasashe sama da 100, UNICEF tana ba da muhimman ayyukan WASH ga wasu rukunin mutane mafi rauni a duniya. Yayin bala'in annobar COVID-19, UNICEF ta tsananta ayyukanta na WASH, inda ta rarraba sabulu da kayan tsafta ga mutane miliyan 74, yayin da kuma ta kafa wuraren wanke hannu da bayan gida don haɓaka lafiyar jama'a da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A Zimbabwe, ayyukan UNICEF sun haɗa da sabunta tsarin tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Masvingo]], [[Plumtree, Zimbabwe|Plumtree]], da [[Zvishavane]], gami da gudanar da wani aiki na dala miliyan 30 (Dalar Amurka) don samar da ruwan sha da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga 'yan Zimbabwe 500,000. Cikin haɗin gwiwa, UNICEF da shirin WASH suna ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga mutane miliyan 2.3 a Zimbabwe waɗanda a halin yanzu ba su da waɗannan muhimman ayyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;&gt;&quot;Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene.&quot; UNICEF. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water_san_hygiene.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya kuma nuna amincewa da sadaukarwa ga ɓangaren WASH, wanda ya haɗa da &quot;ƙiyasin kasafin kuɗi na ƙasa don isassun ayyukan WASH a wuraren kula da lafiya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/media/9961/file/UNICEF%20Zimbabwe%20Annual%20Report%202023.pdf |journal=UNICEF |pages=23–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNICEF ta kai wa ƙasashen mutane dubun-dubatar da &quot;ruwa mai tsafta, mai jure canjin yanayi, da aminci ta hanyar tsari na sanin haɗari, tsarin amfani da yawa da haɓaka iko don dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Sun kuma kai wa dubun-dubatar mutane da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullun, gami da tsarin tsaftace muhalli da mazauna ke jagoranta da kuma a lokutan gaggawa, gami da ruwa mai aminci daga motocin jigilar ruwa a yankunan da kwalara ta shafa, da &quot;kayayyakin WASH masu ceton rai kamar na'urorin adana ruwa na gida da sinadarai na tace ruwa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Damuwar muhalli ==
Sakamakon ayyukan ma'adinai, masana'antu, aikin gona na sikelin da ba ya dorewa, da kuma sassaucin dokokin ƙazanta da rashin aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, koguna da tafkuna da yawa a Zimbabwe sun gurbata. Wannan ya sa shan ruwa da yin wanka a waɗannan koguna da tafkuna kasancewa maras kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gogo, Jeffrey. &quot;Water Pollution Major Problem.&quot; The Herald. Published May 19, 2014. http://www.herald.co.zw/water-pollution-major-problem/&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma ruwan wasu koguna da ke ratsa ta [[filayen lu'u-lu'u na Marange]] a gabashin Zimbabwe ya yi matukar gurbata har ya kashe dabbobin da suka sha, kuma ya haifar da kuraje ga masu wanka.&lt;ref&gt;Mambondiyani, Andrew. &quot;The Pollution Fallout From Zimbabwe's Blood Diamonds.&quot; Yale University. May 24, 2012. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_pollution_fallout_from_zimbabwes_blood_diamonds/2533/&lt;/ref&gt; Wani yanki na Zimbabwe mai matukar girman matakan gurbatar ruwa shine [[Harare]] da unguwanninta na kusa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan jama'ar Harare, tsarin magudanar ruwa da suka lalace da kuma lalacewa, da rashin gudanarwa na hukumomin gwamnati da aka ware don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin muhalli da ingancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Nhapi, Innocent. &quot;The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: a policy and management problem.&quot; Water Policy 11. Published 2009. http://test.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/0221/011020221.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Abin farin ciki, akwai shirye-shirye da ke duba ingancin ruwan yawancin manyan koguna gami da tashoshin aunawa da ke auna matakan samar da ruwa na madatsun ruwa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zimbabwe.&quot; FAO. Accessed November 1, 2014. https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x9751e/x9751e08.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damuwar bil'adama ==

=== Tasirin ingancin ruwa ga lafiya ===
Rashin ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsarin tsaftace muhalli yana shafar rayuwar dukkan 'yan Zimbabwe sosai. Idan babu ruwa mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli, bil'adama na fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cututtuka cikin sauƙi, don haka suna fama da mace-mace mafi yawa saboda waɗannan cututtuka. Ingantaccen samar da ruwa da sassan tsaftace muhalli an nuna su suna da tasiri sosai wajen rage yawan mace-mace da rashin lafiya ga cututtuka da yawa ciki har da [[ascariasis]], [[kwalara]], [[zawo]], [[dracunculiasis]] (kurkunu), cutar [[tsutsotsin ciki]], [[schistosomiasis]] (guba/shawara), da [[trachoma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmc=2393264 | pmid=1835675 | volume=69 |issue = 5| title=Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma | year=1991 | journal=Bull. World Health Organ. | pages=609–21 | last1 = Esrey | first1 = SA | last2 = Potash | first2 = JB | last3 = Roberts | first3 = L | last4 = Shiff | first4 = C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zawo cuta ce mai tsanani sosai idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ita ce mafi girman kisa ga yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar a Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Kwalara kuma babbar cuta ce mai tsanani a Zimbabwe.

Ɓallewar cutar kwalara a shekarar 2008 ya kasance abin damuwa sosai saboda taɓarɓarewar rikicin siyasa da tattalin arziki, wanda ya kai ga durƙushewar ayyukan gwamnati da dama da kuma rashin daidaituwar samar da ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=After three outbreaks, Zimbabwe is on high alert to curtail cholera |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/after-three-outbreaks-zimbabwe-high-alert-curtail-cholera |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.gavi.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barkewar cutar ta 2018 ta kasance mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma an shawo kanta, saboda kyakkyawan shiri da gudanar da allurar rigakafin kwalara ta baki (OCV), wanda aka samar da allurai miliyan 2.5, musamman a tsakanin rukunin mutanen da ke cikin babban haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Kwanan nan, a shekarar 2023, ɓallewar cutar kwalara ta dawo, inda ta shafi aƙalla ƙasashe shida a yankin. Malawi, kasancewar ita ce mafi muni da abin ya shafa, ta karɓi kayayyaki guda uku na OCV &quot;a matsayin amsa ga aikace-aikacen asusun rigakafin kwalara na baki na duniya da Gavi ke tallafawa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2013.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Yin ba-gari a fili ===
Samar da ruwa da tsarin tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar gagarumin ƙalubale, tare da samun nasarar ƙoƙarin cikin gida da kuma babban rashi na ababen more rayuwa a ko'ina. Mummunan tasirin rashin ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga lafiya da mutuncin ɗan adam yana ƙara jaddada mahimmancin shirye-shiryen duniya kamar Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium na MDD, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabi &quot;rabon adadin mutanen da ba su da dorewar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsarin tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=UN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don magance waɗannan ƙalubale, UNICEF, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Zimbabwe kuma ƙarƙashin kuɗaɗen Sashen Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Burtaniya, suna aiwatar da Shirin WASH na Karkara. Wannan shirin yana da nufin rage yin ba-gari a fili da inganta ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara ta hanyar hanyoyin tsaftace muhalli da mazauna ke jagoranta.

Tun lokacin da aka fara shi, shirin ya sami nasarar samar da al'ummomi sama da 3,300 da ba sa yin ba-gari a fili a cikin gundumomi 45, tare da tsarin al'umma da aka horar da su wajen haɓaka tsabtace jiki don cusa kyawawan ayyukan tsaftace muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kulawa da Yara tana horar da magina na cikin gida wajen gina bayan gida da kuma ba da tallafi ga iyalai masu rauni don gina bayan gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Chikare Village became open defecation free {{!}} UNICEF Zimbabwe |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/stories/how-chikare-village-became-open-defecation-free |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidai da Manufofin Ci Gaban Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta amince da Tsarin Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsafta na kula da jinsi, da nufin samar da Zimbabwe mai 'yanci daga yin ba-gari a fili nan da shekarar 2030. Wannan tsari yana amfani da Ilimin Lafiya da Tsafta na Haɗin Gwiwa wanda ke Maida Hankali kan Tsaftace Muhalli da Jama'a ke jagoranta (SafPHHE), wanda aka aiwatar a cikin gundumomin karkara 45 da ake tallafawa. Ƙoƙarin rage yin ba-gari a fili ya nuna ci gaba, inda adadin ya ragu zuwa 21.7% a shekarar 2019. Sai dai kuma, rashin daidaito ya ci gaba da kasancewa tsakanin mazauna birane da na karkara, inda kashi 0.7% na mazauna birane ne kawai ke yin ba-gari a fili idan aka kwatanta da kashi 31.3% a yankunan karkara a cikin shekarar da aka ambata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Daidaiton jinsi ===
Ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen ruwa da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, rayuwar mata tana samun babban iko da 'yanci. Yawanci mata ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan da iyali ke amfani da shi a kullum. Sakamakon samun bandakuna masu tsafta da amintaccen ruwa kusa da gidajensu, mata suna rage lokacin da suke ɗauka wajen ɗakar ruwa kuma suna samun ƙarin lokaci don neman burinsu ko yin wasu ayyuka na daban masu mahimmanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Yayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2016, Ministar Ruwa, Muhalli, da Yanayi ta Zimbabwe, Oprah Muchinguri, ta jaddada cewa rashin samun ruwa mai tsafta babban cikas ne ga 'yan mata, inda ta nuna cewa galibi suna fasa zuwa makaranta don neman ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Lack of water is a stumbling block to gender equality in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.afdb.org/ar/news-and-events/lack-of-water-is-a-stumbling-block-to-gender-equality-in-zimbabwe-15526}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, rashin bandakuna masu tsafta a makarantun Zimbabwe da yawa yana hana 'yan mata zuwa makaranta yayin da suke al'ada. Saboda haka, kawar da ƙarancin tsaftace muhalli da ƙara samun ruwan sha yana haɓaka mutunci da ikon ɗan adam ƙwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt;</text>
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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe.

== Bayanin sashi ==
=== Labarin ƙasa ===
Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe.

=== Yanayi ===
Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa hazo yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a bincika abubuwan da ka iya haifar da raguwar sa a Zimbabwe. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yawancin mutane a Zimbabwe manoma ne na dogaro da kai waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Makoni |first1=Fungai S. |last2=Manase |first2=Gift |last3=Ndamba |first3=Jerry |date=2004-01-01 |title=Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706504001755 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Water, Science, Technology and Policy Convergence and Action by All (A Meeting Point for Action leading to Sustainable Development) |volume=29 |issue=15 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013 |bibcode=2004PCE....29.1291M |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ababen more rayuwa na fasaha ===
A tsakiyar biranen Zimbabwe, mafi yawancin samar da ruwa yana zuwa ne daga ruwan bututu. A yankunan karkara, mutanen Zimbabwe sun fi dogaro ne ga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse waɗanda ke shiga cikin rumbun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; Ginin rijiyoyi da yawa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ne galibi ta hanyar gidajen da kansu. Kyakkyawan ci gaba na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu misali ne mai kyau na yadda ayyukan samar da kai zasu iya kaiwa ga babban ɓangare na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Olschewski|first=Andre|title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences|url=https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf|year=2016|publisher=7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutanen Zimbabwe da dama har yanzu suna yin ba-gari a fili, musamman a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;/&gt; Sai dai, a manyan birane kamar Harare, akwai tsarin magudanun ruwa na shara, kuma gidaje da yawa a faɗin Zimbabwe suna da banɗakunan rami na kashin kai ko kuma suna raba banɗakunan tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Women and children at a borehole.jpg|thumb|left|Wata kungiyar mata da yara a wata rijiya burtsatse a Norton, Zimbabwe]]

A shekarar 2018 an ce matsaloli a Morton Jeffray Waterworks a Harare su ne sanadin sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Makoni |first1=Munyaradzi |title=Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32352-3/fulltext |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=29 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, an gano kamfanin Morton Jeffray Waterworks da ke Harare a matsayin tushen sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara, wanda aka danganta da matsaloli a cikin ginin. Bayan haka, Lisben Chipfunde, shugaban ababen more rayuwa da muhalli a cikin mazaunin Birnin Harare, ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula lamarin, musamman a lokacin damina na 2019-2020. Kamfanin Ruwa na Prince Edward ya fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa saboda yanayin fari, wanda ya tilastawa mazaunin Birnin Harare mayar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a ginin Morton Jaffray Water Works. Sakamakon haka, yankunan mazauna da yawa sun fuskanci tsawaitaccen lokaci ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta ba. Wannan mummunan lamari ya tilastawa mazauna wurin komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau da gurbatattu, kamar rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=In Zimbabwe, Disaster at the Intersection of Cholera and Climate Change |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-disaster-intersection-cholera-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu sauye-sauye na fasaha masu banƙasawa sun inganta damar samun da ingancin samar da ruwa a Zimbabwe sosai. Misali an nuna Fanfon daji na Zimbabwe a matsayin fasaha ta &quot;ruwa&quot; wacce ta faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yaduwar wannan fasaha za a iya fahimtar ta saboda daidaituwarta mai ban mamaki. Aiwatarwa, aiki, da gyaran fanfon daji yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar shigarwa da zaɓin al'ummomin gida, kuma saboda haka wannan fasaha ba ta da &quot;iyaka mai tsanani&quot; tunda za a iya daidaita ta, amfani da ita, da kuma keɓance ta ta al'ummomi a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;De Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol. (2000) &quot;The Zimbabwe bush pump mechanics of a fluid technology.&quot; Social studies of science 30.2: 225-263.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Image:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba kamar yadda ake gani daga Zimbabwe.]]

== Bayanin cibiyoyi ==
Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ana tafiyar da su ne ta ma'aikatu da sassan gwamnati daban-daban, ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyoyi kamar Kwamitin Aiwatarwa na Ƙasa (NAC) da Ma'aikatar Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa da Gudanarwa (MoWRDM).&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan hukumomi suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar WASH, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, UNICEF, da rukunoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Yara, don ba da kuɗi da gina tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli daidai da Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ta MDD.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsscc&quot;&gt;[http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview Wash coalition overview]wsscc.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812135218/http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview |date=12 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; NAC da MoWRDM suna kuma kula da Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA), wacce ke da alhakin rarraba ruwa a sassa daban-daban, gami da gudanar da manyan madatsun ruwa guda 250 &lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Resource Management, Supply, and Sanitation Zimbabwe Report.&quot; African Development Bank Group. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/9.%20Zimbabwe%20Report_Chapter%207.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; NAC tana aiki ta hanyar ƙananan kwamitoci kamar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara, da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birni, yana haɗa hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a cikin tsara ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na karkara da birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Hukuomin ƙauyuka ko na shiyyoyi ne ke gudanar da rarraba ruwa na cikin gida kuma lokaci-lokaci ta ZINWA.

Zimbabwe tana da tsarin ruwa mai aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, wanda ya samar da kashi 85% na al'ummar gida tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Yayin da wasu sassa na wannan tsarin aiki har yanzu ana san su a Harare, gwamnati ba ta yi aiki mai gamsarwa ba wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa na bututu. Haɗuwar iyakantaccen tsarin, karuwar yawan al'umma, da rashin ikon mutane da yawa na samun ruwa, ya haifar da matsananciyar cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito.

Rikicin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Harare, Zimbabwe, yana haifar da babban haɗarin lafiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton 2013 na Human Rights Watch. Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya, yanayin da ke haifar da annoba ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin unguwannin birni masu yawan jama'a. Rahoton ya bayyana ƙalubale kamar ƙarancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, wanda ke tilastawa mazauna wurin sha daga gurbatattun hanyoyi da yin ba-gari a fili. Tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da karuwar yawan al'umma suna ƙara dagula matsalar rashin tsaro da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin gazawar gwamnati wajen kula da tsarin yana tilasta dogaro ga hanyoyin da ba su da kyau, yana keta haƙƙin mazauna wurin na samun ruwa mai tsafta. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha, farashi mai kyau don ruwan gunduma, da rashin yanke ruwa ga rashin biyan kuɗi. Kodayake ayyukan gwamnati suna ba da bege, damuwa game da gaskiya da cin hanci da rashawa har yanzu suna nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=Zimbabwe: Water and Sanitation Crisis {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/19/zimbabwe-water-and-sanitation-crisis |access-date=2024-03-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da lokutan da aka karkatar da kasafin kuɗin birni don amfanin da ba na tsarin kulawa da ingantawa ba, wanda aka yi niyyar kasafin kuɗin dominsa. Sakamakon haka, ba a ba da kuɗin hanyoyin da suka dace na ɗaukar matakai ba, kamar siyan sinadarai na tace ruwa, yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da wannan lallen danyen ruwa maras kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An lura da yawancin waɗannan lokuta daga rahoton Human Rights Watch da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013, amma sun ci gaba da faruwa a kwanakin baya-bayan nan.

Saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha yana ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci wajen cimma ingantaccen tsaftace ruwa ga Zimbabwe. A shekarar 2013, gwamnatin ƙasar ta karɓi rancen dala miliyan 144 (na Amurka) daga gwamnatin Sin don &quot;haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na ruwa musamman ta hanyar inganta masana'antun sarrafa ruwan shara.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Yayin da wannan ya kasance kyakkyawan mataki zuwa kyakkyawan shiri, da yawa har yanzu suna jin cewa akwai rashin gaskiya da ke fitowa daga gwamnati, da kuma dumbin cin hanci da rashawa da sakaci da ke bayyane ga al'ummomin da ke fafutuka. Zimbabwe kuma ta amince da sabon tsarin mulki a shekarar 2013 wanda ya amince da bayyanannen haƙƙin samun ruwa, amma ko an ba wa wannan haƙƙin fifiko tun lokacin ba a tabbatar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Sun kuma amince da Dokar PPP ta Hukumar Ci Gaban Zimbabwe (ZIDA) ta shekarar 2020 wacce ke ƙarfafa amfani da PPPs (haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mutandwa |first1=Hudson |last2=Vyas-Doorgapersad |first2=Shikha |date=2023-12-07 |title=The State of Water Infrastructure Development in Zimbabwe |url=https://ojs.sabinet.co.za/index.php/african_journal_of_governance/article/view/114 |journal=African Journal of Governance &amp; Development |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=40–57 |doi=10.36369/2616-9045/2023/v12i2a4 |issn=2616-9045|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wannan, babu wata doka guda ɗaya da ta shafi musamman kan gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, kuma rashin ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan yana iyakance ikon gina sabbin madatsun ruwa, gyara tsofaffi, da gina wuraren tace ruwa, wanda zai ci dala biliyan 2.2 (na Amurka) cikin shekaru goma kafin a yi hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

== Hadin kan ƙasashen waje ==
Gwamnatocin ƙasashe da dama da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje suna aiki tuƙuru don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ta hanyar ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ƙanana da manyan sassa. Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da kuɗi ga sauran ƙoƙarin da ake yi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da [[Banka Duniya]], [[Asusun Haɓaka Afirka]] (AfDB), da Gwamnatin Jamus, wacce ta hanyar hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta, [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] (GIZ), ta ba da dala miliyan 6 (na Amurka) don inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Gweru]], [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]], da [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]]. Gwamnatin Ostareliya kuma ta samar da sama da dala miliyan 10 (na Amurka) don bincike da inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt;

=== Bangaren WASH ===
UNICEF tana jagorantar manyan ayyuka da dama tare da haɗin gwiwar cikakken shirin Ruwa, Tsaftace Muhalli, da Tsabtace Jiki ([[WASH]]), da nufin inganta tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa a duniya. Ta hanyar shirinta na WASH, UNICEF ta sadaukar da kanta don tabbatar da samun ruwa mai tsafta, tsarin tsaftace muhalli, da wuraren tsabtace jiki ga kowa da kowa a cikin al'ummomi a duniya. A shekarar 2018, UNICEF ta faɗaɗa samar da ruwa a karkara ta hanyar haƙa rami na tuka-tuka da gyara tsarin bututun ruwa tare da mai da hankali kan amfani da hasken rana. Samar da ruwa a birane ya ninka sau biyu a ƙananan garuruwa 14, kuma an gyara tsarin magudanar ruwa na shara. Ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da haɓaka tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan gwaji don inganta sa ido. An haɓaka halartar al'umma ta hanyar haɗa Sabis na Saƙon Turewa (SMS) zuwa tsarin bayanan WASH na karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) {{!}} UNICEF Zimbabwe |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana aiki a ƙasashe sama da 100, UNICEF tana ba da muhimman ayyukan WASH ga wasu rukunin mutane mafi rauni a duniya. Yayin bala'in annobar COVID-19, UNICEF ta tsananta ayyukanta na WASH, inda ta rarraba sabulu da kayan tsafta ga mutane miliyan 74, yayin da kuma ta kafa wuraren wanke hannu da bayan gida don haɓaka lafiyar jama'a da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A Zimbabwe, ayyukan UNICEF sun haɗa da sabunta tsarin tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Masvingo]], [[Plumtree, Zimbabwe|Plumtree]], da [[Zvishavane]], gami da gudanar da wani aiki na dala miliyan 30 (Dalar Amurka) don samar da ruwan sha da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga 'yan Zimbabwe 500,000. Cikin haɗin gwiwa, UNICEF da shirin WASH suna ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga mutane miliyan 2.3 a Zimbabwe waɗanda a halin yanzu ba su da waɗannan muhimman ayyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;&gt;&quot;Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene.&quot; UNICEF. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water_san_hygiene.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya kuma nuna amincewa da sadaukarwa ga ɓangaren WASH, wanda ya haɗa da &quot;ƙiyasin kasafin kuɗi na ƙasa don isassun ayyukan WASH a wuraren kula da lafiya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/media/9961/file/UNICEF%20Zimbabwe%20Annual%20Report%202023.pdf |journal=UNICEF |pages=23–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNICEF ta kai wa ƙasashen mutane dubun-dubatar da &quot;ruwa mai tsafta, mai jure canjin yanayi, da aminci ta hanyar tsari na sanin haɗari, tsarin amfani da yawa da haɓaka iko don dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Sun kuma kai wa dubun-dubatar mutane da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullun, gami da tsarin tsaftace muhalli da mazauna ke jagoranta da kuma a lokutan gaggawa, gami da ruwa mai aminci daga motocin jigilar ruwa a yankunan da kwalara ta shafa, da &quot;kayayyakin WASH masu ceton rai kamar na'urorin adana ruwa na gida da sinadarai na tace ruwa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Damuwar muhalli ==
Sakamakon ayyukan ma'adinai, masana'antu, aikin gona na sikelin da ba ya dorewa, da kuma sassaucin dokokin ƙazanta da rashin aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, koguna da tafkuna da yawa a Zimbabwe sun gurbata. Wannan ya sa shan ruwa da yin wanka a waɗannan koguna da tafkuna kasancewa maras kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gogo, Jeffrey. &quot;Water Pollution Major Problem.&quot; The Herald. Published May 19, 2014. http://www.herald.co.zw/water-pollution-major-problem/&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma ruwan wasu koguna da ke ratsa ta [[filayen lu'u-lu'u na Marange]] a gabashin Zimbabwe ya yi matukar gurbata har ya kashe dabbobin da suka sha, kuma ya haifar da kuraje ga masu wanka.&lt;ref&gt;Mambondiyani, Andrew. &quot;The Pollution Fallout From Zimbabwe's Blood Diamonds.&quot; Yale University. May 24, 2012. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_pollution_fallout_from_zimbabwes_blood_diamonds/2533/&lt;/ref&gt; Wani yanki na Zimbabwe mai matukar girman matakan gurbatar ruwa shine [[Harare]] da unguwanninta na kusa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan jama'ar Harare, tsarin magudanar ruwa da suka lalace da kuma lalacewa, da rashin gudanarwa na hukumomin gwamnati da aka ware don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin muhalli da ingancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Nhapi, Innocent. &quot;The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: a policy and management problem.&quot; Water Policy 11. Published 2009. http://test.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/0221/011020221.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Abin farin ciki, akwai shirye-shirye da ke duba ingancin ruwan yawancin manyan koguna gami da tashoshin aunawa da ke auna matakan samar da ruwa na madatsun ruwa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zimbabwe.&quot; FAO. Accessed November 1, 2014. https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x9751e/x9751e08.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damuwar bil'adama ==

=== Tasirin ingancin ruwa ga lafiya ===
Rashin ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsarin tsaftace muhalli yana shafar rayuwar dukkan 'yan Zimbabwe sosai. Idan babu ruwa mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli, bil'adama na fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cututtuka cikin sauƙi, don haka suna fama da mace-mace mafi yawa saboda waɗannan cututtuka. Ingantaccen samar da ruwa da sassan tsaftace muhalli an nuna su suna da tasiri sosai wajen rage yawan mace-mace da rashin lafiya ga cututtuka da yawa ciki har da [[ascariasis]], [[kwalara]], [[zawo]], [[dracunculiasis]] (kurkunu), cutar [[tsutsotsin ciki]], [[schistosomiasis]] (guba/shawara), da [[trachoma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmc=2393264 | pmid=1835675 | volume=69 |issue = 5| title=Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma | year=1991 | journal=Bull. World Health Organ. | pages=609–21 | last1 = Esrey | first1 = SA | last2 = Potash | first2 = JB | last3 = Roberts | first3 = L | last4 = Shiff | first4 = C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zawo cuta ce mai tsanani sosai idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ita ce mafi girman kisa ga yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar a Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Kwalara kuma babbar cuta ce mai tsanani a Zimbabwe.

Ɓallewar cutar kwalara a shekarar 2008 ya kasance abin damuwa sosai saboda taɓarɓarewar rikicin siyasa da tattalin arziki, wanda ya kai ga durƙushewar ayyukan gwamnati da dama da kuma rashin daidaituwar samar da ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=After three outbreaks, Zimbabwe is on high alert to curtail cholera |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/after-three-outbreaks-zimbabwe-high-alert-curtail-cholera |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.gavi.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barkewar cutar ta 2018 ta kasance mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma an shawo kanta, saboda kyakkyawan shiri da gudanar da allurar rigakafin kwalara ta baki (OCV), wanda aka samar da allurai miliyan 2.5, musamman a tsakanin rukunin mutanen da ke cikin babban haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Kwanan nan, a shekarar 2023, ɓallewar cutar kwalara ta dawo, inda ta shafi aƙalla ƙasashe shida a yankin. Malawi, kasancewar ita ce mafi muni da abin ya shafa, ta karɓi kayayyaki guda uku na OCV &quot;a matsayin amsa ga aikace-aikacen asusun rigakafin kwalara na baki na duniya da Gavi ke tallafawa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2013.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Yin ba-gari a fili ===
Samar da ruwa da tsarin tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar gagarumin ƙalubale, tare da samun nasarar ƙoƙarin cikin gida da kuma babban rashi na ababen more rayuwa a ko'ina. Mummunan tasirin rashin ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga lafiya da mutuncin ɗan adam yana ƙara jaddada mahimmancin shirye-shiryen duniya kamar Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium na MDD, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabi &quot;rabon adadin mutanen da ba su da dorewar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsarin tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=UN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don magance waɗannan ƙalubale, UNICEF, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Zimbabwe kuma ƙarƙashin kuɗaɗen Sashen Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Burtaniya, suna aiwatar da Shirin WASH na Karkara. Wannan shirin yana da nufin rage yin ba-gari a fili da inganta ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara ta hanyar hanyoyin tsaftace muhalli da mazauna ke jagoranta.

Tun lokacin da aka fara shi, shirin ya sami nasarar samar da al'ummomi sama da 3,300 da ba sa yin ba-gari a fili a cikin gundumomi 45, tare da tsarin al'umma da aka horar da su wajen haɓaka tsabtace jiki don cusa kyawawan ayyukan tsaftace muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kulawa da Yara tana horar da magina na cikin gida wajen gina bayan gida da kuma ba da tallafi ga iyalai masu rauni don gina bayan gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Chikare Village became open defecation free {{!}} UNICEF Zimbabwe |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/stories/how-chikare-village-became-open-defecation-free |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidai da Manufofin Ci Gaban Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta amince da Tsarin Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsafta na kula da jinsi, da nufin samar da Zimbabwe mai 'yanci daga yin ba-gari a fili nan da shekarar 2030. Wannan tsari yana amfani da Ilimin Lafiya da Tsafta na Haɗin Gwiwa wanda ke Maida Hankali kan Tsaftace Muhalli da Jama'a ke jagoranta (SafPHHE), wanda aka aiwatar a cikin gundumomin karkara 45 da ake tallafawa. Ƙoƙarin rage yin ba-gari a fili ya nuna ci gaba, inda adadin ya ragu zuwa 21.7% a shekarar 2019. Sai dai kuma, rashin daidaito ya ci gaba da kasancewa tsakanin mazauna birane da na karkara, inda kashi 0.7% na mazauna birane ne kawai ke yin ba-gari a fili idan aka kwatanta da kashi 31.3% a yankunan karkara a cikin shekarar da aka ambata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Daidaiton jinsi ===
Ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen ruwa da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, rayuwar mata tana samun babban iko da 'yanci. Yawanci mata ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan da iyali ke amfani da shi a kullum. Sakamakon samun bandakuna masu tsafta da amintaccen ruwa kusa da gidajensu, mata suna rage lokacin da suke ɗauka wajen ɗakar ruwa kuma suna samun ƙarin lokaci don neman burinsu ko yin wasu ayyuka na daban masu mahimmanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Yayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2016, Ministar Ruwa, Muhalli, da Yanayi ta Zimbabwe, Oprah Muchinguri, ta jaddada cewa rashin samun ruwa mai tsafta babban cikas ne ga 'yan mata, inda ta nuna cewa galibi suna fasa zuwa makaranta don neman ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Lack of water is a stumbling block to gender equality in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.afdb.org/ar/news-and-events/lack-of-water-is-a-stumbling-block-to-gender-equality-in-zimbabwe-15526}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, rashin bandakuna masu tsafta a makarantun Zimbabwe da yawa yana hana 'yan mata zuwa makaranta yayin da suke al'ada. Saboda haka, kawar da ƙarancin tsaftace muhalli da ƙara samun ruwan sha yana haɓaka mutunci da ikon ɗan adam ƙwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt;
Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Zimbabwe (UWSP) ya tabbatar da mahimmancin yanayin jinsi a cikin batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, wanda ya kai su ga amfani da tsari na sanin jinsi &quot;tare da aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara don samar da sarari don daidaiton dama.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe: Addressing gender specific needs vs creating space and opportunity to challenge gender roles and promote gender equality {{!}} GIZ Gender |url=https://gender-works.giz.de/competitions/zimbabwe-addressing-gender-specific-needs-vs-creating-space-and-opportunity-to-challenge-gender-roles-and-promote-gender-equality/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun gudanar da bincike tare da nazarin yadda mata ke kallon damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da maza. Sun kammala da cewa maza a yankin sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan lamuran fasaha, gami da gine-gine ko walda, yayin da mata kuma suka fi damuwa da bukatun ruwa da amfani da shi da ya shafi gida, gami da tabbatar da samunsa don ayyukan yau da kullun da kuma ingancin ruwa gaba ɗaya. Hakikanin *bukatun* tsakanin maza da mata sun kasance kusan iri ɗaya ne, in ban da fannoni kamar waɗanda aka ambata a sama kamar al'ada, amma UWSP ta fahimci mahimmancin karkatar da tallafinsu don dacewa da abubuwan da ba su dace ba da masu amfani mata suka bayyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;</text>
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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe''' ana siffanta shi da shirye-shirye masu nasara na ƙananan hukumomi amma kuma da babban rashin ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga mafi yawancin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda ke nuna ta hanyar ƙoƙarin cikin gida masu nasara da kuma rashi na ko-ina a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cewar Binciken Haɗin Kan Masu Nuna Alamomi Daban-daban (MICS) na shekarar 2019, wanda UNICEF ta gudanar, rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da kasancewa wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da wuraren tsaftace muhalli. Yayin da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwan sha guda ɗaya ta karu zuwa kashi 77.1% a shekarar 2019 daga kashi 76.1% a shekarar 2014, har yanzu akwai manyan gibba tsakanin birane da karkara, da kuma a cikin biranen da kansu. Misali, kashi 97.3% na gidaje a birane suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.9% kacal na gidajen karkara. Haka kuma, akwai rashin daidaito a fadin yankuna, inda Harare ke da mafi girman damar samun kashi 96.6%, wanda ya banbanta sosai da kashi 64.8% a Matabeleland ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 67.8% na gidaje suna da damar samun ingantattun wuraren tsaftace muhalli na sirri da ba na tarayya ba, wanda ke nuna ƙalubalen da ake ci gaba da fuskanta a wannan fanni. Yankunan birane, musamman, suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin karuwar buƙatun amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Zimbabwe's Second Voluntary National Review |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/279562021_VNR_Report_Zimbabwe.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙayyade yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe a nan gaba. Manyan abubuwa guda uku su ne matsanancin halin koma bayan tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe, shirin kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje don ginawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kwanciyar hankali na siyasar ƙasar Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe.&quot; AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010. http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;&quot;Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital.&quot; Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A.. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Zimbabwe ta gaji tsarin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara da bai ci gaba ba, amma kuma tana da tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni mafi kyawun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Yanayi a duk lokacin shekarun 1980 da farkon 1990 sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai ga sassan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Zimbabwe saboda gagarumin tallafi daga zaɓaɓɓar gwamnatin mafi rinjaye da kuma kwararar juyarin kuɗaɗe na ƙasashen waje. Wannan tallafin ya bayyana kansa a cikin babban Shirin Haɗin Kan Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (IRWSSP) a shekarar 1985. IRWSSP ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da ingantaccen ruwa da wuraren tsaftace muhalli ga daukacin mutanen karkara na Zimbabwe nan da shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;&gt;&quot;The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program.&quot; Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.  https://www.its.caltech.edu/~e105/readings/cases/rural_sanitation-zimbabwe.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake IRWSSP bai cimma wannan buri ba, har yanzu ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci, a cewar Bankin Raya Afirka, &quot;ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar girma a ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2000.

Bayan juyawar karni na millennium, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya shiga wani lokaci na faduwa mai tsanani kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da yawa sun fice.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222053023/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/zimbabwe/index.stm|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, musamman na sake raba ƙasa, da gwamnatin Shugaba Robert Mugabe ta kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Zimbabwe profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan al'ummar Zimbabwe yana ta ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sakamakon haka akwai buƙatar gaggawa ta sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsofaffin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar sassan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya rutsa da Zimbabwe a shekarar 2008 da 2009, yayin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci mummunar ɓarnar cutar kwalara (ɓarnar kwalara ta Zimbabwe), inda kusan mutane 100,000 suka kamu da cutar kuma sama da 4,000 suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-05-26 |title=Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000' |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8068232.stm |access-date=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Zimbabwe ta shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Tsaftace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a shekarar 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/zimbabwe |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.sanitationandwaterforall.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke magance Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (tsaftataccen ruwa da samar da ruwan sha) don samar da damar samun ruwan sha na yau da kullum, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullum, da tsaftar jiki ta yau da kullum. Wannan ya kasance mai taimako musamman yayin farfadowa daga COVID-19 wajen magance ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan buƙata na rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 November 2020 |title=Zimbabwe Country Overview |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020%20Country%20Overview_Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=Africa Finance Ministers' Meeting |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun ruwan sha yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, musamman a ƙasa irin Zimbabwe da ke fafutuka a matsayinta na ƙasa mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Zimbabwe: Dire Lack of Clean Water in Capital |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/zimbabwe-dire-lack-clean-water-capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwa na yanzu ===
A cewar UNICEF, sama da kashi 60% na ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara a Zimbabwe suna cikin mawuyacin hali na lalacewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt; kuma sakamakon haka, rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da ruwan da ba shi da kyau ga sha kuma suna buƙatar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Ko da a tsakiyar birane, samar da ruwan bututu yana da matuƙar rashi kuma wani lokacin ba shi da tsafta. Wannan ya faru ne sashi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli da na kwashe shara wanda ya haifar da magudanun ruwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke da gurbatawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma rashin wadatar banɗakunan jama'a da na kashin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Wata matsala ta daban da ke zuwa tare da buƙatar sabuntawa da faɗaɗa tsohon tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da ya gurɓata (rijiya, rijiyoyin burtsatse, ruwan bututu, banɗakuna, da sauransu) ita ce buƙatar ilimantar da daukacin al'ummar Zimbabwe kan damar da ake da ita don inganta damar kashin kai na samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Lokacin da cutar kwalara ta ɓalle a shekarar 2008-2009, bayanai daga gwamnatin Zimbabwe game da amincin samar da ruwan sha ga mutane ba su fito fili ba sam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da ta tabbatar da inganci wajen inganta dabarun tsaftace muhalli na al'umma ita ce ƙungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, waɗanda kuma suka tabbatar da cewa suna da arha da kuma shahara sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga lokacin, Zimbabwe ta kasance tana halartar tarurrukan SWA akai-akai da kuma yanke shawara na kewaye, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen fahimtar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da tsarin ta a matakin ƙasa, don haka yana nuna shirin ƙasar da ƙudurin siyasa don inganta matakan samun ruwa a ma'aunin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin alkawuran Zimbabwe ta hanyar SWA sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance su ga, 1) “haɓakawa, ƙaddamarwa da kuma fitar da wata dabarar ƙasa don rage yin ba-gari a fili daga kashi 21.7% zuwa kashi 9% nan da shekarar 2025, 2) ba da kuɗi cikakkiya don gina ingantattun cibiyoyin tsari, isar da saƙon da aka mika da kuma ikon daidaitawa nan da shekarar 2022, da kuma 3) cimma kashi 80% na samun ruwan sha mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2025.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya ba da haske kan manyan shirye-shirye don amfanar mata da yara mafi rauni a ƙasar, gami da batun samun ruwa mai tsafta da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe releases its 2023 Annual Report showcasing results for women and children |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/press-releases/unicef-zimbabwe-releases-its-2023-annual-report-showcasing-results-women-and |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki tare da Gwamnati, masu ba da tallafi, abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, Kungiyoyin Jama'a, sauran Hukumomin MDD kuma suna samun jagoranci daga Tsarin Haɗin Kan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSDCF),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kuma suna ƙarfafa waɗannan alaƙa, domin taimakawa waɗannan mata da yara da ke cikin haɗari a Zimbabwe.

== Bayanin sashi ==
=== Labarin ƙasa ===
Zimbabwe ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar tudu ba ta da iyaka da teku, saboda haka manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwanta su ne tabkuna, koguna, da madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan koguna biyu a Zimbabwe su ne Kogin Zambezi a arewa, da Kogin Limpopo a kudu. Wasu koguna da yawa masu mahimmanci da ke gudana ta Zimbabwe su ne Kogunan Save, Manyame, da Sanyati. Mafi girman tabki a Zimbabwe shi ne Tabkin Kariba wanda ke kan iyaka da Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa a Zimbabwe.

=== Yanayi ===
Sauyin yanayi na Zimbabwe yana da siffar tsarin yanayi na musamman na lokuta. Lokacin damina yana faruwa ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris, yana daidai da yanayin zafi mai girma, yayin da daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, hazo yana raguwa, tare da yanayin sanyi. Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin hazo suna tasiri ne ta hanyar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), wani lamari na yanayi wanda ke nuna ta hanyar ɗumamar lokaci (El Niño) da sanyaya (La Niña) na Tekun Pacific na tsakiyar layi. Bambancin hazo, musamman a lokacin damina, yana shafar samar da ruwa na ƙasar kai tsaye. Yayin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, Zimbabwe yawanci tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama na matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da yanayin fari da ƙarancin ruwa. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña galibi suna kawo ruwan sama sama da matsakaici, suna sake cika majiɓobin ruwa da tallafawa tsarin samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 90% na ruwan sama a ƙasar yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin convective forces, motsi na sama na iska mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare da ruwan sama. Kashi 10% na ruwan sama da ya rage yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar siffar ƙasa (orography) da motsin gaba-gaban yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/zwenc3.pdf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 300mm (kusan inci 12) a yankunan kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa fiye da 1,000 mm (kusan inci 40) a arewa da arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=unfccc.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa matsakaicin ruwan sama a Zimbabwe ya ragu da kashi 10% ko 100 mm a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazvimavi |first=D. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/14/2671/2010/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2671–2679 |doi=10.5194/hess-14-2671-2010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010HESS...14.2671M |issn=1027-5606|hdl=10566/8373 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa hazo yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a bincika abubuwan da ka iya haifar da raguwar sa a Zimbabwe. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yawancin mutane a Zimbabwe manoma ne na dogaro da kai waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Makoni |first1=Fungai S. |last2=Manase |first2=Gift |last3=Ndamba |first3=Jerry |date=2004-01-01 |title=Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706504001755 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |series=Water, Science, Technology and Policy Convergence and Action by All (A Meeting Point for Action leading to Sustainable Development) |volume=29 |issue=15 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013 |bibcode=2004PCE....29.1291M |issn=1474-7065|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ababen more rayuwa na fasaha ===
A tsakiyar biranen Zimbabwe, mafi yawancin samar da ruwa yana zuwa ne daga ruwan bututu. A yankunan karkara, mutanen Zimbabwe sun fi dogaro ne ga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse waɗanda ke shiga cikin rumbun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt; Ginin rijiyoyi da yawa an ba da kuɗaɗen su ne galibi ta hanyar gidajen da kansu. Kyakkyawan ci gaba na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu misali ne mai kyau na yadda ayyukan samar da kai zasu iya kaiwa ga babban ɓangare na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Olschewski|first=Andre|title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences|url=https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf|year=2016|publisher=7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutanen Zimbabwe da dama har yanzu suna yin ba-gari a fili, musamman a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;/&gt; Sai dai, a manyan birane kamar Harare, akwai tsarin magudanun ruwa na shara, kuma gidaje da yawa a faɗin Zimbabwe suna da banɗakunan rami na kashin kai ko kuma suna raba banɗakunan tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Women and children at a borehole.jpg|thumb|left|Wata kungiyar mata da yara a wata rijiya burtsatse a Norton, Zimbabwe]]

A shekarar 2018 an ce matsaloli a Morton Jeffray Waterworks a Harare su ne sanadin sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Makoni |first1=Munyaradzi |title=Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32352-3/fulltext |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=29 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, an gano kamfanin Morton Jeffray Waterworks da ke Harare a matsayin tushen sake ɓallewar cutar kwalara, wanda aka danganta da matsaloli a cikin ginin. Bayan haka, Lisben Chipfunde, shugaban ababen more rayuwa da muhalli a cikin mazaunin Birnin Harare, ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula lamarin, musamman a lokacin damina na 2019-2020. Kamfanin Ruwa na Prince Edward ya fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa saboda yanayin fari, wanda ya tilastawa mazaunin Birnin Harare mayar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a ginin Morton Jaffray Water Works. Sakamakon haka, yankunan mazauna da yawa sun fuskanci tsawaitaccen lokaci ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta ba. Wannan mummunan lamari ya tilastawa mazauna wurin komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau da gurbatattu, kamar rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=In Zimbabwe, Disaster at the Intersection of Cholera and Climate Change |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-disaster-intersection-cholera-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu sauye-sauye na fasaha masu banƙasawa sun inganta damar samun da ingancin samar da ruwa a Zimbabwe sosai. Misali an nuna Fanfon daji na Zimbabwe a matsayin fasaha ta &quot;ruwa&quot; wacce ta faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yaduwar wannan fasaha za a iya fahimtar ta saboda daidaituwarta mai ban mamaki. Aiwatarwa, aiki, da gyaran fanfon daji yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar shigarwa da zaɓin al'ummomin gida, kuma saboda haka wannan fasaha ba ta da &quot;iyaka mai tsanani&quot; tunda za a iya daidaita ta, amfani da ita, da kuma keɓance ta ta al'ummomi a duk faɗin Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;De Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol. (2000) &quot;The Zimbabwe bush pump mechanics of a fluid technology.&quot; Social studies of science 30.2: 225-263.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Image:KaribaDam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba kamar yadda ake gani daga Zimbabwe.]]

== Bayanin cibiyoyi ==
Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ana tafiyar da su ne ta ma'aikatu da sassan gwamnati daban-daban, ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyoyi kamar Kwamitin Aiwatarwa na Ƙasa (NAC) da Ma'aikatar Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa da Gudanarwa (MoWRDM).&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan hukumomi suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar WASH, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, UNICEF, da rukunoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Yara, don ba da kuɗi da gina tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli daidai da Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ta MDD.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsscc&quot;&gt;[http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview Wash coalition overview]wsscc.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812135218/http://www.wsscc.org/countries/africa/zimbabwe/wash-coalition-overview |date=12 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; NAC da MoWRDM suna kuma kula da Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA), wacce ke da alhakin rarraba ruwa a sassa daban-daban, gami da gudanar da manyan madatsun ruwa guda 250 &lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;&gt;&quot;Water Resource Management, Supply, and Sanitation Zimbabwe Report.&quot; African Development Bank Group. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/9.%20Zimbabwe%20Report_Chapter%207.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; NAC tana aiki ta hanyar ƙananan kwamitoci kamar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara, da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birni, yana haɗa hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a cikin tsara ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na karkara da birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsp&quot;/&gt; Hukuomin ƙauyuka ko na shiyyoyi ne ke gudanar da rarraba ruwa na cikin gida kuma lokaci-lokaci ta ZINWA.

Zimbabwe tana da tsarin ruwa mai aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, wanda ya samar da kashi 85% na al'ummar gida tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Yayin da wasu sassa na wannan tsarin aiki har yanzu ana san su a Harare, gwamnati ba ta yi aiki mai gamsarwa ba wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa na bututu. Haɗuwar iyakantaccen tsarin, karuwar yawan al'umma, da rashin ikon mutane da yawa na samun ruwa, ya haifar da matsananciyar cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito.

Rikicin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Harare, Zimbabwe, yana haifar da babban haɗarin lafiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton 2013 na Human Rights Watch. Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya, yanayin da ke haifar da annoba ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin unguwannin birni masu yawan jama'a. Rahoton ya bayyana ƙalubale kamar ƙarancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, wanda ke tilastawa mazauna wurin sha daga gurbatattun hanyoyi da yin ba-gari a fili. Tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da karuwar yawan al'umma suna ƙara dagula matsalar rashin tsaro da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin gazawar gwamnati wajen kula da tsarin yana tilasta dogaro ga hanyoyin da ba su da kyau, yana keta haƙƙin mazauna wurin na samun ruwa mai tsafta. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha, farashi mai kyau don ruwan gunduma, da rashin yanke ruwa ga rashin biyan kuɗi. Kodayake ayyukan gwamnati suna ba da bege, damuwa game da gaskiya da cin hanci da rashawa har yanzu suna nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=Zimbabwe: Water and Sanitation Crisis {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/19/zimbabwe-water-and-sanitation-crisis |access-date=2024-03-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da lokutan da aka karkatar da kasafin kuɗin birni don amfanin da ba na tsarin kulawa da ingantawa ba, wanda aka yi niyyar kasafin kuɗin dominsa. Sakamakon haka, ba a ba da kuɗin hanyoyin da suka dace na ɗaukar matakai ba, kamar siyan sinadarai na tace ruwa, yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da wannan lallen danyen ruwa maras kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An lura da yawancin waɗannan lokuta daga rahoton Human Rights Watch da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013, amma sun ci gaba da faruwa a kwanakin baya-bayan nan.

Saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun tsaftace muhalli da ruwa masu arha yana ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci wajen cimma ingantaccen tsaftace ruwa ga Zimbabwe. A shekarar 2013, gwamnatin ƙasar ta karɓi rancen dala miliyan 144 (na Amurka) daga gwamnatin Sin don &quot;haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na ruwa musamman ta hanyar inganta masana'antun sarrafa ruwan shara.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Yayin da wannan ya kasance kyakkyawan mataki zuwa kyakkyawan shiri, da yawa har yanzu suna jin cewa akwai rashin gaskiya da ke fitowa daga gwamnati, da kuma dumbin cin hanci da rashawa da sakaci da ke bayyane ga al'ummomin da ke fafutuka. Zimbabwe kuma ta amince da sabon tsarin mulki a shekarar 2013 wanda ya amince da bayyanannen haƙƙin samun ruwa, amma ko an ba wa wannan haƙƙin fifiko tun lokacin ba a tabbatar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Sun kuma amince da Dokar PPP ta Hukumar Ci Gaban Zimbabwe (ZIDA) ta shekarar 2020 wacce ke ƙarfafa amfani da PPPs (haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mutandwa |first1=Hudson |last2=Vyas-Doorgapersad |first2=Shikha |date=2023-12-07 |title=The State of Water Infrastructure Development in Zimbabwe |url=https://ojs.sabinet.co.za/index.php/african_journal_of_governance/article/view/114 |journal=African Journal of Governance &amp; Development |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=40–57 |doi=10.36369/2616-9045/2023/v12i2a4 |issn=2616-9045|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wannan, babu wata doka guda ɗaya da ta shafi musamman kan gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, kuma rashin ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan yana iyakance ikon gina sabbin madatsun ruwa, gyara tsofaffi, da gina wuraren tace ruwa, wanda zai ci dala biliyan 2.2 (na Amurka) cikin shekaru goma kafin a yi hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

== Hadin kan ƙasashen waje ==
Gwamnatocin ƙasashe da dama da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje suna aiki tuƙuru don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe ta hanyar ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ƙanana da manyan sassa. Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da kuɗi ga sauran ƙoƙarin da ake yi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da [[Banka Duniya]], [[Asusun Haɓaka Afirka]] (AfDB), da Gwamnatin Jamus, wacce ta hanyar hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta, [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] (GIZ), ta ba da dala miliyan 6 (na Amurka) don inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Gweru]], [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]], da [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]]. Gwamnatin Ostareliya kuma ta samar da sama da dala miliyan 10 (na Amurka) don bincike da inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;afdb&quot;/&gt;

=== Bangaren WASH ===
UNICEF tana jagorantar manyan ayyuka da dama tare da haɗin gwiwar cikakken shirin Ruwa, Tsaftace Muhalli, da Tsabtace Jiki ([[WASH]]), da nufin inganta tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa a duniya. Ta hanyar shirinta na WASH, UNICEF ta sadaukar da kanta don tabbatar da samun ruwa mai tsafta, tsarin tsaftace muhalli, da wuraren tsabtace jiki ga kowa da kowa a cikin al'ummomi a duniya. A shekarar 2018, UNICEF ta faɗaɗa samar da ruwa a karkara ta hanyar haƙa rami na tuka-tuka da gyara tsarin bututun ruwa tare da mai da hankali kan amfani da hasken rana. Samar da ruwa a birane ya ninka sau biyu a ƙananan garuruwa 14, kuma an gyara tsarin magudanar ruwa na shara. Ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da haɓaka tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan gwaji don inganta sa ido. An haɓaka halartar al'umma ta hanyar haɗa Sabis na Saƙon Turewa (SMS) zuwa tsarin bayanan WASH na karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) {{!}} UNICEF Zimbabwe |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana aiki a ƙasashe sama da 100, UNICEF tana ba da muhimman ayyukan WASH ga wasu rukunin mutane mafi rauni a duniya. Yayin bala'in annobar COVID-19, UNICEF ta tsananta ayyukanta na WASH, inda ta rarraba sabulu da kayan tsafta ga mutane miliyan 74, yayin da kuma ta kafa wuraren wanke hannu da bayan gida don haɓaka lafiyar jama'a da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A Zimbabwe, ayyukan UNICEF sun haɗa da sabunta tsarin tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan [[Masvingo]], [[Plumtree, Zimbabwe|Plumtree]], da [[Zvishavane]], gami da gudanar da wani aiki na dala miliyan 30 (Dalar Amurka) don samar da ruwan sha da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga 'yan Zimbabwe 500,000. Cikin haɗin gwiwa, UNICEF da shirin WASH suna ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa damar samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsarin tsaftace muhalli ga mutane miliyan 2.3 a Zimbabwe waɗanda a halin yanzu ba su da waɗannan muhimman ayyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;&gt;&quot;Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene.&quot; UNICEF. Accessed September 7, 2014. http://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/water_san_hygiene.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na UNICEF Zimbabwe na shekarar 2023 ya kuma nuna amincewa da sadaukarwa ga ɓangaren WASH, wanda ya haɗa da &quot;ƙiyasin kasafin kuɗi na ƙasa don isassun ayyukan WASH a wuraren kula da lafiya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=UNICEF Zimbabwe Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/media/9961/file/UNICEF%20Zimbabwe%20Annual%20Report%202023.pdf |journal=UNICEF |pages=23–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNICEF ta kai wa ƙasashen mutane dubun-dubatar da &quot;ruwa mai tsafta, mai jure canjin yanayi, da aminci ta hanyar tsari na sanin haɗari, tsarin amfani da yawa da haɓaka iko don dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Sun kuma kai wa dubun-dubatar mutane da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullun, gami da tsarin tsaftace muhalli da mazauna ke jagoranta da kuma a lokutan gaggawa, gami da ruwa mai aminci daga motocin jigilar ruwa a yankunan da kwalara ta shafa, da &quot;kayayyakin WASH masu ceton rai kamar na'urorin adana ruwa na gida da sinadarai na tace ruwa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Damuwar muhalli ==
Sakamakon ayyukan ma'adinai, masana'antu, aikin gona na sikelin da ba ya dorewa, da kuma sassaucin dokokin ƙazanta da rashin aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, koguna da tafkuna da yawa a Zimbabwe sun gurbata. Wannan ya sa shan ruwa da yin wanka a waɗannan koguna da tafkuna kasancewa maras kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gogo, Jeffrey. &quot;Water Pollution Major Problem.&quot; The Herald. Published May 19, 2014. http://www.herald.co.zw/water-pollution-major-problem/&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma ruwan wasu koguna da ke ratsa ta [[filayen lu'u-lu'u na Marange]] a gabashin Zimbabwe ya yi matukar gurbata har ya kashe dabbobin da suka sha, kuma ya haifar da kuraje ga masu wanka.&lt;ref&gt;Mambondiyani, Andrew. &quot;The Pollution Fallout From Zimbabwe's Blood Diamonds.&quot; Yale University. May 24, 2012. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_pollution_fallout_from_zimbabwes_blood_diamonds/2533/&lt;/ref&gt; Wani yanki na Zimbabwe mai matukar girman matakan gurbatar ruwa shine [[Harare]] da unguwanninta na kusa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan jama'ar Harare, tsarin magudanar ruwa da suka lalace da kuma lalacewa, da rashin gudanarwa na hukumomin gwamnati da aka ware don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin muhalli da ingancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Nhapi, Innocent. &quot;The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: a policy and management problem.&quot; Water Policy 11. Published 2009. http://test.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/0221/011020221.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Abin farin ciki, akwai shirye-shirye da ke duba ingancin ruwan yawancin manyan koguna gami da tashoshin aunawa da ke auna matakan samar da ruwa na madatsun ruwa na Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zimbabwe.&quot; FAO. Accessed November 1, 2014. https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x9751e/x9751e08.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damuwar bil'adama ==

=== Tasirin ingancin ruwa ga lafiya ===
Rashin ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsarin tsaftace muhalli yana shafar rayuwar dukkan 'yan Zimbabwe sosai. Idan babu ruwa mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli, bil'adama na fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cututtuka cikin sauƙi, don haka suna fama da mace-mace mafi yawa saboda waɗannan cututtuka. Ingantaccen samar da ruwa da sassan tsaftace muhalli an nuna su suna da tasiri sosai wajen rage yawan mace-mace da rashin lafiya ga cututtuka da yawa ciki har da [[ascariasis]], [[kwalara]], [[zawo]], [[dracunculiasis]] (kurkunu), cutar [[tsutsotsin ciki]], [[schistosomiasis]] (guba/shawara), da [[trachoma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmc=2393264 | pmid=1835675 | volume=69 |issue = 5| title=Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma | year=1991 | journal=Bull. World Health Organ. | pages=609–21 | last1 = Esrey | first1 = SA | last2 = Potash | first2 = JB | last3 = Roberts | first3 = L | last4 = Shiff | first4 = C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zawo cuta ce mai tsanani sosai idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ita ce mafi girman kisa ga yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar a Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt; Kwalara kuma babbar cuta ce mai tsanani a Zimbabwe.

Ɓallewar cutar kwalara a shekarar 2008 ya kasance abin damuwa sosai saboda taɓarɓarewar rikicin siyasa da tattalin arziki, wanda ya kai ga durƙushewar ayyukan gwamnati da dama da kuma rashin daidaituwar samar da ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=After three outbreaks, Zimbabwe is on high alert to curtail cholera |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/after-three-outbreaks-zimbabwe-high-alert-curtail-cholera |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.gavi.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barkewar cutar ta 2018 ta kasance mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma an shawo kanta, saboda kyakkyawan shiri da gudanar da allurar rigakafin kwalara ta baki (OCV), wanda aka samar da allurai miliyan 2.5, musamman a tsakanin rukunin mutanen da ke cikin babban haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Kwanan nan, a shekarar 2023, ɓallewar cutar kwalara ta dawo, inda ta shafi aƙalla ƙasashe shida a yankin. Malawi, kasancewar ita ce mafi muni da abin ya shafa, ta karɓi kayayyaki guda uku na OCV &quot;a matsayin amsa ga aikace-aikacen asusun rigakafin kwalara na baki na duniya da Gavi ke tallafawa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2013.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Yin ba-gari a fili ===
Samar da ruwa da tsarin tsaftace muhalli a Zimbabwe yana fuskantar gagarumin ƙalubale, tare da samun nasarar ƙoƙarin cikin gida da kuma babban rashi na ababen more rayuwa a ko'ina. Mummunan tasirin rashin ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ga lafiya da mutuncin ɗan adam yana ƙara jaddada mahimmancin shirye-shiryen duniya kamar Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium na MDD, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabi &quot;rabon adadin mutanen da ba su da dorewar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsarin tsaftace muhalli na yau da kullun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=UN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don magance waɗannan ƙalubale, UNICEF, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Zimbabwe kuma ƙarƙashin kuɗaɗen Sashen Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Burtaniya, suna aiwatar da Shirin WASH na Karkara. Wannan shirin yana da nufin rage yin ba-gari a fili da inganta ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara ta hanyar hanyoyin tsaftace muhalli da mazauna ke jagoranta.

Tun lokacin da aka fara shi, shirin ya sami nasarar samar da al'ummomi sama da 3,300 da ba sa yin ba-gari a fili a cikin gundumomi 45, tare da tsarin al'umma da aka horar da su wajen haɓaka tsabtace jiki don cusa kyawawan ayyukan tsaftace muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kulawa da Yara tana horar da magina na cikin gida wajen gina bayan gida da kuma ba da tallafi ga iyalai masu rauni don gina bayan gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Chikare Village became open defecation free {{!}} UNICEF Zimbabwe |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/stories/how-chikare-village-became-open-defecation-free |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidai da Manufofin Ci Gaban Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta amince da Tsarin Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsafta na kula da jinsi, da nufin samar da Zimbabwe mai 'yanci daga yin ba-gari a fili nan da shekarar 2030. Wannan tsari yana amfani da Ilimin Lafiya da Tsafta na Haɗin Gwiwa wanda ke Maida Hankali kan Tsaftace Muhalli da Jama'a ke jagoranta (SafPHHE), wanda aka aiwatar a cikin gundumomin karkara 45 da ake tallafawa. Ƙoƙarin rage yin ba-gari a fili ya nuna ci gaba, inda adadin ya ragu zuwa 21.7% a shekarar 2019. Sai dai kuma, rashin daidaito ya ci gaba da kasancewa tsakanin mazauna birane da na karkara, inda kashi 0.7% na mazauna birane ne kawai ke yin ba-gari a fili idan aka kwatanta da kashi 31.3% a yankunan karkara a cikin shekarar da aka ambata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Daidaiton jinsi ===
Ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen ruwa da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, rayuwar mata tana samun babban iko da 'yanci. Yawanci mata ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan da iyali ke amfani da shi a kullum. Sakamakon samun bandakuna masu tsafta da amintaccen ruwa kusa da gidajensu, mata suna rage lokacin da suke ɗauka wajen ɗakar ruwa kuma suna samun ƙarin lokaci don neman burinsu ko yin wasu ayyuka na daban masu mahimmanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;its&quot;/&gt; Yayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2016, Ministar Ruwa, Muhalli, da Yanayi ta Zimbabwe, Oprah Muchinguri, ta jaddada cewa rashin samun ruwa mai tsafta babban cikas ne ga 'yan mata, inda ta nuna cewa galibi suna fasa zuwa makaranta don neman ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Lack of water is a stumbling block to gender equality in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.afdb.org/ar/news-and-events/lack-of-water-is-a-stumbling-block-to-gender-equality-in-zimbabwe-15526}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, rashin bandakuna masu tsafta a makarantun Zimbabwe da yawa yana hana 'yan mata zuwa makaranta yayin da suke al'ada. Saboda haka, kawar da ƙarancin tsaftace muhalli da ƙara samun ruwan sha yana haɓaka mutunci da ikon ɗan adam ƙwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;/&gt;
Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Zimbabwe (UWSP) ya tabbatar da mahimmancin yanayin jinsi a cikin batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, wanda ya kai su ga amfani da tsari na sanin jinsi &quot;tare da aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara don samar da sarari don daidaiton dama.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe: Addressing gender specific needs vs creating space and opportunity to challenge gender roles and promote gender equality {{!}} GIZ Gender |url=https://gender-works.giz.de/competitions/zimbabwe-addressing-gender-specific-needs-vs-creating-space-and-opportunity-to-challenge-gender-roles-and-promote-gender-equality/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun gudanar da bincike tare da nazarin yadda mata ke kallon damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da maza. Sun kammala da cewa maza a yankin sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan lamuran fasaha, gami da gine-gine ko walda, yayin da mata kuma suka fi damuwa da bukatun ruwa da amfani da shi da ya shafi gida, gami da tabbatar da samunsa don ayyukan yau da kullun da kuma ingancin ruwa gaba ɗaya. Hakikanin *bukatun* tsakanin maza da mata sun kasance kusan iri ɗaya ne, in ban da fannoni kamar waɗanda aka ambata a sama kamar al'ada, amma UWSP ta fahimci mahimmancin karkatar da tallafinsu don dacewa da abubuwan da ba su dace ba da masu amfani mata suka bayyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>'Yan Hungary a Romania</title>
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[[Fayil:Romániai_magyarok_a_2021-es_népszámlálás_alapján.png|thumb|300x300px|'Yan Hungary a Romania (2021) ]]
The '''Hungarian minority of Romania''' (Hungarian: romániai magyarok, {{IPA|hu|ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒrok|pron}}{{IPA|hu|ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒrok|pron}}{{IPA|hu|ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒrok|pron}}; Romanian: maghiarii din România) is the largest ethnic minority in Romania. As per the 2021 Romanian census, 1,002,151 people (6% of respondents) declared themselves Hungarian, while 1,038,806 people (6.3% of respondents) stated that Hungarian was their 

Most ethnic Hungarians of [[Romainiya|Romania]] live in areas that were parts of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Encompassed in a region known as Transylvania, the most prominent of these areas is known generally as Székely Land (Romanian: Ținutul Secuiesc; Hungarian: Székelyföld), where Hungarians comprise the majority of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;insse3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele definitive ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011 |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2013 |access-date=10 July 2013 |website=Recensamantromania.ro |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transylvania, in the larger sense, also includes the historic regions of Banat, Crișana and Maramureș. There are forty-one counties of Romania; Hungarians form a large majority of the population in the counties of Harghita (85.67%) and Covasna (73.74%), and a large percentage in Mureș (38.09%), Satu Mare (34.65%), Bihor (25.27%), Sălaj (23.35%), and Cluj (15.93%) counties.

Har ila yau, akwai al'ummar 'yan Hungary da ke zaune mafi yawa a Moldova, wanda aka sani da Csángós . Wadannan suna zaune a yankin da ake kira Csángó Land a Moldavia amma kuma a wasu sassan Transylvania da kuma wani kauye na Arewacin Dobruja da aka sani da Oituz . Bugu da kari, ana iya samun ƙananan mutanen [[Bukovina]]&quot; id=&quot;mwPQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Székelys of Bukovina&quot;&gt;Székelys a kudancin Bukovina, suna zaune a ƙauyuka da yankuna da yawa a cikin Gundumar Suceava. Baya ga yankunan tarihi da aka ambata a sama na Romania, [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] ma gida ne a baya kuma har yanzu yana da al'ummar Hungary-Romania.

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihin tarihi ===
[[Fayil:Kingdom_of_Hungary_1102.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Transylvania, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary ta zamani a farkon karni na 12.]]
Ƙabilun Hungary sun samo asali ne a kusa da Dutsen Ural kuma sun isa yankin da Romania ta yanzu ta kafa a cikin karni na 9 daga Etelköz ko ''Atelkuzu'' (kusan sararin da Kudancin [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] na yanzu, [[Moldavia|Moldova]]&quot; id=&quot;mwUQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Republic of Moldova&quot;&gt;Jamhuriyar Moldova da lardin Romania na Moldavia suka mamaye). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Csáky |first=Veronika |last2=Gerber |first2=Dániel |last3=Szeifert |first3=Bea |last4=Egyed |first4=Balázs |last5=Stégmár |first5=Balázs |last6=Botalov |first6=Sergei Gennad’evich |last7=Grudochko |first7=Ivan Valer’evich |last8=Matveeva |first8=Natalia Petrovna |last9=Zelenkov |first9=Alexander Sergejevich |last10=Sleptsova |first10=Anastasiia Viktorovna |last11=Goldina |first11=Rimma Dmitrievna |last12=Danich |first12=Andrey Vasilevich |last13=Mende |first13=Balázs Gusztáv |last14=Türk |first14=Attila |last15=Szécsényi-Nagy |first15=Anna |date=5 November 2020 |title=Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19137 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1019137C |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-75910-z |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7645724 |pmid=33154399}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yanayi daban-daban (duba Honfoglalás), kabilun Magyar sun haye Carpathians a kusa da 895 AD kuma sun mamaye Karpathian Basin (ciki har da Transylvania na yanzu) ba tare da wata babbar juriya daga mutanen yankin ba. Ba a san ainihin ranar cin nasarar Transylvania ba; kayan tarihi na Magyar da aka samo a yankin sun kasance a farkon rabin karni na 10.

A shekara ta 1526, a Yaƙin Mohács, sojojin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] sun hallaka sojojin Hungary kuma a shekara ta 1571 Transylvania ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman. Masarautar Transylvania ta mallaki sarakuna da majalisa (Diet). Majalisar dokokin Transylvania ta kunshi Kasashe uku (Unio Trium Nationum): manyan mutanen Hungary (yawanci manyan mutanen Hungary da malamai); shugabannin 'yan asalin Transylvania Saxons-Jamusanci; da kuma' yanci Székely Hungarians.

Tare da cin nasarar Ottomans a Yaƙin Vienna a shekara ta 1683, Masarautar Habsburg a hankali ta fara tilasta mulkin su a kan tsohon Transylvania mai cin gashin kanta. Daga 1711 zuwa gaba, bayan kammala yakin Rákóczi na Independence, an karfafa ikon Habsburg a kan Transylvania, kuma an maye gurbin sarakunan Transylvania da gwamnonin mulkin Habsburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica-Transylvania&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transylvania |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania |access-date=7 February 2011 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1765 an ayyana ''Babban Masarautar Transylvania'', yana karfafa matsayi na musamman na Transylvania a cikin Daular Habsburg, wanda ''Diploma Leopoldinum'' ya kafa a cikin 1691. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica-Leopoldinum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diploma Leopoldinum – Transylvanian history |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarihin Hungary yana ganin wannan a matsayin tsari ne kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Hunyadi: Hungary in American History Textbooks |url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu03.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820003355/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu03.htm |archive-date=20 August 2009 |access-date=7 July 2009 |website=Andrew L. Simon |publisher=Corvinus Library Hungarian History}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Daular Habsburg, Transylvania ta kasance wani ɓangare na mulkin Hungary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica-Transylvania&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Yarjejeniyar Austro-Hungary ta 1867, Transylvania ta sake zama wani bangare na Masarautar Hungary, tare da harshen Hungary ya zama harshen hukuma kuma an gabatar da Magialization a yankin ba da daɗewa ba.
[[Fayil:TransylvaniaProper.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Romania tare da &quot;Transylvania daidai&quot; a cikin rawaya mai haske]]
Bayan shan kashi a yakin duniya na farko, Austria-Hungary ta rushe. Wakilan da aka zaba na kabilun Romania na Transylvania, Banat, Crișana, da Maramureș sun ayyana Tarayyar tare da Romania a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1918. Tare da ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da Yaƙin Hungary-Romania (1918-1919), Yarjejeniyar Trianon (wanda aka sanya hannu a ranar 4 ga Yuni 1920) ta bayyana sabon iyaka tsakanin jihohin Hungary da Romania. A sakamakon haka, fiye da 'yan tsirarun Hungary miliyan 1.5 na Transylvania sun sami kansu sun zama ƙungiyar' yan tsiraru a cikin Romania. Har ila yau, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I, ƙungiyar iyalai na Csángó sun kafa ƙauye a Arewacin Dobruja da aka sani da Oituz, inda 'yan Hungary ke zaune a yau.
[[Fayil:Northern_Transylvania_ethnic_map.svg|left|thumb|Taswirar kabilanci na Arewacin Transylvania]]
A watan Agustan 1940, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an mayar da rabin Arewacin Transylvania zuwa Hungary ta hanyar lambar yabo ta Vienna ta biyu. Masanin tarihi Keith Hitchins  ya taƙaita halin da aka samu ta hanyar kyautar: Wasu 'yan Romania 1,150,000 zuwa 1,300,000, ko kashi 48 cikin dari zuwa sama da kashi 50 cikin dari na yawan mutanen yankin da aka ba su, dangane da waɗanda aka yi amfani da kididdigar su, sun kasance a arewacin sabon iyakar, yayin da kimanin' yan Hungary 500,000 (sauran ƙididdigar Hungary sun kai 800,000, 'yan Romania kamar 363,000) sun ci gaba da zama a kudu. A watan Satumba-Oktoba 1944, sojojin Romania da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] sun sake dawo da Arewacin Transylvania; yankin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin soja ta Soviet har zuwa 9 ga Maris 1945, bayan haka ya sake zama wani ɓangare na Romania. Yarjejeniyar Paris (1947) ta soke lambar yabo ta Vienna kuma ta amince da yankin arewacin Transylvania a matsayin wani ɓangare na Romania.

Bayan yakin, a cikin 1952, hukumomin kwaminisanci sun kirkiro Yankin Magyar mai cin gashin kansa a Romania. An rushe yankin a shekarar 1968, lokacin da sabuwar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta ƙasar (har yanzu tana aiki a yau) ta maye gurbin yankuna da yankuna. Hukumomin kwaminisanci, kuma musamman bayan mulkin Nicolae Ceaușescu ya zo mulki, sun sake fara manufofin Romanianization.

A yau, &quot;Transylvania da ya dace&quot; (mai launin rawaya a kan taswirar da ke biyowa) an haɗa shi a cikin yankunan Romania (județe) na Alba, Bistrița-Năsăud, Brașov, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Mureș, Sălaj (a wani bangare) da Sibiu. Baya ga &quot;Transylvania daidai&quot;, Transylvania ta zamani ta haɗa da Crișana da wani ɓangare na Banat; waɗannan yankuna (duhu mai launin rawaya a taswirar) suna cikin yankunan Arad, Bihor, Caraș-Severin, Maramureș, Sălaj (a wani ɓangare), Satu Mare, da Timiș.

=== Lokacin bayan Kwaminisanci ===
[[Fayil:Szekely04.png|thumb|355x355px|Taswirar kabilanci na Harghita, Covasna, da Mureș Counties bisa ga bayanan 2011, yana nuna yankuna tare da mafi rinjaye ko yawa na Hungary.]]
Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Romania na 1989, jam'iyyun siyasa na kabilanci sun kafa su ne daga 'yan Hungary, wadanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Democrat Union of Hungarians a Romania, da kuma 'yan Transylvanians na Romania, wadanda suka kirkiro Jam'iyyar Romania National Unity Party. Rikicin kabilanci, duk da haka, bai taba faruwa a kan wani sikelin ba, duk da cewa wasu rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, kamar Abubuwan da suka faru a Târgu Mureș na Maris 1990, sun faru jim kadan bayan faduwar mulkin Ceaușescu.

A cikin 1995, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta asali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hungary da Romania. A cikin yarjejeniyar, Hungary ta yi watsi da duk ikirarin yankin ga Transylvania, kuma Romania ta sake jaddada girmamawa ga haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru. Dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta yayin da Hungary ta farko, sannan Romania, ta zama Mambobin EU a cikin 2000s.

Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR / RMDSZ) ita ce babbar wakilin 'yan Hungary a Romania, kuma memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Al'ummai da Jama'a da ba a wakilce su ba. Manufar UDMR ita ce cimma karamar hukuma, ikon cin gashin kanta na al'adu da yanki da kuma haƙƙin cin gashin kai ga 'yan Hungary. UDMR memba ne na Tarayyar Demokradiyyar Turai (EDU) da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Turai (EPP). Tun daga shekara ta 1996, UDMR ta kasance memba ko mai goyon bayan kowane hadin gwiwar gwamnati.

Yarjejeniyar siyasa ta kawo sannu a hankali aiwatar da harshen Hungary a rayuwar yau da kullun: Dokar Gudanar da Jama'a ta 215/2002 ta tanadi &quot;amfani da harsunan 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa a cikin gwamnati a cikin ƙauyuka inda' yan tsiraru suka wuce 20% na yawan jama'a&quot;; 'yan tsirarun kabilanci za su sami kwafin takardun a cikin yarensu; duk da haka, hukumomin hukuma suna adana takardun hukuma a cikin Romanian kawai; gwamnatin gida za ta samar da rubuce-rubuce don sunayen yankuna da cibiyoyin jama'a a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, kuma nuna sanarwarsu ta jama'a ɗaya.

Kodayake Romania ta sanya hannu kan dokokin Turai don kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, aiwatarwa ba ta gamsar da dukkan mambobin al'ummar Hungary ba. Akwai motsi daga 'yan Hungary duka don karuwar cin gashin kansu da ci gaban al'adu daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen da kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban na Hungary suka gabatar sun haɗa da kirkirar &quot;yanki mai cin gashin kansa&quot; a cikin yankunan da suka kafa ''Yankin Szekler'' (''Székelyföld''), kusan daidai da yankin tsohuwar lardin Hungary mai cin gashi da kuma ƙasar Szekler ta tarihi wacce gwamnatin Hungary ta soke a rabi na biyu na karni na 19, da sake kafa jami'ar yaren Hungary mai zaman kanta.

Koyaya, halin da 'yan tsiraru na Hungary ke ciki a Romania wasu sun gan shi a matsayin abin koyi na bambancin al'adu da kabilanci a yankin Balkan: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld – Romania: Ethnic Hungarians (January 2001 – January 2006) |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47de378f1a.html |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Unhcr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin jawabin da ya yi wa jama'ar Amurka, [[Bill Clinton|Shugaba Clinton]] ya tambayi a tsakiyar yakin iska a Kosovo: Wanene zai bayyana makomar wannan ɓangaren duniya... ''Slobodan Milošević, tare da na'urar farfaganda da dakarun soja waɗanda ke tilasta wa mutane su bar ƙasarsu, ainihi, da dukiya, ko kuma jihar kamar Romania wacce ta gina dimokuradiyya da ke mutunta haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru?''

== Shahararrun 'yan Hungary na Romania ==

=== Wasanni ===
Yawancin 'yan kabilar Hungary &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mircea Dominte |date=6 September 2013 |title=Origini ungurești pentru medalii olimpice românești |url=http://www.fanatik.ro/origini-unguresti-pentru-medalii-olimpice-romanesti-71147 |publisher=fanatik.ro |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun lashe lambobin Olympics ga Romania.

* Iolanda Balaș (Jolanda Balázs) (2G) Tsalle-tsalle 1960 da 1964.
* Ileana Silai (Ilona Gergely) (S) 800m 1968 &lt;ref name=&quot;udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Udvardy Frigyes – A romániai magyar kisebbség történeti kronológiája 1990–2009 |url=http://udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro/index.php?action=nevmutato&amp;nevmutato=Silai+Ilona |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ecaterina Szabo  (Katalin Szabó) (3G-mutum, 1G-team 1S-mutum) Gymnastics 1984&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=Ennyivel tartozunk (Az egyetemes magyar sportért) – 2010. november 1., hétfő - |url=http://www.3szek.ro/load/cikk/33825/ennyivel_tartozunk_az_egyetemes_magyar_sportert |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=3szek.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Emilia Eberle (Hungarian-Jamusanci)  (1S-mutum, 1S-team) Gymnastics 1980&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gymn Forum: Emilia Eberle Biography |url=http://www.gymn-forum.net/bios/women/eberle.html |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Gymn-forum.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zita Funkenhauser, na asalin Jamusanci da Hungary da kuma mai magana da harshen Hungary (kamar yadda ake buƙatar bayani) 'ya'yanta da aka haifa a Jamus). 
* Gabriela Szabo (1G, 1S, 1B) 1996, 2000 (mahaifin ɗan Hungary) 
* Corneliu Oros (B) Kungiyar volleyball &lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2013 |title=Origini ungurești pentru medalii olimpice românești – Fanatik – Sport si pariuri |url=http://www.fanatik.ro/origini-unguresti-pentru-medalii-olimpice-romanesti-71147 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Fanatik.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Noemi Lung (Noemi Ildikó Lung) (S, B) Yin iyo 1984 &lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1984, Los Angeles |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1984.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elena Horvat (Ilona Horvath) (G) ƙungiyar hawa 1984  &lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot; /&gt;
* Viorica Ioja (Ibolya Jozsa)  (G, S) Team-rowing 84&lt;ref name=&quot;3szek.ro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2013 |title=Egyetemes magyar sport – Lapozgató (53.) – 2013. december 30., hétfő - |url=http://www.3szek.ro/load/cikk/66482/egyetemes_magyar_sport_%E2%80%93_lapozgato_53 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=3szek.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aneta Mihaly (S) Team-rowing  1984&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Herta Anitaș  (S, B) Ruwa na rukuni 1988&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Eniko Barabas (Enikö Barabás)  (B) Team-rowing 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Elisabeta Lazăr (Erzsébet Lázár)  (B) Team-rowing76&lt;ref name=&quot;3szek.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Ladislau Lovrenschi (László Lavrenszki)  (B) Ruwa 72 (S) 88&lt;ref name=&quot;3szek.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Ioan Pop (János Pap) (2B)   Team-sabre (B) 76, (B) 84&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ioan Pop Biography and Olympic Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/po/ioan-pop-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410213156/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/po/ioan-pop-1.html |archive-date=10 April 2011 |access-date=2011-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vívó világversenyek kulisszatitkai |url=http://www.erdon.ro/vivo-vilagversenyek-kulisszatitkai/2343239 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119213002/http://www.erdon.ro/vivo-vilagversenyek-kulisszatitkai/2343239 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alexandru Nilca (Sándor Nyilka)   Team-sabre (B) 76&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Egyetemes magyar sport – Lapozgató (45.) – 2013. november 4., hétfő - |url=http://www.3szek.ro/load/cikk/64952/egyetemes_magyar_sport_%E2%80%93_lapozgato_45 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=3szek.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexandru Nilca Biography and Olympic Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ni/alexandru-nilca-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921150035/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ni/alexandru-nilca-1.html |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=2011-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vilhelm Szabo]] (Vilmos Szabó) (B) Team-Sabre 1984 &lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot; /&gt;
* Monika Weber-Koszto (S) Team-foil 1984  (+ 1S, 2B don Jamus) &lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Marcela Zsak  (S) Team-foil 1984 '&lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Rozalia Oros (Rozália Orosz)  (S) Team-foil 1984&lt;ref name=&quot;3szek.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Olga Orban-Szabo (Olga Orbán Szabó) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 (1S) Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mutum 1956  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1956 Melbourne |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1956.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KILLYÉNI ANDRÁS : SZABÓ-ORBÁN OLGA : A L Á N Y, A K I M E G H Ó D Í TOT TA A V I L Á G OT |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/10700/10755/10755.pdf |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Mek.oszk.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1956 Melbourne |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1956.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=www.americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ileana Gyulai-Drimba (Ilona Gyulai) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1968 Mexico City |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1968.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ecaterina Stahl-Iencic (Katalin Jencsik) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;
* Reka Zsofia Lazar-Szabo (1S, 1B) Ƙungiyar Mata 1992, 1996 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frenkiebig |title=Erdélyi Örmény Gyökerek Kulturális Egyesület |url=http://www.magyarormeny.hu/index.php?apps=ormenyek&amp;article=28 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Magyarormeny.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Simona Pop&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Csipler Attilától Simona Popig – azaz szatmári érmek és rekordok az olimpiák történelmében |url=http://www.szatmar.ro/Csipler_Attilatol_Simona_Popig/hirek/80505 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=szatmar.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Stefan Birtalan (István Bertalan) (1S, 2B) Team-Handball 1972, 1976,1980 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1972 Munich |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1972.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gabriel Kicsid (1S, 1B) Team-Handball 1972,1976 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
* Iosif Boros (József Boros)  (2B) Kungiyar kwallon hannu 1980 da 1984 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iosif Boroş Bio, Stats, and Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/iosif-boros-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230115631/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/iosif-boros-1.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 |access-date=2014-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1980 Moscow (Magyar Olimpiai Bajnokok) |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1980.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Stefan Tasnadi (István Tasnádi)  (S) ɗaga nauyi 1984  &lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ştefan Taşnadi Bio, Stats, and Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ta/stefan-tasnadi-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523055446/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ta/stefan-tasnadi-1.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=2014-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Valentin Silaghi (B) dambe 1980 &lt;ref name=&quot;udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro&quot; /&gt;  [dubious - tattauna]&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org1&quot; /&gt; 
* Ladislau Simon (László Simon)  (B) kokawa 1976 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ladislau Şimon Biography and Olympic Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ladislau-simon-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114162836/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ladislau-simon-1.html |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=2012-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1976 Montreal (magyar olimpiai bajnokok listája) |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1976.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Francisc Horvath &lt;ref name=&quot;udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro&quot; /&gt; (Ferenc Horváth) (B) kokawa 1956 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

==== 'Yan wasan Olympic chess ====

* Janos Balogh
* Stefan Erdélyi (István Erdélyi) 
* Alexandru Tyroler (Sándor Tyroler) 
* Miklós Bródy
* Szidonia Vajda

* Albert-László Barabási, masanin kimiyyar lissafi
* Tünde Fülöp, masanin kimiyyar plasma
* Veronica Vaida, likitan magani
* [[Gheorghe Elemer Vaida]], injiniyan sinadarai

* George Lusztig: Azurfa 1962
* {{Interlanguage link|László Zsidó|ro}} : Zinariya 1963
* {{Interlanguage link|András Némethi|hu|Némethi András}} : Azurfa 1978
* Gabriel Nagy: Azurfa 1978

=== Wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics ===

* Adrian Mihai Devenyi: Zinariya 1982, Azurfa 1981
* Zoltan Gagyi-Palffy: tagulla 1986
* Peter Szerö: Zinariya 2009
* Vlad-Ștefan Oros: Zinariya 2023

=== Waƙoƙin gargajiya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col1left&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
!Gundumar
!Gundumar Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
!'Yan Hungary a matsayin kashi na yawan jama'ar yankin &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
!Kamar yadda % na jimlar 'yan Hungary a Romania &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|Harghita
|257,707
|'''85.21%'''
|20.99%
|-
|Covasna
|150,468
|'''73.74%'''
|12.25%
|-
|Ganuwar
|200,858
|38.09%
|16.36%
|-
|Satu Mare
|112,580
|34.65%
|9.17%
|-
|Bihor
|138,213
|25.27%
|11.25%
|-
|Sălaj
|50,177
|23.35%
|4.08%
|-
|Cluj
|103,591
|15.93%
|8.43%
|-
|Arad
|36,568
|9.03%
|2.97%
|-
|Brașov
|39,661
|7.69%
|3.23%
|-
|Maramureș
|32,618
|7.22%
|2.65%
|-
|Timiș
|35,295
|5.57%
|2.87%
|-
|Bistrița-Năsăud
|14,350
|5.23%
|1.16%
|-
|Alba
|14,849
|4.61%
|1.21%
|-
|Hunedoara
|15,900
|4.04%
|1.29%
|-
|Sibiu
|10,893
|2.93%
|0.88%
|-
|Caraș-Severin
|3,276
|1.19%
|0.26%
|-
|Bacău
|4,373
|0.75%
|0.35%
|-
|[[Bukarest|Bucharest]]
|3,463
|0.21%
|0.28%
|-
|'''Jimillar'''
|'''1,222,650'''|{{N/a}}
|'''6.1% a duk fadin kasar'''
|}
Sauran kabilun Hungary 4,973 (0.4%) suna zaune a sauran yankuna na Romania, inda suka kasance ƙasa da 0.1% na yawan jama'a.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, kashi 45.9% na 'yan Hungary na Romania sun kasance masu gyara, kashi 40.8% Roman Katolika, kashi 4.5% Unitarian da kashi 2.1% na Orthodox na Romania. Ƙarin kashi 5.8% na wasu ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rezultate 2011 – Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rpl-2011/rezultate-2011/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |language=ro-RO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kashi 0.25 cikin dari na 'yan Hungary ba su yarda da Allah ba.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Oameni_si_lalele_-_Cluj-Napoca,_Piata_Unirii._Statuia_lui_Matei_Corvin.jpg|Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár), Statue of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary by János Fadrusz
Fayil:2006_0602AlbaIuliaCatedralaCatolica0416.JPG|Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár) Catholic cathedral, Romanesque, 12th century
Fayil:Torocko.JPG|Rimetea (Torockó)
Fayil:TarguMures2.JPG|Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), Hungarian Art Nouveau
Fayil:Szekelyderzs_01.jpg|Dârjiu (Székelyderzs), Fortified Unitarian Church
Fayil:Derzs4.jpg|Dârjiu, The murals of the Unitarian church show the legend of Ladislaus I of Hungary.
Fayil:RO_HR_Odorheiu_Secuiesc_RomCat_cathedral.jpg|Odorheiu Secuiesc (Székelyudvarhely), Franciscan Church
Fayil:Katolikus_templom_vasarhely2.jpg|Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), Catholic Church (former Jesuit Church)
Fayil:Szekelykapuk1225.JPG|Székely Gate
Fayil:Enlaka_rovas_inscription.jpg|Inlăceni (Énlaka), Hungarian runic script (Old Hungarian script)
Fayil:Catedrala_Catolica.jpg|Oradea (Nagyvárad), Catholic Cathedral and Ladislaus I of Hungary Statue
Fayil:Fortified_church_in_Mihăileni,_Rachel_Titiriga.jpg|Fortified church of Mihăileni, Harghita County
Fayil:Piata_Sfanta_Maria,_Timisoara_2.jpg|Timișoara (Temesvár) Virgin Mary Monument, Romanesque, 20th century
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Dangantakar Hungary da Romania
* 'Yan Hungary da ke zaune a kasashen waje
* Shige da fice zuwa Romania
* 'Yan Romania a Hungary
* Jerin garuruwa a Romania ta yawan mutanen Hungary
* Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Romania
* Kwanakin Al'adun Hungary na Cluj
* Transylvaniaism

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

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[[Fayil:Romániai_magyarok_a_2021-es_népszámlálás_alapján.png|thumb|300x300px|'Yan Hungary a Romania (2021) ]]{{Databox}}
The '''Hungarian minority of Romania''' (Hungarian: romániai magyarok, {{IPA|hu|ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒrok|pron}}{{IPA|hu|ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒrok|pron}}{{IPA|hu|ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒrok|pron}}; Romanian: maghiarii din România) is the largest ethnic minority in Romania. As per the 2021 Romanian census, 1,002,151 people (6% of respondents) declared themselves Hungarian, while 1,038,806 people (6.3% of respondents) stated that Hungarian was their 

Most ethnic Hungarians of [[Romainiya|Romania]] live in areas that were parts of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Encompassed in a region known as Transylvania, the most prominent of these areas is known generally as Székely Land (Romanian: Ținutul Secuiesc; Hungarian: Székelyföld), where Hungarians comprise the majority of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;insse3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele definitive ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011 |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2013 |access-date=10 July 2013 |website=Recensamantromania.ro |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transylvania, in the larger sense, also includes the historic regions of Banat, Crișana and Maramureș. There are forty-one counties of Romania; Hungarians form a large majority of the population in the counties of Harghita (85.67%) and Covasna (73.74%), and a large percentage in Mureș (38.09%), Satu Mare (34.65%), Bihor (25.27%), Sălaj (23.35%), and Cluj (15.93%) counties.

Har ila yau, akwai al'ummar 'yan Hungary da ke zaune mafi yawa a Moldova, wanda aka sani da Csángós . Wadannan suna zaune a yankin da ake kira Csángó Land a Moldavia amma kuma a wasu sassan Transylvania da kuma wani kauye na Arewacin Dobruja da aka sani da Oituz . Bugu da kari, ana iya samun ƙananan mutanen [[Bukovina]]&quot; id=&quot;mwPQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Székelys of Bukovina&quot;&gt;Székelys a kudancin Bukovina, suna zaune a ƙauyuka da yankuna da yawa a cikin Gundumar Suceava. Baya ga yankunan tarihi da aka ambata a sama na Romania, [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] ma gida ne a baya kuma har yanzu yana da al'ummar Hungary-Romania.

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihin tarihi ===
[[Fayil:Kingdom_of_Hungary_1102.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Transylvania, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary ta zamani a farkon karni na 12.]]
Ƙabilun Hungary sun samo asali ne a kusa da Dutsen Ural kuma sun isa yankin da Romania ta yanzu ta kafa a cikin karni na 9 daga Etelköz ko ''Atelkuzu'' (kusan sararin da Kudancin [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] na yanzu, [[Moldavia|Moldova]]&quot; id=&quot;mwUQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Republic of Moldova&quot;&gt;Jamhuriyar Moldova da lardin Romania na Moldavia suka mamaye). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Csáky |first=Veronika |last2=Gerber |first2=Dániel |last3=Szeifert |first3=Bea |last4=Egyed |first4=Balázs |last5=Stégmár |first5=Balázs |last6=Botalov |first6=Sergei Gennad’evich |last7=Grudochko |first7=Ivan Valer’evich |last8=Matveeva |first8=Natalia Petrovna |last9=Zelenkov |first9=Alexander Sergejevich |last10=Sleptsova |first10=Anastasiia Viktorovna |last11=Goldina |first11=Rimma Dmitrievna |last12=Danich |first12=Andrey Vasilevich |last13=Mende |first13=Balázs Gusztáv |last14=Türk |first14=Attila |last15=Szécsényi-Nagy |first15=Anna |date=5 November 2020 |title=Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19137 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1019137C |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-75910-z |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7645724 |pmid=33154399}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yanayi daban-daban (duba Honfoglalás), kabilun Magyar sun haye Carpathians a kusa da 895 AD kuma sun mamaye Karpathian Basin (ciki har da Transylvania na yanzu) ba tare da wata babbar juriya daga mutanen yankin ba. Ba a san ainihin ranar cin nasarar Transylvania ba; kayan tarihi na Magyar da aka samo a yankin sun kasance a farkon rabin karni na 10.

A shekara ta 1526, a Yaƙin Mohács, sojojin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] sun hallaka sojojin Hungary kuma a shekara ta 1571 Transylvania ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman. Masarautar Transylvania ta mallaki sarakuna da majalisa (Diet). Majalisar dokokin Transylvania ta kunshi Kasashe uku (Unio Trium Nationum): manyan mutanen Hungary (yawanci manyan mutanen Hungary da malamai); shugabannin 'yan asalin Transylvania Saxons-Jamusanci; da kuma' yanci Székely Hungarians.

Tare da cin nasarar Ottomans a Yaƙin Vienna a shekara ta 1683, Masarautar Habsburg a hankali ta fara tilasta mulkin su a kan tsohon Transylvania mai cin gashin kanta. Daga 1711 zuwa gaba, bayan kammala yakin Rákóczi na Independence, an karfafa ikon Habsburg a kan Transylvania, kuma an maye gurbin sarakunan Transylvania da gwamnonin mulkin Habsburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica-Transylvania&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transylvania |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania |access-date=7 February 2011 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1765 an ayyana ''Babban Masarautar Transylvania'', yana karfafa matsayi na musamman na Transylvania a cikin Daular Habsburg, wanda ''Diploma Leopoldinum'' ya kafa a cikin 1691. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica-Leopoldinum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diploma Leopoldinum – Transylvanian history |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarihin Hungary yana ganin wannan a matsayin tsari ne kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Hunyadi: Hungary in American History Textbooks |url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu03.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820003355/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu03.htm |archive-date=20 August 2009 |access-date=7 July 2009 |website=Andrew L. Simon |publisher=Corvinus Library Hungarian History}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Daular Habsburg, Transylvania ta kasance wani ɓangare na mulkin Hungary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica-Transylvania&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Yarjejeniyar Austro-Hungary ta 1867, Transylvania ta sake zama wani bangare na Masarautar Hungary, tare da harshen Hungary ya zama harshen hukuma kuma an gabatar da Magialization a yankin ba da daɗewa ba.
[[Fayil:TransylvaniaProper.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Romania tare da &quot;Transylvania daidai&quot; a cikin rawaya mai haske]]
Bayan shan kashi a yakin duniya na farko, Austria-Hungary ta rushe. Wakilan da aka zaba na kabilun Romania na Transylvania, Banat, Crișana, da Maramureș sun ayyana Tarayyar tare da Romania a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1918. Tare da ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da Yaƙin Hungary-Romania (1918-1919), Yarjejeniyar Trianon (wanda aka sanya hannu a ranar 4 ga Yuni 1920) ta bayyana sabon iyaka tsakanin jihohin Hungary da Romania. A sakamakon haka, fiye da 'yan tsirarun Hungary miliyan 1.5 na Transylvania sun sami kansu sun zama ƙungiyar' yan tsiraru a cikin Romania. Har ila yau, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I, ƙungiyar iyalai na Csángó sun kafa ƙauye a Arewacin Dobruja da aka sani da Oituz, inda 'yan Hungary ke zaune a yau.
[[Fayil:Northern_Transylvania_ethnic_map.svg|left|thumb|Taswirar kabilanci na Arewacin Transylvania]]
A watan Agustan 1940, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an mayar da rabin Arewacin Transylvania zuwa Hungary ta hanyar lambar yabo ta Vienna ta biyu. Masanin tarihi Keith Hitchins  ya taƙaita halin da aka samu ta hanyar kyautar: Wasu 'yan Romania 1,150,000 zuwa 1,300,000, ko kashi 48 cikin dari zuwa sama da kashi 50 cikin dari na yawan mutanen yankin da aka ba su, dangane da waɗanda aka yi amfani da kididdigar su, sun kasance a arewacin sabon iyakar, yayin da kimanin' yan Hungary 500,000 (sauran ƙididdigar Hungary sun kai 800,000, 'yan Romania kamar 363,000) sun ci gaba da zama a kudu. A watan Satumba-Oktoba 1944, sojojin Romania da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] sun sake dawo da Arewacin Transylvania; yankin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin soja ta Soviet har zuwa 9 ga Maris 1945, bayan haka ya sake zama wani ɓangare na Romania. Yarjejeniyar Paris (1947) ta soke lambar yabo ta Vienna kuma ta amince da yankin arewacin Transylvania a matsayin wani ɓangare na Romania.

Bayan yakin, a cikin 1952, hukumomin kwaminisanci sun kirkiro Yankin Magyar mai cin gashin kansa a Romania. An rushe yankin a shekarar 1968, lokacin da sabuwar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta ƙasar (har yanzu tana aiki a yau) ta maye gurbin yankuna da yankuna. Hukumomin kwaminisanci, kuma musamman bayan mulkin Nicolae Ceaușescu ya zo mulki, sun sake fara manufofin Romanianization.

A yau, &quot;Transylvania da ya dace&quot; (mai launin rawaya a kan taswirar da ke biyowa) an haɗa shi a cikin yankunan Romania (județe) na Alba, Bistrița-Năsăud, Brașov, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Mureș, Sălaj (a wani bangare) da Sibiu. Baya ga &quot;Transylvania daidai&quot;, Transylvania ta zamani ta haɗa da Crișana da wani ɓangare na Banat; waɗannan yankuna (duhu mai launin rawaya a taswirar) suna cikin yankunan Arad, Bihor, Caraș-Severin, Maramureș, Sălaj (a wani ɓangare), Satu Mare, da Timiș.

=== Lokacin bayan Kwaminisanci ===
[[Fayil:Szekely04.png|thumb|355x355px|Taswirar kabilanci na Harghita, Covasna, da Mureș Counties bisa ga bayanan 2011, yana nuna yankuna tare da mafi rinjaye ko yawa na Hungary.]]
Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Romania na 1989, jam'iyyun siyasa na kabilanci sun kafa su ne daga 'yan Hungary, wadanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Democrat Union of Hungarians a Romania, da kuma 'yan Transylvanians na Romania, wadanda suka kirkiro Jam'iyyar Romania National Unity Party. Rikicin kabilanci, duk da haka, bai taba faruwa a kan wani sikelin ba, duk da cewa wasu rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, kamar Abubuwan da suka faru a Târgu Mureș na Maris 1990, sun faru jim kadan bayan faduwar mulkin Ceaușescu.

A cikin 1995, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta asali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hungary da Romania. A cikin yarjejeniyar, Hungary ta yi watsi da duk ikirarin yankin ga Transylvania, kuma Romania ta sake jaddada girmamawa ga haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru. Dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta yayin da Hungary ta farko, sannan Romania, ta zama Mambobin EU a cikin 2000s.

Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR / RMDSZ) ita ce babbar wakilin 'yan Hungary a Romania, kuma memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Al'ummai da Jama'a da ba a wakilce su ba. Manufar UDMR ita ce cimma karamar hukuma, ikon cin gashin kanta na al'adu da yanki da kuma haƙƙin cin gashin kai ga 'yan Hungary. UDMR memba ne na Tarayyar Demokradiyyar Turai (EDU) da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Turai (EPP). Tun daga shekara ta 1996, UDMR ta kasance memba ko mai goyon bayan kowane hadin gwiwar gwamnati.

Yarjejeniyar siyasa ta kawo sannu a hankali aiwatar da harshen Hungary a rayuwar yau da kullun: Dokar Gudanar da Jama'a ta 215/2002 ta tanadi &quot;amfani da harsunan 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa a cikin gwamnati a cikin ƙauyuka inda' yan tsiraru suka wuce 20% na yawan jama'a&quot;; 'yan tsirarun kabilanci za su sami kwafin takardun a cikin yarensu; duk da haka, hukumomin hukuma suna adana takardun hukuma a cikin Romanian kawai; gwamnatin gida za ta samar da rubuce-rubuce don sunayen yankuna da cibiyoyin jama'a a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, kuma nuna sanarwarsu ta jama'a ɗaya.

Kodayake Romania ta sanya hannu kan dokokin Turai don kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, aiwatarwa ba ta gamsar da dukkan mambobin al'ummar Hungary ba. Akwai motsi daga 'yan Hungary duka don karuwar cin gashin kansu da ci gaban al'adu daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen da kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban na Hungary suka gabatar sun haɗa da kirkirar &quot;yanki mai cin gashin kansa&quot; a cikin yankunan da suka kafa ''Yankin Szekler'' (''Székelyföld''), kusan daidai da yankin tsohuwar lardin Hungary mai cin gashi da kuma ƙasar Szekler ta tarihi wacce gwamnatin Hungary ta soke a rabi na biyu na karni na 19, da sake kafa jami'ar yaren Hungary mai zaman kanta.

Koyaya, halin da 'yan tsiraru na Hungary ke ciki a Romania wasu sun gan shi a matsayin abin koyi na bambancin al'adu da kabilanci a yankin Balkan: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld – Romania: Ethnic Hungarians (January 2001 – January 2006) |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47de378f1a.html |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Unhcr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin jawabin da ya yi wa jama'ar Amurka, [[Bill Clinton|Shugaba Clinton]] ya tambayi a tsakiyar yakin iska a Kosovo: Wanene zai bayyana makomar wannan ɓangaren duniya... ''Slobodan Milošević, tare da na'urar farfaganda da dakarun soja waɗanda ke tilasta wa mutane su bar ƙasarsu, ainihi, da dukiya, ko kuma jihar kamar Romania wacce ta gina dimokuradiyya da ke mutunta haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru?''

== Shahararrun 'yan Hungary na Romania ==

=== Wasanni ===
Yawancin 'yan kabilar Hungary &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mircea Dominte |date=6 September 2013 |title=Origini ungurești pentru medalii olimpice românești |url=http://www.fanatik.ro/origini-unguresti-pentru-medalii-olimpice-romanesti-71147 |publisher=fanatik.ro |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun lashe lambobin Olympics ga Romania.

* Iolanda Balaș (Jolanda Balázs) (2G) Tsalle-tsalle 1960 da 1964.
* Ileana Silai (Ilona Gergely) (S) 800m 1968 &lt;ref name=&quot;udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Udvardy Frigyes – A romániai magyar kisebbség történeti kronológiája 1990–2009 |url=http://udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro/index.php?action=nevmutato&amp;nevmutato=Silai+Ilona |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ecaterina Szabo  (Katalin Szabó) (3G-mutum, 1G-team 1S-mutum) Gymnastics 1984&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=Ennyivel tartozunk (Az egyetemes magyar sportért) – 2010. november 1., hétfő - |url=http://www.3szek.ro/load/cikk/33825/ennyivel_tartozunk_az_egyetemes_magyar_sportert |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=3szek.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Emilia Eberle (Hungarian-Jamusanci)  (1S-mutum, 1S-team) Gymnastics 1980&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gymn Forum: Emilia Eberle Biography |url=http://www.gymn-forum.net/bios/women/eberle.html |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Gymn-forum.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zita Funkenhauser, na asalin Jamusanci da Hungary da kuma mai magana da harshen Hungary (kamar yadda ake buƙatar bayani) 'ya'yanta da aka haifa a Jamus). 
* Gabriela Szabo (1G, 1S, 1B) 1996, 2000 (mahaifin ɗan Hungary) 
* Corneliu Oros (B) Kungiyar volleyball &lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2013 |title=Origini ungurești pentru medalii olimpice românești – Fanatik – Sport si pariuri |url=http://www.fanatik.ro/origini-unguresti-pentru-medalii-olimpice-romanesti-71147 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Fanatik.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Noemi Lung (Noemi Ildikó Lung) (S, B) Yin iyo 1984 &lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1984, Los Angeles |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1984.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elena Horvat (Ilona Horvath) (G) ƙungiyar hawa 1984  &lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot; /&gt;
* Viorica Ioja (Ibolya Jozsa)  (G, S) Team-rowing 84&lt;ref name=&quot;3szek.ro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2013 |title=Egyetemes magyar sport – Lapozgató (53.) – 2013. december 30., hétfő - |url=http://www.3szek.ro/load/cikk/66482/egyetemes_magyar_sport_%E2%80%93_lapozgato_53 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=3szek.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aneta Mihaly (S) Team-rowing  1984&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Herta Anitaș  (S, B) Ruwa na rukuni 1988&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Eniko Barabas (Enikö Barabás)  (B) Team-rowing 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Elisabeta Lazăr (Erzsébet Lázár)  (B) Team-rowing76&lt;ref name=&quot;3szek.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Ladislau Lovrenschi (László Lavrenszki)  (B) Ruwa 72 (S) 88&lt;ref name=&quot;3szek.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Ioan Pop (János Pap) (2B)   Team-sabre (B) 76, (B) 84&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ioan Pop Biography and Olympic Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/po/ioan-pop-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410213156/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/po/ioan-pop-1.html |archive-date=10 April 2011 |access-date=2011-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vívó világversenyek kulisszatitkai |url=http://www.erdon.ro/vivo-vilagversenyek-kulisszatitkai/2343239 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119213002/http://www.erdon.ro/vivo-vilagversenyek-kulisszatitkai/2343239 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alexandru Nilca (Sándor Nyilka)   Team-sabre (B) 76&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Egyetemes magyar sport – Lapozgató (45.) – 2013. november 4., hétfő - |url=http://www.3szek.ro/load/cikk/64952/egyetemes_magyar_sport_%E2%80%93_lapozgato_45 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=3szek.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexandru Nilca Biography and Olympic Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ni/alexandru-nilca-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921150035/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ni/alexandru-nilca-1.html |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=2011-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vilhelm Szabo]] (Vilmos Szabó) (B) Team-Sabre 1984 &lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot; /&gt;
* Monika Weber-Koszto (S) Team-foil 1984  (+ 1S, 2B don Jamus) &lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Marcela Zsak  (S) Team-foil 1984 '&lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Rozalia Oros (Rozália Orosz)  (S) Team-foil 1984&lt;ref name=&quot;3szek.ro&quot; /&gt;
* Olga Orban-Szabo (Olga Orbán Szabó) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 (1S) Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mutum 1956  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1956 Melbourne |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1956.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KILLYÉNI ANDRÁS : SZABÓ-ORBÁN OLGA : A L Á N Y, A K I M E G H Ó D Í TOT TA A V I L Á G OT |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/10700/10755/10755.pdf |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Mek.oszk.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1956 Melbourne |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1956.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=www.americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ileana Gyulai-Drimba (Ilona Gyulai) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1968 Mexico City |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1968.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ecaterina Stahl-Iencic (Katalin Jencsik) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;
* Reka Zsofia Lazar-Szabo (1S, 1B) Ƙungiyar Mata 1992, 1996 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frenkiebig |title=Erdélyi Örmény Gyökerek Kulturális Egyesület |url=http://www.magyarormeny.hu/index.php?apps=ormenyek&amp;article=28 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Magyarormeny.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Simona Pop&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Csipler Attilától Simona Popig – azaz szatmári érmek és rekordok az olimpiák történelmében |url=http://www.szatmar.ro/Csipler_Attilatol_Simona_Popig/hirek/80505 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=szatmar.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Stefan Birtalan (István Bertalan) (1S, 2B) Team-Handball 1972, 1976,1980 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1972 Munich |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1972.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gabriel Kicsid (1S, 1B) Team-Handball 1972,1976 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
* Iosif Boros (József Boros)  (2B) Kungiyar kwallon hannu 1980 da 1984 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iosif Boroş Bio, Stats, and Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/iosif-boros-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230115631/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/iosif-boros-1.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 |access-date=2014-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1980 Moscow (Magyar Olimpiai Bajnokok) |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1980.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Stefan Tasnadi (István Tasnádi)  (S) ɗaga nauyi 1984  &lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ştefan Taşnadi Bio, Stats, and Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ta/stefan-tasnadi-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523055446/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ta/stefan-tasnadi-1.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=2014-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Valentin Silaghi (B) dambe 1980 &lt;ref name=&quot;udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro&quot; /&gt;  [dubious - tattauna]&lt;ref name=&quot;fanatik.ro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;americanhungarianfederation.org1&quot; /&gt; 
* Ladislau Simon (László Simon)  (B) kokawa 1976 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ladislau Şimon Biography and Olympic Results &amp;#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ladislau-simon-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114162836/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ladislau-simon-1.html |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=2012-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1976 Montreal (magyar olimpiai bajnokok listája) |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1976.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Francisc Horvath &lt;ref name=&quot;udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro&quot; /&gt; (Ferenc Horváth) (B) kokawa 1956 &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

==== 'Yan wasan Olympic chess ====

* Janos Balogh
* Stefan Erdélyi (István Erdélyi) 
* Alexandru Tyroler (Sándor Tyroler) 
* Miklós Bródy
* Szidonia Vajda

* Albert-László Barabási, masanin kimiyyar lissafi
* Tünde Fülöp, masanin kimiyyar plasma
* Veronica Vaida, likitan magani
* [[Gheorghe Elemer Vaida]], injiniyan sinadarai

* George Lusztig: Azurfa 1962
* {{Interlanguage link|László Zsidó|ro}} : Zinariya 1963
* {{Interlanguage link|András Némethi|hu|Némethi András}} : Azurfa 1978
* Gabriel Nagy: Azurfa 1978

=== Wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics ===

* Adrian Mihai Devenyi: Zinariya 1982, Azurfa 1981
* Zoltan Gagyi-Palffy: tagulla 1986
* Peter Szerö: Zinariya 2009
* Vlad-Ștefan Oros: Zinariya 2023

=== Waƙoƙin gargajiya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col1left&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
!Gundumar
!Gundumar Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
!'Yan Hungary a matsayin kashi na yawan jama'ar yankin &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
!Kamar yadda % na jimlar 'yan Hungary a Romania &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|Harghita
|257,707
|'''85.21%'''
|20.99%
|-
|Covasna
|150,468
|'''73.74%'''
|12.25%
|-
|Ganuwar
|200,858
|38.09%
|16.36%
|-
|Satu Mare
|112,580
|34.65%
|9.17%
|-
|Bihor
|138,213
|25.27%
|11.25%
|-
|Sălaj
|50,177
|23.35%
|4.08%
|-
|Cluj
|103,591
|15.93%
|8.43%
|-
|Arad
|36,568
|9.03%
|2.97%
|-
|Brașov
|39,661
|7.69%
|3.23%
|-
|Maramureș
|32,618
|7.22%
|2.65%
|-
|Timiș
|35,295
|5.57%
|2.87%
|-
|Bistrița-Năsăud
|14,350
|5.23%
|1.16%
|-
|Alba
|14,849
|4.61%
|1.21%
|-
|Hunedoara
|15,900
|4.04%
|1.29%
|-
|Sibiu
|10,893
|2.93%
|0.88%
|-
|Caraș-Severin
|3,276
|1.19%
|0.26%
|-
|Bacău
|4,373
|0.75%
|0.35%
|-
|[[Bukarest|Bucharest]]
|3,463
|0.21%
|0.28%
|-
|'''Jimillar'''
|'''1,222,650'''|{{N/a}}
|'''6.1% a duk fadin kasar'''
|}
Sauran kabilun Hungary 4,973 (0.4%) suna zaune a sauran yankuna na Romania, inda suka kasance ƙasa da 0.1% na yawan jama'a.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, kashi 45.9% na 'yan Hungary na Romania sun kasance masu gyara, kashi 40.8% Roman Katolika, kashi 4.5% Unitarian da kashi 2.1% na Orthodox na Romania. Ƙarin kashi 5.8% na wasu ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rezultate 2011 – Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rpl-2011/rezultate-2011/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |language=ro-RO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kashi 0.25 cikin dari na 'yan Hungary ba su yarda da Allah ba.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Oameni_si_lalele_-_Cluj-Napoca,_Piata_Unirii._Statuia_lui_Matei_Corvin.jpg|Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár), Statue of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary by János Fadrusz
Fayil:2006_0602AlbaIuliaCatedralaCatolica0416.JPG|Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár) Catholic cathedral, Romanesque, 12th century
Fayil:Torocko.JPG|Rimetea (Torockó)
Fayil:TarguMures2.JPG|Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), Hungarian Art Nouveau
Fayil:Szekelyderzs_01.jpg|Dârjiu (Székelyderzs), Fortified Unitarian Church
Fayil:Derzs4.jpg|Dârjiu, The murals of the Unitarian church show the legend of Ladislaus I of Hungary.
Fayil:RO_HR_Odorheiu_Secuiesc_RomCat_cathedral.jpg|Odorheiu Secuiesc (Székelyudvarhely), Franciscan Church
Fayil:Katolikus_templom_vasarhely2.jpg|Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), Catholic Church (former Jesuit Church)
Fayil:Szekelykapuk1225.JPG|Székely Gate
Fayil:Enlaka_rovas_inscription.jpg|Inlăceni (Énlaka), Hungarian runic script (Old Hungarian script)
Fayil:Catedrala_Catolica.jpg|Oradea (Nagyvárad), Catholic Cathedral and Ladislaus I of Hungary Statue
Fayil:Fortified_church_in_Mihăileni,_Rachel_Titiriga.jpg|Fortified church of Mihăileni, Harghita County
Fayil:Piata_Sfanta_Maria,_Timisoara_2.jpg|Timișoara (Temesvár) Virgin Mary Monument, Romanesque, 20th century
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Dangantakar Hungary da Romania
* 'Yan Hungary da ke zaune a kasashen waje
* Shige da fice zuwa Romania
* 'Yan Romania a Hungary
* Jerin garuruwa a Romania ta yawan mutanen Hungary
* Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Romania
* Kwanakin Al'adun Hungary na Cluj
* Transylvaniaism

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zuciyar Ape</title>
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    <id>157797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858219</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:13:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322090008|The Mind of an Ape]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="10306" sha1="sh7rvwm5l7fpycjoqo53cvqsj51nvt4" xml:space="preserve">The Mind of an Ape littafi ne na 1983 na David Premack da Ann James Premack . Marubutan suna jayayya cewa yana yiwuwa a koyar da [[Harshe (yare)|harshe]] ga manyan birai (ba mutane ba). Sun rubuta: &quot;Yanzu mun san cewa wanda ya fahimci magana dole ne ya san harshe, koda kuwa ba zai iya samar da shi ba. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mind13&quot;&gt;Premack, David &amp; Premack, Ann James. ''The Mind of an Ape'', p. 13. {{ISBN|0-393-01581-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;c

== The authors ==
David Premack, emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, and Ann James Premack, a science writer, began teaching language to apes in 1964. Premack started his work at the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology in Orange Park, [[Florida]], a program at the University of Florida, continued it at the University of Missouri, then at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of Pennsylvania.

== The apes ==
The subjects of the program, nine chimpanzees, were reared in a laboratory environment specifically designed to stimulate their intellect, as animals raised otherwise fail to thrive. This was in contrast to the traditional psychology lab where the animals are caged and remain in solitude. Sarah, born in 1959, demonstrated use of an invented language. Gussie failed to learn any words. Elizabeth and Peony were trained in the language. Walnut, a late arrival, also was trained in the language, but failed to learn any words. Jessie, Sadie, Bert, and Luvie, 1975 controls, were not trained in the language, but demonstrated pointing.

== Language suitable for an ape ==
The language designed by Premack for an ape was not verbal; Premack's chimpanzee program differed from that of a separate research program in which other chimpanzees were raised in a human family in parallel with human babies, and taught words.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes 1951&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hayes|1951}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eventually, the chimpanzees might get to a two-year-old human's list of words, but no further. Vicki was eventually trained to speak four words.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes 1951&quot; /&gt; The experiments with those chimpanzees did not demonstrate the existence of the faculties shown by Sarah discussed below, in her command of a language, for example. In other experiments, other chimpanzees have been taught [[Harshen Kurame na Amurka|American Sign Language]] (ASL), notably Washoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner 1969 664–672&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|1969}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner 1989&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|Van Cantfort|1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; Washoe could use 68 gestures after three years of training, eventually getting to 150 gestures. However, Nim,&lt;ref name=&quot;Terrace 1979&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Terrace|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; trained in ASL, was found to demonstrate no forms with grammar, his linguistic productions being sets of gestures in no particular order. Koko&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patterson|Linden|1981}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Chantek&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Miles|1990}}&lt;/ref&gt; were also trained in ASL. See also [[Kanzi]]'s 400-word vocabulary of spontaneous productions as of 2005.

== The language tokens ==
The [[Harshe (yare)|language]] consisted of a series of colored plastic tokens, which the chimpanzees could manipulate and stick to a magnetic board. Each token stood for a word which was never spoken in the chimpanzee's presence. Sarah began her language training in 1967 at age five, beginning with food exchanges, to establish a social exchange with the instructor. The Premacks note that the chimpanzees ''gave'' food reluctantly and unwillingly, far preferring to ''receive'' food. In a series of experiments, Premack was able to train Sarah, Elizabeth, and Peony to parse sentences:

which might result in Peony touching the trainer's nose.
The tokens did not resemble the objects; an apple was symbolized by a blue triangle token. The chimpanzee Elizabeth would be symbolized by a decorated '''E''' token, a copy of which would dangle from a necklace around her neck. The trainer would also wear a corresponding token, as would other investigators whom the chimpanzee would have to name in the formation of the target [[Jimla|sentence]]. It took Sarah, Elizabeth, and Peony each hundreds of trials to first form an association between the tokens and the objects. Sarah in particular was trained in the token manipulations for 18 months. Sarah was able to learn imperative sentences with a grammar, 

: Sarah jam bread take

in which the trainer allowed her to take the bread and jam, and also negative sentences

: No Sarah honey cracker take

in which the trainer restrained her from taking the cracker and honey, which taught Sarah to suppress her impulse to take the negated object. In particular, the noun had to be at the beginning and the verb had to be at the end of the production, or else the trainer would not respond to Sarah's ungrammatical sentence. After hundreds of trials, Sarah could reliably produce the grammatical form

: Mary give apple Sarah

=== List of tokens ===
 

== Questions ==
Sarah was also able to answer questions in the form of a question token &quot;?&quot; which she could answer by selecting a resolving token. However, Sarah was never able to ask questions by manipulating the &quot;?&quot; token. The question &quot;What is the color of apple?&quot;

: &quot;?&quot; color of apple (blue triangle)

would be answered with the token for 'red' (a gray curved token).

== New symbols ==
Premack was able to demonstrate that Sarah could understand how to decode a symbol stream after training. First, she had to learn the token ''name-of'' and then learn that some new, but real objects had the name-of ''fig token1'' and ''crackerjack token2''.

She learned

: Real crackerjack name-of ''crackerjack token2''.

== Other concepts ==
Sarah, Peony, and Elizabeth were able to respond to and formulate analogies and to express judgements. In these trials, problems were formulated by videotaped situations involving an actor, both friendly and unfriendly. With no training, and with observation of the laboratory only, Sarah was able to select answers requiring judgement, based on her experiences in the laboratory, such as the fact that a light cord had to be plugged in to solve some problems. Sarah was able to select proposed solutions for resolving the situations.

Sarah was most accurate on judgements of sameness, less so on similarity, and least accurate on judgements of difference. Human children were then tested with the same protocols, using speech. Young children passed the tests on number, but failed on tests measuring conservation of liquid and solid. Five- to six-year-old children passed the tests on conservation of liquid and solid, suggesting a similar process for the cognition of measurement of conservation of liquid and solid, between ape and human.

== The conditional statement ==
Sarah was able to parse the following sentence in a way to give her the most reward:

: ''Sarah take banana if-then Mary no give chocolate''
: (both an apple and a banana portion are presented for Sarah to take as part of the statement)

In this sentence, if Sarah were to take the apple, then Mary, the trainer, would give her the chocolate, but if Sarah were to take the banana, then Mary would not give her the chocolate.

The chimpanzees do not spontaneously point outside of the psychological laboratory. The control chimpanzees, which were not trained in the language, could all point to communicate with the trainers.

== Mappings and other representations ==
The chimpanzees of Premack's laboratory were not able to navigate given training on a map, unless the map was an exact-scale replica of the mission situation.

== Spontaneous productions ==
Not all individuals in a given species have equivalent capabilities to produce spontaneous communications. Washoe,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner 1969 664–672&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|1969}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner 1989&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|Van Cantfort|1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; spontaneously signed, in contrast to Nim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Terrace 1979&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Terrace|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, [[Kanzi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Savage-Rumbaugh|Rumbaugh|McDonald|1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; at age 30 months demonstrated spontaneous production of gestures and keyboard presses to ask for desired objects or events, and to name items in response to queries from the trainer. Kanzi had not been trained in producing communications. Apparently, he learned this while playing in the training room while his adoptive mother [[Kanzi|Matata]] was being trained to use gestures and keyboard presses (&quot;Lexigrams&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Savage-Rumbaugh|McDonald|Sevcik|Hopkins|1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; The spontaneous productions by Kanzi occurred in the absence of Matata. Kanzi could produce 400 words and recognize 500.

== Natural gestures ==
The Premacks note that chimpanzees use some gestures with each other, which the trainers use to communicate with both the language-trained chimpanzees and the control chimpanzees.

* Requests for food
** hand cupped, palm upward, for a chimpanzee to place food in
** extruding lips in supplication
* Appeasement
** One chimpanzee, trembling, hugged Premack at the beginning of his career, as if to appease him at the time of displaying outrage
* Grooming
* Eating
* Greeting

== Other personal traits ==
The Premacks stated that the chimpanzees had specific traits, such as favorite trainers, and that some chimpanzees, such as Gussie, seemed more fearful than the others. As previously noted, the Premacks noticed that Jessie seemed to be the brightest of the nine chimpanzee subjects. For example, she did not hesitate to unmask a masked researcher, which none of the other chimpanzees attempted. It is clear that the Premacks attempted to provide a humane, supportive environment for the chimpanzees.

Vauclair notes that chimpanzees become distressed in the absence of their favorite companion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Vauclair|1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==

* Primate cognition
* Thomas Nagel (seminal paper, &quot;What is it like to be a bat?&quot;)
* Animal cognition
* Alex (parrot), so far the only non-human animal ever to ask an existential question.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:14:02Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="10319" sha1="ev4hkp9d75r7lcxeftf46qktot0snh0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

The Mind of an Ape littafi ne na 1983 na David Premack da Ann James Premack . Marubutan suna jayayya cewa yana yiwuwa a koyar da [[Harshe (yare)|harshe]] ga manyan birai (ba mutane ba). Sun rubuta: &quot;Yanzu mun san cewa wanda ya fahimci magana dole ne ya san harshe, koda kuwa ba zai iya samar da shi ba. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mind13&quot;&gt;Premack, David &amp; Premack, Ann James. ''The Mind of an Ape'', p. 13. {{ISBN|0-393-01581-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;c

== The authors ==
David Premack, emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, and Ann James Premack, a science writer, began teaching language to apes in 1964. Premack started his work at the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology in Orange Park, [[Florida]], a program at the University of Florida, continued it at the University of Missouri, then at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of Pennsylvania.

== The apes ==
The subjects of the program, nine chimpanzees, were reared in a laboratory environment specifically designed to stimulate their intellect, as animals raised otherwise fail to thrive. This was in contrast to the traditional psychology lab where the animals are caged and remain in solitude. Sarah, born in 1959, demonstrated use of an invented language. Gussie failed to learn any words. Elizabeth and Peony were trained in the language. Walnut, a late arrival, also was trained in the language, but failed to learn any words. Jessie, Sadie, Bert, and Luvie, 1975 controls, were not trained in the language, but demonstrated pointing.

== Language suitable for an ape ==
The language designed by Premack for an ape was not verbal; Premack's chimpanzee program differed from that of a separate research program in which other chimpanzees were raised in a human family in parallel with human babies, and taught words.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes 1951&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hayes|1951}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eventually, the chimpanzees might get to a two-year-old human's list of words, but no further. Vicki was eventually trained to speak four words.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes 1951&quot; /&gt; The experiments with those chimpanzees did not demonstrate the existence of the faculties shown by Sarah discussed below, in her command of a language, for example. In other experiments, other chimpanzees have been taught [[Harshen Kurame na Amurka|American Sign Language]] (ASL), notably Washoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner 1969 664–672&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|1969}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner 1989&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|Van Cantfort|1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; Washoe could use 68 gestures after three years of training, eventually getting to 150 gestures. However, Nim,&lt;ref name=&quot;Terrace 1979&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Terrace|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; trained in ASL, was found to demonstrate no forms with grammar, his linguistic productions being sets of gestures in no particular order. Koko&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patterson|Linden|1981}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Chantek&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Miles|1990}}&lt;/ref&gt; were also trained in ASL. See also [[Kanzi]]'s 400-word vocabulary of spontaneous productions as of 2005.

== The language tokens ==
The [[Harshe (yare)|language]] consisted of a series of colored plastic tokens, which the chimpanzees could manipulate and stick to a magnetic board. Each token stood for a word which was never spoken in the chimpanzee's presence. Sarah began her language training in 1967 at age five, beginning with food exchanges, to establish a social exchange with the instructor. The Premacks note that the chimpanzees ''gave'' food reluctantly and unwillingly, far preferring to ''receive'' food. In a series of experiments, Premack was able to train Sarah, Elizabeth, and Peony to parse sentences:

which might result in Peony touching the trainer's nose.
The tokens did not resemble the objects; an apple was symbolized by a blue triangle token. The chimpanzee Elizabeth would be symbolized by a decorated '''E''' token, a copy of which would dangle from a necklace around her neck. The trainer would also wear a corresponding token, as would other investigators whom the chimpanzee would have to name in the formation of the target [[Jimla|sentence]]. It took Sarah, Elizabeth, and Peony each hundreds of trials to first form an association between the tokens and the objects. Sarah in particular was trained in the token manipulations for 18 months. Sarah was able to learn imperative sentences with a grammar, 

: Sarah jam bread take

in which the trainer allowed her to take the bread and jam, and also negative sentences

: No Sarah honey cracker take

in which the trainer restrained her from taking the cracker and honey, which taught Sarah to suppress her impulse to take the negated object. In particular, the noun had to be at the beginning and the verb had to be at the end of the production, or else the trainer would not respond to Sarah's ungrammatical sentence. After hundreds of trials, Sarah could reliably produce the grammatical form

: Mary give apple Sarah

=== List of tokens ===
 

== Questions ==
Sarah was also able to answer questions in the form of a question token &quot;?&quot; which she could answer by selecting a resolving token. However, Sarah was never able to ask questions by manipulating the &quot;?&quot; token. The question &quot;What is the color of apple?&quot;

: &quot;?&quot; color of apple (blue triangle)

would be answered with the token for 'red' (a gray curved token).

== New symbols ==
Premack was able to demonstrate that Sarah could understand how to decode a symbol stream after training. First, she had to learn the token ''name-of'' and then learn that some new, but real objects had the name-of ''fig token1'' and ''crackerjack token2''.

She learned

: Real crackerjack name-of ''crackerjack token2''.

== Other concepts ==
Sarah, Peony, and Elizabeth were able to respond to and formulate analogies and to express judgements. In these trials, problems were formulated by videotaped situations involving an actor, both friendly and unfriendly. With no training, and with observation of the laboratory only, Sarah was able to select answers requiring judgement, based on her experiences in the laboratory, such as the fact that a light cord had to be plugged in to solve some problems. Sarah was able to select proposed solutions for resolving the situations.

Sarah was most accurate on judgements of sameness, less so on similarity, and least accurate on judgements of difference. Human children were then tested with the same protocols, using speech. Young children passed the tests on number, but failed on tests measuring conservation of liquid and solid. Five- to six-year-old children passed the tests on conservation of liquid and solid, suggesting a similar process for the cognition of measurement of conservation of liquid and solid, between ape and human.

== The conditional statement ==
Sarah was able to parse the following sentence in a way to give her the most reward:

: ''Sarah take banana if-then Mary no give chocolate''
: (both an apple and a banana portion are presented for Sarah to take as part of the statement)

In this sentence, if Sarah were to take the apple, then Mary, the trainer, would give her the chocolate, but if Sarah were to take the banana, then Mary would not give her the chocolate.

The chimpanzees do not spontaneously point outside of the psychological laboratory. The control chimpanzees, which were not trained in the language, could all point to communicate with the trainers.

== Mappings and other representations ==
The chimpanzees of Premack's laboratory were not able to navigate given training on a map, unless the map was an exact-scale replica of the mission situation.

== Spontaneous productions ==
Not all individuals in a given species have equivalent capabilities to produce spontaneous communications. Washoe,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner 1969 664–672&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|1969}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner 1989&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|Van Cantfort|1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; spontaneously signed, in contrast to Nim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Terrace 1979&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Terrace|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, [[Kanzi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Savage-Rumbaugh|Rumbaugh|McDonald|1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; at age 30 months demonstrated spontaneous production of gestures and keyboard presses to ask for desired objects or events, and to name items in response to queries from the trainer. Kanzi had not been trained in producing communications. Apparently, he learned this while playing in the training room while his adoptive mother [[Kanzi|Matata]] was being trained to use gestures and keyboard presses (&quot;Lexigrams&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Savage-Rumbaugh|McDonald|Sevcik|Hopkins|1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; The spontaneous productions by Kanzi occurred in the absence of Matata. Kanzi could produce 400 words and recognize 500.

== Natural gestures ==
The Premacks note that chimpanzees use some gestures with each other, which the trainers use to communicate with both the language-trained chimpanzees and the control chimpanzees.

* Requests for food
** hand cupped, palm upward, for a chimpanzee to place food in
** extruding lips in supplication
* Appeasement
** One chimpanzee, trembling, hugged Premack at the beginning of his career, as if to appease him at the time of displaying outrage
* Grooming
* Eating
* Greeting

== Other personal traits ==
The Premacks stated that the chimpanzees had specific traits, such as favorite trainers, and that some chimpanzees, such as Gussie, seemed more fearful than the others. As previously noted, the Premacks noticed that Jessie seemed to be the brightest of the nine chimpanzee subjects. For example, she did not hesitate to unmask a masked researcher, which none of the other chimpanzees attempted. It is clear that the Premacks attempted to provide a humane, supportive environment for the chimpanzees.

Vauclair notes that chimpanzees become distressed in the absence of their favorite companion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Vauclair|1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==

* Primate cognition
* Thomas Nagel (seminal paper, &quot;What is it like to be a bat?&quot;)
* Animal cognition
* Alex (parrot), so far the only non-human animal ever to ask an existential question.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ev4hkp9d75r7lcxeftf46qktot0snh0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sunshine (fim na 1999)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358944249|Sunshine (1999 film)]]&quot;</comment>
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Sunshine fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na 1999 wanda István Szabó ya jagoranta kuma Isra'ila Horovitz da Szabó ne suka rubuta shi. Ya biyo bayan ƙarni biyar na dangin Yahudawa na Hungary, wanda ake kira Sonnenschein (Jamusanci: &quot;&quot;), daga baya ya canza zuwa Sors (Hungarian: &quot;ƙaddamarwa&quot;), yayin canje-canje a Hungary, yana mai da hankali ga ƙarni uku daga ƙarshen karni na 19 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. Labarin iyali ya ratsa halittar Daular Austro-Hungary har zuwa lokacin bayan Juyin Juya Halin 1956, yayin da aka tilasta wa haruffa su mika yawancin asalin su kuma su jimre da rikice-rikicen iyali. Ralph Fiennes ne ya nuna babban namiji na dukkan tsararraki uku. Taurari na fim din sun hada da Rachel Weisz da John Neville, tare da 'yar rayuwa ta ainihi da ƙungiyar mahaifiyar Jennifer Ehle da Rosemary Harris suna wasa iri ɗaya a cikin labarin shekaru shida.

The film was an international co-production among companies from Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Canada. It won three European Film Awards, including Best Actor for Fiennes, and three Canadian Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture.

The mid-19th-century patriarch of the Hungarian-Jewish Sonnenschein (meaning &quot;Sunshine&quot; in German) family is a tavern owner who makes his own popular distilled herb-based tonic in Austria-Hungary. The tonic, called Taste of Sunshine, is later commercially made by his son, Emmanuel, bringing the family great wealth and prestige. He builds a large estate where his oldest son, Ignatz, falls in love with his first cousin, Valerie, despite the disapproval of Emmanuel and Rose, his wife. Ignatz, while studying in law school, begins an affair with Valerie. Ignatz graduates and later earns a place as a respected district judge, when he is asked by the chief judge to change his Jewish surname to a Hungarian one in order to be promoted to the central court. The entire generation &amp;#x2013; Ignatz, his physician brother Gustave and photographer cousin Valerie &amp;#x2013; change their last name to Sors (meaning &quot;fate&quot; in Hungarian). Ignatz then gets promoted when he tells the Minister of Justice a way to delay the prosecution of corrupt politicians.

Istvan and Adam both join the Jewish-run Civic Fencing Club. Adam becomes the best fencer in Hungary, and General Jakofalvy invites him to convert to Roman Catholicism in order to join the nation's top military, non-Jewish, fencing club. While Adam and Istvan are converting, Adam meets Hannah, who is converting at the request of her fiancé and woos her into marrying him. Adam wins the national fencing championship two years in a row and goes on to lead the national team to the 1936 Olympic gold medal in Team Sabre in Nazi Germany, becoming a national hero in Hungary. Istvan's wife, Greta, pursues Adam until they start a secret affair.

New Hungarian laws are passed discriminating against people with any near Jewish ancestors, and the Sors family is initially shielded by the exceptions in the laws. However, Adam is soon expelled from the military fencing club. Greta finally convinces the family that they must emigrate to save their children, but they are too late to get exit visas.

When Germany occupies Hungary, Valerie and Hannah are immediately moved into the Budapest Ghetto. Valerie escapes and hides in a friend's attic, but nobody knows how or where Hannah died. Adam and his son Ivan are sent to a labor camp, where Adam is beaten, stripped naked, and hosed with water until he freezes to death. Istvan, Greta, and their son are summarily shot by Nazis.

After the war, the surviving Sors family returns to the Sonnenschein estate. The elderly Gustave returns from exile and is invited into the communist government, Valerie manages the household, and Ivan becomes a state policeman, working for police Major General Knorr and rounding up fascists from the wartime regime. Ivan rises quickly in the communist ranks and begins an affair with Carole, the wife of a high-ranking communist official. Later, Army General Kope asks Ivan to start vigorously arresting Jews, including Knorr, who are suspected of inciting conspiracies against the current government. After Gustave dies, Kope informs Ivan that his uncle would have been next to be investigated.

When [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] dies in 1953, Ivan feels guilty for helping Kope and not saving Knorr. He leaves the police force and swears to fight the communist regime. In the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, he steps up as a leader but is imprisoned after it fails. Released at the end of the decade, he returns to live together with Valerie in a single room of the former family estate. She falls ill while they search for the tonic recipe. After she dies, he continues the search but accidentally disposes of the book while cleaning out the apartment.

While searching, he uncovers an old letter written by Emanuel to Ignatz telling him never to make being accepted by others his main goal in life. Inspired, Ivan goes to the legal office to change his name from Sors to Sonnenschein. He concludes his storytelling after the end of the communist regime in 1989. While walking down the street afterward, he feels free for the first time in his life.

== Cast ==
 
Psychologist Diana Diamond identified themes in the film as &quot;Trauma, familial and historical&quot;, and how it has lasting effects on the individual's psychology.{{Sfn|Diamond|2005}} The character Ivan's status as narrator reflects this theme, as he witnesses Adam's death in the concentration camp.{{Sfn|Diamond|2005}} In exploring the relationship between Ignatz, Valerie and their brother Gustave and alleged adultery, the film portrays &quot;Oedipal rivalries&quot; and incest.{{Sfn|Diamond|2005}}  Author Christian Schmitt adds ''Sunshine'' may also strive to add a message of hope to the tragedies of history.{{Sfn|Schmitt|2013}}

Professor Dragon Zoltan writes the film starts by contrasting the title ''Sunshine'' with clouds as a backdrop, to communicate a force standing in the way of the sunshine.{{Sfn|Zoltan|2009}} He argues the name of the family's brand, Taste of Sunshine, which is also the literal translation of the film's Hungarian title, suggests that the family's happiness stays with those who have tasted it, even after it is finished.{{Sfn|Zoltan|2009}} The name Sonnenschein is also said in the film to underline the family's Jewish background, while Sors (''fate'') maintains the first two letters while erasing the Jewish traces.{{Sfn|Zoltan|2009}} Ivan becomes a Sonnenschein again after reading a letter telling him how to live, representing the lost recipe of the family brand.{{Sfn|Zoltan|2009}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Fayil:Petschauer_Attila.jpg|thumb|164x164px|Olympian Attila Petschauer was an inspiration to the film.]]
Although the story is a work of fiction, the film draws inspiration from historic events. The Sonnenschein family's liquor business was based on the Zwack family's liquor brand Unicum.{{Sfn|Portuges|2016}} One of Fiennes's three roles is based at least partly on Hungarian Olympian Attila Petschauer.{{Sfn|Soros|2001}} Another role in the film which is similar to that of a historic person is the character Andor Knorr, played by [[William Hurt]], which closely resembles the latter part of the life of László Rajk.{{Sfn|Reeves|2011}} Sonnenschein itself was a name in director István Szabó's family.

Hungarian-born Canadian producer Robert Lantos aspired to help make a film reflecting his family background of Hungarian Jews. ''Sunshine'' was his first project after leaving the position of CEO in Alliance Films.

Szabó shared his idea for the story with Lantos, a friend, in a restaurant, and Lantos was interested. Szabó submitted a screenplay of 400 pages in Hungarian, with Lantos persuading him to condense it and translate to [[Turanci|English]]. The budget was $26 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaybackStaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Playback Staff |date=24 January 2000 |title=Sunshine rising in Europe |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2000/01/24/27871-20000124/ |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Sonnenschein2.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px|Apartment building still bearing the film's markings of the fictional 1870 Sonnenschein mansion and distillery, at 15 Bokréta Street, in [[Budapest]]'s central Ferencváros district (2008).]]
Shooting took place mainly in [[Budapest]]. The Berlin Olympics scene was shot in Budapest and required 1,000 extras. The exterior of the Budapest estate of the Sonnenschein family, with a large mansion and distillery, was filmed at an apartment building at 15 Bokréta Street (Bokréta utca 15), in the city's central Ferencváros district. The filmmakers painted a sign near the top of the building's façade to identify it, for purposes of the story, as belonging to &quot;Emmanuel Sonnenschein &amp; tsa. Liquer&quot; (where tsa. translates to co., for Company).&lt;ref name=&quot;mansion&quot; /&gt; In July 2008, director Szabó and cinematographer Koltai were on hand as invited guests for the grand re-opening of the apartment complex, as the municipal and district governments chose to maintain the fictional company name on the façade and officially name it ''The Sonnenschein House'', after the governments spent 300 million forints renovating the building. Interior shots of the family mansion were filmed at a nearby building, on Liliom Street.&lt;ref name=&quot;Renovation&quot; /&gt;

Fiennes described Szabó as very specific in how scenes were staged and how performances were given. On some shooting days, Fiennes would play all three of his characters, particularly if a specific location was only available for a limited time.

== Release ==
The film premiered in the Toronto International Film Festival in September 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebert&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=23 June 2000 |title=Sunshine |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/sunshine-2000 |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |via=Rogerebert.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alliance Atlantis distributed the film in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Fiona |date=17 December 1999 |title=Sunshine tells Hungarian tale |url=http://playbackonline.ca/1999/12/17/27565-19991217/ |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It opened in [[Vancouver]], [[Toronto]] and [[Montréal|Montreal]] from 17 to 19 December 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Playback&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Playback Staff |date=10 January 2000 |title=Sunshine tops $300K, Laura $1M |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2000/01/10/27782-20000110/ |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>858226</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:17:54Z</timestamp>
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        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
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      <text bytes="10677" sha1="d1cgj5u31oe4aie9y88u4rk2mee5pfw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Sunshine fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na 1999 wanda István Szabó ya jagoranta kuma Isra'ila Horovitz da Szabó ne suka rubuta shi. Ya biyo bayan ƙarni biyar na dangin Yahudawa na Hungary, wanda ake kira Sonnenschein (Jamusanci: &quot;&quot;), daga baya ya canza zuwa Sors (Hungarian: &quot;ƙaddamarwa&quot;), yayin canje-canje a Hungary, yana mai da hankali ga ƙarni uku daga ƙarshen karni na 19 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. Labarin iyali ya ratsa halittar Daular Austro-Hungary har zuwa lokacin bayan Juyin Juya Halin 1956, yayin da aka tilasta wa haruffa su mika yawancin asalin su kuma su jimre da rikice-rikicen iyali. Ralph Fiennes ne ya nuna babban namiji na dukkan tsararraki uku. Taurari na fim din sun hada da Rachel Weisz da John Neville, tare da 'yar rayuwa ta ainihi da ƙungiyar mahaifiyar Jennifer Ehle da Rosemary Harris suna wasa iri ɗaya a cikin labarin shekaru shida.

The film was an international co-production among companies from Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Canada. It won three European Film Awards, including Best Actor for Fiennes, and three Canadian Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture.

The mid-19th-century patriarch of the Hungarian-Jewish Sonnenschein (meaning &quot;Sunshine&quot; in German) family is a tavern owner who makes his own popular distilled herb-based tonic in Austria-Hungary. The tonic, called Taste of Sunshine, is later commercially made by his son, Emmanuel, bringing the family great wealth and prestige. He builds a large estate where his oldest son, Ignatz, falls in love with his first cousin, Valerie, despite the disapproval of Emmanuel and Rose, his wife. Ignatz, while studying in law school, begins an affair with Valerie. Ignatz graduates and later earns a place as a respected district judge, when he is asked by the chief judge to change his Jewish surname to a Hungarian one in order to be promoted to the central court. The entire generation &amp;#x2013; Ignatz, his physician brother Gustave and photographer cousin Valerie &amp;#x2013; change their last name to Sors (meaning &quot;fate&quot; in Hungarian). Ignatz then gets promoted when he tells the Minister of Justice a way to delay the prosecution of corrupt politicians.

Istvan and Adam both join the Jewish-run Civic Fencing Club. Adam becomes the best fencer in Hungary, and General Jakofalvy invites him to convert to Roman Catholicism in order to join the nation's top military, non-Jewish, fencing club. While Adam and Istvan are converting, Adam meets Hannah, who is converting at the request of her fiancé and woos her into marrying him. Adam wins the national fencing championship two years in a row and goes on to lead the national team to the 1936 Olympic gold medal in Team Sabre in Nazi Germany, becoming a national hero in Hungary. Istvan's wife, Greta, pursues Adam until they start a secret affair.

New Hungarian laws are passed discriminating against people with any near Jewish ancestors, and the Sors family is initially shielded by the exceptions in the laws. However, Adam is soon expelled from the military fencing club. Greta finally convinces the family that they must emigrate to save their children, but they are too late to get exit visas.

When Germany occupies Hungary, Valerie and Hannah are immediately moved into the Budapest Ghetto. Valerie escapes and hides in a friend's attic, but nobody knows how or where Hannah died. Adam and his son Ivan are sent to a labor camp, where Adam is beaten, stripped naked, and hosed with water until he freezes to death. Istvan, Greta, and their son are summarily shot by Nazis.

After the war, the surviving Sors family returns to the Sonnenschein estate. The elderly Gustave returns from exile and is invited into the communist government, Valerie manages the household, and Ivan becomes a state policeman, working for police Major General Knorr and rounding up fascists from the wartime regime. Ivan rises quickly in the communist ranks and begins an affair with Carole, the wife of a high-ranking communist official. Later, Army General Kope asks Ivan to start vigorously arresting Jews, including Knorr, who are suspected of inciting conspiracies against the current government. After Gustave dies, Kope informs Ivan that his uncle would have been next to be investigated.

When [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] dies in 1953, Ivan feels guilty for helping Kope and not saving Knorr. He leaves the police force and swears to fight the communist regime. In the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, he steps up as a leader but is imprisoned after it fails. Released at the end of the decade, he returns to live together with Valerie in a single room of the former family estate. She falls ill while they search for the tonic recipe. After she dies, he continues the search but accidentally disposes of the book while cleaning out the apartment.

While searching, he uncovers an old letter written by Emanuel to Ignatz telling him never to make being accepted by others his main goal in life. Inspired, Ivan goes to the legal office to change his name from Sors to Sonnenschein. He concludes his storytelling after the end of the communist regime in 1989. While walking down the street afterward, he feels free for the first time in his life.

== Cast ==
 
Psychologist Diana Diamond identified themes in the film as &quot;Trauma, familial and historical&quot;, and how it has lasting effects on the individual's psychology.{{Sfn|Diamond|2005}} The character Ivan's status as narrator reflects this theme, as he witnesses Adam's death in the concentration camp.{{Sfn|Diamond|2005}} In exploring the relationship between Ignatz, Valerie and their brother Gustave and alleged adultery, the film portrays &quot;Oedipal rivalries&quot; and incest.{{Sfn|Diamond|2005}}  Author Christian Schmitt adds ''Sunshine'' may also strive to add a message of hope to the tragedies of history.{{Sfn|Schmitt|2013}}

Professor Dragon Zoltan writes the film starts by contrasting the title ''Sunshine'' with clouds as a backdrop, to communicate a force standing in the way of the sunshine.{{Sfn|Zoltan|2009}} He argues the name of the family's brand, Taste of Sunshine, which is also the literal translation of the film's Hungarian title, suggests that the family's happiness stays with those who have tasted it, even after it is finished.{{Sfn|Zoltan|2009}} The name Sonnenschein is also said in the film to underline the family's Jewish background, while Sors (''fate'') maintains the first two letters while erasing the Jewish traces.{{Sfn|Zoltan|2009}} Ivan becomes a Sonnenschein again after reading a letter telling him how to live, representing the lost recipe of the family brand.{{Sfn|Zoltan|2009}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Fayil:Petschauer_Attila.jpg|thumb|164x164px|Olympian Attila Petschauer was an inspiration to the film.]]
Although the story is a work of fiction, the film draws inspiration from historic events. The Sonnenschein family's liquor business was based on the Zwack family's liquor brand Unicum.{{Sfn|Portuges|2016}} One of Fiennes's three roles is based at least partly on Hungarian Olympian Attila Petschauer.{{Sfn|Soros|2001}} Another role in the film which is similar to that of a historic person is the character Andor Knorr, played by [[William Hurt]], which closely resembles the latter part of the life of László Rajk.{{Sfn|Reeves|2011}} Sonnenschein itself was a name in director István Szabó's family.

Hungarian-born Canadian producer Robert Lantos aspired to help make a film reflecting his family background of Hungarian Jews. ''Sunshine'' was his first project after leaving the position of CEO in Alliance Films.

Szabó shared his idea for the story with Lantos, a friend, in a restaurant, and Lantos was interested. Szabó submitted a screenplay of 400 pages in Hungarian, with Lantos persuading him to condense it and translate to [[Turanci|English]]. The budget was $26 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaybackStaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Playback Staff |date=24 January 2000 |title=Sunshine rising in Europe |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2000/01/24/27871-20000124/ |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Sonnenschein2.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px|Apartment building still bearing the film's markings of the fictional 1870 Sonnenschein mansion and distillery, at 15 Bokréta Street, in [[Budapest]]'s central Ferencváros district (2008).]]
Shooting took place mainly in [[Budapest]]. The Berlin Olympics scene was shot in Budapest and required 1,000 extras. The exterior of the Budapest estate of the Sonnenschein family, with a large mansion and distillery, was filmed at an apartment building at 15 Bokréta Street (Bokréta utca 15), in the city's central Ferencváros district. The filmmakers painted a sign near the top of the building's façade to identify it, for purposes of the story, as belonging to &quot;Emmanuel Sonnenschein &amp; tsa. Liquer&quot; (where tsa. translates to co., for Company).&lt;ref name=&quot;mansion&quot; /&gt; In July 2008, director Szabó and cinematographer Koltai were on hand as invited guests for the grand re-opening of the apartment complex, as the municipal and district governments chose to maintain the fictional company name on the façade and officially name it ''The Sonnenschein House'', after the governments spent 300 million forints renovating the building. Interior shots of the family mansion were filmed at a nearby building, on Liliom Street.&lt;ref name=&quot;Renovation&quot; /&gt;

Fiennes described Szabó as very specific in how scenes were staged and how performances were given. On some shooting days, Fiennes would play all three of his characters, particularly if a specific location was only available for a limited time.

== Release ==
The film premiered in the Toronto International Film Festival in September 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebert&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=23 June 2000 |title=Sunshine |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/sunshine-2000 |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |via=Rogerebert.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alliance Atlantis distributed the film in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Fiona |date=17 December 1999 |title=Sunshine tells Hungarian tale |url=http://playbackonline.ca/1999/12/17/27565-19991217/ |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It opened in [[Vancouver]], [[Toronto]] and [[Montréal|Montreal]] from 17 to 19 December 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Playback&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Playback Staff |date=10 January 2000 |title=Sunshine tops $300K, Laura $1M |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2000/01/10/27782-20000110/ |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>d1cgj5u31oe4aie9y88u4rk2mee5pfw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Abubakar Ndakene</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858227</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:18:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349572604|Ahmed Abubakar Ndakene]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1216" sha1="f7bg5bw9e1eg0rjeycig9bcmitxet36" xml:space="preserve">'''Ahmed Abubakar Ndakene''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar Edu / Moro / Pategi Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai. An haife shi a shekara ta 1972, ya fito ne daga [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . An zabe shi a cikin Majalisar Dokoki a zaben 2019 a karkashin All Progressives Congress (APC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/5fe0faf38da2d812a6c7b533 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami nasarar kotu a cikin karar da [[Mahmoud Bako]] ya shigar a kansa saboda karya takardar shaidar..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-10-02 |title=Court Strikes Out Forgery Case Against Kwara Lawmaker - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/court-strikes-out-forgery-case-against-kwara-lawmaker/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ahmed Saba]] ne ya gaje shi.&lt;(((((((((Representatives. Born in 1972, he hails from Kwara State. He was elected into the House of Assembly at the 2019 elections under the All Progressives Congress (APC).[1] He gained court victory in a

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>f7bg5bw9e1eg0rjeycig9bcmitxet36</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858228</id>
      <parentid>858227</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:19:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>858228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1021" sha1="53mxc811ghecvhexe41qbn6e6x73mrv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ahmed Abubakar Ndakene''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar Edu / Moro / Pategi Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai. An haife shi a shekara ta 1972, ya fito ne daga [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . An zabe shi a cikin Majalisar Dokoki a zaben 2019 a karkashin All Progressives Congress (APC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/5fe0faf38da2d812a6c7b533 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami nasarar kotu a cikin karar da [[Mahmoud Bako]] ya shigar a kansa saboda karya takardar shaidar..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-10-02 |title=Court Strikes Out Forgery Case Against Kwara Lawmaker - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/court-strikes-out-forgery-case-against-kwara-lawmaker/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ahmed Saba]] ne ya gaje shi.
== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>53mxc811ghecvhexe41qbn6e6x73mrv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Littattafai daga Bayan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858229</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313810605|Books from Beyond]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858229</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9039" sha1="5szm9hl9kieqwayn3237wtnm9odxpia" xml:space="preserve">&quot;Littattafai daga Beyond&quot; shi ne karo na uku na kakar wasa ta farko ta jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka mai ban tsoro ''Ash vs Evil Dead'', wanda ke aiki a matsayin ci gaba da Evil Dead trilogy. Mai gabatarwa Sean Clements ne ya rubuta labarin, kuma Michael J. Bassett ne ya ba da umarni. Da farko an watsa shi a tashar Starz a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2015.

The series is set 30 years after the events of the ''Evil Dead'' trilogy, and follows Ash Williams, who now works at the &quot;Value Stop&quot; as a simple stock boy. Having spent his life not doing anything remarkable since the events of the trilogy, Ash will have to renounce his routine existence and become a hero once more by taking up arms and facing the titular Evil Dead. In the episode, Ash, Pablo and Kelly visit Books from Beyond, hoping to find a way to stop evil.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.383 million household viewers and gained a 0.16 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episodes received positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances, prosthethic makeup, special effects and character development.

== Plot ==
Ruby (Lucy Lawless) drives to the housed owned by the parents of Kelly (Dana DeLorenzo), where she confronts Kelly's Deadite father to know if Ash (Bruce Campbell) was there. The Deadite mocks her and refuses to cooperate, prompting her to torture him by using a special dagger.

Ash, Pablo (Ray Santiago) and Kelly finally arrive at the Books from Beyond bookstore, where Ash asks the owner, Lionel Hawkins (Kelson Henderson), to translate the ''Necronomicon''. However, Amanda (Jill Marie Jones) has already arrived and confronts Ash for the strange events at the town, causing a scared Pablo to knock her unconscious. Lionel states that the ''Necronomicon'' was created by the &quot;Dark Ones&quot;, beings that planned to use the book to destroy humanity. The book was written with human blood and the pages were the flesh of the damned, using it as a passegeway to the Underworld.

As Lionel can't properly translate the spell to undo everything, Ash asks him to summon the &quot;weakest demon&quot; in the book so he can learn everything he needs. Through a circle, they summon a demon named Eligos (Ben Fransham), whose presence causes the bookstore to tremble. Ash and Pablo need to stay in their limits of the circle to not break it. Eligos is only willing to talk if Ash releases him, which he refuses to do. Amanda, having woken up and convinced Kelly to release her, interrupts the conversation and causes Ash to break the circle. This frees Eligos, who kills Lionel to prevent him from casting him away. Using his powers, Eligos breaks part of Ash's and Pablo's emotional states. Kelly manages to banish Eligos by hitting him with the ''Necronomicon''.

In the aftermath, Amanda tries to arrest Ash, but he manages to handcuff her so they can leave. As Kelly laments trusting Amanda, Ash recalls that the answer to stop evil was &quot;inside&quot; him. Pablo decides that they need to visit his estranged uncle, who is a witch doctor known as &quot;El Brujo&quot;. Back in the bookstore, a handcuffed Amanda is shocked when Lionel's corpse is possessed by a Deadite, ready to attack her.

== Production ==
The episode was written by producer Sean Clements, and directed by Michael J. Bassett. It was Clements' first writing credit, and Bassett's second directorial credit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ash vs. The Evil Dead- WGA Directory |url=https://directories.wga.org/project/1095743/ash-vs-the-evil-dead/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[Writers Guild of America West]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==

=== Viewers ===
In its original American broadcast, &quot;Books from Beyond&quot; was seen by an estimated 0.383 million household viewers and gained a 0.16 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.16 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Metcalf |first=Mitch |date=November 17, 2015 |title=Updated: Showbuzzdaily's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals &amp; Network Update: 11.14.2015 |url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-14-2015.html |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=ShowBuzzDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was a 38% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.276 million viewers with a 0.12 in the 18-49 demographics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Metcalf |first=Mitch |date=November 10, 2015 |title=Showbuzzdaily's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals &amp; Network Update: 11.7.2015 |url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-7-2015.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111002130/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-7-2015.html |archive-date=November 11, 2015 |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=ShowBuzzDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Books from Beyond&quot; received positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of ''IGN'' gave the episode a &quot;great&quot; 8.4 out of 10 rating and wrote in his verdict, &quot;'Books from Beyond' kept the ''Evil Dead'' mischief rolling with a less-bloody affair involving a brand new type of demon. It also brought Ash and Amanda together for the first time, though it would not be a fortuitous pairing. And she'd get left behind while the Ghost Beaters headed off to visit Pablo's uncle. Left behind to (unknown to Ash) deal with a possessed version of the shop owner.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Matt |date=November 14, 2015 |title=Ash vs Evil Dead: &quot;Books from Beyond&quot; Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/11/15/ash-vs-evil-dead-books-from-beyond-review |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[IGN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Michael Roffman of ''The A.V. Club'' gave the episode a &quot;C+&quot; grade and wrote, &quot;After two weeks of hyping Books From Beyond, the titular episode falls flat on its ass from a Melba Toast script and an equally bland sense of direction. To be fair, we've been a little spoiled and every series has its ebbs and flows. The problem is that 'Books From Beyond' is such a flaccid comedown from the splendid chaos that tipped off ''Ash Vs. Evil Dead''. And naturally, the adjustment isn't so easy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roffman |first=Michael |date=November 14, 2015 |title=''Ash Vs. Evil Dead'' gets lost in the bookstore |url=https://www.avclub.com/ash-vs-evil-dead-gets-lost-in-the-bookstore-1798186060 |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gina McIntyre of ''Entertainment Weekly'' wrote, &quot;Say you've accidentally called forth a powerful, ancient evil. There are a couple of strategies you might employ to set the situation right, but... conjuring a demon to ask for advice? Not a good idea. So, naturally, that's exactly what Ash decides to do.&quot; Stephen Harber of ''Den of Geek'' wrote, &quot;Although it spends most of its running time fleshing out the bigger picture of ''Evil Dead'' and setting up a foggy destination for the first season's master plan, 'Books from Beyond' is a solid episode of a new series that already has a loveable identity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harber |first=Stephen |date=November 15, 2015 |title=Ash Vs. Evil Dead: Books from Beyond review |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/ash-vs-evil-dead-books-from-beyond-review/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[Den of Geek]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Carissa Pavlica of ''TV Fanatic'' gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, &quot;If you guys thought the last episode felt like it was short, you must have been pounding your head into your pillows as the credits rolled on 'Books from Beyond'!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pavlica |first=Carissa |date=November 14, 2015 |title=Ash vs Evil Dead Season 1 Episode 3 Review: Books from Beyond |url=https://www.tvfanatic.com/2015/11/ash-vs-evil-dead-season-1-episode-3-review-books-from-beyond/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=TV Fanatic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jasef Wisener of ''TV Overmind'' wrote, &quot;'Books from Beyond' was another incredible episode of ''Ash vs. Evil Dead''. Action, while present, took more of a backseat than we've seen so far so that the story could progress in a meaningful way, and the in-universe mythology was expanded in a major way.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wisener |first=Jasef |date=November 14, 2015 |title=Ash vs. Evil Dead Season 1 Episode 3 Review: &quot;Books from Beyond&quot; |url=https://tvovermind.com/ash-vs-evil-dead-season-1-episode-3-review-books-beyond/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[Zap2it|TV Overmind]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blair Marnell of ''Nerdist'' wrote, &quot;After three episodes, ''Ash vs. Evil Dead'' has yet to make a major creative misstep. It's just been hilariously gory fun on a weekly basis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marnell |first=Blair |date=November 15, 2015 |title=Ash vs. Evil Dead Review: &quot;Books from Beyond&quot; |url=https://archive.nerdist.com/ash-vs-evil-dead-review-books-from-beyond/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[Nerdist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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&quot;Littattafai daga Beyond&quot; shi ne karo na uku na kakar wasa ta farko ta jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka mai ban tsoro ''Ash vs Evil Dead'', wanda ke aiki a matsayin ci gaba da Evil Dead trilogy. Mai gabatarwa Sean Clements ne ya rubuta labarin, kuma Michael J. Bassett ne ya ba da umarni. Da farko an watsa shi a tashar Starz a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2015.

The series is set 30 years after the events of the ''Evil Dead'' trilogy, and follows Ash Williams, who now works at the &quot;Value Stop&quot; as a simple stock boy. Having spent his life not doing anything remarkable since the events of the trilogy, Ash will have to renounce his routine existence and become a hero once more by taking up arms and facing the titular Evil Dead. In the episode, Ash, Pablo and Kelly visit Books from Beyond, hoping to find a way to stop evil.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.383 million household viewers and gained a 0.16 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episodes received positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances, prosthethic makeup, special effects and character development.

== Plot ==
Ruby (Lucy Lawless) drives to the housed owned by the parents of Kelly (Dana DeLorenzo), where she confronts Kelly's Deadite father to know if Ash (Bruce Campbell) was there. The Deadite mocks her and refuses to cooperate, prompting her to torture him by using a special dagger.

Ash, Pablo (Ray Santiago) and Kelly finally arrive at the Books from Beyond bookstore, where Ash asks the owner, Lionel Hawkins (Kelson Henderson), to translate the ''Necronomicon''. However, Amanda (Jill Marie Jones) has already arrived and confronts Ash for the strange events at the town, causing a scared Pablo to knock her unconscious. Lionel states that the ''Necronomicon'' was created by the &quot;Dark Ones&quot;, beings that planned to use the book to destroy humanity. The book was written with human blood and the pages were the flesh of the damned, using it as a passegeway to the Underworld.

As Lionel can't properly translate the spell to undo everything, Ash asks him to summon the &quot;weakest demon&quot; in the book so he can learn everything he needs. Through a circle, they summon a demon named Eligos (Ben Fransham), whose presence causes the bookstore to tremble. Ash and Pablo need to stay in their limits of the circle to not break it. Eligos is only willing to talk if Ash releases him, which he refuses to do. Amanda, having woken up and convinced Kelly to release her, interrupts the conversation and causes Ash to break the circle. This frees Eligos, who kills Lionel to prevent him from casting him away. Using his powers, Eligos breaks part of Ash's and Pablo's emotional states. Kelly manages to banish Eligos by hitting him with the ''Necronomicon''.

In the aftermath, Amanda tries to arrest Ash, but he manages to handcuff her so they can leave. As Kelly laments trusting Amanda, Ash recalls that the answer to stop evil was &quot;inside&quot; him. Pablo decides that they need to visit his estranged uncle, who is a witch doctor known as &quot;El Brujo&quot;. Back in the bookstore, a handcuffed Amanda is shocked when Lionel's corpse is possessed by a Deadite, ready to attack her.

== Production ==
The episode was written by producer Sean Clements, and directed by Michael J. Bassett. It was Clements' first writing credit, and Bassett's second directorial credit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ash vs. The Evil Dead- WGA Directory |url=https://directories.wga.org/project/1095743/ash-vs-the-evil-dead/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[Writers Guild of America West]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==

=== Viewers ===
In its original American broadcast, &quot;Books from Beyond&quot; was seen by an estimated 0.383 million household viewers and gained a 0.16 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.16 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Metcalf |first=Mitch |date=November 17, 2015 |title=Updated: Showbuzzdaily's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals &amp; Network Update: 11.14.2015 |url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-14-2015.html |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=ShowBuzzDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was a 38% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.276 million viewers with a 0.12 in the 18-49 demographics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Metcalf |first=Mitch |date=November 10, 2015 |title=Showbuzzdaily's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals &amp; Network Update: 11.7.2015 |url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-7-2015.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111002130/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-saturday-cable-originals-network-update-11-7-2015.html |archive-date=November 11, 2015 |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=ShowBuzzDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Books from Beyond&quot; received positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of ''IGN'' gave the episode a &quot;great&quot; 8.4 out of 10 rating and wrote in his verdict, &quot;'Books from Beyond' kept the ''Evil Dead'' mischief rolling with a less-bloody affair involving a brand new type of demon. It also brought Ash and Amanda together for the first time, though it would not be a fortuitous pairing. And she'd get left behind while the Ghost Beaters headed off to visit Pablo's uncle. Left behind to (unknown to Ash) deal with a possessed version of the shop owner.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Matt |date=November 14, 2015 |title=Ash vs Evil Dead: &quot;Books from Beyond&quot; Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/11/15/ash-vs-evil-dead-books-from-beyond-review |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[IGN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Michael Roffman of ''The A.V. Club'' gave the episode a &quot;C+&quot; grade and wrote, &quot;After two weeks of hyping Books From Beyond, the titular episode falls flat on its ass from a Melba Toast script and an equally bland sense of direction. To be fair, we've been a little spoiled and every series has its ebbs and flows. The problem is that 'Books From Beyond' is such a flaccid comedown from the splendid chaos that tipped off ''Ash Vs. Evil Dead''. And naturally, the adjustment isn't so easy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roffman |first=Michael |date=November 14, 2015 |title=''Ash Vs. Evil Dead'' gets lost in the bookstore |url=https://www.avclub.com/ash-vs-evil-dead-gets-lost-in-the-bookstore-1798186060 |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gina McIntyre of ''Entertainment Weekly'' wrote, &quot;Say you've accidentally called forth a powerful, ancient evil. There are a couple of strategies you might employ to set the situation right, but... conjuring a demon to ask for advice? Not a good idea. So, naturally, that's exactly what Ash decides to do.&quot; Stephen Harber of ''Den of Geek'' wrote, &quot;Although it spends most of its running time fleshing out the bigger picture of ''Evil Dead'' and setting up a foggy destination for the first season's master plan, 'Books from Beyond' is a solid episode of a new series that already has a loveable identity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harber |first=Stephen |date=November 15, 2015 |title=Ash Vs. Evil Dead: Books from Beyond review |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/ash-vs-evil-dead-books-from-beyond-review/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[Den of Geek]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Carissa Pavlica of ''TV Fanatic'' gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, &quot;If you guys thought the last episode felt like it was short, you must have been pounding your head into your pillows as the credits rolled on 'Books from Beyond'!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pavlica |first=Carissa |date=November 14, 2015 |title=Ash vs Evil Dead Season 1 Episode 3 Review: Books from Beyond |url=https://www.tvfanatic.com/2015/11/ash-vs-evil-dead-season-1-episode-3-review-books-from-beyond/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=TV Fanatic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jasef Wisener of ''TV Overmind'' wrote, &quot;'Books from Beyond' was another incredible episode of ''Ash vs. Evil Dead''. Action, while present, took more of a backseat than we've seen so far so that the story could progress in a meaningful way, and the in-universe mythology was expanded in a major way.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wisener |first=Jasef |date=November 14, 2015 |title=Ash vs. Evil Dead Season 1 Episode 3 Review: &quot;Books from Beyond&quot; |url=https://tvovermind.com/ash-vs-evil-dead-season-1-episode-3-review-books-beyond/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[Zap2it|TV Overmind]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blair Marnell of ''Nerdist'' wrote, &quot;After three episodes, ''Ash vs. Evil Dead'' has yet to make a major creative misstep. It's just been hilariously gory fun on a weekly basis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marnell |first=Blair |date=November 15, 2015 |title=Ash vs. Evil Dead Review: &quot;Books from Beyond&quot; |url=https://archive.nerdist.com/ash-vs-evil-dead-review-books-from-beyond/ |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=[[Nerdist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>8izcx0v7tc8hytkueoj5qcdj8bnykik</sha1>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358412926|Curtis C. Harris]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Curtis C. Harris''' shine shugaban sashen Molecular Genetics da Carcinogenesis kuma shugaban Laboratory of Human Carcinogesis a Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Cibiyar Ciwon daji na Cibiyar Cibiyar Ci gaban Ciwon daji, NIH.

Harris graduated from University of Kansas with a BA in zoology in 1965, and an MD in 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biosketch L Curtis C. Harris, MD |url=https://www.uc.pt/en/congressos/16ICHSCR/programme/Biosketch_Curtis_Harris.pdf |access-date=January 17, 2017 |website=Uc.pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was an internal medicine intern at UCLA hospital in 1969. He did research and completed his medical oncology training at NCI and Washington Veterans Hospital. Since 1981, he has been head of the Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Section and chief of the Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt; He is also a lecturer of medicine and oncology at Georgetown University School of Medicine. He has published more than 700 journal articles and has been awarded 30 patents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis |url=https://ccr.cancer.gov/Laboratory-of-Human-Carcinogenesis/curtis-c-harris?qt-staff_profile_tabs=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052201/https://ccr.cancer.gov/Laboratory-of-Human-Carcinogenesis/curtis-c-harris?qt-staff_profile_tabs=3 |archive-date=2017-01-18 |access-date=March 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His current research focuses on Precision Medicine of Cancer and Aging.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Curtis C. Harris, MD |url=https://www.kerafast.com/section/635/curtis-c-harris-md |access-date=January 17, 2017 |website=Kerafast.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; His research career has focused on environmental, genetic and epigenomic causes of human carcinogenesis. 

He is also a co-author of the international spy novel ''High Hand'' using a pseudonym Curtis J. James.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Novel's Authors To Sign 'High Hand' in Clarendon |url=http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/news/2016/mar/09/novels-authors-sign-high-hand-clarendon/ |website=connectionnewspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Featured Authors – Copper Peak Press |url=http://copperpeakpress.com/featured-author/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826144442/http://copperpeakpress.com/featured-author/ |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=March 13, 2020 |publisher=Copperpeakpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Harris has made many major discoveries in cancer research. One of the most notable is his seminal work describing the first-known molecular link between an environmental carcinogen, aflatoxin B1, and a specific mutation at codon 249 of the p53-encoding TP53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (Nature 350:427, 1991 and web of science). This discovery was selected by the AACR as a Centennial Landmark in Cancer Research. In addition, his paper on the TP53 mutation spectrum is among the most highly cited in the biomedical research field, with over 9,000 citations and web of science (Science 253:49, 1991).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hollstein |first=M. |last2=Sidransky |first2=D. |last3=Vogelstein |first3=B. |last4=Harris |first4=C. C. |year=1991 |title=P53 mutations in human cancers |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230948 |journal=Science |volume=253 |issue=5015 |pages=49–53 |doi=10.1126/science.1905840 |pmid=1905840}}&lt;/ref&gt; These findings have had, and continue to have, a major impact in cancer risk assessment and biomarker discovery for cancer prevention, diagnosis and prognosis. 

Harris's research has investigated mechanistic, translational, and functional links between population and basic science research. When the focus of cancer research was on in human vitro and in vitro animal models, he pioneered investigations of carcinogen metabolism, DNA damage, and DNA repair and mutagenesis in humans and in human tissues (e.g., Science 194:1067, 1976; Cancer Res 44:2855, 1984).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=C. C. |last2=Autrup |first2=H. |last3=Connor |first3=R. |last4=Barrett |first4=L. A. |last5=McDowell |first5=E. M. |last6=Trump |first6=B. F. |date=December 3, 1976 |title=Interindividual variation in binding of benzo[a]pyrene to DNA in cultured human bronchi |journal=Science |volume=194 |issue=4269 |pages=1067–1069 |doi=10.1126/science.982061 |pmid=982061}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of these studies were among the first to highlight the deleterious effects of tobacco carcinogens and their damage to human health (e.g., Cancer Res. 33: 2842–2848, 1973; Nature 247: 48–49, 1974, Nature 252: 68–69, 1974), providing an evidence base for tobacco control policies. Moreover, he led the development of first-in-kind in vitro models of human bronchial epithelial cells from patient explants (e.g., Cancer Res. 36: 1003–1010, 1976, Nature 252: 68–69, 1974).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Journal |url=https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/36/3/1003.full.pdf |access-date=March 13, 2020 |publisher=cancerres.aacrjournals.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pashin |first=Y. V. |last2=Bakhitova |first2=L. M. |year=1979 |title=Mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=30 |pages=185–189 |doi=10.1289/ehp.7930185 |pmc=1637690 |pmid=446450}}&lt;/ref&gt; In parallel, he has extensively investigated p53 functions in the regulation of DNA repair, apoptosis, senescence, and tumorigenicity (e.g., Nat Genet. 10:188, 1995; Nat Med. 4:137,1998; Nat Cell Biol 11:1135, 2009; Nat Cell Biol, 12: 1205, 2010) and recently a microbiome – TP53 mutation interaction in human lung cancer, Genome Biology:19: 123–29, 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greathouse |first=K. Leigh |last2=White |first2=James R. |last3=Vargas |first3=Ashely J. |last4=Bliskovsky |first4=Valery V. |last5=Beck |first5=Jessica A. |last6=von Muhlinen |first6=Natalia |last7=Polley |first7=Eric C. |last8=Bowman |first8=Elise D. |last9=Khan |first9=Mohammed A. |last10=Robles |first10=Ana I. |last11=Cooks |first11=Tomer |last12=Ryan |first12=Bríd M. |last13=Padgett |first13=Noah |last14=Dzutsev |first14=Amiran H. |last15=Trinchieri |first15=Giorgio |display-authors=29 |year=2018 |title=Interaction between the microbiome and TP53 in human lung cancer |journal=Genome Biology |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=123 |doi=10.1186/s13059-018-1501-6 |pmc=6109311 |pmid=30143034 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Decades prior to the recent discovery of mutant TP53 cells in esophageal tissue (Cell Stem Cell 25:321-41, 2019; Science 362:911-17, 2018), Drs. Peter Cerruti and Curtis Harris, using the novel and highly sensitive TP53 mutational load assay, discovered TP53 mutant DNA in non-malignant lung and plasma in tobacco smokers (PNAS 97: 12770–5, 2000; Science 264: 1317–19, 1994; Cancer Res. 66: 8309–17, 2000). In the past decade, Harris has contributed substantially to research on TP53 mutations, as well as TP53 isoforms and their effects on senescence, aging and cancer (Fujita K, et al., Nat Cell Biol 11:1135–41, 2009; Mondal A, et al., J Clin Invest 123:5247-57, 2013; Turnquist C. et al., Cell Death Differ 23: 1515–28,2016; Hirokawa I. et al., Cell Death Differ 24: 1017–28, 2017; Von Muhlinen N., et al., Oncogene 37: 2379–93, 2018; Mondal, AM. et al., Cell Death and Dis 9: 750–804, 2018; Turnquist C. et al., Neuro Oncology 21: 474–85, 2019).

Translational Discoveries in Cancer Biomarkers: Harris's research aims to identify mechanistic and statistically independent biomarkers of cancer risk, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic outcomes, using data from multiple ethnic and geographic cohorts. One mechanistic facet of these studies is chronic inflammation, a feature of the internal exposome (initially described by Chris Wild, Cancer Epi Biomarkers Prev 14: 1847, 2005)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Christopher Paul |date=August 1, 2005 |title=Complementing the Genome with an &quot;Exposome&quot;: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology |url=https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/14/8/1847 |journal=Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &amp; Prevention |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1847–1850 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456 |pmid=16103423 |url-access=subscription |via=cebp.aacrjournals.org |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and an established cancer risk factor. He reported findings that increased levels of circulating interleukins are predictors of cancer risk, diagnosis, and prognosis of lung cancer patients (JNCI 99:1401, 2007; JNCI 103:1112, 2011).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Lung Cancer |url=https://ccr.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/lung_cancer_2017.508.pdf |access-date=March 13, 2020 |publisher=ccr.cancer.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also identified microRNAs associated with both diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer (Cancer Cell 9:189, 2006; Clin Cancer Res 17: 1875, 2011) and prognosis and therapeutic outcome of colon cancer (JAMA 299:425, 2008). In addition, he reported that combinations of DNA methylation, microRNAs, and proteins (e.g. inflammation-related) produced by human lung, colon, and esophageal carcinomas are robust cancer prognostic classifiers (PNAS 106:12085, 2009; Clin Cancer Res 15:5878, 2009; Clin Cancer Res 15:6192, 2009; Clin Cancer Res 16:5824, 2010; Clin Cancer Res 17:1875, 2011; Int J Cancer 132:2901, 2013; Cancer Res 73:3821, 2013, J of Thoracic Oncology, 10: 1037–1048, 2015). Importantly, these studies identified early-stage lung and colon cancers that have poor prognoses due to the likelihood of undetected micrometastasis.

Over the past ten years, Harris has conducted several novel studies of the human metabolome and how it contributes to cancer risk assessment, cancer diagnosis and the accurate identification of early stage lung cancer patients at high-risk of tumor recurrence (Cancer Res. 74: 3259–3270, 2014; Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &amp; Prevention 25(6); 978–86, 2016). 

Accolades include the Biomarker and Prevention Award, AACR Princess Takamatsu Award, the Oschner Award relating to Smoking and Health from the American College of Physicians, the Deichmann Award from the International Union of Toxicology, the Environment Mutagenesis and Genome Award, and the Distinguished Service Medal—the highest honor of the U.S. Public Health Service.

Harris has been an expert witness at hearings concerning OSHA Regulations on the Identification, Classification and Regulation of Toxic Substances Posing a Potential Occupational Carcinogenic Risk, a member of the technical review committee for the USPHS Surgeon General Report on Harmful Effects of Smokeless Tobacco and was a contributing a to the Surgeon General's 2004 seminal report on the Health Consequences of Smoking. Harris has also been a member of the Scientific Advisory Council at IARC. Moreover, he has demonstrated a steadfast from the 1980s to the present commitment on the Advisory Committee and honored consultant to the Radiation Effects Research Foundation in Hiroshima Japan, an organization dedicated to understanding the health consequences of radiation exposure among survivors of atomic bombs. Harris cofounded the Aspen Cancer Conference,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aspen Cancer Conference |url=https://www.aspencancerconference.org/ |website=Aspen Cancer Conference}}&lt;/ref&gt; a non-profit organization, in 1985 with Dr. Ben Trump where he serves as chairman of the board of directors.

Harris's published research has over 90,000 citations and H-index of over 140.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Harris has served as Chairman of the Program Committee of the AACR Annual Meeting; member of the AACR's board of directors, Nominating Committee and many Award Committees; and chairman of the board of directors and Chairman of the Scientific Program Advisory Board for the Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology. He is also since 1984 to recent the editor-in-chief of the journal ''Carcinogenesis''.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}}

* NSF Research Participation Awardee and Gifted Student Program, University of Kansas, (1963–1965)
* Commendation Medal, USPHS Honor Award, (1979)
* Medical Alumni Scholar and lecturer, first to be awarded, University of Kansas School of Medicine, (1982)
* NCI Equal Employment Opportunity Special Recognition Award, (1983)
* Fellow of the American Society for Clinical Investigation (1984)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The American Society for Clinical Investigation |url=https://www.the-asci.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Member, board of directors, (1984) American Association for Cancer Research&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) |url=https://www.aacr.org/ |website=American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Meritorious Service Award, USPHS, (1986)
* Keynote Address, Princess Takamatsu Symposium, (1991)
* Fellow, American Society of Clinical Investigation, (1992)
* Alton Ochsner Award Relating Smoking and Health, Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation and American College of Chest Physicians, (1993)
* Keynote Address, Japanese Research Society for Gastrointestinal Cancers, (1993)
* Keynote Address, Annual Meeting, Chinese Oncology Society, (1994)
* Keynote Address, Beatson International Cancer Conference, (1995)
* Walter Hubert Award and lecturer, British Association for Cancer Research, Nottingham, (1995)
* Don Coffey Award and lecturer, Society for Basic Urological Research, Las Vegas, (1995)
* Keynote Address, 5th International Inhalation Symposium, Hannover, (1995)
* Keynote Address, Japanese Lung Cancer Society, (1995)
* Walter Hubert Award: British Association for Cancer Research (1995)
* Lewis M. Schiffer Memorial Award and lecturer, Cell Proliferation Society, Toledo, (1996)
* Bob Champion Award and lecturer, British Oncological Association, (1996)
* Lewis M. Schiffer Memorial Award and lecturer, Cell Proliferation Society (1996)
* Bob Champion Award and lecturer, British Oncological Association (1996)
* Elizabeth and James Miller Distinguished Lecturer, Rutgers University, New Jersey, (1997)
* Robert Greenfield Memorial Lecturer, University of Nebraska, (1998)
* Federal Technology Transfer Award, (1998)
* Distinguished Lectureship, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, (1998)
* Identified as one of the 50 most cited scientists in biomedical research in the 1990s (ISI Science Watch, March 1998)
* Keynote Address, 2nd International Congress on Gastroenterological Carcinogenesis, Ulm, (1999)
* Charles Heidelberger Award, International Society on Gastroenterological Carcinogenesis, Ulm, (1999)
* Distinguished Service Medal, highest award of the US Public Health Service (1999)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal |url=http://www.militarymedals.com/medals/public-health-service-distinguished-service-medal-ribbon/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gerald N. Wogan Lecturer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (2000)
* Keynote Address, Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cancer Conference, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, (2000)
* Honorary Member (three foreign scientists are selected each year), Japanese Cancer Association, Tokyo (2001)
* Award of Merit, Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund, Japan, (2002)
* Award of Merit, Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Foundation (2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AACR Princess Takamatsu Memorial Lectureship: Past Recipients |url=https://www.aacr.org/professionals/research/scientific-achievement-awards-and-lecturships/scientific-award-recipients/aacr-princess-takamatsu-lectureship-recipients/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Keynote Address, Environmental Health Conference, Lancaster, (2003)
* Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2003)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAAS Home |url=https://www.aaas.org/ |website=American Association for the Advancement of Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Keynote Address, Tenth International Toxicology Congress, Finland, (2004)
* Keynote Address, Environmental Mutagen Society United Kingdom, Bradford, (2005)
* Keynote Address, International Symposium, Chronic Oxidative Stress and Cancer: Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Prevention, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 2005
* Keynote Address and Visiting Professor: Frontiers in Biomedical Research, Hong Kong School of Medicine, Hong Kong, (2005)
* Presidential Lecture, International Liver Congress, Shanghai, (2006)
* Keynote Address, Microenvironment and Cancer Symposium, Japanese Foundation Cancer Research, Tokyo, (2006)
* State of the Art Address, International Liver Cancer Association, Barcelona, (2007)
* NCI Outstanding Mentor Award (2007)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=cct-mentor-award (Previous Winners) &amp;#124; Events Registration |url=https://events.cancer.gov/cct/mentor-award/previous-winners |website=events.cancer.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* AACR-Princess Takamatsu Award, AACR Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, (2009)
* Keynote Address, Hiroshima Cancer Symposium, Hiroshima, Japan, (2009)
* NCI Merit Award, (2009)
* Distinguished Professor Lecture, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, (2010)
* Provost Distinguished Lecture, (Inaugural lecture), M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, (2010)
* Ben Trump Memorial Lecture, Aspen Cancer Conference, Aspen, CO, (2010)
* Distinguished Lecture, Frontiers of Cancer Prevention, AACR Conference, Philadelphia, PA, (2010)
* Keynote Address, Chemistry in Cancer Research: The Biological Chemistry of Inflammation as a Cause of Cancer, AACR Conference, San Diego, CA (2011)
* NCI Outstanding Mentor Award, (2013)
* ILCA Nelson Fausto Award, International Liver Cancer Association, (2014)
* 1st Allan Conney Memorial Lecture, Rutgers University, (2014)
* AACR- American Cancer Society Award for Research Excellence in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention and Lecture, San Diego, CA, (2014)
* Keynote Address, p53 Isoform Conference, Aix-en Provence, France, (2015)
* Keynote Address, Japan Lung Cancer Society, Yokohama, Japan, (2015)
* Distinguished Medical Alumnus Award, Kansas University School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, (2016)
* Plenary Lecture, 8th Princess Chulabhorn International Science Congress, Environmental Health: Inter-linkage among the Environment, Chemicals and Infectious Agents, Bangkok, Thailand, (2016)
* Plenary Lecture, Precision Medicine and Lung Cancer Biomarker, AACR, Washington, DC, (2017)
* Keynote Address, 2017 Genetic Toxicology Association (GTA) Meeting, Newark, DE, (2017)
* Keynote Speaker, 3rd International p53 Isoform Workshop, Bergen, Norway, (2017)
* Keynote Speaker, 11th Annual APRU Global Health Conference, Manila, Philippines, (2017)
* Keynote Speaker, International GYN Cancer Conference, Kyoto, Japan, (2018)
* Plenary Lecture, Princess Chulabhorn Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, (2019)
* Keynote Address, International Cell Senescence Association, Athens, Greece (2019)
* State-of-the-Art Lecture, 36th Annual Meeting of the Germany Working Community on the Study of Liver (ASL), Mainz, Germany, (2020)
* Annual Award Environment Mutagenesis and Genome Society (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EMGS : Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society |url=https://www.emgs-us.org/ |website=emgs-us.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fellow, Academy of AACR (2021)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Curtis C. Harris''' shine shugaban sashen Molecular Genetics da Carcinogenesis kuma shugaban Laboratory of Human Carcinogesis a Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Cibiyar Ciwon daji na Cibiyar Cibiyar Ci gaban Ciwon daji, NIH.

Harris graduated from University of Kansas with a BA in zoology in 1965, and an MD in 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biosketch L Curtis C. Harris, MD |url=https://www.uc.pt/en/congressos/16ICHSCR/programme/Biosketch_Curtis_Harris.pdf |access-date=January 17, 2017 |website=Uc.pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was an internal medicine intern at UCLA hospital in 1969. He did research and completed his medical oncology training at NCI and Washington Veterans Hospital. Since 1981, he has been head of the Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Section and chief of the Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt; He is also a lecturer of medicine and oncology at Georgetown University School of Medicine. He has published more than 700 journal articles and has been awarded 30 patents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis |url=https://ccr.cancer.gov/Laboratory-of-Human-Carcinogenesis/curtis-c-harris?qt-staff_profile_tabs=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052201/https://ccr.cancer.gov/Laboratory-of-Human-Carcinogenesis/curtis-c-harris?qt-staff_profile_tabs=3 |archive-date=2017-01-18 |access-date=March 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His current research focuses on Precision Medicine of Cancer and Aging.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Curtis C. Harris, MD |url=https://www.kerafast.com/section/635/curtis-c-harris-md |access-date=January 17, 2017 |website=Kerafast.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; His research career has focused on environmental, genetic and epigenomic causes of human carcinogenesis. 

He is also a co-author of the international spy novel ''High Hand'' using a pseudonym Curtis J. James.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Novel's Authors To Sign 'High Hand' in Clarendon |url=http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/news/2016/mar/09/novels-authors-sign-high-hand-clarendon/ |website=connectionnewspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Featured Authors – Copper Peak Press |url=http://copperpeakpress.com/featured-author/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826144442/http://copperpeakpress.com/featured-author/ |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=March 13, 2020 |publisher=Copperpeakpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Harris has made many major discoveries in cancer research. One of the most notable is his seminal work describing the first-known molecular link between an environmental carcinogen, aflatoxin B1, and a specific mutation at codon 249 of the p53-encoding TP53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (Nature 350:427, 1991 and web of science). This discovery was selected by the AACR as a Centennial Landmark in Cancer Research. In addition, his paper on the TP53 mutation spectrum is among the most highly cited in the biomedical research field, with over 9,000 citations and web of science (Science 253:49, 1991).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hollstein |first=M. |last2=Sidransky |first2=D. |last3=Vogelstein |first3=B. |last4=Harris |first4=C. C. |year=1991 |title=P53 mutations in human cancers |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230948 |journal=Science |volume=253 |issue=5015 |pages=49–53 |doi=10.1126/science.1905840 |pmid=1905840}}&lt;/ref&gt; These findings have had, and continue to have, a major impact in cancer risk assessment and biomarker discovery for cancer prevention, diagnosis and prognosis. 

Harris's research has investigated mechanistic, translational, and functional links between population and basic science research. When the focus of cancer research was on in human vitro and in vitro animal models, he pioneered investigations of carcinogen metabolism, DNA damage, and DNA repair and mutagenesis in humans and in human tissues (e.g., Science 194:1067, 1976; Cancer Res 44:2855, 1984).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=C. C. |last2=Autrup |first2=H. |last3=Connor |first3=R. |last4=Barrett |first4=L. A. |last5=McDowell |first5=E. M. |last6=Trump |first6=B. F. |date=December 3, 1976 |title=Interindividual variation in binding of benzo[a]pyrene to DNA in cultured human bronchi |journal=Science |volume=194 |issue=4269 |pages=1067–1069 |doi=10.1126/science.982061 |pmid=982061}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of these studies were among the first to highlight the deleterious effects of tobacco carcinogens and their damage to human health (e.g., Cancer Res. 33: 2842–2848, 1973; Nature 247: 48–49, 1974, Nature 252: 68–69, 1974), providing an evidence base for tobacco control policies. Moreover, he led the development of first-in-kind in vitro models of human bronchial epithelial cells from patient explants (e.g., Cancer Res. 36: 1003–1010, 1976, Nature 252: 68–69, 1974).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Journal |url=https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/36/3/1003.full.pdf |access-date=March 13, 2020 |publisher=cancerres.aacrjournals.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pashin |first=Y. V. |last2=Bakhitova |first2=L. M. |year=1979 |title=Mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=30 |pages=185–189 |doi=10.1289/ehp.7930185 |pmc=1637690 |pmid=446450}}&lt;/ref&gt; In parallel, he has extensively investigated p53 functions in the regulation of DNA repair, apoptosis, senescence, and tumorigenicity (e.g., Nat Genet. 10:188, 1995; Nat Med. 4:137,1998; Nat Cell Biol 11:1135, 2009; Nat Cell Biol, 12: 1205, 2010) and recently a microbiome – TP53 mutation interaction in human lung cancer, Genome Biology:19: 123–29, 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greathouse |first=K. Leigh |last2=White |first2=James R. |last3=Vargas |first3=Ashely J. |last4=Bliskovsky |first4=Valery V. |last5=Beck |first5=Jessica A. |last6=von Muhlinen |first6=Natalia |last7=Polley |first7=Eric C. |last8=Bowman |first8=Elise D. |last9=Khan |first9=Mohammed A. |last10=Robles |first10=Ana I. |last11=Cooks |first11=Tomer |last12=Ryan |first12=Bríd M. |last13=Padgett |first13=Noah |last14=Dzutsev |first14=Amiran H. |last15=Trinchieri |first15=Giorgio |display-authors=29 |year=2018 |title=Interaction between the microbiome and TP53 in human lung cancer |journal=Genome Biology |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=123 |doi=10.1186/s13059-018-1501-6 |pmc=6109311 |pmid=30143034 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Decades prior to the recent discovery of mutant TP53 cells in esophageal tissue (Cell Stem Cell 25:321-41, 2019; Science 362:911-17, 2018), Drs. Peter Cerruti and Curtis Harris, using the novel and highly sensitive TP53 mutational load assay, discovered TP53 mutant DNA in non-malignant lung and plasma in tobacco smokers (PNAS 97: 12770–5, 2000; Science 264: 1317–19, 1994; Cancer Res. 66: 8309–17, 2000). In the past decade, Harris has contributed substantially to research on TP53 mutations, as well as TP53 isoforms and their effects on senescence, aging and cancer (Fujita K, et al., Nat Cell Biol 11:1135–41, 2009; Mondal A, et al., J Clin Invest 123:5247-57, 2013; Turnquist C. et al., Cell Death Differ 23: 1515–28,2016; Hirokawa I. et al., Cell Death Differ 24: 1017–28, 2017; Von Muhlinen N., et al., Oncogene 37: 2379–93, 2018; Mondal, AM. et al., Cell Death and Dis 9: 750–804, 2018; Turnquist C. et al., Neuro Oncology 21: 474–85, 2019).

Translational Discoveries in Cancer Biomarkers: Harris's research aims to identify mechanistic and statistically independent biomarkers of cancer risk, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic outcomes, using data from multiple ethnic and geographic cohorts. One mechanistic facet of these studies is chronic inflammation, a feature of the internal exposome (initially described by Chris Wild, Cancer Epi Biomarkers Prev 14: 1847, 2005)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Christopher Paul |date=August 1, 2005 |title=Complementing the Genome with an &quot;Exposome&quot;: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology |url=https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/14/8/1847 |journal=Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &amp; Prevention |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1847–1850 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456 |pmid=16103423 |url-access=subscription |via=cebp.aacrjournals.org |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and an established cancer risk factor. He reported findings that increased levels of circulating interleukins are predictors of cancer risk, diagnosis, and prognosis of lung cancer patients (JNCI 99:1401, 2007; JNCI 103:1112, 2011).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Lung Cancer |url=https://ccr.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/lung_cancer_2017.508.pdf |access-date=March 13, 2020 |publisher=ccr.cancer.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also identified microRNAs associated with both diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer (Cancer Cell 9:189, 2006; Clin Cancer Res 17: 1875, 2011) and prognosis and therapeutic outcome of colon cancer (JAMA 299:425, 2008). In addition, he reported that combinations of DNA methylation, microRNAs, and proteins (e.g. inflammation-related) produced by human lung, colon, and esophageal carcinomas are robust cancer prognostic classifiers (PNAS 106:12085, 2009; Clin Cancer Res 15:5878, 2009; Clin Cancer Res 15:6192, 2009; Clin Cancer Res 16:5824, 2010; Clin Cancer Res 17:1875, 2011; Int J Cancer 132:2901, 2013; Cancer Res 73:3821, 2013, J of Thoracic Oncology, 10: 1037–1048, 2015). Importantly, these studies identified early-stage lung and colon cancers that have poor prognoses due to the likelihood of undetected micrometastasis.

Over the past ten years, Harris has conducted several novel studies of the human metabolome and how it contributes to cancer risk assessment, cancer diagnosis and the accurate identification of early stage lung cancer patients at high-risk of tumor recurrence (Cancer Res. 74: 3259–3270, 2014; Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &amp; Prevention 25(6); 978–86, 2016). 

Accolades include the Biomarker and Prevention Award, AACR Princess Takamatsu Award, the Oschner Award relating to Smoking and Health from the American College of Physicians, the Deichmann Award from the International Union of Toxicology, the Environment Mutagenesis and Genome Award, and the Distinguished Service Medal—the highest honor of the U.S. Public Health Service.

Harris has been an expert witness at hearings concerning OSHA Regulations on the Identification, Classification and Regulation of Toxic Substances Posing a Potential Occupational Carcinogenic Risk, a member of the technical review committee for the USPHS Surgeon General Report on Harmful Effects of Smokeless Tobacco and was a contributing a to the Surgeon General's 2004 seminal report on the Health Consequences of Smoking. Harris has also been a member of the Scientific Advisory Council at IARC. Moreover, he has demonstrated a steadfast from the 1980s to the present commitment on the Advisory Committee and honored consultant to the Radiation Effects Research Foundation in Hiroshima Japan, an organization dedicated to understanding the health consequences of radiation exposure among survivors of atomic bombs. Harris cofounded the Aspen Cancer Conference,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aspen Cancer Conference |url=https://www.aspencancerconference.org/ |website=Aspen Cancer Conference}}&lt;/ref&gt; a non-profit organization, in 1985 with Dr. Ben Trump where he serves as chairman of the board of directors.

Harris's published research has over 90,000 citations and H-index of over 140.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Harris has served as Chairman of the Program Committee of the AACR Annual Meeting; member of the AACR's board of directors, Nominating Committee and many Award Committees; and chairman of the board of directors and Chairman of the Scientific Program Advisory Board for the Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology. He is also since 1984 to recent the editor-in-chief of the journal ''Carcinogenesis''.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}}

* NSF Research Participation Awardee and Gifted Student Program, University of Kansas, (1963–1965)
* Commendation Medal, USPHS Honor Award, (1979)
* Medical Alumni Scholar and lecturer, first to be awarded, University of Kansas School of Medicine, (1982)
* NCI Equal Employment Opportunity Special Recognition Award, (1983)
* Fellow of the American Society for Clinical Investigation (1984)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The American Society for Clinical Investigation |url=https://www.the-asci.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Member, board of directors, (1984) American Association for Cancer Research&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) |url=https://www.aacr.org/ |website=American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Meritorious Service Award, USPHS, (1986)
* Keynote Address, Princess Takamatsu Symposium, (1991)
* Fellow, American Society of Clinical Investigation, (1992)
* Alton Ochsner Award Relating Smoking and Health, Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation and American College of Chest Physicians, (1993)
* Keynote Address, Japanese Research Society for Gastrointestinal Cancers, (1993)
* Keynote Address, Annual Meeting, Chinese Oncology Society, (1994)
* Keynote Address, Beatson International Cancer Conference, (1995)
* Walter Hubert Award and lecturer, British Association for Cancer Research, Nottingham, (1995)
* Don Coffey Award and lecturer, Society for Basic Urological Research, Las Vegas, (1995)
* Keynote Address, 5th International Inhalation Symposium, Hannover, (1995)
* Keynote Address, Japanese Lung Cancer Society, (1995)
* Walter Hubert Award: British Association for Cancer Research (1995)
* Lewis M. Schiffer Memorial Award and lecturer, Cell Proliferation Society, Toledo, (1996)
* Bob Champion Award and lecturer, British Oncological Association, (1996)
* Lewis M. Schiffer Memorial Award and lecturer, Cell Proliferation Society (1996)
* Bob Champion Award and lecturer, British Oncological Association (1996)
* Elizabeth and James Miller Distinguished Lecturer, Rutgers University, New Jersey, (1997)
* Robert Greenfield Memorial Lecturer, University of Nebraska, (1998)
* Federal Technology Transfer Award, (1998)
* Distinguished Lectureship, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, (1998)
* Identified as one of the 50 most cited scientists in biomedical research in the 1990s (ISI Science Watch, March 1998)
* Keynote Address, 2nd International Congress on Gastroenterological Carcinogenesis, Ulm, (1999)
* Charles Heidelberger Award, International Society on Gastroenterological Carcinogenesis, Ulm, (1999)
* Distinguished Service Medal, highest award of the US Public Health Service (1999)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal |url=http://www.militarymedals.com/medals/public-health-service-distinguished-service-medal-ribbon/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gerald N. Wogan Lecturer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (2000)
* Keynote Address, Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cancer Conference, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, (2000)
* Honorary Member (three foreign scientists are selected each year), Japanese Cancer Association, Tokyo (2001)
* Award of Merit, Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund, Japan, (2002)
* Award of Merit, Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Foundation (2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AACR Princess Takamatsu Memorial Lectureship: Past Recipients |url=https://www.aacr.org/professionals/research/scientific-achievement-awards-and-lecturships/scientific-award-recipients/aacr-princess-takamatsu-lectureship-recipients/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Keynote Address, Environmental Health Conference, Lancaster, (2003)
* Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2003)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAAS Home |url=https://www.aaas.org/ |website=American Association for the Advancement of Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Keynote Address, Tenth International Toxicology Congress, Finland, (2004)
* Keynote Address, Environmental Mutagen Society United Kingdom, Bradford, (2005)
* Keynote Address, International Symposium, Chronic Oxidative Stress and Cancer: Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Prevention, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 2005
* Keynote Address and Visiting Professor: Frontiers in Biomedical Research, Hong Kong School of Medicine, Hong Kong, (2005)
* Presidential Lecture, International Liver Congress, Shanghai, (2006)
* Keynote Address, Microenvironment and Cancer Symposium, Japanese Foundation Cancer Research, Tokyo, (2006)
* State of the Art Address, International Liver Cancer Association, Barcelona, (2007)
* NCI Outstanding Mentor Award (2007)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=cct-mentor-award (Previous Winners) &amp;#124; Events Registration |url=https://events.cancer.gov/cct/mentor-award/previous-winners |website=events.cancer.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* AACR-Princess Takamatsu Award, AACR Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, (2009)
* Keynote Address, Hiroshima Cancer Symposium, Hiroshima, Japan, (2009)
* NCI Merit Award, (2009)
* Distinguished Professor Lecture, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, (2010)
* Provost Distinguished Lecture, (Inaugural lecture), M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, (2010)
* Ben Trump Memorial Lecture, Aspen Cancer Conference, Aspen, CO, (2010)
* Distinguished Lecture, Frontiers of Cancer Prevention, AACR Conference, Philadelphia, PA, (2010)
* Keynote Address, Chemistry in Cancer Research: The Biological Chemistry of Inflammation as a Cause of Cancer, AACR Conference, San Diego, CA (2011)
* NCI Outstanding Mentor Award, (2013)
* ILCA Nelson Fausto Award, International Liver Cancer Association, (2014)
* 1st Allan Conney Memorial Lecture, Rutgers University, (2014)
* AACR- American Cancer Society Award for Research Excellence in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention and Lecture, San Diego, CA, (2014)
* Keynote Address, p53 Isoform Conference, Aix-en Provence, France, (2015)
* Keynote Address, Japan Lung Cancer Society, Yokohama, Japan, (2015)
* Distinguished Medical Alumnus Award, Kansas University School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, (2016)
* Plenary Lecture, 8th Princess Chulabhorn International Science Congress, Environmental Health: Inter-linkage among the Environment, Chemicals and Infectious Agents, Bangkok, Thailand, (2016)
* Plenary Lecture, Precision Medicine and Lung Cancer Biomarker, AACR, Washington, DC, (2017)
* Keynote Address, 2017 Genetic Toxicology Association (GTA) Meeting, Newark, DE, (2017)
* Keynote Speaker, 3rd International p53 Isoform Workshop, Bergen, Norway, (2017)
* Keynote Speaker, 11th Annual APRU Global Health Conference, Manila, Philippines, (2017)
* Keynote Speaker, International GYN Cancer Conference, Kyoto, Japan, (2018)
* Plenary Lecture, Princess Chulabhorn Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, (2019)
* Keynote Address, International Cell Senescence Association, Athens, Greece (2019)
* State-of-the-Art Lecture, 36th Annual Meeting of the Germany Working Community on the Study of Liver (ASL), Mainz, Germany, (2020)
* Annual Award Environment Mutagenesis and Genome Society (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EMGS : Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society |url=https://www.emgs-us.org/ |website=emgs-us.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fellow, Academy of AACR (2021)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>William Bassett (ya mutu a shekara ta 1693)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335383803|William Bassett (died 1693)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sir William Bassett''' (1628 – 25 September 1693) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1669 and 1693.

Bassett ɗan William Bassett ne na Claverton, kusa da Bath, da matarsa ta biyu Elizabeth Killigrew, 'yar Sir Joseph Killigrew na Lothbury, London da Landrake, Cornwall. An yi masa baftisma a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1628. Ya gaji mallakar Claverton bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1656. An ba shi daraja a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1660 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka ba da shawarar a matsayin Knight na Royal Oak tare da dukiyar £ 1,800 a kowace shekara. Ya kasance kwamishinan kimantawa na Somerset daga watan Agustan 1660 zuwa 1680. A shekara ta 1661 an sanya shi dan 'yanci na Bath kuma ya kasance kyaftin din doki na Somerset. Ya zama JP na Somerset a shekara ta 1662.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som. |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=History of Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1669, Bassett was elected Member of Parliament for Bath in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for recusants for Somerset in 1675. By 1679 he was a major in the militia, He was re-elected MP for Bath in first election of 1679, but lost his seat in the second election that year. He was Deputy Lieutenant from 1680 to 1687. In 1681 he was elected MP for Bath again. He became a member of the Honourable Artillery Company in 1681. He was J.P. for  Cornwall from 1683 to 1685 and for Bath from 1684 to October 1688. In 1685 he was re-elected MP for Bath, and again in 1689.   From 1689 to 1690 he was commissioner for assessment for Somerset and became Deputy Lieutenant for Somerset in 1689. He was commissioner for assessment for Bath in 1690. In 1690 he was re-elected MP for Bath.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som. |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=History of Parliament}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 &quot;BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som&quot;]. ''History of Parliament''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 November&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bassett died at the age of about 65 and was buried at Claverton.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som. |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=History of Parliament}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 &quot;BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som&quot;]. ''History of Parliament''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 November&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bassett married firstly Philadelphia Cambell, daughter of James Cambell of Woodford, Essex, and coheir to her brother [[Sir John Cambell, 1st Baronet]]. She died without issue and he married secondly on 28 September 1685, Rachel Biddulph, daughter of Sir Theophilus Biddulph of Westcombe Park, Greenwich, Kent.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som. |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=History of Parliament}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 &quot;BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som&quot;]. ''History of Parliament''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 November&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Sir William Bassett''' (1628 – 25 September 1693) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1669 and 1693.

Bassett ɗan William Bassett ne na Claverton, kusa da Bath, da matarsa ta biyu Elizabeth Killigrew, 'yar Sir Joseph Killigrew na Lothbury, London da Landrake, Cornwall. An yi masa baftisma a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1628. Ya gaji mallakar Claverton bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1656. An ba shi daraja a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1660 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka ba da shawarar a matsayin Knight na Royal Oak tare da dukiyar £ 1,800 a kowace shekara. Ya kasance kwamishinan kimantawa na Somerset daga watan Agustan 1660 zuwa 1680. A shekara ta 1661 an sanya shi dan 'yanci na Bath kuma ya kasance kyaftin din doki na Somerset. Ya zama JP na Somerset a shekara ta 1662.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som. |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=History of Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1669, Bassett was elected Member of Parliament for Bath in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for recusants for Somerset in 1675. By 1679 he was a major in the militia, He was re-elected MP for Bath in first election of 1679, but lost his seat in the second election that year. He was Deputy Lieutenant from 1680 to 1687. In 1681 he was elected MP for Bath again. He became a member of the Honourable Artillery Company in 1681. He was J.P. for  Cornwall from 1683 to 1685 and for Bath from 1684 to October 1688. In 1685 he was re-elected MP for Bath, and again in 1689.   From 1689 to 1690 he was commissioner for assessment for Somerset and became Deputy Lieutenant for Somerset in 1689. He was commissioner for assessment for Bath in 1690. In 1690 he was re-elected MP for Bath.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som. |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=History of Parliament}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 &quot;BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som&quot;]. ''History of Parliament''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 November&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bassett died at the age of about 65 and was buried at Claverton.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som. |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=History of Parliament}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 &quot;BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som&quot;]. ''History of Parliament''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 November&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bassett married firstly Philadelphia Cambell, daughter of James Cambell of Woodford, Essex, and coheir to her brother [[Sir John Cambell, 1st Baronet]]. She died without issue and he married secondly on 28 September 1685, Rachel Biddulph, daughter of Sir Theophilus Biddulph of Westcombe Park, Greenwich, Kent.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som. |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=History of Parliament}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bassett-sir-william-1628-93 &quot;BASSETT, Sir William (1628-93), of Claverton, nr. Bath, Som&quot;]. ''History of Parliament''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 November&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dorkus</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352709376|Dorkus]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6174" sha1="1c4mil3v690cl0s739804m0ojix2zhn" xml:space="preserve">&quot;'''Dorkus'''&quot; shi ne karo na goma sha biyu kuma na karshe na kakar wasa ta farko na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Scream Queens . An fara shi ne a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2015 a kan [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] kuma an nuna shi baya-baya tare da fitowar karshe ta kakar, &quot;The Final Girl (s) &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2015 |title=Scream Queens finale live online: Chanel, Hester or Pete, who is the Red Devil? |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/scream-queens-finale-live-online-chanel-hester-pete-who-red-devil-1532297 |access-date=2015-12-09 |website=International Business Times UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2015 |title=Scream Queens Finale Recap: Red Devil's Advocate |url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/12/scream-queens-recap-season-1-episode-12-13.html# |access-date=2015-12-09 |website=Vulture}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bradley Buecker ne ya ba da umarnin shirin kuma Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, da Ian Brennan ne suka rubuta shi. Fim din ya biyo bayan rayuwar Chanel da ke sauka, da kuma Grace da ke samun bayanai game da asalin mai kisan &quot;Red Devil&quot; na karshe.

The episode was watched by 2.53 million viewers and received mixed to positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
The episode opens with Pete (Diego Boneta) confessing to Grace (Skyler Samuels) that he has been helping the Red Devils commit murder. He'd crossed paths with them during the events of Hell Week, as he had been outside of the sorority house the night that Denise's (Niecy Nash) friend Shondell (Deneen Tyler) was murdered, and had agreed to help them in exchange for his own life. Pete tries to justify himself by claiming that this helped him accomplish his task of bringing down the Greek system at the college and that Grace herself had even expressed some thoughts to this extent. This horrifies Grace and just as she's about to leave Pete tells her that he's discovered the identity of the remaining Red Devil, who is one of the Chanels. However, before he can tell her the specific person he is murdered by the remaining, unknown Red Devil, leaving Grace to fight the final devil and trying to unmask them. However, she fails and is knocked out by the remaining Red Devil.

Meanwhile, many students have returned to campus to jeer Chanel ([[Emma Roberts]]), after she sent out a scathing e-mail rant to the other sorority members, calling them multiple expletives and insulting them for not showing up to help murder Dean Cathy Munsch ([[Jamie Lee Curtis]]). As the remaining murderer is one of the Chanels, she forwards the e-mail to the entire campus, causing it to go viral across the country. As she feels her reputation is ruined, in a fit of despair, she tries to kill herself using a mail ordered snake, only for it to end up being a harmless garter snake. Zayday discovers Chanel and tries to convince her that this isn't the end and that she can still change. As Chanel begins to thank Zayday for her advice, the two are attacked by a pizza delivery guy in a Red Devil costume. They manage to fight him off. They take him downstairs, where the rest of the Chanels arrive. Hester (Lea Michele) claims that she saw a girl with burned skin carrying a shovel, but this was dismissed immediately by Chanel to focus on the pizza delivery man. The man claims that he was forced to attack them by an unknown woman and that he has dynamite strapped to his body. Upon realizing the bomb, the girls run away and hide from the man as it goes off, killing him.

The death briefly traumatized Chanel #5/Libby Putney ([[Abigail Breslin]]). Choosing not to dwell on the man's murder, Chanel decides to apologize to as many people as possible, the first of whom will be Melanie Dorkus (Brianne Howey), the former KKT president that got her skin burned by the tan spray in Pilot. While at her house, Chanel #5 part ways to go on a date. However, rather than going there to apologize, Chanel is actually there to murder Melanie, as she suspects her of being the remaining killer, due to Hester's previous report. During this time, Hester starts to rob Chanel's closet. On the other hand, to know who the killer is, Grace and Zayday decide to break into Munsch's house so they can use her computer to access the personal files of the Chanels, using Grace's father, Wes (Oliver Hudson), to distract Munsch, by having sex with her. Unexpectedly, Wes falls for Cathy. Grace and Zayday find out that one of the Chanels' files has obviously false information such as listing &quot;Sweet Valley High&quot; as her former high school. With this knowledge in mind they rush to Melanie's house and narrowly prevent Chanel from killing her when Grace reveals Hester is the killer. Grace, Zayday, Chanel and Chanel #3 return to the sorority house, where they find Chanel #5 who claims that she has been stood up on a date. They discover a conscious Hester lying on the ground with a red stiletto in her eye, pointing towards Chanel #5 and accusing her of being the Red Devil.

== Reception ==

=== Ratings ===
Dorkus, along with the next episode The Final Girl(s) as the special two-hour season finale, was watched by live by 2.53 million U.S. viewers and got a 0.9/3 rating/share in the 18-49 adult demographic.

=== Critical reception ===
The two-hour finale episode received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics and audiences. Terri Schwartz from IGN gave the episode a rating of 8.5, with the consensus &quot;''Scream Queens'' went heavy on plot in 'Dorkus,' but that didn't stop it from delivering some hilarious sequences.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2015 |title=Scream Queens: &quot;Dorkus&quot; Review - IGN |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/12/09/scream-queens-dorkus-review |access-date=2015-12-09 |website=IGN}}&lt;/ref&gt; The A.V. Club's LaToya Ferguson rated the episode along with &quot;The Final Girl(s)&quot; and gave it a C rating, criticizing it for drawing out the reveal and for putting too much focus on the least interesting characters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The horror of exposition is more important than actual horror, on Scream Queens |url=https://www.avclub.com/on-scream-queens-the-horror-of-exposition-is-more-impo-1798185966 |access-date=2015-12-09 |website=www.avclub.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6187" sha1="o2ho9hn9hxghhvue6axuy1kn2nyb2v6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&quot;'''Dorkus'''&quot; shi ne karo na goma sha biyu kuma na karshe na kakar wasa ta farko na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Scream Queens . An fara shi ne a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2015 a kan [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] kuma an nuna shi baya-baya tare da fitowar karshe ta kakar, &quot;The Final Girl (s) &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2015 |title=Scream Queens finale live online: Chanel, Hester or Pete, who is the Red Devil? |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/scream-queens-finale-live-online-chanel-hester-pete-who-red-devil-1532297 |access-date=2015-12-09 |website=International Business Times UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2015 |title=Scream Queens Finale Recap: Red Devil's Advocate |url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/12/scream-queens-recap-season-1-episode-12-13.html# |access-date=2015-12-09 |website=Vulture}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bradley Buecker ne ya ba da umarnin shirin kuma Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, da Ian Brennan ne suka rubuta shi. Fim din ya biyo bayan rayuwar Chanel da ke sauka, da kuma Grace da ke samun bayanai game da asalin mai kisan &quot;Red Devil&quot; na karshe.

The episode was watched by 2.53 million viewers and received mixed to positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
The episode opens with Pete (Diego Boneta) confessing to Grace (Skyler Samuels) that he has been helping the Red Devils commit murder. He'd crossed paths with them during the events of Hell Week, as he had been outside of the sorority house the night that Denise's (Niecy Nash) friend Shondell (Deneen Tyler) was murdered, and had agreed to help them in exchange for his own life. Pete tries to justify himself by claiming that this helped him accomplish his task of bringing down the Greek system at the college and that Grace herself had even expressed some thoughts to this extent. This horrifies Grace and just as she's about to leave Pete tells her that he's discovered the identity of the remaining Red Devil, who is one of the Chanels. However, before he can tell her the specific person he is murdered by the remaining, unknown Red Devil, leaving Grace to fight the final devil and trying to unmask them. However, she fails and is knocked out by the remaining Red Devil.

Meanwhile, many students have returned to campus to jeer Chanel ([[Emma Roberts]]), after she sent out a scathing e-mail rant to the other sorority members, calling them multiple expletives and insulting them for not showing up to help murder Dean Cathy Munsch ([[Jamie Lee Curtis]]). As the remaining murderer is one of the Chanels, she forwards the e-mail to the entire campus, causing it to go viral across the country. As she feels her reputation is ruined, in a fit of despair, she tries to kill herself using a mail ordered snake, only for it to end up being a harmless garter snake. Zayday discovers Chanel and tries to convince her that this isn't the end and that she can still change. As Chanel begins to thank Zayday for her advice, the two are attacked by a pizza delivery guy in a Red Devil costume. They manage to fight him off. They take him downstairs, where the rest of the Chanels arrive. Hester (Lea Michele) claims that she saw a girl with burned skin carrying a shovel, but this was dismissed immediately by Chanel to focus on the pizza delivery man. The man claims that he was forced to attack them by an unknown woman and that he has dynamite strapped to his body. Upon realizing the bomb, the girls run away and hide from the man as it goes off, killing him.

The death briefly traumatized Chanel #5/Libby Putney ([[Abigail Breslin]]). Choosing not to dwell on the man's murder, Chanel decides to apologize to as many people as possible, the first of whom will be Melanie Dorkus (Brianne Howey), the former KKT president that got her skin burned by the tan spray in Pilot. While at her house, Chanel #5 part ways to go on a date. However, rather than going there to apologize, Chanel is actually there to murder Melanie, as she suspects her of being the remaining killer, due to Hester's previous report. During this time, Hester starts to rob Chanel's closet. On the other hand, to know who the killer is, Grace and Zayday decide to break into Munsch's house so they can use her computer to access the personal files of the Chanels, using Grace's father, Wes (Oliver Hudson), to distract Munsch, by having sex with her. Unexpectedly, Wes falls for Cathy. Grace and Zayday find out that one of the Chanels' files has obviously false information such as listing &quot;Sweet Valley High&quot; as her former high school. With this knowledge in mind they rush to Melanie's house and narrowly prevent Chanel from killing her when Grace reveals Hester is the killer. Grace, Zayday, Chanel and Chanel #3 return to the sorority house, where they find Chanel #5 who claims that she has been stood up on a date. They discover a conscious Hester lying on the ground with a red stiletto in her eye, pointing towards Chanel #5 and accusing her of being the Red Devil.

== Reception ==

=== Ratings ===
Dorkus, along with the next episode The Final Girl(s) as the special two-hour season finale, was watched by live by 2.53 million U.S. viewers and got a 0.9/3 rating/share in the 18-49 adult demographic.

=== Critical reception ===
The two-hour finale episode received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics and audiences. Terri Schwartz from IGN gave the episode a rating of 8.5, with the consensus &quot;''Scream Queens'' went heavy on plot in 'Dorkus,' but that didn't stop it from delivering some hilarious sequences.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2015 |title=Scream Queens: &quot;Dorkus&quot; Review - IGN |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/12/09/scream-queens-dorkus-review |access-date=2015-12-09 |website=IGN}}&lt;/ref&gt; The A.V. Club's LaToya Ferguson rated the episode along with &quot;The Final Girl(s)&quot; and gave it a C rating, criticizing it for drawing out the reveal and for putting too much focus on the least interesting characters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The horror of exposition is more important than actual horror, on Scream Queens |url=https://www.avclub.com/on-scream-queens-the-horror-of-exposition-is-more-impo-1798185966 |access-date=2015-12-09 |website=www.avclub.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336242556|Zhu Xi]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:延宾馆.JPG|right|thumb|Statue of Zhu Xi at the White Deer Grotto Academy at the foot of Mount Lu]]
'''Zhu Xi''' (Chinese; October 18, 1130 - April 23, 1200), wanda aka fi sani da Chu Hsi, masanin falsafa ne na kasar Sin, masanin tarihi, ɗan siyasa, mawaki, kuma marubuci na Daular Southern Song . A matsayinsa na jagora a ci gaban Neo-Confucianism, Zhu Xi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara tushen ilimi na mulkin mallaka na kasar Sin. Ya nemi ya haɗa kai na ɗabi'a, fassarar gargajiya, al'ada, da ka'idar cosmological a cikin tsari mai ma'ana, yana jaddada nazarin horo da al'adun ɗabi'aa yayin da yake sukar hanyoyin - musamman a cikin al'adun Buddha na zamani - waɗanda ke da'awar fahimtar nan da nan ta rabu da al'ada. Tattaunawarsa mai zurfi da aikin edita a kan ''Littattafai Hudu'' sun zama mahimman matani na jarrabawar aikin gwamnati daga 1313 har  lokacin da aka soke su a 1905. Ya ci gaba da ingantaccen tsarin falsafar da aka sani da &quot;bincike na abubuwa&quot; ({{Lang|zh|格物}}) kuma ya jaddada yin tunani a matsayin muhimmiyar aiki don ɗabi'a da ilimi. Tunanin Zhu Xi ya yi tasiri sosai, ya zama akidar hukuma ta kasar Sin daga Daular Yuan zuwa gaba, kuma daga baya aka karbe shi a wasu ƙasashen Gabashin Asiya kamar Japan, Koriya, da Vietnam. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, an kafa koyarwarsa ta Neo-Confucian ta hanyar tsarin ilimi da jarrabawar ma'aikatan gwamnati, suna tsara akidar siyasa, matsayi na zamantakewa, da dabi'un al'adu na ƙarni.{{Spaced en dash}}

Zhu was a scholar with a wide learning in the classics, commentaries, histories and other writings of his predecessors. In his lifetime, he was able to serve multiple times as a government official,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; although he avoided public office for most of his adult life. He also wrote, compiled and edited almost a hundred books and corresponded with dozens of other scholars. He acted as a teacher to groups of students, many of whom chose to study under him for years. He built upon the teachings of the Cheng brothers and others, further developing their metaphysical theories in regards to Li (Forma) and Qi (Materia). His followers recorded thousands of his conversations in writing.

== Life ==
Zhu Xi, whose family originated in Wuyuan County, Huizhou (in modern Jiangxi province), was born in Fujian, where his father worked as the subprefectural sheriff. After his father was forced from office due to his opposition to the government appeasement policy towards the Jurchen in 1140, Zhu Xi received instruction from his father at home. Many anecdotes attest that he was a highly precocious child. It was recorded that at age five he ventured to ask what lay beyond Heaven, and by eight he understood the significance of the Classic of Filiality (''Xiaojing''). As a youth, he was inspired by Mencius' proposition that anyone could become a sage. Upon his father's death in 1143, he studied with his father's friends Hu Xian, Liu Zihui, and Liu Mianzhi. In 1148, at the age of 19, Zhu Xi passed the Imperial Examination and became a presented scholar (''jinshi''). Zhu Xi's first official dispatch position was as Subprefectural Registrar of Tong'an ({{Lang|zh|同安縣主簿}}), which he served from 1153 - 1156. From 1153 he began to study under Li Tong, who followed the Neo-Confucian tradition of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, and formally became his student in 1160.

In 1179, after not serving in an official capacity since 1156, Zhu Xi was appointed Prefect of Nankang Military District ({{Lang|zh|南康軍}}), where he revived White Deer Grotto Academy. and got demoted three years later for attacking the incompetency and corruption of some influential officials. There were several instances of receiving an appointment and subsequently being demoted. Upon dismissal from his last appointment, he was accused of numerous crimes and a petition was made for his execution. Much of this opposition was headed by Han Tuozhou, the Prime Minister, who was a political rival of Zhu's.&lt;ref name=&quot;xu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Xu |first=Haoran |title=The Relationship Between Zhen Dexiu and Neo-Confucianism:under the Background of an Imperial Edict Drafter |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-BDZK201605016.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083246/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-BDZK201605016.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=11 January 2017 |website=CNKI |publisher=Journal of Peking University (philosophy of Social Sciences)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though his teachings had been severely attacked by establishment figures, almost a thousand brave people attended his funeral. After the death of Han Tuozhou, Zhu's successor Zhen Dexiu, together with Wei Liaoweng, made Zhu's branch of Neo-Confucianism the dominant philosophy at the Song Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;WDL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Writings of the Orthodox School |url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4682/ |access-date=11 January 2017 |website=World Digital Library |publisher=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1208, eight years after his death, Emperor Ningzong of Song rehabilitated Zhu Xi and honored him with the posthumous name of Wen Gong ({{Lang|zh|文公}}), meaning &quot;Venerable gentleman of culture&quot;. Around 1228, Emperor Lizong of Song honored him with the posthumous noble title Duke of Hui ({{Lang|zh|徽國公}}).  In 1241, a memorial tablet to Zhu Xi was placed in the Confucian Temple at Qufu, thereby elevating him to Confucian sainthood. Today, Zhu Xi is venerated as one of the &quot;Twelve Philosophers&quot; of [[Konfushiyanci|Confucianism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Architecture Images- Beijing- Confucius Temple |url=http://www.chinese-architecture.info/PEKING/PE-032.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206031311/http://www.chinese-architecture.info/PEKING/PE-032.htm |archive-date=2010-12-06 |access-date=2013-04-22 |publisher=Chinese-architecture.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Modern [[Sinology|Sinologists]] and Chinese often refer to him as Zhu Wen Gong ({{Lang|zh|朱文公}}) in lieu of his name.

== Teachings ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg|thumb|As depicted in the album'' Portraits of Famous Men'' {{Circa}} 1900, housed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.]]
During the Song dynasty, Zhu Xi's teachings were considered to be unorthodox. Rather than focusing on the ''I Ching'' like other Neo-Confucians, he chose to emphasize the Four Books: the ''Great Learning'', the ''Doctrine of the Mean'', the ''Analects of Confucius'', and the ''Mencius'' as the core curriculum for aspiring scholar officials. For all these classics he wrote extensive commentaries that were not widely recognized in his time; however, they later became accepted as the standard commentaries. The Four Books served as the basis of civil service examinations up until 1905, and education in the classics often began with Zhu Xi's commentaries as the cornerstone for understanding them.

The sources of Zhu Xi's new approach to the Confucian curriculum have been found in several works of the Cheng brothers. Zhu Xi &quot;codified the Cheng brothers' teachings and reworked them into his own philosophical program,&quot; moving &quot;from philology to philosophy.&quot;

=== Li, Qi, and the Supreme Ultimate ===
Zhu Xi maintained that all things are brought into being by the union of two universal aspects of reality: ''qi'' ({{Lang|zh|氣}}, sometimes translated as vital – or physical, material – force); and ''li'' ({{Lang|zh|理}}, sometimes translated as rational principle or law). The source and sum of ''li'' is the ''taiji'', meaning the Supreme Ultimate. The source of ''qi''  is not so clearly stated by Zhu Xi, leading some authorities to maintain that he was a metaphysical monist and others to maintain that he was a metaphysical dualist.

According to Zhu Xi's theory, every physical object and every person has its ''li'' and therefore has contact in its metaphysical core with the ''taiji''. What is referred to as the human soul, mind, or spirit is understood as the ''taiji'', or the supreme creative principle, as it works its way out in a person.

''Qi'' and ''li'' operate together in mutual dependence. They are mutually aspective in all creatures in the universe. These two aspects are manifested in the creation of substantial entities. When their activity is waxing (rapid or expansive), that is the ''yang'' energy mode. When their activity is waning (slow or contractive), that is the ''yin'' energy mode. The yang and yin phases constantly interact, each gaining and losing dominance over the other. In the process of the waxing and waning, the alternation of these fundamental vibrations, the so-called five elements evolve (fire, water, wood, metal, and earth). Zhu Xi argues that ''li'' existed even before Heaven and Earth.

In terms of ''li'' and ''qi'', Zhu Xi's system strongly resembles Buddhist ideas of ''li'' (principle) and ''shi'' (affairs, matters), though Zhu Xi and his followers strongly argued that they were not copying Buddhist ideas. Instead, they held, they were using concepts already present long before in the ''I Ching.''

Zhu Xi discussed how he saw the Supreme Ultimate concept to be compatible with principle of Taoism, but his concept of ''taiji'' was different from the understanding of ''Tao'' in Taoism. Where ''taiji'' is a differentiating principle that results in the emergence of something new, ''Tao'' is still and silent, operating to reduce all things to equality and indistinguishability. He argued that there is a central harmony that is not static or empty but was dynamic, and that the Supreme Ultimate is itself in constant creative activity.

Zhu Xi considered the earlier Confucian Xunzi to be a heretic for departing from Mengzi's idea of innate human goodness. Even if people displayed immoral behaviour, the supreme regulative principle was good. The cause of immoral actions is ''qi''. Zhu Xi's metaphysics is that everything contains ''li'' and ''qi''. ''Li'' is the principle that is in everything and governs the universe. Each person has a perfect ''li''. As such, individuals should act in perfect accordance with morality. However, while ''li'' is the underlying structure, ''qi'' is also part of everything. ''Qi'' obscures our perfect moral nature. The task of moral cultivation is to clear our ''qi.'' If our ''qi'' is clear and balanced, then we will act in a perfectly moral way.

=== Manazarta ===

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:延宾馆.JPG|right|thumb|Statue of Zhu Xi at the White Deer Grotto Academy at the foot of Mount Lu]]{{Databox}}
'''Zhu Xi''' (Chinese; October 18, 1130 - April 23, 1200), wanda aka fi sani da Chu Hsi, masanin falsafa ne na kasar Sin, masanin tarihi, ɗan siyasa, mawaki, kuma marubuci na Daular Southern Song . A matsayinsa na jagora a ci gaban Neo-Confucianism, Zhu Xi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara tushen ilimi na mulkin mallaka na kasar Sin. Ya nemi ya haɗa kai na ɗabi'a, fassarar gargajiya, al'ada, da ka'idar cosmological a cikin tsari mai ma'ana, yana jaddada nazarin horo da al'adun ɗabi'aa yayin da yake sukar hanyoyin - musamman a cikin al'adun Buddha na zamani - waɗanda ke da'awar fahimtar nan da nan ta rabu da al'ada. Tattaunawarsa mai zurfi da aikin edita a kan ''Littattafai Hudu'' sun zama mahimman matani na jarrabawar aikin gwamnati daga 1313 har  lokacin da aka soke su a 1905. Ya ci gaba da ingantaccen tsarin falsafar da aka sani da &quot;bincike na abubuwa&quot; ({{Lang|zh|格物}}) kuma ya jaddada yin tunani a matsayin muhimmiyar aiki don ɗabi'a da ilimi. Tunanin Zhu Xi ya yi tasiri sosai, ya zama akidar hukuma ta kasar Sin daga Daular Yuan zuwa gaba, kuma daga baya aka karbe shi a wasu ƙasashen Gabashin Asiya kamar Japan, Koriya, da Vietnam. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, an kafa koyarwarsa ta Neo-Confucian ta hanyar tsarin ilimi da jarrabawar ma'aikatan gwamnati, suna tsara akidar siyasa, matsayi na zamantakewa, da dabi'un al'adu na ƙarni.{{Spaced en dash}}

Zhu was a scholar with a wide learning in the classics, commentaries, histories and other writings of his predecessors. In his lifetime, he was able to serve multiple times as a government official,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; although he avoided public office for most of his adult life. He also wrote, compiled and edited almost a hundred books and corresponded with dozens of other scholars. He acted as a teacher to groups of students, many of whom chose to study under him for years. He built upon the teachings of the Cheng brothers and others, further developing their metaphysical theories in regards to Li (Forma) and Qi (Materia). His followers recorded thousands of his conversations in writing.

== Life ==
Zhu Xi, whose family originated in Wuyuan County, Huizhou (in modern Jiangxi province), was born in Fujian, where his father worked as the subprefectural sheriff. After his father was forced from office due to his opposition to the government appeasement policy towards the Jurchen in 1140, Zhu Xi received instruction from his father at home. Many anecdotes attest that he was a highly precocious child. It was recorded that at age five he ventured to ask what lay beyond Heaven, and by eight he understood the significance of the Classic of Filiality (''Xiaojing''). As a youth, he was inspired by Mencius' proposition that anyone could become a sage. Upon his father's death in 1143, he studied with his father's friends Hu Xian, Liu Zihui, and Liu Mianzhi. In 1148, at the age of 19, Zhu Xi passed the Imperial Examination and became a presented scholar (''jinshi''). Zhu Xi's first official dispatch position was as Subprefectural Registrar of Tong'an ({{Lang|zh|同安縣主簿}}), which he served from 1153 - 1156. From 1153 he began to study under Li Tong, who followed the Neo-Confucian tradition of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, and formally became his student in 1160.

In 1179, after not serving in an official capacity since 1156, Zhu Xi was appointed Prefect of Nankang Military District ({{Lang|zh|南康軍}}), where he revived White Deer Grotto Academy. and got demoted three years later for attacking the incompetency and corruption of some influential officials. There were several instances of receiving an appointment and subsequently being demoted. Upon dismissal from his last appointment, he was accused of numerous crimes and a petition was made for his execution. Much of this opposition was headed by Han Tuozhou, the Prime Minister, who was a political rival of Zhu's.&lt;ref name=&quot;xu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Xu |first=Haoran |title=The Relationship Between Zhen Dexiu and Neo-Confucianism:under the Background of an Imperial Edict Drafter |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-BDZK201605016.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083246/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-BDZK201605016.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=11 January 2017 |website=CNKI |publisher=Journal of Peking University (philosophy of Social Sciences)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though his teachings had been severely attacked by establishment figures, almost a thousand brave people attended his funeral. After the death of Han Tuozhou, Zhu's successor Zhen Dexiu, together with Wei Liaoweng, made Zhu's branch of Neo-Confucianism the dominant philosophy at the Song Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;WDL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Writings of the Orthodox School |url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4682/ |access-date=11 January 2017 |website=World Digital Library |publisher=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1208, eight years after his death, Emperor Ningzong of Song rehabilitated Zhu Xi and honored him with the posthumous name of Wen Gong ({{Lang|zh|文公}}), meaning &quot;Venerable gentleman of culture&quot;. Around 1228, Emperor Lizong of Song honored him with the posthumous noble title Duke of Hui ({{Lang|zh|徽國公}}).  In 1241, a memorial tablet to Zhu Xi was placed in the Confucian Temple at Qufu, thereby elevating him to Confucian sainthood. Today, Zhu Xi is venerated as one of the &quot;Twelve Philosophers&quot; of [[Konfushiyanci|Confucianism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Architecture Images- Beijing- Confucius Temple |url=http://www.chinese-architecture.info/PEKING/PE-032.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206031311/http://www.chinese-architecture.info/PEKING/PE-032.htm |archive-date=2010-12-06 |access-date=2013-04-22 |publisher=Chinese-architecture.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Modern [[Sinology|Sinologists]] and Chinese often refer to him as Zhu Wen Gong ({{Lang|zh|朱文公}}) in lieu of his name.

== Teachings ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg|thumb|As depicted in the album'' Portraits of Famous Men'' {{Circa}} 1900, housed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.]]
During the Song dynasty, Zhu Xi's teachings were considered to be unorthodox. Rather than focusing on the ''I Ching'' like other Neo-Confucians, he chose to emphasize the Four Books: the ''Great Learning'', the ''Doctrine of the Mean'', the ''Analects of Confucius'', and the ''Mencius'' as the core curriculum for aspiring scholar officials. For all these classics he wrote extensive commentaries that were not widely recognized in his time; however, they later became accepted as the standard commentaries. The Four Books served as the basis of civil service examinations up until 1905, and education in the classics often began with Zhu Xi's commentaries as the cornerstone for understanding them.

The sources of Zhu Xi's new approach to the Confucian curriculum have been found in several works of the Cheng brothers. Zhu Xi &quot;codified the Cheng brothers' teachings and reworked them into his own philosophical program,&quot; moving &quot;from philology to philosophy.&quot;

=== Li, Qi, and the Supreme Ultimate ===
Zhu Xi maintained that all things are brought into being by the union of two universal aspects of reality: ''qi'' ({{Lang|zh|氣}}, sometimes translated as vital – or physical, material – force); and ''li'' ({{Lang|zh|理}}, sometimes translated as rational principle or law). The source and sum of ''li'' is the ''taiji'', meaning the Supreme Ultimate. The source of ''qi''  is not so clearly stated by Zhu Xi, leading some authorities to maintain that he was a metaphysical monist and others to maintain that he was a metaphysical dualist.

According to Zhu Xi's theory, every physical object and every person has its ''li'' and therefore has contact in its metaphysical core with the ''taiji''. What is referred to as the human soul, mind, or spirit is understood as the ''taiji'', or the supreme creative principle, as it works its way out in a person.

''Qi'' and ''li'' operate together in mutual dependence. They are mutually aspective in all creatures in the universe. These two aspects are manifested in the creation of substantial entities. When their activity is waxing (rapid or expansive), that is the ''yang'' energy mode. When their activity is waning (slow or contractive), that is the ''yin'' energy mode. The yang and yin phases constantly interact, each gaining and losing dominance over the other. In the process of the waxing and waning, the alternation of these fundamental vibrations, the so-called five elements evolve (fire, water, wood, metal, and earth). Zhu Xi argues that ''li'' existed even before Heaven and Earth.

In terms of ''li'' and ''qi'', Zhu Xi's system strongly resembles Buddhist ideas of ''li'' (principle) and ''shi'' (affairs, matters), though Zhu Xi and his followers strongly argued that they were not copying Buddhist ideas. Instead, they held, they were using concepts already present long before in the ''I Ching.''

Zhu Xi discussed how he saw the Supreme Ultimate concept to be compatible with principle of Taoism, but his concept of ''taiji'' was different from the understanding of ''Tao'' in Taoism. Where ''taiji'' is a differentiating principle that results in the emergence of something new, ''Tao'' is still and silent, operating to reduce all things to equality and indistinguishability. He argued that there is a central harmony that is not static or empty but was dynamic, and that the Supreme Ultimate is itself in constant creative activity.

Zhu Xi considered the earlier Confucian Xunzi to be a heretic for departing from Mengzi's idea of innate human goodness. Even if people displayed immoral behaviour, the supreme regulative principle was good. The cause of immoral actions is ''qi''. Zhu Xi's metaphysics is that everything contains ''li'' and ''qi''. ''Li'' is the principle that is in everything and governs the universe. Each person has a perfect ''li''. As such, individuals should act in perfect accordance with morality. However, while ''li'' is the underlying structure, ''qi'' is also part of everything. ''Qi'' obscures our perfect moral nature. The task of moral cultivation is to clear our ''qi.'' If our ''qi'' is clear and balanced, then we will act in a perfectly moral way.

=== Manazarta ===

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Billy Bletcher</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353204823|Billy Bletcher]]&quot;</comment>
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'''William &quot;Billy&quot; Bletcher''' (24 ga Satumba, 1894 - 5 ga Janairu, 1979)  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An san shi da rawar murya ga haruffa masu rai daban-daban, musamman Pete a cikin gajeren fina-finai na ''Mickey Mouse'' na [[Walt Disney]] da Big Bad Wolf a cikin Disney's Three Little Pigs . Ya kuma bayyana Spike a cikin gajeren ''[[Tom da Jerry]]'' daban-daban.

== Early life ==
William Bletcher was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on September 24, 1894, to Huber and Dora Bletcher.

Bletcher appeared on-screen in films and later television from the 1910s to the 1970s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Buz |first=Box Office |title=Billy Bletcher |url=https://boxofficebuz.com/person/2620-billy-bletcher |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807110316/https://boxofficebuz.com/person/2620-billy-bletcher |archive-date=August 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-08-07 |website=Box Office Buz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; including appearances in several ''Our Gang'' and ''The Three Stooges'' comedies.

He was most active as a voice actor. His voice was a deep, strong and booming baritone. Bletcher provided the voices of various characters for Walt Disney Productions (including his recurring roles as Black Pete and the Big Bad Wolf).&lt;ref name=&quot;Funnyworld&quot; /&gt; He auditioned to play one of the dwarfs in Disney's ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (1937). However, [[Walt Disney]] disapproved for fear that people would recognize Bletcher from the studio's Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck short subjects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Funnyworld&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1978 |title=Interview with Billy Bletcher, by Michael Barrier and Milton Gray |url=http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124449/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |access-date=2017-02-21 |website=Funnyworld}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His booming voice can also be heard as &quot;Don Del Oro&quot; the Yacqi Indian god in the 1939 Republic serial, ''Zorro's Fighting Legion''. He also provided voice work for Ub Iwerks as the Pincushion man in the 1935 animated short ''Balloon Land'', Owl Jolson's disciplinarian violinist father in the 1936 Warner Bros. short subject based on the song ''I Love to Singa'', a wolf character almost identical to Walt Disney's incarnation in the Ub Iwerks cartoon &quot;Little Boy Blue&quot; released in 1936 and the menacing spider in ''Bingo Crosbyana''.

In 1939, Billy Bletcher and Pinto Colvig were hired to perform ADR work for the Munchkins in ''The Wizard of Oz''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Funnyworld&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1978 |title=Interview with Billy Bletcher, by Michael Barrier and Milton Gray |url=http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124449/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |access-date=2017-02-21 |website=Funnyworld}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124449/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm &quot;Interview with Billy Bletcher, by Michael Barrier and Milton Gray&quot;]. ''Funnyworld''. 1978. Archived from [http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm the original] on March 7, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-02-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

In MGM films, he voiced Spike the Bulldog and on some occasions even Tom Cat, in ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom and Jerry]]'', and in Warner Bros. many characters, most notably Henry &quot;Papa&quot; Bear of Chuck Jones' The Three Bears. He voiced the villainous wolf in ''Little Red Riding Rabbit'' (1944).

Bletcher did voice acting for the 1944 Private Snafu World War II training film &quot;''Gas''&quot;, where Bletcher voices the villainous Gas Cloud. Bletcher also portrayed The Captain in ''The Captain and the Kids'' with MGM cartoons.

In 1950, he portrayed several characters on ''The Lone Ranger'' radio program as well as appearing in episode 27 of the TV series.

In 1971, he portrayed one of his final roles, Pappy Yokum in a television adaptation of ''Lil Abner''. In 1978, he was originally hired to voice the Weed on ''The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show'', but had to drop out due to illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News From ME - Mark Evanier's blog |url=https://www.newsfromme.com/2009/01/07/todays-video-link-6-3/ |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=newsfromme.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life ==
Bletcher married actress Arlyn H. Roberts in 1915 and had a daughter, Barbara. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;page&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bletcher U'Ren Obituary - North Hollywood, CA |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/north-hollywood-ca/barbara-bletcher-uren-6739082 |access-date=2023-12-27 |publisher=Dignity Memorial |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death ==
Bletcher died at the age of 84 on January 5, 1979, in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. He was survived by his wife Arlyn and their daughter Barbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bletcher U'Ren Obituary - North Hollywood, CA |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/north-hollywood-ca/barbara-bletcher-uren-6739082 |access-date=2023-12-27 |publisher=Dignity Memorial |language=en-us}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/north-hollywood-ca/barbara-bletcher-uren-6739082 &quot;Barbara Bletcher U'Ren Obituary - North Hollywood, CA&quot;]. Dignity Memorial&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected filmography ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>i0tgrnskrlzwzjypp0d6rjub0un6oo1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858242</id>
      <parentid>858241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:37:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>13504</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix</comment>
      <origin>858242</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5998" sha1="abua4pb6gxwll6ffnf3hyk7pyve9qq5" xml:space="preserve">'''William &quot;Billy&quot; Bletcher''' (24 ga Satumba, 1894 - 5 ga Janairu, 1979)  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An san shi da rawar murya ga haruffa masu rai daban-daban, musamman Pete a cikin gajeren fina-finai na ''Mickey Mouse'' na [[Walt Disney]] da Big Bad Wolf a cikin Disney's Three Little Pigs . Ya kuma bayyana Spike a cikin gajeren ''[[Tom da Jerry]]'' daban-daban.

== Early life ==
William Bletcher was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on September 24, 1894, to Huber and Dora Bletcher.

Bletcher appeared on-screen in films and later television from the 1910s to the 1970s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Buz |first=Box Office |title=Billy Bletcher |url=https://boxofficebuz.com/person/2620-billy-bletcher |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807110316/https://boxofficebuz.com/person/2620-billy-bletcher |archive-date=August 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-08-07 |website=Box Office Buz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; including appearances in several ''Our Gang'' and ''The Three Stooges'' comedies.

He was most active as a voice actor. His voice was a deep, strong and booming baritone. Bletcher provided the voices of various characters for Walt Disney Productions (including his recurring roles as Black Pete and the Big Bad Wolf).&lt;ref name=&quot;Funnyworld&quot; /&gt; He auditioned to play one of the dwarfs in Disney's ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (1937). However, [[Walt Disney]] disapproved for fear that people would recognize Bletcher from the studio's Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck short subjects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Funnyworld&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1978 |title=Interview with Billy Bletcher, by Michael Barrier and Milton Gray |url=http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124449/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |access-date=2017-02-21 |website=Funnyworld}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His booming voice can also be heard as &quot;Don Del Oro&quot; the Yacqi Indian god in the 1939 Republic serial, ''Zorro's Fighting Legion''. He also provided voice work for Ub Iwerks as the Pincushion man in the 1935 animated short ''Balloon Land'', Owl Jolson's disciplinarian violinist father in the 1936 Warner Bros. short subject based on the song ''I Love to Singa'', a wolf character almost identical to Walt Disney's incarnation in the Ub Iwerks cartoon &quot;Little Boy Blue&quot; released in 1936 and the menacing spider in ''Bingo Crosbyana''.

In 1939, Billy Bletcher and Pinto Colvig were hired to perform ADR work for the Munchkins in ''The Wizard of Oz''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Funnyworld&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1978 |title=Interview with Billy Bletcher, by Michael Barrier and Milton Gray |url=http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124449/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |access-date=2017-02-21 |website=Funnyworld}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124449/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm &quot;Interview with Billy Bletcher, by Michael Barrier and Milton Gray&quot;]. ''Funnyworld''. 1978. Archived from [http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm the original] on March 7, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-02-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

In MGM films, he voiced Spike the Bulldog and on some occasions even Tom Cat, in ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom and Jerry]]'', and in Warner Bros. many characters, most notably Henry &quot;Papa&quot; Bear of Chuck Jones' The Three Bears. He voiced the villainous wolf in ''Little Red Riding Rabbit'' (1944).

Bletcher did voice acting for the 1944 Private Snafu World War II training film &quot;''Gas''&quot;, where Bletcher voices the villainous Gas Cloud. Bletcher also portrayed The Captain in ''The Captain and the Kids'' with MGM cartoons.

In 1950, he portrayed several characters on ''The Lone Ranger'' radio program as well as appearing in episode 27 of the TV series.

In 1971, he portrayed one of his final roles, Pappy Yokum in a television adaptation of ''Lil Abner''. In 1978, he was originally hired to voice the Weed on ''The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show'', but had to drop out due to illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News From ME - Mark Evanier's blog |url=https://www.newsfromme.com/2009/01/07/todays-video-link-6-3/ |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=newsfromme.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life ==
Bletcher married actress Arlyn H. Roberts in 1915 and had a daughter, Barbara. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;page&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bletcher U'Ren Obituary - North Hollywood, CA |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/north-hollywood-ca/barbara-bletcher-uren-6739082 |access-date=2023-12-27 |publisher=Dignity Memorial |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death ==
Bletcher died at the age of 84 on January 5, 1979, in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. He was survived by his wife Arlyn and their daughter Barbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bletcher U'Ren Obituary - North Hollywood, CA |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/north-hollywood-ca/barbara-bletcher-uren-6739082 |access-date=2023-12-27 |publisher=Dignity Memorial |language=en-us}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/north-hollywood-ca/barbara-bletcher-uren-6739082 &quot;Barbara Bletcher U'Ren Obituary - North Hollywood, CA&quot;]. Dignity Memorial&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected filmography ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>abua4pb6gxwll6ffnf3hyk7pyve9qq5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858243</id>
      <parentid>858242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:38:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858243</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6011" sha1="skjmrdpw9h57vfkt74l5y7wrc4cq93t" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''William &quot;Billy&quot; Bletcher''' (24 ga Satumba, 1894 - 5 ga Janairu, 1979)  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An san shi da rawar murya ga haruffa masu rai daban-daban, musamman Pete a cikin gajeren fina-finai na ''Mickey Mouse'' na [[Walt Disney]] da Big Bad Wolf a cikin Disney's Three Little Pigs . Ya kuma bayyana Spike a cikin gajeren ''[[Tom da Jerry]]'' daban-daban.

== Early life ==
William Bletcher was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on September 24, 1894, to Huber and Dora Bletcher.

Bletcher appeared on-screen in films and later television from the 1910s to the 1970s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Buz |first=Box Office |title=Billy Bletcher |url=https://boxofficebuz.com/person/2620-billy-bletcher |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807110316/https://boxofficebuz.com/person/2620-billy-bletcher |archive-date=August 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-08-07 |website=Box Office Buz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; including appearances in several ''Our Gang'' and ''The Three Stooges'' comedies.

He was most active as a voice actor. His voice was a deep, strong and booming baritone. Bletcher provided the voices of various characters for Walt Disney Productions (including his recurring roles as Black Pete and the Big Bad Wolf).&lt;ref name=&quot;Funnyworld&quot; /&gt; He auditioned to play one of the dwarfs in Disney's ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (1937). However, [[Walt Disney]] disapproved for fear that people would recognize Bletcher from the studio's Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck short subjects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Funnyworld&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1978 |title=Interview with Billy Bletcher, by Michael Barrier and Milton Gray |url=http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124449/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |access-date=2017-02-21 |website=Funnyworld}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His booming voice can also be heard as &quot;Don Del Oro&quot; the Yacqi Indian god in the 1939 Republic serial, ''Zorro's Fighting Legion''. He also provided voice work for Ub Iwerks as the Pincushion man in the 1935 animated short ''Balloon Land'', Owl Jolson's disciplinarian violinist father in the 1936 Warner Bros. short subject based on the song ''I Love to Singa'', a wolf character almost identical to Walt Disney's incarnation in the Ub Iwerks cartoon &quot;Little Boy Blue&quot; released in 1936 and the menacing spider in ''Bingo Crosbyana''.

In 1939, Billy Bletcher and Pinto Colvig were hired to perform ADR work for the Munchkins in ''The Wizard of Oz''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Funnyworld&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1978 |title=Interview with Billy Bletcher, by Michael Barrier and Milton Gray |url=http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124449/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |access-date=2017-02-21 |website=Funnyworld}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124449/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm &quot;Interview with Billy Bletcher, by Michael Barrier and Milton Gray&quot;]. ''Funnyworld''. 1978. Archived from [http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Bletcher/Bletcher.htm the original] on March 7, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-02-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

In MGM films, he voiced Spike the Bulldog and on some occasions even Tom Cat, in ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom and Jerry]]'', and in Warner Bros. many characters, most notably Henry &quot;Papa&quot; Bear of Chuck Jones' The Three Bears. He voiced the villainous wolf in ''Little Red Riding Rabbit'' (1944).

Bletcher did voice acting for the 1944 Private Snafu World War II training film &quot;''Gas''&quot;, where Bletcher voices the villainous Gas Cloud. Bletcher also portrayed The Captain in ''The Captain and the Kids'' with MGM cartoons.

In 1950, he portrayed several characters on ''The Lone Ranger'' radio program as well as appearing in episode 27 of the TV series.

In 1971, he portrayed one of his final roles, Pappy Yokum in a television adaptation of ''Lil Abner''. In 1978, he was originally hired to voice the Weed on ''The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show'', but had to drop out due to illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News From ME - Mark Evanier's blog |url=https://www.newsfromme.com/2009/01/07/todays-video-link-6-3/ |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=newsfromme.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life ==
Bletcher married actress Arlyn H. Roberts in 1915 and had a daughter, Barbara. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;page&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bletcher U'Ren Obituary - North Hollywood, CA |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/north-hollywood-ca/barbara-bletcher-uren-6739082 |access-date=2023-12-27 |publisher=Dignity Memorial |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death ==
Bletcher died at the age of 84 on January 5, 1979, in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. He was survived by his wife Arlyn and their daughter Barbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bletcher U'Ren Obituary - North Hollywood, CA |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/north-hollywood-ca/barbara-bletcher-uren-6739082 |access-date=2023-12-27 |publisher=Dignity Memorial |language=en-us}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/north-hollywood-ca/barbara-bletcher-uren-6739082 &quot;Barbara Bletcher U'Ren Obituary - North Hollywood, CA&quot;]. Dignity Memorial&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selected filmography ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>skjmrdpw9h57vfkt74l5y7wrc4cq93t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashin tashin hankali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858244</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:42:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345955788|Nonviolence]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858244</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="13764" sha1="5wgntc8vh6zy4yvva0pnu6psz8yad5w" xml:space="preserve">
[[Fayil:Portrait_Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi]], often considered a founder of the modern nonviolence movement, spread the concept of ''ahimsa'' through his movements and writings, which then inspired other nonviolent activists.]]
 
'''Nonviolence''' is the practice of working for social change without causing harm to others, under any condition. It may come from the belief that hurting people, animals and/or the environment is unnecessary to achieve an outcome, and it may refer to a general philosophy of abstention from violence. It may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles. The reasons for it may be strategic or pragmatic; failure to distinguish between the two can lead to distortion in the concept's meaning and effectiveness, which can subsequently result in confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Although both principled and pragmatic nonviolent approaches preach for nonviolence, they may have distinct motives, goals, philosophies, and techniques. However, rather than debating the best practice between the two approaches, both can indicate alternative paths for those who do not want to use violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Nonviolence has &quot;active&quot; or &quot;activist&quot; elements, in that believers generally accept the need for nonviolence as a means to achieve political and social change. Thus, for example, Tolstoyan and Gandhian philosophies on nonviolence seek social change while rejecting the use of violence, seeing nonviolent action (also called civil resistance) as an alternative to either passive acceptance of oppression or armed struggle against it. In general, advocates of an activist philosophy of nonviolence use diverse methods in their campaigns for social change, including critical forms of education and persuasion, mass noncooperation, civil disobedience, nonviolent direct action, constructive program, and social, political, cultural and economic forms of intervention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharp |first=Gene |date=2019-04-10 |title=198 Methods of Nonviolent Action by Gene Sharp |url=https://commonslibrary.org/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Holly |date=2019 |title=Nonviolent Direct Action (NVDA): Start Here |url=https://commonslibrary.org/nonviolent-direct-action-nvda-start-here/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Commons Social Change Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F065187-0014,_Bonn,_Pressekonferenz_der_Grünen,_Bundestagswahl.jpg|right|thumb|Petra Kelly founded the German Green Party on nonviolence]]
In modern times, nonviolent methods have been a powerful tool for social [[Zanga-zanga|protest]] and revolutionary social and political change. There are many examples of their use. Fuller surveys may be found in the entries on civil resistance, nonviolent resistance and nonviolent revolution. Certain movements which were particularly influenced by a philosophy of nonviolence have included [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s leadership of a successful decades-long nonviolent struggle for Indian independence, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s and [[James Bevel]]'s adoption of Gandhi's nonviolent methods in their [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Civil rights movement]] campaigns to remove legalized segregation in America,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Randy Kryn |date=October 2005 |title=Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel |url=http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/book/print/44 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726164119/http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/book/print/44 |archive-date=2010-07-26 |access-date=2013-01-04 |publisher=[[Middlebury College]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and César Chávez's campaigns of nonviolence in the 1960s to protest the treatment of Mexican farm workers in [[California]]. The 1989 &quot;Velvet Revolution&quot; in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the [[Kwaminisanci|Communist]] government&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RP's History Online - Velvet Revolution |url=http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history15.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717233817/http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history15.html |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2013-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; is considered one of the most important of the largely nonviolent Revolutions of 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ives2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ives, Susan |date=19 October 2001 |title=No Fear |url=http://salsa.net/peace/article38.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720084435/http://www.salsa.net/peace/article38.html |archive-date=20 July 2008 |access-date=2009-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most recently the nonviolent campaigns of [[Leymah Gbowee]] and the women of [[Laberiya|Liberia]] were able to achieve peace after a 14-year civil war. This story is captured in a 2008 documentary film ''Pray the Devil Back to Hell''.

The term &quot;nonviolence&quot; is often linked with peace or used as a synonym for it. Despite the fact that it is frequently equated with pacifism, this equation is at times rejected by nonviolent advocates and activists. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;page&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Nonviolence specifically refers to the absence of violence and the choice to do no harm in deed, speech, or intent. For example, if a house is burning down with mice or insects in it, the nonviolent action is to put the fire out, not to sit by passively and let the fire burn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Timothy Garton Ash}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origins ==
Nonviolence or ''ahimsa'' is one of the cardinal virtues&lt;ref name=&quot;evpc&quot; /&gt; and an important tenet of [[Jainanci|Jainism]], [[Buddha|Buddhism]], and Hinduism. Jain and Buddhist thoughts have explored nonviolence very deeply, not limiting it to humans but extending it to the animal world as well as nature, in a very explicit fashion. In Jainism, it is the very core idea of very 'way of life' practicing it in mun (thoughts), vachan (spoken word) and karm (action). It is a multidimensional concept, inspired by the premise that all living beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself. It has also been related to the notion that any violence has [[Karma|karmic]] consequences. While ancient scholars of Hinduism pioneered and over time perfected the principles of ''ahimsa'', the concept reached an extraordinary status in the ethical philosophy of Jainism.&lt;ref name=&quot;evpc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Forms of nonviolence ==
In the political realm, advocates of nonviolent action believe cooperation and consent are the roots of civil or political power: all regimes, including bureaucratic institutions, financial institutions, and the armed segments of society (such as the military and police); depend on compliance from citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Gene Sharp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On a national level, the strategy of nonviolent action seeks to challenge the power misuse of rulers by organising and encouraging (oppressed) people to withdraw their consent and cooperation. The forms of nonviolence draw inspiration from both religious or ethical beliefs and political analysis. Religious or ethically based nonviolence is sometimes referred to as ''principled,'' ''philosophical,'' or ''ethical'' nonviolence, while nonviolence based on political analysis is often referred to as ''tactical,'' ''strategic,'' or ''pragmatic'' nonviolent action. Commonly, both of these dimensions may be present within the thinking of particular movements or individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two Kinds of Nonviolent Resistance |url=http://www.crmvet.org/info/nv2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502180033/http://www.crmvet.org/info/nv2.htm |archive-date=2021-05-02 |access-date=2008-05-05 |website=Civil Rights Movement Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban manufar aiki ''Mai amfani'' (tactical ko ''dabarun'') ba tare da tashin hankali ba shine ƙirƙirar motsi na zamantakewa ko siyasa wanda zai iya tsara tattaunawar ƙasa da ta duniya da ke shafar canjin zamantakewa ba tare da cin nasara a kan waɗanda suke so su ci gaba da halin da ake ciki ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRMV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nonviolent Resistance &amp; Political Power |url=http://www.crmvet.org/info/nvpower.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195459/http://www.crmvet.org/info/nvpower.htm |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2008-05-05 |website=Civil Rights Movement Archive (U.S.)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gene Sharp ya inganta tsarin rashin tashin hankali. Sharp masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne na Amurka wanda aka sani da aikin gwagwarmaya ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Wadanda ke bin tsarin Sharp na rashin tashin hankali sun yi imani da amfani maimakon halin kirki na gwagwarmaya. Sun yi imanin cewa tashin hankali yana da tsada sosai don shiga ciki. Manufofin su ne su canza halayyar mai zaluntar su, su kawo karshen takamaiman rashin adalci ko halin tashin hankali, kuma su nemi nasara ga kansu, yayin da abokan adawar da suke ganin a matsayin abokan gaba da ke da rikice-rikice ya kamata su rasa. Ana ganin rikici a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba, kuma ƙin tashin hankali hanya ce mai tasiri don kalubalanci iko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=Thomas |date=2003 |title=Nonviolence is who? Gene sharp and Gandhi |journal=Peace &amp; Change |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=250–270 |doi=10.1111/1468-0130.00261}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda ke bin ka'idar rashin tashin hankali suna shirye su shiga cikin tilastawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba, kuma suna ƙoƙarin guje wa wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nicolas Walter noted the idea that nonviolence might work &quot;runs under the surface of Western political thought without ever quite disappearing&quot;. Walter noted [[Étienne de La Boétie]]'s ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (sixteenth century) and P.B. Shelley's ''The Masque of Anarchy'' (1819) contain arguments for resisting tyranny without using violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;nw&quot; /&gt; In 1838, William Lloyd Garrison helped found the New England Non-Resistance Society, a society devoted to achieving racial and gender equality through the rejection of all violent actions.&lt;ref name=&quot;nw&quot; /&gt;

A cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya na masana'antu na zamani, bangarorin siyasa sun yi amfani da ayyukan da ba su da ƙarfi kamar su aiki, zaman lafiya, muhalli da ƙungiyoyin mata. Ƙananan sanannun shine rawar da aikin da ba na tashin hankali ya taka kuma ya ci gaba da takawa wajen lalata ikon gwamnatocin siyasa masu cin gashin kansu a kasashe masu tasowa da tsohuwar gabashin gabashin. Susan Ives ta jaddada wannan batu ta hanyar ambaton Walter Wink:
{{Blockquote|&quot;In 1989, thirteen nations comprising 1,695,000,000 people experienced nonviolent revolutions that succeeded beyond anyone's wildest expectations{{nbs}}[...] If we add all the countries touched by major nonviolent actions in our century (the Philippines, South Africa{{nbs}}[...] the independence movement in India{{nbs}}[...]), the figure reaches 3,337,400,000, a staggering 65% of humanity! All this in the teeth of the assertion, endlessly repeated, that nonviolence doesn't work in the 'real' world.&quot;|Walter Wink|Christian theologian&lt;ref name=Ives2001/&gt;}}

As a technique for social struggle, nonviolent action has been described as &quot;the politics of ordinary people&quot;, reflecting its historically mass-based use by populations throughout the world and history.

Movements most often associated with nonviolence are the non-cooperation campaign for Indian independence led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Civil Rights Movement]] in the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]], and the People Power Revolution in the [[Filipin|Philippines]].

Also of primary significance is the notion that just means are the most likely to lead to just ends. When Gandhi said that &quot;the means may be likened to the seed, the end to a tree,&quot; he expressed the philosophical kernel of what some refer to as ''prefigurative politics''. Martin Luther King Jr., a student of Gandhian nonviolent resistance, concurred with this tenet, concluding that &quot;nonviolence demands that the means we use must be as pure as the ends we seek.&quot; Proponents of nonviolence reason that the actions taken in the present inevitably re-shape the social order in like form. They would argue, for instance, that it is fundamentally irrational to use violence to achieve a peaceful society.
[[Fayil:Gandhi_at_Dandi,_5_April_1930.jpg|thumb|Gandhi famously advocated for the Indian independence movement to strictly adhere to the principles of nonviolence.]]
Respect or love for opponents also has a pragmatic justification, in that the technique of separating the deeds from the doers allows for the possibility of the doers changing their behaviour, and perhaps their beliefs. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote, &quot;Nonviolent resistance... avoids not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. The nonviolent resister not only refuses to shoot his opponent, but he also refuses to hate him.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Martin Luther King Jr.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nonviolence has obtained a level of institutional recognition and endorsement at the global level. On November 10, 1998, the [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] General Assembly proclaimed the first decade of the 21st century and the third millennium, the years 2001 to 2010, as the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13763" sha1="hlpkw949m68hqiugnux33m4nglhsgyu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Portrait_Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi]], often considered a founder of the modern nonviolence movement, spread the concept of ''ahimsa'' through his movements and writings, which then inspired other nonviolent activists.]]
 
'''Nonviolence''' is the practice of working for social change without causing harm to others, under any condition. It may come from the belief that hurting people, animals and/or the environment is unnecessary to achieve an outcome, and it may refer to a general philosophy of abstention from violence. It may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles. The reasons for it may be strategic or pragmatic; failure to distinguish between the two can lead to distortion in the concept's meaning and effectiveness, which can subsequently result in confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Although both principled and pragmatic nonviolent approaches preach for nonviolence, they may have distinct motives, goals, philosophies, and techniques. However, rather than debating the best practice between the two approaches, both can indicate alternative paths for those who do not want to use violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Nonviolence has &quot;active&quot; or &quot;activist&quot; elements, in that believers generally accept the need for nonviolence as a means to achieve political and social change. Thus, for example, Tolstoyan and Gandhian philosophies on nonviolence seek social change while rejecting the use of violence, seeing nonviolent action (also called civil resistance) as an alternative to either passive acceptance of oppression or armed struggle against it. In general, advocates of an activist philosophy of nonviolence use diverse methods in their campaigns for social change, including critical forms of education and persuasion, mass noncooperation, civil disobedience, nonviolent direct action, constructive program, and social, political, cultural and economic forms of intervention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharp |first=Gene |date=2019-04-10 |title=198 Methods of Nonviolent Action by Gene Sharp |url=https://commonslibrary.org/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Holly |date=2019 |title=Nonviolent Direct Action (NVDA): Start Here |url=https://commonslibrary.org/nonviolent-direct-action-nvda-start-here/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Commons Social Change Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F065187-0014,_Bonn,_Pressekonferenz_der_Grünen,_Bundestagswahl.jpg|right|thumb|Petra Kelly founded the German Green Party on nonviolence]]
In modern times, nonviolent methods have been a powerful tool for social [[Zanga-zanga|protest]] and revolutionary social and political change. There are many examples of their use. Fuller surveys may be found in the entries on civil resistance, nonviolent resistance and nonviolent revolution. Certain movements which were particularly influenced by a philosophy of nonviolence have included [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s leadership of a successful decades-long nonviolent struggle for Indian independence, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s and [[James Bevel]]'s adoption of Gandhi's nonviolent methods in their [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Civil rights movement]] campaigns to remove legalized segregation in America,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Randy Kryn |date=October 2005 |title=Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel |url=http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/book/print/44 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726164119/http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/book/print/44 |archive-date=2010-07-26 |access-date=2013-01-04 |publisher=[[Middlebury College]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and César Chávez's campaigns of nonviolence in the 1960s to protest the treatment of Mexican farm workers in [[California]]. The 1989 &quot;Velvet Revolution&quot; in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the [[Kwaminisanci|Communist]] government&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RP's History Online - Velvet Revolution |url=http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history15.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717233817/http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history15.html |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2013-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; is considered one of the most important of the largely nonviolent Revolutions of 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ives2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ives, Susan |date=19 October 2001 |title=No Fear |url=http://salsa.net/peace/article38.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720084435/http://www.salsa.net/peace/article38.html |archive-date=20 July 2008 |access-date=2009-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most recently the nonviolent campaigns of [[Leymah Gbowee]] and the women of [[Laberiya|Liberia]] were able to achieve peace after a 14-year civil war. This story is captured in a 2008 documentary film ''Pray the Devil Back to Hell''.

The term &quot;nonviolence&quot; is often linked with peace or used as a synonym for it. Despite the fact that it is frequently equated with pacifism, this equation is at times rejected by nonviolent advocates and activists. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;page&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Nonviolence specifically refers to the absence of violence and the choice to do no harm in deed, speech, or intent. For example, if a house is burning down with mice or insects in it, the nonviolent action is to put the fire out, not to sit by passively and let the fire burn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Timothy Garton Ash}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origins ==
Nonviolence or ''ahimsa'' is one of the cardinal virtues&lt;ref name=&quot;evpc&quot; /&gt; and an important tenet of [[Jainanci|Jainism]], [[Buddha|Buddhism]], and Hinduism. Jain and Buddhist thoughts have explored nonviolence very deeply, not limiting it to humans but extending it to the animal world as well as nature, in a very explicit fashion. In Jainism, it is the very core idea of very 'way of life' practicing it in mun (thoughts), vachan (spoken word) and karm (action). It is a multidimensional concept, inspired by the premise that all living beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself. It has also been related to the notion that any violence has [[Karma|karmic]] consequences. While ancient scholars of Hinduism pioneered and over time perfected the principles of ''ahimsa'', the concept reached an extraordinary status in the ethical philosophy of Jainism.&lt;ref name=&quot;evpc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Forms of nonviolence ==
In the political realm, advocates of nonviolent action believe cooperation and consent are the roots of civil or political power: all regimes, including bureaucratic institutions, financial institutions, and the armed segments of society (such as the military and police); depend on compliance from citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Gene Sharp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On a national level, the strategy of nonviolent action seeks to challenge the power misuse of rulers by organising and encouraging (oppressed) people to withdraw their consent and cooperation. The forms of nonviolence draw inspiration from both religious or ethical beliefs and political analysis. Religious or ethically based nonviolence is sometimes referred to as ''principled,'' ''philosophical,'' or ''ethical'' nonviolence, while nonviolence based on political analysis is often referred to as ''tactical,'' ''strategic,'' or ''pragmatic'' nonviolent action. Commonly, both of these dimensions may be present within the thinking of particular movements or individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two Kinds of Nonviolent Resistance |url=http://www.crmvet.org/info/nv2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502180033/http://www.crmvet.org/info/nv2.htm |archive-date=2021-05-02 |access-date=2008-05-05 |website=Civil Rights Movement Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban manufar aiki ''Mai amfani'' (tactical ko ''dabarun'') ba tare da tashin hankali ba shine ƙirƙirar motsi na zamantakewa ko siyasa wanda zai iya tsara tattaunawar ƙasa da ta duniya da ke shafar canjin zamantakewa ba tare da cin nasara a kan waɗanda suke so su ci gaba da halin da ake ciki ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRMV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nonviolent Resistance &amp; Political Power |url=http://www.crmvet.org/info/nvpower.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195459/http://www.crmvet.org/info/nvpower.htm |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2008-05-05 |website=Civil Rights Movement Archive (U.S.)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gene Sharp ya inganta tsarin rashin tashin hankali. Sharp masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne na Amurka wanda aka sani da aikin gwagwarmaya ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Wadanda ke bin tsarin Sharp na rashin tashin hankali sun yi imani da amfani maimakon halin kirki na gwagwarmaya. Sun yi imanin cewa tashin hankali yana da tsada sosai don shiga ciki. Manufofin su ne su canza halayyar mai zaluntar su, su kawo karshen takamaiman rashin adalci ko halin tashin hankali, kuma su nemi nasara ga kansu, yayin da abokan adawar da suke ganin a matsayin abokan gaba da ke da rikice-rikice ya kamata su rasa. Ana ganin rikici a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba, kuma ƙin tashin hankali hanya ce mai tasiri don kalubalanci iko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=Thomas |date=2003 |title=Nonviolence is who? Gene sharp and Gandhi |journal=Peace &amp; Change |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=250–270 |doi=10.1111/1468-0130.00261}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda ke bin ka'idar rashin tashin hankali suna shirye su shiga cikin tilastawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba, kuma suna ƙoƙarin guje wa wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nicolas Walter noted the idea that nonviolence might work &quot;runs under the surface of Western political thought without ever quite disappearing&quot;. Walter noted [[Étienne de La Boétie]]'s ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (sixteenth century) and P.B. Shelley's ''The Masque of Anarchy'' (1819) contain arguments for resisting tyranny without using violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;nw&quot; /&gt; In 1838, William Lloyd Garrison helped found the New England Non-Resistance Society, a society devoted to achieving racial and gender equality through the rejection of all violent actions.&lt;ref name=&quot;nw&quot; /&gt;

A cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya na masana'antu na zamani, bangarorin siyasa sun yi amfani da ayyukan da ba su da ƙarfi kamar su aiki, zaman lafiya, muhalli da ƙungiyoyin mata. Ƙananan sanannun shine rawar da aikin da ba na tashin hankali ya taka kuma ya ci gaba da takawa wajen lalata ikon gwamnatocin siyasa masu cin gashin kansu a kasashe masu tasowa da tsohuwar gabashin gabashin. Susan Ives ta jaddada wannan batu ta hanyar ambaton Walter Wink:
{{Blockquote|&quot;In 1989, thirteen nations comprising 1,695,000,000 people experienced nonviolent revolutions that succeeded beyond anyone's wildest expectations{{nbs}}[...] If we add all the countries touched by major nonviolent actions in our century (the Philippines, South Africa{{nbs}}[...] the independence movement in India{{nbs}}[...]), the figure reaches 3,337,400,000, a staggering 65% of humanity! All this in the teeth of the assertion, endlessly repeated, that nonviolence doesn't work in the 'real' world.&quot;|Walter Wink|Christian theologian&lt;ref name=Ives2001/&gt;}}

As a technique for social struggle, nonviolent action has been described as &quot;the politics of ordinary people&quot;, reflecting its historically mass-based use by populations throughout the world and history.

Movements most often associated with nonviolence are the non-cooperation campaign for Indian independence led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Civil Rights Movement]] in the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]], and the People Power Revolution in the [[Filipin|Philippines]].

Also of primary significance is the notion that just means are the most likely to lead to just ends. When Gandhi said that &quot;the means may be likened to the seed, the end to a tree,&quot; he expressed the philosophical kernel of what some refer to as ''prefigurative politics''. Martin Luther King Jr., a student of Gandhian nonviolent resistance, concurred with this tenet, concluding that &quot;nonviolence demands that the means we use must be as pure as the ends we seek.&quot; Proponents of nonviolence reason that the actions taken in the present inevitably re-shape the social order in like form. They would argue, for instance, that it is fundamentally irrational to use violence to achieve a peaceful society.
[[Fayil:Gandhi_at_Dandi,_5_April_1930.jpg|thumb|Gandhi famously advocated for the Indian independence movement to strictly adhere to the principles of nonviolence.]]
Respect or love for opponents also has a pragmatic justification, in that the technique of separating the deeds from the doers allows for the possibility of the doers changing their behaviour, and perhaps their beliefs. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote, &quot;Nonviolent resistance... avoids not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. The nonviolent resister not only refuses to shoot his opponent, but he also refuses to hate him.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Martin Luther King Jr.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nonviolence has obtained a level of institutional recognition and endorsement at the global level. On November 10, 1998, the [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] General Assembly proclaimed the first decade of the 21st century and the third millennium, the years 2001 to 2010, as the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Nonviolence''' is the practice of working for social change without causing harm to others, under any condition. It may come from the belief that hurting people, animals and/or the environment is unnecessary to achieve an outcome, and it may refer to a general philosophy of abstention from violence. It may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles. The reasons for it may be strategic or pragmatic; failure to distinguish between the two can lead to distortion in the concept's meaning and effectiveness, which can subsequently result in confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Although both principled and pragmatic nonviolent approaches preach for nonviolence, they may have distinct motives, goals, philosophies, and techniques. However, rather than debating the best practice between the two approaches, both can indicate alternative paths for those who do not want to use violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Nonviolence has &quot;active&quot; or &quot;activist&quot; elements, in that believers generally accept the need for nonviolence as a means to achieve political and social change. Thus, for example, Tolstoyan and Gandhian philosophies on nonviolence seek social change while rejecting the use of violence, seeing nonviolent action (also called civil resistance) as an alternative to either passive acceptance of oppression or armed struggle against it. In general, advocates of an activist philosophy of nonviolence use diverse methods in their campaigns for social change, including critical forms of education and persuasion, mass noncooperation, civil disobedience, nonviolent direct action, constructive program, and social, political, cultural and economic forms of intervention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharp |first=Gene |date=2019-04-10 |title=198 Methods of Nonviolent Action by Gene Sharp |url=https://commonslibrary.org/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Holly |date=2019 |title=Nonviolent Direct Action (NVDA): Start Here |url=https://commonslibrary.org/nonviolent-direct-action-nvda-start-here/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Commons Social Change Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F065187-0014,_Bonn,_Pressekonferenz_der_Grünen,_Bundestagswahl.jpg|right|thumb|Petra Kelly founded the German Green Party on nonviolence]]
In modern times, nonviolent methods have been a powerful tool for social [[Zanga-zanga|protest]] and revolutionary social and political change. There are many examples of their use. Fuller surveys may be found in the entries on civil resistance, nonviolent resistance and nonviolent revolution. Certain movements which were particularly influenced by a philosophy of nonviolence have included [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s leadership of a successful decades-long nonviolent struggle for Indian independence, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s and [[James Bevel]]'s adoption of Gandhi's nonviolent methods in their [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Civil rights movement]] campaigns to remove legalized segregation in America,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Randy Kryn |date=October 2005 |title=Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel |url=http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/book/print/44 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726164119/http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/book/print/44 |archive-date=2010-07-26 |access-date=2013-01-04 |publisher=[[Middlebury College]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and César Chávez's campaigns of nonviolence in the 1960s to protest the treatment of Mexican farm workers in [[California]]. The 1989 &quot;Velvet Revolution&quot; in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the [[Kwaminisanci|Communist]] government&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RP's History Online - Velvet Revolution |url=http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history15.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717233817/http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history15.html |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2013-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; is considered one of the most important of the largely nonviolent Revolutions of 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ives2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ives, Susan |date=19 October 2001 |title=No Fear |url=http://salsa.net/peace/article38.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720084435/http://www.salsa.net/peace/article38.html |archive-date=20 July 2008 |access-date=2009-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most recently the nonviolent campaigns of [[Leymah Gbowee]] and the women of [[Laberiya|Liberia]] were able to achieve peace after a 14-year civil war. This story is captured in a 2008 documentary film ''Pray the Devil Back to Hell''.

The term &quot;nonviolence&quot; is often linked with peace or used as a synonym for it. Despite the fact that it is frequently equated with pacifism, this equation is at times rejected by nonviolent advocates and activists. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;page&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Nonviolence specifically refers to the absence of violence and the choice to do no harm in deed, speech, or intent. For example, if a house is burning down with mice or insects in it, the nonviolent action is to put the fire out, not to sit by passively and let the fire burn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Timothy Garton Ash}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origins ==
Nonviolence or ''ahimsa'' is one of the cardinal virtues&lt;ref name=&quot;evpc&quot; /&gt; and an important tenet of [[Jainanci|Jainism]], [[Buddha|Buddhism]], and Hinduism. Jain and Buddhist thoughts have explored nonviolence very deeply, not limiting it to humans but extending it to the animal world as well as nature, in a very explicit fashion. In Jainism, it is the very core idea of very 'way of life' practicing it in mun (thoughts), vachan (spoken word) and karm (action). It is a multidimensional concept, inspired by the premise that all living beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself. It has also been related to the notion that any violence has [[Karma|karmic]] consequences. While ancient scholars of Hinduism pioneered and over time perfected the principles of ''ahimsa'', the concept reached an extraordinary status in the ethical philosophy of Jainism.&lt;ref name=&quot;evpc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Forms of nonviolence ==
In the political realm, advocates of nonviolent action believe cooperation and consent are the roots of civil or political power: all regimes, including bureaucratic institutions, financial institutions, and the armed segments of society (such as the military and police); depend on compliance from citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Gene Sharp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On a national level, the strategy of nonviolent action seeks to challenge the power misuse of rulers by organising and encouraging (oppressed) people to withdraw their consent and cooperation. The forms of nonviolence draw inspiration from both religious or ethical beliefs and political analysis. Religious or ethically based nonviolence is sometimes referred to as ''principled,'' ''philosophical,'' or ''ethical'' nonviolence, while nonviolence based on political analysis is often referred to as ''tactical,'' ''strategic,'' or ''pragmatic'' nonviolent action. Commonly, both of these dimensions may be present within the thinking of particular movements or individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two Kinds of Nonviolent Resistance |url=http://www.crmvet.org/info/nv2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502180033/http://www.crmvet.org/info/nv2.htm |archive-date=2021-05-02 |access-date=2008-05-05 |website=Civil Rights Movement Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban manufar aiki ''Mai amfani'' (tactical ko ''dabarun'') ba tare da tashin hankali ba shine ƙirƙirar motsi na zamantakewa ko siyasa wanda zai iya tsara tattaunawar ƙasa da ta duniya da ke shafar canjin zamantakewa ba tare da cin nasara a kan waɗanda suke so su ci gaba da halin da ake ciki ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRMV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nonviolent Resistance &amp; Political Power |url=http://www.crmvet.org/info/nvpower.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195459/http://www.crmvet.org/info/nvpower.htm |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2008-05-05 |website=Civil Rights Movement Archive (U.S.)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gene Sharp ya inganta tsarin rashin tashin hankali. Sharp masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne na Amurka wanda aka sani da aikin gwagwarmaya ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Wadanda ke bin tsarin Sharp na rashin tashin hankali sun yi imani da amfani maimakon halin kirki na gwagwarmaya. Sun yi imanin cewa tashin hankali yana da tsada sosai don shiga ciki. Manufofin su ne su canza halayyar mai zaluntar su, su kawo karshen takamaiman rashin adalci ko halin tashin hankali, kuma su nemi nasara ga kansu, yayin da abokan adawar da suke ganin a matsayin abokan gaba da ke da rikice-rikice ya kamata su rasa. Ana ganin rikici a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba, kuma ƙin tashin hankali hanya ce mai tasiri don kalubalanci iko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=Thomas |date=2003 |title=Nonviolence is who? Gene sharp and Gandhi |journal=Peace &amp; Change |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=250–270 |doi=10.1111/1468-0130.00261}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda ke bin ka'idar rashin tashin hankali suna shirye su shiga cikin tilastawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba, kuma suna ƙoƙarin guje wa wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nicolas Walter noted the idea that nonviolence might work &quot;runs under the surface of Western political thought without ever quite disappearing&quot;. Walter noted [[Étienne de La Boétie]]'s ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' (sixteenth century) and P.B. Shelley's ''The Masque of Anarchy'' (1819) contain arguments for resisting tyranny without using violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;nw&quot; /&gt; In 1838, William Lloyd Garrison helped found the New England Non-Resistance Society, a society devoted to achieving racial and gender equality through the rejection of all violent actions.&lt;ref name=&quot;nw&quot; /&gt;

A cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya na masana'antu na zamani, bangarorin siyasa sun yi amfani da ayyukan da ba su da ƙarfi kamar su aiki, zaman lafiya, muhalli da ƙungiyoyin mata. Ƙananan sanannun shine rawar da aikin da ba na tashin hankali ya taka kuma ya ci gaba da takawa wajen lalata ikon gwamnatocin siyasa masu cin gashin kansu a kasashe masu tasowa da tsohuwar gabashin gabashin. Susan Ives ta jaddada wannan batu ta hanyar ambaton Walter Wink:
{{Blockquote|&quot;In 1989, thirteen nations comprising 1,695,000,000 people experienced nonviolent revolutions that succeeded beyond anyone's wildest expectations{{nbs}}[...] If we add all the countries touched by major nonviolent actions in our century (the Philippines, South Africa{{nbs}}[...] the independence movement in India{{nbs}}[...]), the figure reaches 3,337,400,000, a staggering 65% of humanity! All this in the teeth of the assertion, endlessly repeated, that nonviolence doesn't work in the 'real' world.&quot;|Walter Wink|Christian theologian&lt;ref name=Ives2001/&gt;}}

As a technique for social struggle, nonviolent action has been described as &quot;the politics of ordinary people&quot;, reflecting its historically mass-based use by populations throughout the world and history.

Movements most often associated with nonviolence are the non-cooperation campaign for Indian independence led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Civil Rights Movement]] in the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]], and the People Power Revolution in the [[Filipin|Philippines]].

Also of primary significance is the notion that just means are the most likely to lead to just ends. When Gandhi said that &quot;the means may be likened to the seed, the end to a tree,&quot; he expressed the philosophical kernel of what some refer to as ''prefigurative politics''. Martin Luther King Jr., a student of Gandhian nonviolent resistance, concurred with this tenet, concluding that &quot;nonviolence demands that the means we use must be as pure as the ends we seek.&quot; Proponents of nonviolence reason that the actions taken in the present inevitably re-shape the social order in like form. They would argue, for instance, that it is fundamentally irrational to use violence to achieve a peaceful society.
[[Fayil:Gandhi_at_Dandi,_5_April_1930.jpg|thumb|Gandhi famously advocated for the Indian independence movement to strictly adhere to the principles of nonviolence.]]
Respect or love for opponents also has a pragmatic justification, in that the technique of separating the deeds from the doers allows for the possibility of the doers changing their behaviour, and perhaps their beliefs. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote, &quot;Nonviolent resistance... avoids not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. The nonviolent resister not only refuses to shoot his opponent, but he also refuses to hate him.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Martin Luther King Jr.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nonviolence has obtained a level of institutional recognition and endorsement at the global level. On November 10, 1998, the [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] General Assembly proclaimed the first decade of the 21st century and the third millennium, the years 2001 to 2010, as the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World.

== Manazarta ==

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357445267|Jenny Hladíková]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Park_(linoryt),_1963.jpg|''Park'' (multi-coloured linocut), 1963
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu_(monotyp)_35_x_37_cm,_1963.jpg|''Untitled'' (monotype) 35 × 37&amp;nbsp;cm, 1963
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu_(monotyp)_40_x_36_cm,_1964.jpg|''Untitled'' (monotype) 40 × 36&amp;nbsp;cm, 1964
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu_(monotyp)_40_x_49_cm,_1964.jpg|''Untitled'' (monotype) 40 × 49&amp;nbsp;cm, 1964
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu_II_(monotyp)_33_x_58_cm,_1964.jpg|''Untitled'' (monotype) 33 × 58&amp;nbsp;cm, 1964
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Šňůrky_(strukturální_grafika),_9,5_x_12_cm,_1966.gif|''Cords'' (structural print), 9,5 × 12&amp;nbsp;cm, 1966
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Tkáň_(strukturální_grafika),_19,5_x_24,5_cm,_1967.gif|''Tissue'' (structural print), 19,5 × 24,5&amp;nbsp;cm, 1967
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Růst_(strukturální_grafika),_18_x_14_cm,_1967.gif|''Growth'' (structural print), 18 x 14&amp;nbsp;cm, 1967
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_„T“_(strukturální_grafika),_16_x_9_cm,_1968.gif|„ Big T“ (structural print), 16 × 9&amp;nbsp;cm, 1968
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Ani_bytost,_ani_strom_(strukturální_grafika),_15,5_x_10,5_cm,_1968.gif|''Neither creature nor tree'' (structural print), 15,5 x 10,5&amp;nbsp;cm, 1968
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Tmavá_průrva_(strukturální_grafika),_27_x_17_cm,_1966.gif|''Dark chasm'' (structural print)), 27 x 17&amp;nbsp;cm, 1966
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Andělíci_1_(strukturální_grafika),_19,5_x_23_cm,_1970.gif|''Angels'' (structural print)), 19,5 x 23&amp;nbsp;cm, 1970
Fayil:Jenny-Hladíková,-Větvoví-(1972),-strukturální-grafika-15,5x24-cm.jpg|''Branches'' (structural print), 15,5 × 24&amp;nbsp;cm, 1972
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu,_kolorovaná_strukturální_grafika,_23_x_29_cm,_1968-2010.jpg|''Untitled'' (coloured structural print), 23 × 29&amp;nbsp;cm, 1968–2010
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Na_zahradě_(akvarel),_2010.jpg|''In the garden'' (watercolour), 2010
&lt;/gallery&gt;'''Jenny Hladíková''' (née '''Hršelová'''; 9 June 1930 – 25 July 2022) was a Czech printmaker, painter and maker of tapestries.

An haifi Jenny Hršelová a ranar 9 ga Yuni 1930 a Kolín .  A cikin 1941-1948, ta halarci Real Gymnasium a Kolín (farfesa na zane Bohuslav Kutil). Bayan ta koma [[Prag|Prague]], ta kammala karatu daga ''Jan Masaryk Real Gymnasium'' a Prague a shekarar 1949.

In 1949–1954, she studied at the Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague in the studio of monumental painting and textiles of Alois Fišárek. In 1955, she married her classmate, the artist Jan Hladík.&lt;ref name=&quot;RD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dolejský |first=Roman |date=2022-07-27 |title=Zemřela významná česká výtvarnice. Jejím celoživotním osudem bylo tkaní |url=https://tn.nova.cz/zpravodajstvi/clanek/467833-zemrela-vyznamna-ceska-vytvarnice-jejim-celozivotnim-osudem-bylo-tkani |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=tn.nova.cz |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the late 1950s, the Hladík couple acquired a printing press and Jenny Hladíková began to create her own graphic matrices, which Jan Hladík then printed. The couple built a joint studio in Prague-Podolí, where Jan Hladík constructed originally designed vertical looms for weaving tapestries. Jenny was first an expert advisor and later a collaborator on the large-scale work ''Blue Garden'' (190 × 430&amp;nbsp;cm, Parkhotel (Mama Shelter) Prague).

Jenny Hladíková exhibited her first tapestry in 1966 at a show of Czechoslovak tapestry in Prague Castle Riding Hall on the occasion of a meeting of the AICA International Congress of Critics, and one of her other tapestries was selected the following year for the 3rd International Biennale of Tapestry in Lausanne,&lt;ref name=&quot;RD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dolejský |first=Roman |date=2022-07-27 |title=Zemřela významná česká výtvarnice. Jejím celoživotním osudem bylo tkaní |url=https://tn.nova.cz/zpravodajstvi/clanek/467833-zemrela-vyznamna-ceska-vytvarnice-jejim-celozivotnim-osudem-bylo-tkani |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=tn.nova.cz |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; where she exhibited again in 1969. Her first solo exhibition was in 1969 at Gallery on Charles Square, which was run by Ludmila Vachtová. The importance of Czechoslovak authors' textile artworks ought to be reflected in the forthcoming ''International Colloquium on Contemporary Tapestry'', with the promised participation of about 50 artists and theoreticians from 11 countries, scheduled to take place in Prague in August 1968. However, due to the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact troops, it was no longer possible.

Since 1993, she has been a member of the art department of the Umělecká beseda. In 1999 she had a large retrospective exhibition of tapestries and prints in the Gallery of the Mánes Union of Fine Arts.

Jenny Hladíková lived and worked in [[Prag|Prague]], where she also died on 25 July 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;RD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dolejský |first=Roman |date=2022-07-27 |title=Zemřela významná česká výtvarnice. Jejím celoživotním osudem bylo tkaní |url=https://tn.nova.cz/zpravodajstvi/clanek/467833-zemrela-vyznamna-ceska-vytvarnice-jejim-celozivotnim-osudem-bylo-tkani |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=tn.nova.cz |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1977, Jenny Hladíková received the ''Prix de Mecénes'' for her tapestry ''Gesture of Green'' at the international exhibition ''La Vigne, le Vin, le Sacré'' in [[Vevey]]. In 1979, she became a founding member of the ''Association Pierre Pauli'' in Lausanne.&lt;ref name=&quot;toms-pauli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fondation Toms Pauli - History |url=http://www.toms-pauli.ch/en/modern-collection/history/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=toms-pauli.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Work ==

=== Graphic art and painting ===
In the early 1960s, Jenny Hladíková dedicated herself to multi-coloured linocut (''Park'', 1963) and created a series of colour monotypes. She composed the print matrices from cut and dyed pieces of waxed paper and fabric assembled as abstract compositions on a ground covered with a base colour. She accomplishes the artistic effect by combining and layering irregular shapes and muted colour tones with the occasional bold colour accent. The individual sheets are not named and the interpretation of the work is left to the viewer (''Untitled'', 1963–65). The monotypes were the basis for the first tapestries (''Four Stories'', 1967). In parallel, she created numerous studies of structures in the form of drypoint or etching.

In the second half of the 1960s, a series of black and white abstract structural prints were made from scraps of fabric, paper and scraps of cotton cordonnet. The arrangement of the individual components sometimes produces a linear drawing (''Cords'', 1966), but usually follows no predetermined order and works with an element of chance. The direction of the lines in soft curves and their local thickening gives the impression of movement (''Growth'', 1967, ''Flow'', 1968), while at other times the artist uses the rough structure of the fabric as an irregular grid, representing living tissue (''Meeting of Tissues'', 1967, ''Two Tissues'', 1972). In the titles of other abstract compositions she refers to natural phenomena (''Dark Passage'', 1966, ''Horizontal Layer'', 1980) and living organisms (''Vegetation'', 1968, ''Vegetative Gesture'', 1975), only rarely naming a concrete symbol (''Cross'', 1966, ''Big T'', 1968, ''Angels'', 1970). Individual small-format prints created in this way became the basis for tapestries (''Tissue'', structural print, 1967, tapestry, 1968).

In addition to printmaking, after 2000 the artist has also worked in watercolour and in the combination of watercolour and drawing. The subject of these works are natural structures and abstract landscapes.

Jenny Hladíková is the author of dozens of large-scale tapestries based on her own themes, at first abstract, later tapestries inspired by details of landscapes and natural processes, transformations of light and colour. She is one of the leading protagonists of author's woven tapestries, which first appeared in exhibitions alongside traditional workshop tapestries in the 1960s and marked a revolution in the concept of this line of textile art.

She wove her first tapestries during her studies, but then consistently devoted herself to printmaking, returning to them again only in 1965, when she assisted Jan Hladík in the creation of the monumental tapestry ''Blue Garden'' (1965), woven using the technique of weft-faille.

In 1966–68, she wove five of her own original tapestries, the fourth of which was selected for the prestigious ''Biennale internationale de la tapiserie'' in Lausanne in 1967. Already in the 1960s, Jenny Hladíková was one of the most progressive artists who, while not abandoning the traditional rectangular format, used it with distinctive inventiveness. Her works are parables about time, change and growth, expressing the dynamics of movement and growing out of the artist's own process of textile work. The calm surface of the &quot;background&quot;, woven with a classical binding, makes contrast to the restless texture. The tapestry ''Flow'' (1970) belongs to works of this type.

In the 1960s, Jenny Hladíková converted some of her monotypes and structural prints into tapestries. In a few, she uses compositions of folded flat shapes with irregular outlines, weaving in different coloured yarn to suggest plasticity, disrupting the linear outline (''Four Stories'', 1967) or accentuating a particular element (''Tissue'', 1968). The structural system plays a dominant role in the composition, where the dense ropes of structures created by the wrapping technique create an embossed surface on the surface of the tapestry. Structure also had a strong emotional meaning for her, as well as a luminous value.

Some tapestries designed by the Hladík couple were woven by the workshops of the Umělecká řemesla Praha, in which case the signature JJ Hladík is woven in the lower right and the emblem of the Umělecká řemesla in a lime leaf in the lower left.

Since 1968, she has created a new weaving technique with wool yarn of varying strength, leaving loose fibres in the weft, which she then drapes over the woven warp on the face. This allows her to create a much more dynamic relief composition and suits her intention to capture movement. Jenny Hladíková's distinctive dynamic tapestry ''Flow'' (1970) anticipated her other works reflecting her inspiration from nature and its phenomena, such as ''Tissue Encounter'' (1972) or the colourful and structurally expressive ''Place of Encounter'' (1978).

No longer adhering to a graphic template, the artist freely depicts the drama of natural processes in monumental compositions (''Gesture of Green'', 270 × 160&amp;nbsp;cm, 1976; ''Memory of Heather'', 109 × 200&amp;nbsp;cm, 1977). By this time, she had already achieved a sovereignty in her weaving technique that allowed her to capture optical phenomena such as the reflection of rock formations on the surface of water (''Quarry'', 172 × 290&amp;nbsp;cm, 1977). A series of tapestries loosely inspired by movement, the elements and natural phenomena concludes with ''Baroque Principle'' (300 × 180&amp;nbsp;cm, 1980, UPM).

Since the late 1970s, Jenny Hladíková has returned to the classical method of weaving and has made greater use of concrete landscapes as a model (''Tree'', 1978). She concentrates on capturing mood, the play of light and shadow, and spatial depth. The surface and ripples of the water are a frequent subject ('''Opatovice Pond'', 1981, ''Leafing'', 1992). In her treatment, a seemingly simple subject such as a staircase offers a subtle shift of perspective in the rectangular frame of the warp, along with a perfect impressionistic illusion of vivid patches of light and shadow (''Stairs'', 1984). If the subject is a play of light and impression, she moves freely to abstraction (''Night-traces of Light'', 1987), or to dramatic depictions of perspective (''On the Way from Křivoklát'', 1996) and spatial depths, capturing the grandeur of natural scenery (''Spring Mountains'', 1998).

For her realizations in architecture she has collaborated with architects, for example with the author of the modern theatre in Most, Ivo Klimeš. Jenny Hladíková did not refrain from the techniques of non-woven tapestry, originating from Nonwoven fabric (Art protis).

== Manazarta ==

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Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Park_(linoryt),_1963.jpg|''Park'' (multi-coloured linocut), 1963
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu_(monotyp)_35_x_37_cm,_1963.jpg|''Untitled'' (monotype) 35 × 37&amp;nbsp;cm, 1963
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu_(monotyp)_40_x_36_cm,_1964.jpg|''Untitled'' (monotype) 40 × 36&amp;nbsp;cm, 1964
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu_(monotyp)_40_x_49_cm,_1964.jpg|''Untitled'' (monotype) 40 × 49&amp;nbsp;cm, 1964
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu_II_(monotyp)_33_x_58_cm,_1964.jpg|''Untitled'' (monotype) 33 × 58&amp;nbsp;cm, 1964
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Šňůrky_(strukturální_grafika),_9,5_x_12_cm,_1966.gif|''Cords'' (structural print), 9,5 × 12&amp;nbsp;cm, 1966
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Tkáň_(strukturální_grafika),_19,5_x_24,5_cm,_1967.gif|''Tissue'' (structural print), 19,5 × 24,5&amp;nbsp;cm, 1967
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Růst_(strukturální_grafika),_18_x_14_cm,_1967.gif|''Growth'' (structural print), 18 x 14&amp;nbsp;cm, 1967
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_„T“_(strukturální_grafika),_16_x_9_cm,_1968.gif|„ Big T“ (structural print), 16 × 9&amp;nbsp;cm, 1968
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Ani_bytost,_ani_strom_(strukturální_grafika),_15,5_x_10,5_cm,_1968.gif|''Neither creature nor tree'' (structural print), 15,5 x 10,5&amp;nbsp;cm, 1968
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Tmavá_průrva_(strukturální_grafika),_27_x_17_cm,_1966.gif|''Dark chasm'' (structural print)), 27 x 17&amp;nbsp;cm, 1966
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Andělíci_1_(strukturální_grafika),_19,5_x_23_cm,_1970.gif|''Angels'' (structural print)), 19,5 x 23&amp;nbsp;cm, 1970
Fayil:Jenny-Hladíková,-Větvoví-(1972),-strukturální-grafika-15,5x24-cm.jpg|''Branches'' (structural print), 15,5 × 24&amp;nbsp;cm, 1972
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Bez_názvu,_kolorovaná_strukturální_grafika,_23_x_29_cm,_1968-2010.jpg|''Untitled'' (coloured structural print), 23 × 29&amp;nbsp;cm, 1968–2010
Fayil:Jenny_Hladíková,_Na_zahradě_(akvarel),_2010.jpg|''In the garden'' (watercolour), 2010
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{Databox}}

'''Jenny Hladíková''' (née '''Hršelová'''; 9 June 1930 – 25 July 2022) was a Czech printmaker, painter and maker of tapestries.

An haifi Jenny Hršelová a ranar 9 ga Yuni 1930 a Kolín .  A cikin 1941-1948, ta halarci Real Gymnasium a Kolín (farfesa na zane Bohuslav Kutil). Bayan ta koma [[Prag|Prague]], ta kammala karatu daga ''Jan Masaryk Real Gymnasium'' a Prague a shekarar 1949.

In 1949–1954, she studied at the Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague in the studio of monumental painting and textiles of Alois Fišárek. In 1955, she married her classmate, the artist Jan Hladík.&lt;ref name=&quot;RD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dolejský |first=Roman |date=2022-07-27 |title=Zemřela významná česká výtvarnice. Jejím celoživotním osudem bylo tkaní |url=https://tn.nova.cz/zpravodajstvi/clanek/467833-zemrela-vyznamna-ceska-vytvarnice-jejim-celozivotnim-osudem-bylo-tkani |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=tn.nova.cz |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the late 1950s, the Hladík couple acquired a printing press and Jenny Hladíková began to create her own graphic matrices, which Jan Hladík then printed. The couple built a joint studio in Prague-Podolí, where Jan Hladík constructed originally designed vertical looms for weaving tapestries. Jenny was first an expert advisor and later a collaborator on the large-scale work ''Blue Garden'' (190 × 430&amp;nbsp;cm, Parkhotel (Mama Shelter) Prague).

Jenny Hladíková exhibited her first tapestry in 1966 at a show of Czechoslovak tapestry in Prague Castle Riding Hall on the occasion of a meeting of the AICA International Congress of Critics, and one of her other tapestries was selected the following year for the 3rd International Biennale of Tapestry in Lausanne,&lt;ref name=&quot;RD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dolejský |first=Roman |date=2022-07-27 |title=Zemřela významná česká výtvarnice. Jejím celoživotním osudem bylo tkaní |url=https://tn.nova.cz/zpravodajstvi/clanek/467833-zemrela-vyznamna-ceska-vytvarnice-jejim-celozivotnim-osudem-bylo-tkani |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=tn.nova.cz |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; where she exhibited again in 1969. Her first solo exhibition was in 1969 at Gallery on Charles Square, which was run by Ludmila Vachtová. The importance of Czechoslovak authors' textile artworks ought to be reflected in the forthcoming ''International Colloquium on Contemporary Tapestry'', with the promised participation of about 50 artists and theoreticians from 11 countries, scheduled to take place in Prague in August 1968. However, due to the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact troops, it was no longer possible.

Since 1993, she has been a member of the art department of the Umělecká beseda. In 1999 she had a large retrospective exhibition of tapestries and prints in the Gallery of the Mánes Union of Fine Arts.

Jenny Hladíková lived and worked in [[Prag|Prague]], where she also died on 25 July 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;RD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dolejský |first=Roman |date=2022-07-27 |title=Zemřela významná česká výtvarnice. Jejím celoživotním osudem bylo tkaní |url=https://tn.nova.cz/zpravodajstvi/clanek/467833-zemrela-vyznamna-ceska-vytvarnice-jejim-celozivotnim-osudem-bylo-tkani |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=tn.nova.cz |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1977, Jenny Hladíková received the ''Prix de Mecénes'' for her tapestry ''Gesture of Green'' at the international exhibition ''La Vigne, le Vin, le Sacré'' in [[Vevey]]. In 1979, she became a founding member of the ''Association Pierre Pauli'' in Lausanne.&lt;ref name=&quot;toms-pauli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fondation Toms Pauli - History |url=http://www.toms-pauli.ch/en/modern-collection/history/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=toms-pauli.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Work ==

=== Graphic art and painting ===
In the early 1960s, Jenny Hladíková dedicated herself to multi-coloured linocut (''Park'', 1963) and created a series of colour monotypes. She composed the print matrices from cut and dyed pieces of waxed paper and fabric assembled as abstract compositions on a ground covered with a base colour. She accomplishes the artistic effect by combining and layering irregular shapes and muted colour tones with the occasional bold colour accent. The individual sheets are not named and the interpretation of the work is left to the viewer (''Untitled'', 1963–65). The monotypes were the basis for the first tapestries (''Four Stories'', 1967). In parallel, she created numerous studies of structures in the form of drypoint or etching.

In the second half of the 1960s, a series of black and white abstract structural prints were made from scraps of fabric, paper and scraps of cotton cordonnet. The arrangement of the individual components sometimes produces a linear drawing (''Cords'', 1966), but usually follows no predetermined order and works with an element of chance. The direction of the lines in soft curves and their local thickening gives the impression of movement (''Growth'', 1967, ''Flow'', 1968), while at other times the artist uses the rough structure of the fabric as an irregular grid, representing living tissue (''Meeting of Tissues'', 1967, ''Two Tissues'', 1972). In the titles of other abstract compositions she refers to natural phenomena (''Dark Passage'', 1966, ''Horizontal Layer'', 1980) and living organisms (''Vegetation'', 1968, ''Vegetative Gesture'', 1975), only rarely naming a concrete symbol (''Cross'', 1966, ''Big T'', 1968, ''Angels'', 1970). Individual small-format prints created in this way became the basis for tapestries (''Tissue'', structural print, 1967, tapestry, 1968).

In addition to printmaking, after 2000 the artist has also worked in watercolour and in the combination of watercolour and drawing. The subject of these works are natural structures and abstract landscapes.

Jenny Hladíková is the author of dozens of large-scale tapestries based on her own themes, at first abstract, later tapestries inspired by details of landscapes and natural processes, transformations of light and colour. She is one of the leading protagonists of author's woven tapestries, which first appeared in exhibitions alongside traditional workshop tapestries in the 1960s and marked a revolution in the concept of this line of textile art.

She wove her first tapestries during her studies, but then consistently devoted herself to printmaking, returning to them again only in 1965, when she assisted Jan Hladík in the creation of the monumental tapestry ''Blue Garden'' (1965), woven using the technique of weft-faille.

In 1966–68, she wove five of her own original tapestries, the fourth of which was selected for the prestigious ''Biennale internationale de la tapiserie'' in Lausanne in 1967. Already in the 1960s, Jenny Hladíková was one of the most progressive artists who, while not abandoning the traditional rectangular format, used it with distinctive inventiveness. Her works are parables about time, change and growth, expressing the dynamics of movement and growing out of the artist's own process of textile work. The calm surface of the &quot;background&quot;, woven with a classical binding, makes contrast to the restless texture. The tapestry ''Flow'' (1970) belongs to works of this type.

In the 1960s, Jenny Hladíková converted some of her monotypes and structural prints into tapestries. In a few, she uses compositions of folded flat shapes with irregular outlines, weaving in different coloured yarn to suggest plasticity, disrupting the linear outline (''Four Stories'', 1967) or accentuating a particular element (''Tissue'', 1968). The structural system plays a dominant role in the composition, where the dense ropes of structures created by the wrapping technique create an embossed surface on the surface of the tapestry. Structure also had a strong emotional meaning for her, as well as a luminous value.

Some tapestries designed by the Hladík couple were woven by the workshops of the Umělecká řemesla Praha, in which case the signature JJ Hladík is woven in the lower right and the emblem of the Umělecká řemesla in a lime leaf in the lower left.

Since 1968, she has created a new weaving technique with wool yarn of varying strength, leaving loose fibres in the weft, which she then drapes over the woven warp on the face. This allows her to create a much more dynamic relief composition and suits her intention to capture movement. Jenny Hladíková's distinctive dynamic tapestry ''Flow'' (1970) anticipated her other works reflecting her inspiration from nature and its phenomena, such as ''Tissue Encounter'' (1972) or the colourful and structurally expressive ''Place of Encounter'' (1978).

No longer adhering to a graphic template, the artist freely depicts the drama of natural processes in monumental compositions (''Gesture of Green'', 270 × 160&amp;nbsp;cm, 1976; ''Memory of Heather'', 109 × 200&amp;nbsp;cm, 1977). By this time, she had already achieved a sovereignty in her weaving technique that allowed her to capture optical phenomena such as the reflection of rock formations on the surface of water (''Quarry'', 172 × 290&amp;nbsp;cm, 1977). A series of tapestries loosely inspired by movement, the elements and natural phenomena concludes with ''Baroque Principle'' (300 × 180&amp;nbsp;cm, 1980, UPM).

Since the late 1970s, Jenny Hladíková has returned to the classical method of weaving and has made greater use of concrete landscapes as a model (''Tree'', 1978). She concentrates on capturing mood, the play of light and shadow, and spatial depth. The surface and ripples of the water are a frequent subject ('''Opatovice Pond'', 1981, ''Leafing'', 1992). In her treatment, a seemingly simple subject such as a staircase offers a subtle shift of perspective in the rectangular frame of the warp, along with a perfect impressionistic illusion of vivid patches of light and shadow (''Stairs'', 1984). If the subject is a play of light and impression, she moves freely to abstraction (''Night-traces of Light'', 1987), or to dramatic depictions of perspective (''On the Way from Křivoklát'', 1996) and spatial depths, capturing the grandeur of natural scenery (''Spring Mountains'', 1998).

For her realizations in architecture she has collaborated with architects, for example with the author of the modern theatre in Most, Ivo Klimeš. Jenny Hladíková did not refrain from the techniques of non-woven tapestry, originating from Nonwoven fabric (Art protis).

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]]
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339615940|Colonial Theater (Allentown, Pennsylvania)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na mulkin mallaka''' gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Allentown, Pennsylvania, Amurka . An buɗe shi a cikin 1920, sama da shekaru 50 an dauke shi fim mai ban sha'awa a cikin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya. An rufe shi a shekara ta 1982, kuma an rushe shi a shekara de 2005 bayan shekaru da yawa na zama babu kowa kuma ya lalace. An sake gina shafin a matsayin '''Cibiyar Birni Uku''', wani ɓangare na Yankin Ingantawa na Makwabta na Allentown (NIZ).

=== 19th century ===
[[Fayil:1921_-_Colonial_Theater_-_Main_Building.jpg|thumb|The Colonial Theater in 1921]]
The Colonial Theater was built on the site of a Center City Allentown mansion owned by John Dodson Stiles, a lawyer who represented Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives during the Civil War.

In the 1870s, Stiles returned to Allentown, where he practiced law until his death in 1896. Two years later, in 1898, his home was remodeled by his son, Charles Frederick (Fred) Stiles, who turned it into the '''Hotel Hamilton'''.
[[Fayil:1921_-_Colonial_Theater_-_Main_Auditorium.jpg|thumb|The theater's main auditorium]]
[[Fayil:1964_-_Colonial_Theater_Interior.jpg|thumb|The interior of the theater in 1964 following its extensive renovations]]
During [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]], the Hotel Hamilton suffered a devastating fire. The hotel was later razed, which opened a prime real estate lot on Hamilton Street in Center City Allentown. The location for the new theater was near the Old Lehigh County Courthouse and a short walk up the street from the Allentown trolley station at 6th and Hamilton streets. The Hotel Hamilton had served as a gathering place for Lehigh County's legal minds and travelers since its opening, which made it an appealing place for an entertainment venue.

In 1919, after the end of a shortage of building materials during World War I, the Colonial Theater was constructed. The theatre was owned by Sidney Wilmer and Walter Vincent, both from [[Utica|Utica, New York]]. The two had owned the Orpheum Theater in Allentown since 1906. In 1920, the Orpheum was renamed The State Theater when it switched from a vaudeville venue to a [[Fim|film]] venue. Under Wilmer and Vincent's ownership, the Orpheum was profitable. Given its success, the two sought to open a second theater in the city.

The Ochs Construction Company from Allentown was the general contractor for the building.  The Colonial was designed by [[Philadelphia]] architects Hoffman and Henon, who were producing illustrations for major motion picture theaters around the nation. The building was a concrete and steel three-story building in Beaux-Arts style. Wilmer and Vincent wanted this to be primarily a movie theater and not a vaudeville house.

The interior had a three-story auditorium with two balconies. The marble used was rose Tavernell imported from France. The three grand chandeliers lit the long center ramp that swept up to the interior doors. Set in the marble arches of the columns were baskets of flowers, gifts from Wilmer's and Vincent's many clients in the theater world.

The theater also had ground-floor retail shops and second and third-story professional offices, which were leased to law firms, insurance agents, and other small businesses, including rehearsal rooms that were used by musicians and acting troupes.

The Colonial held its opening night on October 11, 1920. The first film shown at the theater was ''The Idol Dancer'' by D.W. Griffith.  Also on the bill was a Pathe newsreel and a comedy, ''High and Dizzy'', starring silent screen favorite Harold Lloyd. Matinee prices for the orchestra and balcony seats were 25 cents, but box seats on Saturday evening would be 65 cents, a high price by the standards of the time.

For most of the next five decades, the Colonial was one of the most profitable and popular theaters in Allentown. Although designed primarily for the presentation of films, it also occasionally served as a performing arts theater.

The theater also hosted traveling jazz shows, including touring groups from Harlem's Cotton Club. In 1929, the theater installed sound equipment for talking pictures. In February 1935, it was the site of a live national radio broadcast of ''Amos and Andy''.

It was remodeled in 1937; seats were added, new projection equipment installed and a new air conditioning system put in place. The following year, in 1938, Walter Vincent was chairman of the board of Republic Pictures, a Hollywood film studio Vincent made a film about the city, ''Allentown On Parade'', which premiered in Allentown on August 18, 1938, along with a Republic Pictures' romance film, ''Army Girl''. Before a capacity crowd on the flag-draped stage of the Colonial Theater, a coast-to-coast phone conversation between Allentown community leaders and the stars of &quot;Army Girl&quot; was broadcast throughout the theater. In an era when a cross-country phone call was costly and not widely available, hearing the live voices of Hollywood stars was quite an event.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;   In 1944, the property was sold to Fabian Theaters, Inc., which operated a chain of thirty theaters in New York and New Jersey.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;

After [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]], the Colonial gradually became a cinema-only facility; however, it continued to host an occasional stage show until the 1960s. The emergence of television in the 1950s caused revenues to decline as more and more people began to stay home and watch entertainment in their living rooms. In 1954, the theater's screen was replaced with one capable of showing CinemaScope widescreen films.

In the early 1960s, the theater was closed for a major renovation. Its front facade was cleaned and painted, the lower facade retiled, and a new marquee was installed. The interior was fitted with new theater seats, new carpeting, and which were installed on the first floor along with new carpeting and gold and blue draperies; the walls were re-plastered and a new ceiling was installed.   Two new lounges were added to the main floor and a new RCA stereo sound system was added. The grand opening in October 1962 was the film ''Barabbas''.

During the 1960 and early 1970s, the Colonial was the premiere theater in Center City Allentown, showing such films as ''Cleopatra''; ''Mary Poppins''; ''Doctor Zhivago''; ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner''; ''Midnight Cowboy'' (The only &quot;X&quot; rated film ever shown there); ''M*A*S*H''; ''The Godfather'', and ''The Godfather Part II''.

In 1973, United Artists Eastern Theaters Inc. purchased the building from the Fabian movie chain.  However, during the 1970s and 1980s, the multi-cinema mall theaters and also the decline of the Allentown Central Shopping district on Hamilton Street led to austere times for the Colonial, along with other Hamilton Street theaters in Allentown.

In the late 1970s, the Rialto Theater at 10th and Hamilton Streets closed, and the Eric Twin, which opened in 1969 about a block east, was renovated into a multi-cinema of six screens, all of which were capable of projecting 70mm films, while the Colonial was a single-screen capable of only 35mm film projection. This meant that many of the Hollywood blockbuster films of the era were shown at other theaters.

By the mid-1970s, the theater was largely showing second and third-run films.

On September 23, 1982, the theater cinema part of the building was closed, though professional and retail offices remained open.

After announcing the closure, the Colonial announced that the closure was only temporary until a new owner could be found. Negotiations with several cinema chains fell through, however, and the theater remained closed for several years.

In 1988, the property was sold to Mark Mendleson, an investor from [[Philadelphia]].   In the time while it was closed, the building sustained water damage from a leaking roof. Again in need of renovation and losing money, Mendleson closed the building for &quot;temporary repairs&quot; that shuttered the professional offices and retail space.

Instead of renovating the property, however, property records show that in spite of their inactivity and deterioration, the Colonial and other properties owned by Mendleson, were used as collateral to obtain tens of millions of dollars in loans for Mendleson's other projects.  The closed theater, judged as viable as an operable business by the City of Allentown in 1987, began to structurally deteriorate. Mendelson, in turn, laid the blame for his troubles on the city's economic woes and city officials, who he said &quot;tortured: him with unfulfilled promises and turned their backs when he needed help.

For the better part of the next 15 years, Mendleson and the City of Allentown were at loggerheads with regards to the Colonial and his other properties, all of which were deteriorating.

In 1990, when Allentown gained was infamously named at the very bottom of ''Money'' magazine's ranking of 300 places to live in the United States, the magazine used the Colonial Theater to illustrate the city's downfall in a single photograph, captioned &quot;A vacant movie theater in Allentown&quot;.

In 1994, with nearly $5 million in liens against his properties in Allentown, the Colonial went to a tax sale. Mendelson gambled that no one would bid on the property — thus becoming responsible for the unpaid bills — and won. At that time, Mendelson began to make amends by paying some of the Colonial's back taxes.

=== 21st century ===
In May 2015, Three City Center opened.

== See also ==

* List of historic places in Allentown, Pennsylvania

== Manazarta ==

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'''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na mulkin mallaka''' gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Allentown, Pennsylvania, Amurka . An buɗe shi a cikin 1920, sama da shekaru 50 an dauke shi fim mai ban sha'awa a cikin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya. An rufe shi a shekara ta 1982, kuma an rushe shi a shekara de 2005 bayan shekaru da yawa na zama babu kowa kuma ya lalace. An sake gina shafin a matsayin '''Cibiyar Birni Uku''', wani ɓangare na Yankin Ingantawa na Makwabta na Allentown (NIZ).

=== 19th century ===
[[Fayil:1921_-_Colonial_Theater_-_Main_Building.jpg|thumb|The Colonial Theater in 1921]]
The Colonial Theater was built on the site of a Center City Allentown mansion owned by John Dodson Stiles, a lawyer who represented Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives during the Civil War.

In the 1870s, Stiles returned to Allentown, where he practiced law until his death in 1896. Two years later, in 1898, his home was remodeled by his son, Charles Frederick (Fred) Stiles, who turned it into the '''Hotel Hamilton'''.
[[Fayil:1921_-_Colonial_Theater_-_Main_Auditorium.jpg|thumb|The theater's main auditorium]]
[[Fayil:1964_-_Colonial_Theater_Interior.jpg|thumb|The interior of the theater in 1964 following its extensive renovations]]
During [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]], the Hotel Hamilton suffered a devastating fire. The hotel was later razed, which opened a prime real estate lot on Hamilton Street in Center City Allentown. The location for the new theater was near the Old Lehigh County Courthouse and a short walk up the street from the Allentown trolley station at 6th and Hamilton streets. The Hotel Hamilton had served as a gathering place for Lehigh County's legal minds and travelers since its opening, which made it an appealing place for an entertainment venue.

In 1919, after the end of a shortage of building materials during World War I, the Colonial Theater was constructed. The theatre was owned by Sidney Wilmer and Walter Vincent, both from [[Utica|Utica, New York]]. The two had owned the Orpheum Theater in Allentown since 1906. In 1920, the Orpheum was renamed The State Theater when it switched from a vaudeville venue to a [[Fim|film]] venue. Under Wilmer and Vincent's ownership, the Orpheum was profitable. Given its success, the two sought to open a second theater in the city.

The Ochs Construction Company from Allentown was the general contractor for the building.  The Colonial was designed by [[Philadelphia]] architects Hoffman and Henon, who were producing illustrations for major motion picture theaters around the nation. The building was a concrete and steel three-story building in Beaux-Arts style. Wilmer and Vincent wanted this to be primarily a movie theater and not a vaudeville house.

The interior had a three-story auditorium with two balconies. The marble used was rose Tavernell imported from France. The three grand chandeliers lit the long center ramp that swept up to the interior doors. Set in the marble arches of the columns were baskets of flowers, gifts from Wilmer's and Vincent's many clients in the theater world.

The theater also had ground-floor retail shops and second and third-story professional offices, which were leased to law firms, insurance agents, and other small businesses, including rehearsal rooms that were used by musicians and acting troupes.

The Colonial held its opening night on October 11, 1920. The first film shown at the theater was ''The Idol Dancer'' by D.W. Griffith.  Also on the bill was a Pathe newsreel and a comedy, ''High and Dizzy'', starring silent screen favorite Harold Lloyd. Matinee prices for the orchestra and balcony seats were 25 cents, but box seats on Saturday evening would be 65 cents, a high price by the standards of the time.

For most of the next five decades, the Colonial was one of the most profitable and popular theaters in Allentown. Although designed primarily for the presentation of films, it also occasionally served as a performing arts theater.

The theater also hosted traveling jazz shows, including touring groups from Harlem's Cotton Club. In 1929, the theater installed sound equipment for talking pictures. In February 1935, it was the site of a live national radio broadcast of ''Amos and Andy''.

It was remodeled in 1937; seats were added, new projection equipment installed and a new air conditioning system put in place. The following year, in 1938, Walter Vincent was chairman of the board of Republic Pictures, a Hollywood film studio Vincent made a film about the city, ''Allentown On Parade'', which premiered in Allentown on August 18, 1938, along with a Republic Pictures' romance film, ''Army Girl''. Before a capacity crowd on the flag-draped stage of the Colonial Theater, a coast-to-coast phone conversation between Allentown community leaders and the stars of &quot;Army Girl&quot; was broadcast throughout the theater. In an era when a cross-country phone call was costly and not widely available, hearing the live voices of Hollywood stars was quite an event.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;   In 1944, the property was sold to Fabian Theaters, Inc., which operated a chain of thirty theaters in New York and New Jersey.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;

After [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]], the Colonial gradually became a cinema-only facility; however, it continued to host an occasional stage show until the 1960s. The emergence of television in the 1950s caused revenues to decline as more and more people began to stay home and watch entertainment in their living rooms. In 1954, the theater's screen was replaced with one capable of showing CinemaScope widescreen films.

In the early 1960s, the theater was closed for a major renovation. Its front facade was cleaned and painted, the lower facade retiled, and a new marquee was installed. The interior was fitted with new theater seats, new carpeting, and which were installed on the first floor along with new carpeting and gold and blue draperies; the walls were re-plastered and a new ceiling was installed.   Two new lounges were added to the main floor and a new RCA stereo sound system was added. The grand opening in October 1962 was the film ''Barabbas''.

During the 1960 and early 1970s, the Colonial was the premiere theater in Center City Allentown, showing such films as ''Cleopatra''; ''Mary Poppins''; ''Doctor Zhivago''; ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner''; ''Midnight Cowboy'' (The only &quot;X&quot; rated film ever shown there); ''M*A*S*H''; ''The Godfather'', and ''The Godfather Part II''.

In 1973, United Artists Eastern Theaters Inc. purchased the building from the Fabian movie chain.  However, during the 1970s and 1980s, the multi-cinema mall theaters and also the decline of the Allentown Central Shopping district on Hamilton Street led to austere times for the Colonial, along with other Hamilton Street theaters in Allentown.

In the late 1970s, the Rialto Theater at 10th and Hamilton Streets closed, and the Eric Twin, which opened in 1969 about a block east, was renovated into a multi-cinema of six screens, all of which were capable of projecting 70mm films, while the Colonial was a single-screen capable of only 35mm film projection. This meant that many of the Hollywood blockbuster films of the era were shown at other theaters.

By the mid-1970s, the theater was largely showing second and third-run films.

On September 23, 1982, the theater cinema part of the building was closed, though professional and retail offices remained open.

After announcing the closure, the Colonial announced that the closure was only temporary until a new owner could be found. Negotiations with several cinema chains fell through, however, and the theater remained closed for several years.

In 1988, the property was sold to Mark Mendleson, an investor from [[Philadelphia]].   In the time while it was closed, the building sustained water damage from a leaking roof. Again in need of renovation and losing money, Mendleson closed the building for &quot;temporary repairs&quot; that shuttered the professional offices and retail space.

Instead of renovating the property, however, property records show that in spite of their inactivity and deterioration, the Colonial and other properties owned by Mendleson, were used as collateral to obtain tens of millions of dollars in loans for Mendleson's other projects.  The closed theater, judged as viable as an operable business by the City of Allentown in 1987, began to structurally deteriorate. Mendelson, in turn, laid the blame for his troubles on the city's economic woes and city officials, who he said &quot;tortured: him with unfulfilled promises and turned their backs when he needed help.

For the better part of the next 15 years, Mendleson and the City of Allentown were at loggerheads with regards to the Colonial and his other properties, all of which were deteriorating.

In 1990, when Allentown gained was infamously named at the very bottom of ''Money'' magazine's ranking of 300 places to live in the United States, the magazine used the Colonial Theater to illustrate the city's downfall in a single photograph, captioned &quot;A vacant movie theater in Allentown&quot;.

In 1994, with nearly $5 million in liens against his properties in Allentown, the Colonial went to a tax sale. Mendelson gambled that no one would bid on the property — thus becoming responsible for the unpaid bills — and won. At that time, Mendelson began to make amends by paying some of the Colonial's back taxes.

=== 21st century ===
In May 2015, Three City Center opened.

== See also ==

* List of historic places in Allentown, Pennsylvania

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na mulkin mallaka''' gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Allentown, Pennsylvania, Amurka . An buɗe shi a cikin 1920, sama da shekaru 50 an dauke shi fim mai ban sha'awa a cikin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya. An rufe shi a shekara ta 1982, kuma an rushe shi a shekara de 2005 bayan shekaru da yawa na zama babu kowa kuma ya lalace. An sake gina shafin a matsayin '''Cibiyar Birni Uku''', wani ɓangare na Yankin Ingantawa na Makwabta na Allentown (NIZ).

=== 19th century ===
[[Fayil:1921_-_Colonial_Theater_-_Main_Building.jpg|thumb|The Colonial Theater in 1921]]
The Colonial Theater was built on the site of a Center City Allentown mansion owned by John Dodson Stiles, a lawyer who represented Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives during the Civil War.

In the 1870s, Stiles returned to Allentown, where he practiced law until his death in 1896. Two years later, in 1898, his home was remodeled by his son, Charles Frederick (Fred) Stiles, who turned it into the '''Hotel Hamilton'''.
[[Fayil:1921_-_Colonial_Theater_-_Main_Auditorium.jpg|thumb|The theater's main auditorium]]
[[Fayil:1964_-_Colonial_Theater_Interior.jpg|thumb|The interior of the theater in 1964 following its extensive renovations]]
During [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]], the Hotel Hamilton suffered a devastating fire. The hotel was later razed, which opened a prime real estate lot on Hamilton Street in Center City Allentown. The location for the new theater was near the Old Lehigh County Courthouse and a short walk up the street from the Allentown trolley station at 6th and Hamilton streets. The Hotel Hamilton had served as a gathering place for Lehigh County's legal minds and travelers since its opening, which made it an appealing place for an entertainment venue.

In 1919, after the end of a shortage of building materials during World War I, the Colonial Theater was constructed. The theatre was owned by Sidney Wilmer and Walter Vincent, both from [[Utica|Utica, New York]]. The two had owned the Orpheum Theater in Allentown since 1906. In 1920, the Orpheum was renamed The State Theater when it switched from a vaudeville venue to a [[Fim|film]] venue. Under Wilmer and Vincent's ownership, the Orpheum was profitable. Given its success, the two sought to open a second theater in the city.

The Ochs Construction Company from Allentown was the general contractor for the building.  The Colonial was designed by [[Philadelphia]] architects Hoffman and Henon, who were producing illustrations for major motion picture theaters around the nation. The building was a concrete and steel three-story building in Beaux-Arts style. Wilmer and Vincent wanted this to be primarily a movie theater and not a vaudeville house.

The interior had a three-story auditorium with two balconies. The marble used was rose Tavernell imported from France. The three grand chandeliers lit the long center ramp that swept up to the interior doors. Set in the marble arches of the columns were baskets of flowers, gifts from Wilmer's and Vincent's many clients in the theater world.

The theater also had ground-floor retail shops and second and third-story professional offices, which were leased to law firms, insurance agents, and other small businesses, including rehearsal rooms that were used by musicians and acting troupes.

The Colonial held its opening night on October 11, 1920. The first film shown at the theater was ''The Idol Dancer'' by D.W. Griffith.  Also on the bill was a Pathe newsreel and a comedy, ''High and Dizzy'', starring silent screen favorite Harold Lloyd. Matinee prices for the orchestra and balcony seats were 25 cents, but box seats on Saturday evening would be 65 cents, a high price by the standards of the time.

For most of the next five decades, the Colonial was one of the most profitable and popular theaters in Allentown. Although designed primarily for the presentation of films, it also occasionally served as a performing arts theater.

The theater also hosted traveling jazz shows, including touring groups from Harlem's Cotton Club. In 1929, the theater installed sound equipment for talking pictures. In February 1935, it was the site of a live national radio broadcast of ''Amos and Andy''.

It was remodeled in 1937; seats were added, new projection equipment installed and a new air conditioning system put in place. The following year, in 1938, Walter Vincent was chairman of the board of Republic Pictures, a Hollywood film studio Vincent made a film about the city, ''Allentown On Parade'', which premiered in Allentown on August 18, 1938, along with a Republic Pictures' romance film, ''Army Girl''. Before a capacity crowd on the flag-draped stage of the Colonial Theater, a coast-to-coast phone conversation between Allentown community leaders and the stars of &quot;Army Girl&quot; was broadcast throughout the theater. In an era when a cross-country phone call was costly and not widely available, hearing the live voices of Hollywood stars was quite an event.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;   In 1944, the property was sold to Fabian Theaters, Inc., which operated a chain of thirty theaters in New York and New Jersey.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;

After [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]], the Colonial gradually became a cinema-only facility; however, it continued to host an occasional stage show until the 1960s. The emergence of television in the 1950s caused revenues to decline as more and more people began to stay home and watch entertainment in their living rooms. In 1954, the theater's screen was replaced with one capable of showing CinemaScope widescreen films.

In the early 1960s, the theater was closed for a major renovation. Its front facade was cleaned and painted, the lower facade retiled, and a new marquee was installed. The interior was fitted with new theater seats, new carpeting, and which were installed on the first floor along with new carpeting and gold and blue draperies; the walls were re-plastered and a new ceiling was installed.   Two new lounges were added to the main floor and a new RCA stereo sound system was added. The grand opening in October 1962 was the film ''Barabbas''.

During the 1960 and early 1970s, the Colonial was the premiere theater in Center City Allentown, showing such films as ''Cleopatra''; ''Mary Poppins''; ''Doctor Zhivago''; ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner''; ''Midnight Cowboy'' (The only &quot;X&quot; rated film ever shown there); ''M*A*S*H''; ''The Godfather'', and ''The Godfather Part II''.

In 1973, United Artists Eastern Theaters Inc. purchased the building from the Fabian movie chain.  However, during the 1970s and 1980s, the multi-cinema mall theaters and also the decline of the Allentown Central Shopping district on Hamilton Street led to austere times for the Colonial, along with other Hamilton Street theaters in Allentown.

In the late 1970s, the Rialto Theater at 10th and Hamilton Streets closed, and the Eric Twin, which opened in 1969 about a block east, was renovated into a multi-cinema of six screens, all of which were capable of projecting 70mm films, while the Colonial was a single-screen capable of only 35mm film projection. This meant that many of the Hollywood blockbuster films of the era were shown at other theaters.

By the mid-1970s, the theater was largely showing second and third-run films.

On September 23, 1982, the theater cinema part of the building was closed, though professional and retail offices remained open.

After announcing the closure, the Colonial announced that the closure was only temporary until a new owner could be found. Negotiations with several cinema chains fell through, however, and the theater remained closed for several years.

In 1988, the property was sold to Mark Mendleson, an investor from [[Philadelphia]].   In the time while it was closed, the building sustained water damage from a leaking roof. Again in need of renovation and losing money, Mendleson closed the building for &quot;temporary repairs&quot; that shuttered the professional offices and retail space.

Instead of renovating the property, however, property records show that in spite of their inactivity and deterioration, the Colonial and other properties owned by Mendleson, were used as collateral to obtain tens of millions of dollars in loans for Mendleson's other projects.  The closed theater, judged as viable as an operable business by the City of Allentown in 1987, began to structurally deteriorate. Mendelson, in turn, laid the blame for his troubles on the city's economic woes and city officials, who he said &quot;tortured: him with unfulfilled promises and turned their backs when he needed help.

For the better part of the next 15 years, Mendleson and the City of Allentown were at loggerheads with regards to the Colonial and his other properties, all of which were deteriorating.

In 1990, when Allentown gained was infamously named at the very bottom of ''Money'' magazine's ranking of 300 places to live in the United States, the magazine used the Colonial Theater to illustrate the city's downfall in a single photograph, captioned &quot;A vacant movie theater in Allentown&quot;.

In 1994, with nearly $5 million in liens against his properties in Allentown, the Colonial went to a tax sale. Mendelson gambled that no one would bid on the property — thus becoming responsible for the unpaid bills — and won. At that time, Mendelson began to make amends by paying some of the Colonial's back taxes.

=== 21st century ===
In May 2015, Three City Center opened.

== See also ==

* List of historic places in Allentown, Pennsylvania

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Red Sleigh Down</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310007087|Red Sleigh Down]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4436" sha1="s2etpis0ollq9z0ri0k5tqn87fak5zd" xml:space="preserve">&quot;'''Red Sleigh Down'''&quot;  is the seventeenth episode of the sixth season of the American animated series South Park, and the 96th episode of the series overall. It was first broadcast on Comedy Central on December 11, 2002.

A cikin labarin, Cartman dole ne ya zira kwallaye guda daya a jerin Santa don ya cancanci kyautar Kirsimeti. Ya dauki Santa, Mista Hankey, da Yesu a cikin ƙoƙari na kawo Kirsimeti ga 'yan ƙasar [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da aka zalunta. Abubuwa sun tafi ba daidai ba kuma lokacin da aka harbe Santa a Iraki, Yesu ya 

Because fans were so upset over his absence throughout the season, this episode is notable for the return of Kenny from his death in season five. The title and episode parody the films ''Black Hawk Down'' and ''Three Kings'', and ''Lethal Weapon'' is referenced during an interrogation scene.

== Plot ==
Cartman has Kyle's cousin perform a tally of his naughty and nice deeds. He informs Cartman that he has been too naughty to earn his coveted [[Kirsimeti|Christmas]] gift, a Haibo robot dog. In order to reverse his past misdeeds, he sets out to spread Christmas cheer to the people of [[Iraƙi|Iraq]]. Meanwhile, at a tree lighting ceremony, Jimmy Valmer is given the honor of lighting, but first decides to sing &quot;[[Kwanaki goma sha biyu na Kirsimeti (waƙar)|The Twelve Days of Christmas]]&quot;. Due to his stutter, it takes most of the episode for him to reach the end of the twelve verses.

With the use of Mr. Hankey's Poo-Choo train, Cartman and the other boys travel to the North Pole to convince Santa Claus to bring Christmas to Iraq. With the assistance of the Underpants Gnomes, Santa prepares his sleigh and travels to Iraq, only to be promptly shot down, brought in, and tortured.  The boys realize that Cartman's little ploy may have ended Christmas for everyone and set out to make things right.

Taking a backup sled, they seek out Jesus. Upon hearing the news, Jesus promptly arms himself with an array of automatic weapons and travels with the boys to Iraq, brutally gunning down everyone who impedes him. The group breaks into the interrogation room and frees Santa.

As they make their way back to the sleigh, Jesus is shot dead by one Iraqi captor. Outraged, Santa kills the soldier, and proceeds to blast his way out. Back on the sleigh, Santa flies the children back to South Park, but not before covering Iraq in Christmas decorations.

Much to the town's delight, Jimmy finally finishes his song and switches on the Christmas tree, only for the lights to then blow a fuse. At that moment though, Santa flies past the tree and magically restores them.

Santa returns the boys home, hoping that people will always remember Jesus on this day. He gives the children all Haibo dogs as thanks, but Cartman is disgusted, as he wanted to be the only kid owning one and have his friends envy him. Kenny McCormick then shows up out of nowhere (his first appearance since &quot;Kenny Dies&quot;), though the three seem unfazed by this.

== Production ==
This episode came from the idea of ''Black Hawk Down'' with Santa Claus. The creators had always planned to bring Kenny back in the last episode due to fan demand to see more Kenny, but they killed off Jesus (who dies to save Santa) the idea being that's why at Christmas time we think about Jesus.&lt;ref name=&quot;commentary&quot; /&gt;

Santa's house in the North Pole is Superman's Fortress of Solitude from ''Superman II''.

== Home media ==
&quot;Red Sleigh Down&quot;, along with the sixteen other episodes from ''South Park'''s sixth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on October 11, 2005. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode. ''IGN'' gave the season a rating of 9/10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter Schorn |date=February 26, 2009 |title=South Park: The Complete Sixth Season DVD Review |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/10/14/south-park-the-complete-sixth-season |access-date=April 20, 2018 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The episode was also included on the DVD compilation ''Christmas Time in South Park.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michelle Zoromski |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Christmas Time in South Park |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/21/christmas-time-in-south-park |access-date=April 20, 2018 |website=IGN |publisher=News Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4449" sha1="gd3my7k8x7gs4xli78w2rbpztu9w6rr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&quot;'''Red Sleigh Down'''&quot;  is the seventeenth episode of the sixth season of the American animated series South Park, and the 96th episode of the series overall. It was first broadcast on Comedy Central on December 11, 2002.

A cikin labarin, Cartman dole ne ya zira kwallaye guda daya a jerin Santa don ya cancanci kyautar Kirsimeti. Ya dauki Santa, Mista Hankey, da Yesu a cikin ƙoƙari na kawo Kirsimeti ga 'yan ƙasar [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da aka zalunta. Abubuwa sun tafi ba daidai ba kuma lokacin da aka harbe Santa a Iraki, Yesu ya 

Because fans were so upset over his absence throughout the season, this episode is notable for the return of Kenny from his death in season five. The title and episode parody the films ''Black Hawk Down'' and ''Three Kings'', and ''Lethal Weapon'' is referenced during an interrogation scene.

== Plot ==
Cartman has Kyle's cousin perform a tally of his naughty and nice deeds. He informs Cartman that he has been too naughty to earn his coveted [[Kirsimeti|Christmas]] gift, a Haibo robot dog. In order to reverse his past misdeeds, he sets out to spread Christmas cheer to the people of [[Iraƙi|Iraq]]. Meanwhile, at a tree lighting ceremony, Jimmy Valmer is given the honor of lighting, but first decides to sing &quot;[[Kwanaki goma sha biyu na Kirsimeti (waƙar)|The Twelve Days of Christmas]]&quot;. Due to his stutter, it takes most of the episode for him to reach the end of the twelve verses.

With the use of Mr. Hankey's Poo-Choo train, Cartman and the other boys travel to the North Pole to convince Santa Claus to bring Christmas to Iraq. With the assistance of the Underpants Gnomes, Santa prepares his sleigh and travels to Iraq, only to be promptly shot down, brought in, and tortured.  The boys realize that Cartman's little ploy may have ended Christmas for everyone and set out to make things right.

Taking a backup sled, they seek out Jesus. Upon hearing the news, Jesus promptly arms himself with an array of automatic weapons and travels with the boys to Iraq, brutally gunning down everyone who impedes him. The group breaks into the interrogation room and frees Santa.

As they make their way back to the sleigh, Jesus is shot dead by one Iraqi captor. Outraged, Santa kills the soldier, and proceeds to blast his way out. Back on the sleigh, Santa flies the children back to South Park, but not before covering Iraq in Christmas decorations.

Much to the town's delight, Jimmy finally finishes his song and switches on the Christmas tree, only for the lights to then blow a fuse. At that moment though, Santa flies past the tree and magically restores them.

Santa returns the boys home, hoping that people will always remember Jesus on this day. He gives the children all Haibo dogs as thanks, but Cartman is disgusted, as he wanted to be the only kid owning one and have his friends envy him. Kenny McCormick then shows up out of nowhere (his first appearance since &quot;Kenny Dies&quot;), though the three seem unfazed by this.

== Production ==
This episode came from the idea of ''Black Hawk Down'' with Santa Claus. The creators had always planned to bring Kenny back in the last episode due to fan demand to see more Kenny, but they killed off Jesus (who dies to save Santa) the idea being that's why at Christmas time we think about Jesus.&lt;ref name=&quot;commentary&quot; /&gt;

Santa's house in the North Pole is Superman's Fortress of Solitude from ''Superman II''.

== Home media ==
&quot;Red Sleigh Down&quot;, along with the sixteen other episodes from ''South Park'''s sixth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on October 11, 2005. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode. ''IGN'' gave the season a rating of 9/10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter Schorn |date=February 26, 2009 |title=South Park: The Complete Sixth Season DVD Review |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/10/14/south-park-the-complete-sixth-season |access-date=April 20, 2018 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The episode was also included on the DVD compilation ''Christmas Time in South Park.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michelle Zoromski |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Christmas Time in South Park |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/21/christmas-time-in-south-park |access-date=April 20, 2018 |website=IGN |publisher=News Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Johannes König</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352895593|Johannes König]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Johannes König''' (2 ga Afrilu 1903 - 22 ga Janairu 1966) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne, ɗan jarida kuma diflomasiyya. A duk lokacin da yake aiki, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Gabashin Jamus a [[Sin|China]], [[Koriya ta Arewa]], [[Vietnam]], [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]], Czechoslovakia, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]].

Johannes König was born in Arnstadt on 2 April 1903. After completing elementary school, he trained as a [[Jima|leather tanner]] and found work in Altenburg. In 1919, he joined the Communist Party of Germany. Between 1920 and 1924, König held a number of local leadership positions in the party.

Towards the end of 1924, König was employed as a journalist for the Communist Party (KPD). Between 1924 and 1930, he worked at a number of KPD-owned newspapers, spending time as editor-in-chief of the party newspaper in Remscheid, Solingen, and [[Chemnitz]]. In September 1926, he married Henny König (née Schwarz). She was from a family of Jewish craftsmen and had been a KPD member since 1922.

In April 1930, König was sentenced to eighteen months imprisonment for conspiracy to commit treason. After his release in September 1931, he returned to journalism; first as head of press for the Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition, then in his former role as editor-in-chief of the KPD newspaper in Chemnitz.

After the Nazi Party seized power in 1933, König was part of an illegal underground KPD cell from February to May 1933. In May, he was placed into so-called &quot;protective custody&quot;, where he remained until October 1934. He was then transferred to a prison camp near Colditz, and then to Sachsenburg concentration camp. After being release, he went to [[Köln|Cologne]] to reunite with his wife. In February 1936, König was arrested again and was sentenced to twenty months in prison in autumn 1936.

In 1938 his wife Henny König was arrested by the Gestapo. She was ordered to be deported from Germany on account of her Jewish heritage. Since Johannes König refused to separate from his wife, he was later also order to be deported. The couple's apartment was vandalized during ''Kristallnacht'' in November 1938; and following continued harassment, they left Germany for [[Shanghai]], China in April 1939.

From September 1941, König worked for the Soviet news agency TASS out of Shanghai, writing news commentaries about political and military events. TASS' operations in Japanese-occupied China were protected by the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact. König also made connections with other German communist exiles living in China, such as [[:de:Günter Nobel|Günter Nobel]] and Eugenia Nobel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nobel |first=Günter |last2=Nobel |first2=Eugenia |date=1979 |title=Als politische Emigranten in Shanghai |journal=Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung |issue=6 |pages=882-894}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 1947, König and his wife returned to Germany. The same year he joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. He served as editor-in-chief of the ''Sächsische Zeitung'' in [[Dresden]] from late 1947 to March 1950.

Beginning in April 1950, König worked Ministry for Foreign Affairs. In June 1950, he became the first ambassador of the German Democratic Republic to the [[Sin|People's Republic of China]]. He would remained ambassador to China until 1955, when he was succeeded by Richard Gyptner. During his time as ambassador to China, he was simultaneously appointed as ambassador to [[Koriya ta Arewa|North Korea]] from 1951 to 1954 and [[Vietnam]] from 1954 to 1955.

König was ambassador of the German Democratic Republic to the [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]] from July 1955 to August 1959. Like his predecessor, [[Rudolf Appelt]], he was simultaneously the ambassador to Mongolia. In 1958, Mongolia was granted a separate ambassador, with [[Johannes Dick]] succeeding König. After returning from Moscow in 1959, he became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs. In 1963, he was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold. In April 1965, König became the ambassador to Czechoslovakia. He died in [[Prag|Prague]] on 22 January 1966.

== Awards ==

* Patriotic Order of Merit, in gold (1963)
* Patriotic Order of Merit, in silver (1954 and 1959)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]]</text>
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'''Johannes König''' (2 ga Afrilu 1903 - 22 ga Janairu 1966) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne, ɗan jarida kuma diflomasiyya. A duk lokacin da yake aiki, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Gabashin Jamus a [[Sin|China]], [[Koriya ta Arewa]], [[Vietnam]], [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]], Czechoslovakia, da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]].

Johannes König was born in Arnstadt on 2 April 1903. After completing elementary school, he trained as a [[Jima|leather tanner]] and found work in Altenburg. In 1919, he joined the Communist Party of Germany. Between 1920 and 1924, König held a number of local leadership positions in the party.

Towards the end of 1924, König was employed as a journalist for the Communist Party (KPD). Between 1924 and 1930, he worked at a number of KPD-owned newspapers, spending time as editor-in-chief of the party newspaper in Remscheid, Solingen, and [[Chemnitz]]. In September 1926, he married Henny König (née Schwarz). She was from a family of Jewish craftsmen and had been a KPD member since 1922.

In April 1930, König was sentenced to eighteen months imprisonment for conspiracy to commit treason. After his release in September 1931, he returned to journalism; first as head of press for the Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition, then in his former role as editor-in-chief of the KPD newspaper in Chemnitz.

After the Nazi Party seized power in 1933, König was part of an illegal underground KPD cell from February to May 1933. In May, he was placed into so-called &quot;protective custody&quot;, where he remained until October 1934. He was then transferred to a prison camp near Colditz, and then to Sachsenburg concentration camp. After being release, he went to [[Köln|Cologne]] to reunite with his wife. In February 1936, König was arrested again and was sentenced to twenty months in prison in autumn 1936.

In 1938 his wife Henny König was arrested by the Gestapo. She was ordered to be deported from Germany on account of her Jewish heritage. Since Johannes König refused to separate from his wife, he was later also order to be deported. The couple's apartment was vandalized during ''Kristallnacht'' in November 1938; and following continued harassment, they left Germany for [[Shanghai]], China in April 1939.

From September 1941, König worked for the Soviet news agency TASS out of Shanghai, writing news commentaries about political and military events. TASS' operations in Japanese-occupied China were protected by the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact. König also made connections with other German communist exiles living in China, such as [[:de:Günter Nobel|Günter Nobel]] and Eugenia Nobel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nobel |first=Günter |last2=Nobel |first2=Eugenia |date=1979 |title=Als politische Emigranten in Shanghai |journal=Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung |issue=6 |pages=882-894}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 1947, König and his wife returned to Germany. The same year he joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. He served as editor-in-chief of the ''Sächsische Zeitung'' in [[Dresden]] from late 1947 to March 1950.

Beginning in April 1950, König worked Ministry for Foreign Affairs. In June 1950, he became the first ambassador of the German Democratic Republic to the [[Sin|People's Republic of China]]. He would remained ambassador to China until 1955, when he was succeeded by Richard Gyptner. During his time as ambassador to China, he was simultaneously appointed as ambassador to [[Koriya ta Arewa|North Korea]] from 1951 to 1954 and [[Vietnam]] from 1954 to 1955.

König was ambassador of the German Democratic Republic to the [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]] from July 1955 to August 1959. Like his predecessor, [[Rudolf Appelt]], he was simultaneously the ambassador to Mongolia. In 1958, Mongolia was granted a separate ambassador, with [[Johannes Dick]] succeeding König. After returning from Moscow in 1959, he became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs. In 1963, he was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold. In April 1965, König became the ambassador to Czechoslovakia. He died in [[Prag|Prague]] on 22 January 1966.

== Awards ==

* Patriotic Order of Merit, in gold (1963)
* Patriotic Order of Merit, in silver (1954 and 1959)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]]</text>
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    <title>Ƙungiyar (South Park)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344131993|The Entity (South Park)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4882" sha1="f6f073nk75pxn91sqhor75trrqpq1ff" xml:space="preserve">&quot;'''The Entity'''&quot; is the eleventh episode of the fifth season of the animated television series ''South Park'', and 76th episode of the series overall. &quot;The Entity&quot; originally aired in the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] on November 21, 2001 on Comedy Central. This episode introduces Kyle's cousin Kyle. Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone have stated the story was inspired by the Segway PT and the general chaotic nature of airports at the time of the production, shortly following [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] and the 2001 airline bailout.

In the episode, Kyle's cousin Kyle, who is stereotypically [[Yahudawa|Jewish]], comes to South Park for a visit. Meanwhile, Mr. Garrison comes up with a &quot;more pleasant&quot; alternative to airline travel, known as &quot;IT.&quot;

== Plot ==
Kyle's cousin, Kyle Schwartz from [[Connecticut]], comes to live in South Park due to his mother's failing health back at home. While Kyle was initially excited about seeing his cousin for the first time, he is baffled to see that his cousin is none other than a stereotyped [[wiktionary:nebbish|version]] of a [[Yahudawa|Jew]], and has many irritating characteristics such as [[Hypochondriasis|hypochondria]]. Kyle is told by his mother to take care of his cousin. Kyle, fearing that Cartman, a staunch anti-Semite, will &quot;tear this kid apart&quot;, attempts to bribe Cartman with $40 to not make fun of him. Cartman, in an attempt to earn the bribe, struggles to avoid mocking Kyle's cousin, but eventually fails. The boys decide that Kyle's cousin is just way too irritating to live in South Park with them. Much of the episode proceeds to have the boys make constant attempts to get rid of Kyle Schwartz. In one attempt to trick him into boarding a plane to [[Antatika|Antarctica]], Kenny is mistaken for a [[Ta'addanci|terrorist]] and shot through the head. However, Kyle's cousin always finds a way to come back to South Park.
[[File:IT_(South_Park;_The_Entity).jpeg|left|thumb|200x200px|John Travolta riding &quot;IT&quot;]]
Meanwhile, Mr. Garrison, annoyed and fed up with the inefficient and incompetent airline check-ins since 9/11, decides to invent his own vehicle. Inspired by watching Enrique Iglesias' sexualized singing on [[Talabijin|TV]] and by a gyroscope sitting next to him on his deck, he invents the gyroscope-powered monowheel &quot;IT.&quot; According to Mr. Garrison, &quot;IT&quot; can &quot;go up to two hundred miles per hour, and gets three hundred miles to the gallon&quot;.  The only problem is that &quot;IT&quot; is controlled through a quite painful and unappealing method: using four &quot;flexi-grip handles&quot; that somewhat resemble erect [[Al'aurar Namiji|penises]]; two held in the hands, one in the mouth, and a fourth handle which is inserted into the anus. Garrison invites many important investors (among them, [[Steve Jobs]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Donald Trump]]) to see his demonstration of &quot;IT&quot;. Despite this unorthodox control mechanism, &quot;IT&quot; is still considered better than dealing with the airlines and Garrison's creation is a smashing success. This results in a lack of passengers and business in airports.

Unfortunately, things go downhill when the government decides to bail out the airlines from going under because of &quot;IT&quot;. To ensure the airlines' dominance as a mode of transport and the job security of everyone working for it, the government ends up outlawing &quot;IT&quot;, deems using it a criminal act and confiscates all of the &quot;IT&quot; stock. As a result, Kyle's cousin, who turns out to have invested in &quot;IT&quot;, gets a $5 million bailout payment and decides to return home to Connecticut to take care of his sick mother. After hearing of this great fortune, the boys suddenly change their plan and try to convince him to stay with them, but he rejects them, revealing he sees them as stereotypical jocks.

== Production ==
According to the creator commentary, the depiction of Kyle's cousin was partially based on their experience working with radio host Dennis Prager. The &quot;IT&quot; vehicle was based on the pre-release hype surrounding the Segway, which prior to its public reveal was known only by the code-name &quot;It,&quot; and was the subject of much speculation.

== Home media ==
&quot;The Entity,&quot; along with the thirteen other episodes from ''South Park: the Complete Fifth Season'', was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on February 22, 2005. The set includes brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codding |first=Jamey |date=February 26, 2009 |title=South Park: The Complete Fifth Season DVD Review |url=http://www.bullz-eye.com/television_reviews/2001/south_park_5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930162911/http://www.bullz-eye.com/television_reviews/2001/south_park_5.htm |archive-date=September 30, 2021 |access-date=April 25, 2017 |publisher=Bullz-Eye}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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&quot;'''The Entity'''&quot; is the eleventh episode of the fifth season of the animated television series ''South Park'', and 76th episode of the series overall. &quot;The Entity&quot; originally aired in the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] on November 21, 2001 on Comedy Central. This episode introduces Kyle's cousin Kyle. Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone have stated the story was inspired by the Segway PT and the general chaotic nature of airports at the time of the production, shortly following [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] and the 2001 airline bailout.

In the episode, Kyle's cousin Kyle, who is stereotypically [[Yahudawa|Jewish]], comes to South Park for a visit. Meanwhile, Mr. Garrison comes up with a &quot;more pleasant&quot; alternative to airline travel, known as &quot;IT.&quot;

== Plot ==
Kyle's cousin, Kyle Schwartz from [[Connecticut]], comes to live in South Park due to his mother's failing health back at home. While Kyle was initially excited about seeing his cousin for the first time, he is baffled to see that his cousin is none other than a stereotyped [[wiktionary:nebbish|version]] of a [[Yahudawa|Jew]], and has many irritating characteristics such as [[Hypochondriasis|hypochondria]]. Kyle is told by his mother to take care of his cousin. Kyle, fearing that Cartman, a staunch anti-Semite, will &quot;tear this kid apart&quot;, attempts to bribe Cartman with $40 to not make fun of him. Cartman, in an attempt to earn the bribe, struggles to avoid mocking Kyle's cousin, but eventually fails. The boys decide that Kyle's cousin is just way too irritating to live in South Park with them. Much of the episode proceeds to have the boys make constant attempts to get rid of Kyle Schwartz. In one attempt to trick him into boarding a plane to [[Antatika|Antarctica]], Kenny is mistaken for a [[Ta'addanci|terrorist]] and shot through the head. However, Kyle's cousin always finds a way to come back to South Park.
[[File:IT_(South_Park;_The_Entity).jpeg|left|thumb|200x200px|John Travolta riding &quot;IT&quot;]]
Meanwhile, Mr. Garrison, annoyed and fed up with the inefficient and incompetent airline check-ins since 9/11, decides to invent his own vehicle. Inspired by watching Enrique Iglesias' sexualized singing on [[Talabijin|TV]] and by a gyroscope sitting next to him on his deck, he invents the gyroscope-powered monowheel &quot;IT.&quot; According to Mr. Garrison, &quot;IT&quot; can &quot;go up to two hundred miles per hour, and gets three hundred miles to the gallon&quot;.  The only problem is that &quot;IT&quot; is controlled through a quite painful and unappealing method: using four &quot;flexi-grip handles&quot; that somewhat resemble erect [[Al'aurar Namiji|penises]]; two held in the hands, one in the mouth, and a fourth handle which is inserted into the anus. Garrison invites many important investors (among them, [[Steve Jobs]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Donald Trump]]) to see his demonstration of &quot;IT&quot;. Despite this unorthodox control mechanism, &quot;IT&quot; is still considered better than dealing with the airlines and Garrison's creation is a smashing success. This results in a lack of passengers and business in airports.

Unfortunately, things go downhill when the government decides to bail out the airlines from going under because of &quot;IT&quot;. To ensure the airlines' dominance as a mode of transport and the job security of everyone working for it, the government ends up outlawing &quot;IT&quot;, deems using it a criminal act and confiscates all of the &quot;IT&quot; stock. As a result, Kyle's cousin, who turns out to have invested in &quot;IT&quot;, gets a $5 million bailout payment and decides to return home to Connecticut to take care of his sick mother. After hearing of this great fortune, the boys suddenly change their plan and try to convince him to stay with them, but he rejects them, revealing he sees them as stereotypical jocks.

== Production ==
According to the creator commentary, the depiction of Kyle's cousin was partially based on their experience working with radio host Dennis Prager. The &quot;IT&quot; vehicle was based on the pre-release hype surrounding the Segway, which prior to its public reveal was known only by the code-name &quot;It,&quot; and was the subject of much speculation.

== Home media ==
&quot;The Entity,&quot; along with the thirteen other episodes from ''South Park: the Complete Fifth Season'', was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on February 22, 2005. The set includes brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codding |first=Jamey |date=February 26, 2009 |title=South Park: The Complete Fifth Season DVD Review |url=http://www.bullz-eye.com/television_reviews/2001/south_park_5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930162911/http://www.bullz-eye.com/television_reviews/2001/south_park_5.htm |archive-date=September 30, 2021 |access-date=April 25, 2017 |publisher=Bullz-Eye}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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&quot;'''The Entity'''&quot; is the eleventh episode of the fifth season of the animated television series ''South Park'', and 76th episode of the series overall. &quot;The Entity&quot; originally aired in the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] on November 21, 2001 on Comedy Central. This episode introduces Kyle's cousin Kyle. Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone have stated the story was inspired by the Segway PT and the general chaotic nature of airports at the time of the production, shortly following [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] and the 2001 airline bailout.

In the episode, Kyle's cousin Kyle, who is stereotypically [[Yahudawa|Jewish]], comes to South Park for a visit. Meanwhile, Mr. Garrison comes up with a &quot;more pleasant&quot; alternative to airline travel, known as &quot;IT.&quot;

== Plot ==
Kyle's cousin, Kyle Schwartz from [[Connecticut]], comes to live in South Park due to his mother's failing health back at home. While Kyle was initially excited about seeing his cousin for the first time, he is baffled to see that his cousin is none other than a stereotyped [[wiktionary:nebbish|version]] of a [[Yahudawa|Jew]], and has many irritating characteristics such as [[Hypochondriasis|hypochondria]]. Kyle is told by his mother to take care of his cousin. Kyle, fearing that Cartman, a staunch anti-Semite, will &quot;tear this kid apart&quot;, attempts to bribe Cartman with $40 to not make fun of him. Cartman, in an attempt to earn the bribe, struggles to avoid mocking Kyle's cousin, but eventually fails. The boys decide that Kyle's cousin is just way too irritating to live in South Park with them. Much of the episode proceeds to have the boys make constant attempts to get rid of Kyle Schwartz. In one attempt to trick him into boarding a plane to [[Antatika|Antarctica]], Kenny is mistaken for a [[Ta'addanci|terrorist]] and shot through the head. However, Kyle's cousin always finds a way to come back to South Park.
[[File:IT_(South_Park;_The_Entity).jpeg|left|thumb|200x200px|John Travolta riding &quot;IT&quot;]]
Meanwhile, Mr. Garrison, annoyed and fed up with the inefficient and incompetent airline check-ins since 9/11, decides to invent his own vehicle. Inspired by watching Enrique Iglesias' sexualized singing on [[Talabijin|TV]] and by a gyroscope sitting next to him on his deck, he invents the gyroscope-powered monowheel &quot;IT.&quot; According to Mr. Garrison, &quot;IT&quot; can &quot;go up to two hundred miles per hour, and gets three hundred miles to the gallon&quot;.  The only problem is that &quot;IT&quot; is controlled through a quite painful and unappealing method: using four &quot;flexi-grip handles&quot; that somewhat resemble erect [[Al'aurar Namiji|penises]]; two held in the hands, one in the mouth, and a fourth handle which is inserted into the anus. Garrison invites many important investors (among them, [[Steve Jobs]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Donald Trump]]) to see his demonstration of &quot;IT&quot;. Despite this unorthodox control mechanism, &quot;IT&quot; is still considered better than dealing with the airlines and Garrison's creation is a smashing success. This results in a lack of passengers and business in airports.

Unfortunately, things go downhill when the government decides to bail out the airlines from going under because of &quot;IT&quot;. To ensure the airlines' dominance as a mode of transport and the job security of everyone working for it, the government ends up outlawing &quot;IT&quot;, deems using it a criminal act and confiscates all of the &quot;IT&quot; stock. As a result, Kyle's cousin, who turns out to have invested in &quot;IT&quot;, gets a $5 million bailout payment and decides to return home to Connecticut to take care of his sick mother. After hearing of this great fortune, the boys suddenly change their plan and try to convince him to stay with them, but he rejects them, revealing he sees them as stereotypical jocks.

== Production ==
According to the creator commentary, the depiction of Kyle's cousin was partially based on their experience working with radio host Dennis Prager. The &quot;IT&quot; vehicle was based on the pre-release hype surrounding the Segway, which prior to its public reveal was known only by the code-name &quot;It,&quot; and was the subject of much speculation.

== Home media ==
&quot;The Entity,&quot; along with the thirteen other episodes from ''South Park: the Complete Fifth Season'', was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on February 22, 2005. The set includes brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codding |first=Jamey |date=February 26, 2009 |title=South Park: The Complete Fifth Season DVD Review |url=http://www.bullz-eye.com/television_reviews/2001/south_park_5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930162911/http://www.bullz-eye.com/television_reviews/2001/south_park_5.htm |archive-date=September 30, 2021 |access-date=April 25, 2017 |publisher=Bullz-Eye}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>O,O'-Dipivaloyldopamine</title>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328672077|O,O′-Dipivaloyldopamine]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="13440" sha1="ngu13qrfxtth00gsea8llk6l8rpver9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|drug_name=''O'',''{{prime|O}}''-Dipivaloyldopamine|image=Dipivaloyldopamine.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=|caption=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|licence_CA=|licence_EU=|DailyMedID=|licence_US=|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_category=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=|routes_of_administration=|class=|ATC_prefix=|ATC_suffix=&lt;!-- Legal status --&gt;|legal_status=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|onset=|elimination_half-life=|duration_of_action=|excretion=&lt;!-- Identifiers --&gt;|CAS_number=48198-89-6|CAS_supplemental=|PubChem=14280486|IUPHAR_ligand=|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=14331814|UNII=|KEGG=|ChEBI=|ChEMBL=|NIAID_ChemDB=|PDB_ligand=|synonyms=Dipivaloyldopamine; Dipivaloyl dopamine; Dipivalyldopamine; Dipivalyl dopamine; Dopamine dipivalate; 3,4-Dipivaloyloxyphenethylamine; 3,4-Dipivaloyloxy-2-phenylethylamine

&lt;!-- Chemical data --&gt;|IUPAC_name=[4-(2-aminoethyl)-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxy)phenyl] 2,2-dimethylpropanoate|C=18|H=27|N=1|O=4|SMILES=CC(C)(C)C(=O)OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CCN)OC(=O)C(C)(C)C|StdInChI=1S/C18H27NO4/c1-17(2,3)15(20)22-13-8-7-12(9-10-19)11-14(13)23-16(21)18(4,5)6/h7-8,11H,9-10,19H2,1-6H3|StdInChIKey=YERQWGUWIPSYAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;7&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;''O'',''O&lt;span class=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-left:0.05em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;′&lt;/span&amp;gt;''-Dipivaloyldopamine&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;''O'',''O&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:0.05em;&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;''-Dipivaloyldopamine&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Dipivaloyldopamine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan asibiti
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Dipivaloyldopamine; Dipivaloyl dopamine; Dibivalyldopamine, Dipivalyl dopamine, Dopamine dipivalate; 3,4-Dipivaloyloxyphenethylamine; 3,4-Dippivaloyiloxy-2-phenylethylamine
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayyanawa
|-
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* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;[4- (2-aminoethyl) -2- (2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxy) phenyl] 2,2-dimethylPropanoate&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[CAS Registry Number|Lambar CAS]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=48198-89-6 48198-89-6]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14280486 14280486]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14331814.html 14331814]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;27&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |321,417 g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC%28C%29%28C%29C%28%3DO%29OC1%3DC%28C%3DC%28C%3DC1%29CCN%29OC%28%3DO%29C%28C%29%28C%29C Hoton hulɗa]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rashin kunya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;CC (C) C (=O) OC1=C (C=C (C=C1) CCN) OC (=O) C (C) (C) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C18H274/c1-17 (2,3) 15 (20) 22-13-8-7-12 (9-10-19) 11-14 (13) 23-16 (21) 18 (4,5) 6/h7-8,11H,9-10,19H2,1-6H3&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Maɓalli: YERQWGUWIPSYAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;O,O'-Dipivaloyldopamine, ko kuma kawai dipivaloyldopamine, wanda kuma aka sani da 3,4-dipivaloyloxyphenethylamine, wani nau'in nau'in kwayar halitta ne na dopamine wanda dukkanin kungiyoyin hydroxyl biyu aka yi acetylated. An haɓaka shi azaman lipophilic prodrug na dopamine wanda zai ba da izinin shigar da dopamine cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya.[1] [2] [3] [4]

D''O'' kanta tana da hydr''O'' sosai don ƙetare shingen jini-ƙwaƙwalwa kuma saboda haka yana da zaɓi na gefe.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaddadSawalhaKhawaja2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haddad F, Sawalha M, Khawaja Y, Najjar A, Karaman R |date=December 2017 |title=Dopamine and Levodopa Prodrugs for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease |url= |journal=Molecules |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=40 |doi=10.3390/molecules23010040 |pmc=5943940 |pmid=29295587 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DiStefanoSozioCerasa2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Di Stefano A, Sozio P, Cerasa LS |date=January 2008 |title=Antiparkinson prodrugs |url= |journal=Molecules |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=46–68 |doi=10.3390/molecules13010046 |pmc=6244951 |pmid=18259129 |quote=Dopamine prodrugs [...] DA is subject to extensive hepatic metabolism following oral administration. Due to the presence of the catechol moiety it is essentially completely ionized at physiological pH, which results in its poor permeation across the BBB and other cell membranes. For these reasons the use of DA itself in PD treatment is precluded [22]. To overcome these problems a series of lipophilic 3,4-O-diesters 1-5 (Figure 1) were proposed as latent lipophilic derivatives of DA usable in therapy of parkinsonism, hypertension and renal failure [23, 24]. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan, a wani bangare, yana hana dopamine kanta daga amfani da ita ta hanyar kiwon lafiya don amfani da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaddadSawalhaKhawaja2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DiStefanoSozioCerasa2008&quot; /&gt; Ganin cewa gwajin log P na dopamine shine -0.98,  da aka annabta log P (XLogP3) na O,O'-dipivaloyldopamine shine 3.1 . &lt;ref name=&quot;PubChem-Dopamine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dopamine |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/681 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=PubChem}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PubChem-O,O'-Dipivaloyldopamine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=[4-(2-Aminoethyl)-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxy)phenyl] 2,2-dimethylpropanoate |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14280486 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=PubChem}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi kyawun log P don shiga cikin kwakwalwa da aikin tsakiya shine akalla 1.5 .  &lt;ref name=&quot;PajouheshLenz2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pajouhesh H, Lenz GR |date=October 2005 |title=Medicinal chemical properties of successful central nervous system drugs |url= |journal=NeuroRx |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=541–553 |doi=10.1602/neurorx.2.4.541 |pmc=1201314 |pmid=16489364 |quote=Lipophilicity was the first of the descriptors to be identified as important for CNS penetration. Hansch and Leo54 reasoned that highly lipophilic molecules will partitioned into the lipid interior of membranes and will be retained there. However, ClogP correlates nicely with LogBBB with increasing lipophilicity increasing brain penetration. For several classes of CNS active substances, Hansch and Leo54 found that blood-brain barrier penetration is optimal when the LogP values are in the range of 1.5-2.7, with the mean value of 2.1. An analysis of small drug-like molecules suggested that for better brain permeation46 and for good intestinal permeability55 the LogD values need to be greater than 0 and less than 3. In comparison, the mean value for ClogP for the marketed CNS drugs is 2.5, which is in good agreement with the range found by Hansch et al.22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MikitschChacko2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mikitsh JL, Chacko AM |date=2014 |title=Pathways for small molecule delivery to the central nervous system across the blood-brain barrier |url= |journal=Perspect Medicin Chem |volume=6 |issue= |pages=11–24 |doi=10.4137/PMC.S13384 |pmc=4064947 |pmid=24963272 |quote=For small molecules in particular, lipophilicity, as measured by log P, can be an excellent indicator of BBB permeability. To cross the hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane by passive diffusion, a molecule must be lipophilic. Hydrophilic substances do not possess the ability to penetrate such membranes. Initial thought was that the higher the log P, the higher the BBB permeability.54 However, given that log P values range for most drugs between −0.05 and 6.0,58 the ideal range for BBB permeability has been found to be 1.5–2.5.53}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''O'',''&lt;spa i=&quot;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/spa&gt;'' ab''O''&lt;nowiki&gt;=&quot;#mwt48&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;prime&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Prime&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;O&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-&lt;/nowiki&gt;''N''-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwYw&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;O-Dipivaloyldopamine ya haifar da hypothermia a cikin dabbobi, wanda ake zaton yana da tasirin dopaminergic na tsakiya, amma ya kasa juyar da mummunan hali wanda aka haifar da wakili mai lalata monoamine reserpine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WalkerAyresBlock1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walker RB, Ayres JW, Block JH, Lock A |date=April 1978 |title=tert-Butoxycarbanyl as a convenient protecting group in synthesis of potential centrally active dopamine derivatives |url= |journal=J Pharm Sci |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=558–559 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600670433 |pmid=641771 |quote=Casagrande and Ferrari (3) synthesized 4-pivaloyl- and 3,4-dipivaloyldopamine plus several other dopamine esters containing more bulky acyloxy groups and suggested, without providing pharmacological data, that these compounds would provide sufficient lipophilicity and resistance to hydrolysis for entry into the central nervous system (CNS) before releasing the parent phenethylamine. [...] Esters (II-IV) and amides (V and VI) of dopamine (I) containing either the pivaloyl or pivaloyloxy function were, therefore, synthesized and examined in mice for hypothermic activity and the ability to reverse reserpine-induced motor depression. [...] Biological Activity-Preliminary tests of five analogs of pivaloyl and pivaloyloxy esters and amides of dopamine were examined for potential antiparkinson activity. The two models used to estimate the agent's ability to stimulate dopaminergic receptors were the production of hypothermia (5, 6) and the antagonism of reserpine-induced motor depression in mice (15). [...] All compounds tested elicited hypothermic responses in mice 90 min after intraperitoneal injection. However, it is not possible to conclude from these preliminary results that the hypothermia elicited in mice following the administration of the test compounds was due to central dopaminergic stimulation, except perhaps for III, which also elicited a positive reserpine-induced motor depression reversal response.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gefe guda, wani analogue, N,N-dimethyl-O,O′-dipivaloyldopamine (XLogP3 = 4.1), &lt;ref name=&quot;WalkerAyresBlock1978&quot; /&gt; ya samar da duka hypothermia da juyawa mai haifar da halayyar halayyar reserpine.&lt;ref name=&quot;PubChem-N,N-Dimethyl-O,O'-dipivaloyldopamine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=[4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxy)phenyl] 2,2-dimethylpropanoate |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/54010646 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=PubChem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Magungunan neurotransmitter
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwgw&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;,O'-Diacetyldopamine
* Docarpamine
* Dipivefrin (''O'',''O′''-dipivalylepinephrine) 
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwkQ&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-Pivalylbufotenine

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Dopamine receptor modulators}}{{Phenethylamines}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ngu13qrfxtth00gsea8llk6l8rpver9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dopamantine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858263</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:18:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328672677|Dopamantine]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox drug|drug_name=|image=Dopamantine.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=250px|caption=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|licence_CA=|licence_EU=|DailyMedID=|licence_US=|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_category=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=|routes_of_administration=|class=|ATC_prefix=|ATC_suffix=&lt;!-- Legal status --&gt;|legal_status=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|onset=|elimination_half-life=|duration_of_action=|excretion=&lt;!-- Identifiers --&gt;|CAS_number=39907-68-1|CAS_supplemental=|PubChem=38361|IUPHAR_ligand=|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=35160|UNII=7EZN745FXZ|KEGG=D03890|ChEBI=|ChEMBL=2106204|NIAID_ChemDB=|PDB_ligand=|synonyms=SCH-15507; Sch 15507; ''N''-Adamantanoyl dopamine; NSC-172619

&lt;!-- Chemical data --&gt;|IUPAC_name=N-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl]adamantane-1-carboxamide|C=19|H=25|N=1|O=3|SMILES=C1C2CC3CC1CC(C2)(C3)C(=O)NCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O|StdInChI=1S/C19H25NO3/c21-16-2-1-12(8-17(16)22)3-4-20-18(23)19-9-13-5-14(10-19)7-15(6-13)11-19/h1-2,8,13-15,21-22H,3-7,9-11H2,(H,20,23)|StdInChIKey=ZWKFENYDXISLGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Dopamantine&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;Dopamantine&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Dopamantine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan asibiti
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |SCH-15507; Sch 15507; ''N''-Adamantanoyl dopamine; NSC-172619
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayyanawa
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|Sunan IUPAC]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;N-[2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl]adamantane-1-carboxamide&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[CAS Registry Number|Lambar CAS]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=39907-68-1 39907-68-1]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/38361 38361]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.35160.html 35160]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/7EZN745FXZ 7EZN745FXZ]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D03890 D03890]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL2106204 ChEMBL2106204]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID70192961 DTXSID70192961][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27268178#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.049.707 100.049.707][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27268178#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;19&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;25&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;315.413&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1C2CC3CC1CC%28C2%29%28C3%29C%28%3DO%29NCCC4%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%3DC4%29O%29O Hoton hulɗa]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rashin kunya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;C1C2CC3CC1CC (C2) (C3) C (=O) NCCC4=CC (=C (C=C4) O) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C19H25NO3/c21-16-2-1-12 (8-17 (16) 22) 3-4-20-18 (23) 19-9-13-5-14 (10-19) 7-15 (6-13) 11-19/h1-2,8,13-15,21-22H,3-7,9-11H2, (H,20,23) &lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Maɓalli: ZWKFENYDXISLGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
'''Dopamantine''' (INN International Nonproprietary Name, USAN United States Adopted Name; sunan lambar ci gaba '''SCH-15507'''; wanda aka fi sani da '''''N''-adamantanoyl dopamine''') magani ne na antiparkinsonian na ƙungiyar adamantane wanda aka haɓaka don maganin [[Cutar Parkinson]] amma ba a taɓa tallata shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;KovtunPlakhotnik1987&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kovtun VY, Plakhotnik VM |date=1987 |title=Use of adamantanecarboxylic acid for the modification of drugs and biologically active compounds (review) |journal=Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=555–563 |doi=10.1007/BF00759430 |issn=0091-150X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kovalev1977&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kovalev IE |date=1977 |title=Biological activity of adamantane-containing substances |journal=Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=310–317 |doi=10.1007/BF00781088 |issn=0091-150X |quote=Sometimes a combination of L-DOPA and amantadine is used [39]. Moreover, an original preparation has been created - 1-N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenetyl)-1-adamantanecarboxamide, with the brand name dopamantine (V) -- the structure of which combines both these agents [40]. The mechanism of the action of amantadine in parkinsonism is unclear. Some authors attempt to relate the antiparkinson effect to an influence on the metabolism of brain catecholamines [41].}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LamoureauxArtavia2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lamoureux G, Artavia G |date=2010 |title=Use of the adamantane structure in medicinal chemistry |journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry |volume=17 |issue=26 |pages=2967–2978 |doi=10.2174/092986710792065027 |pmid=20858176 |quote=Dopamantine 4, the anti-Parkinson drug which has passed clinical trials, is also based on the ability of adamantane to change the distribution of a drug [10]. The conjugation of an adamantyl group as a “lipophilic carrier” allows poorly absorbed drugs to penetrate the BBB more readily and increase the concentration in the brain tissue.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BarnettGoldsteinTaber1974&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barnett A, Goldstein J, Taber R, Fiedler E |date=January 1974 |title=Pharmacology of Dopamantine and Carmantadine, 2 Potential Antiparkinson Agents |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11299450660035123147 |journal=Pharmacologist |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=205–}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haɓaka shi kuma an yi nazari a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma an ce ya kai ga gwajin asibiti na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elks2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BarnettGoldsteinTaber1974&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VernierduPont1974&quot; /&gt;

Dopamantine yana haɗa abubuwan sinadarai na sinadarai na adamantane antiparkinsonian da aka yi amfani da su a asibiti kamar amantadine da dopamine ko levodopa (L-DOPA) cikin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya.[1][2] An ce an tsara shi don taimakawa dopamine haye shingen jini-kwakwalwa ta hanyar lipophilic adamantane moiety.[3] An ce maganin yana raba tasirin magunguna tare da amantadine.[2] Wani fili mai alaƙa shine carmantadine, wanda kuma wakili ne na adamantane antiparkinsonian wanda ba a taɓa yin kasuwa ba.[2][4]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Dopamine receptor modulators}}{{Phenethylamines}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9w9k2n20orw4tp8s9wvn3da3d2wd8mp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Docarpamine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858264</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:21:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328672227|Docarpamine]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858264</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="12155" sha1="ikxnj3adenpz1a01ve3d37ye84pzaq8" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox drug|drug_name=|image=Docarpamine.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=|caption=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Tanadopa|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|licence_CA=|licence_EU=|DailyMedID=|licence_US=|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_category=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|Oral]], [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Tekade2020&quot; /&gt;|class=[[Neurotransmitter prodrug|Dopamine prodrug]]; [[Dopamine receptor agonist]]|ATC_prefix=|ATC_suffix=&lt;!-- Legal status --&gt;|legal_status=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|onset=|elimination_half-life=|duration_of_action=|excretion=&lt;!-- Identifiers --&gt;|CAS_number=74639-40-0|CAS_supplemental=|PubChem=71137|PubChemSubstance=|IUPHAR_ligand=|DrugBank=DB18046|ChemSpiderID=64283|UNII=RPQ57D8S72|KEGG=D01903|ChEBI=31513|ChEMBL=2106351|NIAID_ChemDB=|PDB_ligand=|synonyms=TA-870; TA870; ''N''-(''N''-Acetyl-&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-methionyl)-''O'',''O''-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)dopamine

&lt;!-- Chemical data --&gt;|IUPAC_name=[4-[2-&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;(2''S'')-2-acetamido-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]ethyl]-2-ethoxycarbonyloxyphenyl] ethyl carbonate|C=21|H=30|N=2|O=8|S=1|SMILES=CCOC(=O)OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CCNC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)C)OC(=O)OCC|StdInChI=1S/C21H30N2O8S/c1-5-28-20(26)30-17-8-7-15(13-18(17)31-21(27)29-6-2)9-11-22-19(25)16(10-12-32-4)23-14(3)24/h7-8,13,16H,5-6,9-12H2,1-4H3,(H,22,25)(H,23,24)/t16-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=ZLVMAMIPILWYHQ-INIZCTEOSA-N}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;7&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Docarpamine&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;Docarpamine&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Docarpamine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan asibiti
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Tanadopa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |TA-870; TA870; ''N''- (''N''-Acety&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-L-methi''O'') -''O'',O-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) dopamine
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Route of administration|Hanyoyin gudanarwa&lt;br /&gt;]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Oral administration|Magana]], [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Tekade2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Tekade RK|title=The Future of Pharmaceutical Product Development and Research|publisher=Academic Press|series=Advances in Pharmaceutical Product Development and Research|year=2020|isbn=978-0-12-814456-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6_SDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA207|access-date=13 November 2024|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug class|Kwalejin miyagun ƙwayoyi]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Neurotransmitter prodrug|Magungunan dopamine]]; mai karɓar dopamine[[Dopamine receptor agonist|Mai karɓar dopamine agonist]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayyanawa
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|Sunan IUPAC]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;[4-[2-[[ (2''S'') -2-acetamido-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]ethyl]-2-ethoxycarbonyloxyphenyl] ethyl carbonate&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[CAS Registry Number|Lambar CAS]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=74639-40-0 74639-40-0]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71137 71137]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Bankin Magunguna
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB18046 DB18046]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.64283.html 64283]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/RPQ57D8S72 RPQ57D8S72]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D01903 D01903]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:31513 CHEBI:31513]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL2106351 ChEMBL2106351]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1057820 DTXSID1057820][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27288234#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;30&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Sulfur&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;470.54&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CCOC%28%3DO%29OC1%3DC%28C%3DC%28C%3DC1%29CCNC%28%3DO%29%5BC%40H%5D%28CCSC%29NC%28%3DO%29C%29OC%28%3DO%29OCC Hoton hulɗa]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rashin kunya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;CCOC (=O) OC1=C (C=C (C=C1) CCNC (=O) [C@H] (CCSC) NC (=O) C) OC (=O) OCC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C21H30N2O8S/c1-5-28-20 (26) 30-17-8-7-15 (13-18 (17) 31-21 (27) 29-6-2) 9-11-22-19 (25) 16 (10-12-32-4) 23-14 (3) 24/h7-8,13,16H,5-6,9-12H2,1-4H3, (H,22,25) (H,23,24) /t16-m0/s1&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Maɓalli:ZLVMAMIPILWYHQ-INIZCTEOSA-N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
Docarpamine (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, JANTooltip Sunan Karɓar Jafananci), wanda aka sayar a ƙarƙashin sunan alama Tanadopa, wani prodrug ne na dopamine na baka wanda aka sayar a Japan don maganin rashin ƙarfi na zuciya da / ko ciwon zuciya mai tsanani.[1][2][3][4][5] Ana amfani da shi ta baki da kuma ta cikin jijiya[6].

Da''N'' da bioactivation, Ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl na docarpamine ana 'yantar da su ta hanyar esterases a ciki hanji da hanta kuma Ƙungiyar amino ta sami 'yanci ta hanyar γ-glutamyltransferase a cikin koda da hanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;DhaneshwarSharmaPatel2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dhaneshwar SS, Sharma M, Patel V, Desai U, Bhojak J |date=2011 |title=Prodrug strategies for antihypertensives |journal=Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry |volume=11 |issue=18 |pages=2299–2317 |doi=10.2174/156802611797183285 |pmid=21671866}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai matsakaici, dideethoxycarbonyldocarpamine (DECD), wanda aka maye gurbin hydroxyl.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tekade2020&quot; /&gt; N-substitution yana kare maganin daga metabolism na farko ta hanyar Monoamine oxidase (MAO) har sai an raba shi cikin dopamine kuma ya ba shi damar zama mai aiki ta baki.  &lt;ref name=&quot;DhaneshwarSharmaPatel2011&quot; /&gt; Magungunan ba su ƙetare shingen jini da kwakwalwa ko kuma su shafi tsarin juyayi na tsakiya ko da a manyan allurai kuma saboda haka suna da zaɓi na gefe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tekade2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JanaMandlekarMarathe2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jana S, Mandlekar S, Marathe P |date=2010 |title=Prodrug design to improve pharmacokinetic and drug delivery properties: challenges to the discovery scientists |journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry |volume=17 |issue=32 |pages=3874–3908 |doi=10.2174/092986710793205426 |pmid=20858214}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;InxightDrugs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DOCARPAMINE |url=https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/RPQ57D8S72 |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=Inxight Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Log din da aka annabta P (XLogP3) na docarpamine shine 2.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Docarpamine |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71137 |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=PubChem}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi tunanin cewa tasirin warkarwa na docarpamine yana shiga tsakani ne ta hanyar kunna masu karɓar dopamine D1 na gefe.&lt;ref name=&quot;InxightDrugs&quot; /&gt;

Kodayake docarpamine yana aiki ta baki kuma yana iya cimma matakan warkewa na dopamine a cikin jini,  ƙananan allurai da kuma gudanar da magani akai-akai (misali, 600-750 MG kowane awanni 8) ana buƙatar lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ta wannan hanyar.   An bayyana tsawon aikinta ta baki a matsayin mafi girma fiye da awanni 4.&lt;ref name=&quot;BetterGregerBusch2012&quot; /&gt;{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}

An fara bayyana maganin ne a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya a shekarar 1980. 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Magungunan neurotransmitter
* DA-Phen
* Binciken Dopes
* Ibopamine
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwow&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;,&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwpA&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'-Diacetyldopamine
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwpw&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;,&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwqA&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'-Dipivaloyldopamine

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Phenethylamines}}{{Dopamine receptor modulators}}{{Phenethylamines}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Fasaha ta NIAD</title>
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    <id>157815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858265</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:23:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349620548|NIAD Art Center]]&quot;</comment>
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 {{Columns-list|* Heather Edgar*&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Luis Estrada&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/art/article/Avatar-Exhibition-at-NIAD-Art-Center-5125057.php|title='Avatar': Exhibition at NIAD Art Center|last=Nataraj|first=Nirmala|date=2014-01-08|access-date=2019-05-03|website=SFGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Karen May&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://niadart.org/karen-may/|title=Karen May (b. 1950) – – NIAD Art Center|date=24 January 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Arstanda Billy White&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* [[Marlon Mullen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/art/article/Win-Win-Can-t-lose-at-NIAD-fundraiser-4500117.php|title='Win Win': Can't lose at NIAD fundraiser - SFChronicle.com|date=2013-05-08|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=www.sfgate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Saul Alegria&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.leftfieldgallery.com/saul-alegria|title=Saul Alegria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=Left Field Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mireya Betances*&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://richmondstandard.com/lifestyle/entertainment-and-food/2019/02/04/niad-art-exhibition-evokes-richmond-and-its-environs/|title=NIAD art exhibition evokes Richmond and its environs|website=Richmond Standard|last=Aldax|first=Mike|date=4 February 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lisa Blevens*&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicoer.com/arts-and-entertainment/20170902/monca-collaborates-with-artists-with-disabilities|title=monca collaborates with artists with disabilities|date=2017-09-02|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=Chico Enterprise-Record}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Vanessa Bravo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/11/23/treadway-community-holiday-traditions-coming-up/|title=Treadway: Shadi display, Richmond Art Center festival and other community holiday traditions coming up|date=2016-11-23|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=East Bay Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eddie Braught*&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://oaklandartenthusiast.com/event/niad-art-center-2/|title=NIAD Art Center (2017-03-11)|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=oaklandartenthusiast.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jeremy Burleson&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.flysfo.cn/node/21508|title=Celebrating a Vision: Art and Disability|access-date=2019-05-03|website=FlySFO|archive-date=2019-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408181142/http://www.flysfo.cn/node/21508|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Angela Campbell*&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://christinewongyap.com/work/2019/belonging-bay-area/book.html|title=Belonging|access-date=2019-05-03|website=christinewongyap.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Miguel Chacon*&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;
* Deatra Colbert&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Heather Copus&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/art/article/City-in-Motion-NIAD-artists-create-urban-5443107.php|title='City in Motion': NIAD artists create urban environment|last=Guthrie|first=Julian|date=2014-04-30|access-date=2019-05-03|website=SFGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Evelyn Davis&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* MiaMya Dawson*&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monca.org/affinity|title=Affinity|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|website=The Museum of Northern California Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Julio Del Rio&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Carlos Fernandez*&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://foundwork.art/guest-curators/scott-ogden|title=Foundwork - An Artist Platform for the Contemporary Art Community|access-date=2019-05-03|website=foundwork.art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sylvia Fragoso&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/california/berkeley/ev--win-win-a-niad-art-center-fundraiser-81ac2c8b|title=Win Win, A NIAD Art Center Fundraiser|date=2013-03-28|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03|website=Berkeley, CA Patch}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jon Fukui*&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Felicia Griffin&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Raven Harper&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Shana Harper&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Peter Harris&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* James Heartsill&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arteidolia.com/abstract-preferences/|title=Abstract Preferences « Arteidolia|first=Kathleen|last=King|access-date=2019-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shirley How*&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Julie MacDonald&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Jean McElvane&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* Ann Meade&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* Jason Powell-Smith&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Shantae Robinson&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Joseph Rux*&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Alice Sampson&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Danny Thach&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitecolumns.org/sections/exhibition.php?id=1398|title=White Columns - Exhibitions|access-date=2019-05-03|website=www.whitecolumns.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jeffrey Thurston*&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Christian Vassell&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Susan Wise*&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;}}'''Cibiyar Fasaha ta NIAD''' (Nurturing Independence through Artistic Development) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) don masu fasaha da ke da nakasa ta jiki, wanda aka kafa a 1982 kuma yana zaune a [[California]]&quot; id=&quot;mwCQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Richmond, California&quot;&gt;Richmond, Contra Costa County, California. Kungiyar tana ba da ɗakunan karatu, kayan aiki, da kuma sararin samaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greaves |first=Brendan |date=2015-10-07 |title=The Error of Margins: Vernacular Artists and the Mainstream Art World |url=http://www.artnews.com/2015/10/07/the-error-of-margins-vernacular-artists-and-the-mainstream-art-world/ |access-date=2019-08-08 |website=ARTnews |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levin |first=Sam |date=30 April 2024 |title=NIAD Art Center |url=https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/niad-art-center/Location?oid=1109068 |website=East Bay Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free opening reception for NIAD Art Center's March exhibitions takes place Saturday |url=https://richmondstandard.com/lifestyle/entertainment-and-food/2016/03/09/opening-reception-for-niad-art-center/ |website=Richmond Standard}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2019 |title=Sasha Frere-Jones on Marlon Mullen |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/201904/marlon-mullen-79060 |access-date=2019-08-08 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiya ==
NIAD tana tsaye ne don Kula da 'yancin kai Ta hanyar Ci gaban Fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desmarais |first=Charles |date=June 5, 2019 |title=True selves: Two SF art exhibitions raise questions about authenticity |url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/art-exhibits/true-selves-two-sf-art-exhibitions-raise-questions-about-authenticity |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Datebook, [[San Francisco Chronicle]] |language=en-US |quote=&quot;Nurturing Independence through Artistic Development&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nurturing Independence Through Artistic Development |url=https://arts.ca.gov/grantee/nurturing-independence-through-artistic-development-3/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=California Arts Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Fasaha ta NIAD tana da murabba'in 4,000. ft. [[Painting|zane]]-zane a Richmond, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nurturing Independence Through Artistic Development |url=https://www.semel.ucla.edu/nadc/resource/nurturing-independence-through-artistic-development |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=www.semel.ucla.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar tana aiki tare da masu zane-zane 75 a kowane mako; ka'idojin COVID suna iyakance yawan masu zane-zanen da ke aiki a shafin zuwa 20, amma babu iyakar iyawa ga yawan masu zane da aka yi amfani da su a cikin NIAD's Virtual Studios. NIAD ta Virtual Studio yana buɗe kwanaki huɗu a mako. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na NIAD yana buɗewa kwana biyar a kowane mako. Dukkanin masu zane-zane da suka yi rajista suna da nakasa ta hankali / ci gaba. Wasu daga cikin masu zane-zane suna da nakasa ta jiki. Masu zane-zane da suka yi rajista a NIAD suna aiki tare da masu ba da gudummawa, waɗanda ke tallafa musu a cikin matsakaici da yawa: zane, fiber, [[Tukwane|yumbu]], zane, zane-zane, bugawa, kafofin watsa labarai masu gauraye, wasan kwaikwayo, rikodin sauti, da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-02-18 |title=Exhibition at NIAD seeks to turn Richmond into an art destination |url=https://blog.sfgate.com/incontracosta/2015/02/18/exhibition-at-niad-seeks-to-turn-richmond-into-an-art-destination/ |access-date=2019-05-02 |website=SF Gate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga sararin studio don masu zane-zane, Cibiyar Fasaha ta NIAD tana da sararin nune-nunen inda suke gabatar da shirye-shiryen da ke nuna masu zane-zanen da ke halartar cibiyar da wadanda ba masu zane-canjen NIAD ba.

Cibiyar Fasaha ta NIAD tana da kasafin kuɗi kusan $ 600,000, tun daga shekarar 2012, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abin da aka tara ta hanyar gudummawa da tallace-tallace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whiting |first=Sam |date=2012-12-05 |title=NIAD Art Center's gifts of artistic ability |url=https://www.sfgate.com/art/article/NIAD-Art-Center-s-gifts-of-artistic-ability-4093753.php |access-date=2019-05-02 |website=SFGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu zane-zane da aka haɗa (*alumni) ==
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== Nuni ==

* ''Ayyuka: Marlon Mullen'' (2024), Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York - wanda Ann Temkin ya tsara
* ''A cikin Haske'' (2023), Gidan Tarihi na Oakland na California
* The Genre Leaps (2018) - wanda mai kula da Margaret Tedesco ya shirya 
* ''Budurwa Budurwa'' (2017) - wanda Micah Wood ya shirya 
* ''Avatar'' (2012) - wanda Justine Frischmann ya tsara 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Bay Area Arts Organizations}}{{Disability art|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Yankin Cikin Gida</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858266</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:25:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354525983|Inland Regional Center]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858266</origin>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox organization|language=}}Cibiyar Yanki ta Inland (IRC), a hukumance Cibiyar Yanki ta Inland County, Inc., [1] wata ƙungiya ce mai fa'ida ta gwamnati wacce ke ba da sabis da shirye-shirye ga mutane sama da 33,000 masu nakasa ci gaba da danginsu[2] a cikin San Bernardino na California da Lardunan Riverside. Hedkwatarsa, wanda ya haɗa da cibiyar taro, yana cikin San Bernardino; cibiyar kuma tana gudanar da ofishin reshe a Riverside.[3] Cibiyar wani bangare ne na cibiyar sadarwa a fadin jihar na cibiyoyin yanki da jihar California ta kafa don samar da waɗannan ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Dokar nakasa ta Lanterman.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa IRC a cikin 1971 kuma an buɗe shi a watan Fabrairun 1972 a matsayin na goma sha uku na abin da ya zama irin waɗannan cibiyoyin California 21 da aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Lanterman Developmental Disabilities kuma Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Ci Gaban California ta kwangila. &lt;ref name=&quot;irc-history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://inlandrc.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205102429/http://inlandrc.org/about-us/our-history/ |archive-date=December 5, 2015 |access-date=December 2, 2015 |publisher=Inland Regional Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

IRC kuma ta gudanar da Cibiyar Yankin San Gabriel-Pomona daga Yuli 1985 zuwa Yuni 1986. A cikin 1990, an sauya sabis na yankunan Inyo da Mono daga Cibiyar Yankin Inland zuwa Cibiyar Yammacin Kern &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kern Regional Center |url=http://www.kernrc.org/#!about-us/cj8 |access-date=6 December 2015 |publisher=Kern Regional Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Bakersfield . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kern Regional Center |url=http://www.kernrc.org/#!contact-us/c1kfx |access-date=6 December 2015 |publisher=Kern Regional Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1996, cibiyar ta bude hedkwatarta ta yanzu a San Bernardino . &lt;ref name=&quot;irc-history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://inlandrc.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205102429/http://inlandrc.org/about-us/our-history/ |archive-date=December 5, 2015 |access-date=December 2, 2015 |publisher=Inland Regional Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2010, Ofishin Bincike na Jihar California ya gano Cibiyar Yankin Inland fansa da &quot;al'adun tsoratar da ma'aikata&quot; kuma ta kammala cewa cibiyar ta keta wani ɓangare na kwangilarta tare da jihar. Binciken ya tayar da tambayoyi game da yadda yake saita farashin mai ba da sabis, sarrafa dukiya da kuma gudanar da shirin gidaje. Jihar California ta sanya hukumar a kan gwaji a watan Janairun 2011 kuma ta ba da umarnin ingantawa. Masu binciken sun gano cewa yanayin aiki ya haifar da tsoron ramuwar gayya don yin magana. An yi canje-canje ga manufofi, kuma matakan sadarwa sun karu, amma wasu ma'aikata sun ce Yanayin aiki ya zama mafi muni. Dan majalisa na jihar Lake Elsinore Kevin Jeffries bai yi nasara ba ya gabatar da doka don raba hukumar da kara nuna gaskiya.

In 2012, the organization received $247 million from the Department of Developmental Services for delivering services. A rail station next to the center was planned to open in 2020 as part of the Arrow commuter rail service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Redlands Passenger Rail Project Fact Sheet (December 2015) |url=http://www.sanbag.ca.gov/projects/redlands-sb-rail/RPRPFactSheetDecember2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084057/http://www.sanbag.ca.gov/projects/redlands-sb-rail/RPRPFactSheetDecember2015.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2016-06-02 |publisher=[[San Bernardino Associated Governments]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, {{As of|2016|November}}, the station location is no longer planned to be adjacent to the center due to heightened security after the 2015 shooting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Newsletter |url=http://www.redlandsrailproject.org/newsletter/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816021437/http://www.redlandsrailproject.org/newsletter/ |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=Redlandsrailproject.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Harin ta'addanci ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;A ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2015, miji da mata [[Sayyid|Syed]] Rizwan Farook da Tashfeen Malik sun kai hari kan ta'addanci a cibiyar, wanda ya kunshi harbi da yunkurin fashewa kuma ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 14 da jikkata 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;losangelestimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Los Angeles Times |date=December 2, 2015 |title=Authorities identify couple who they believe killed 14 at San Bernardino Christmas party |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-up-to-20-shot-in-san-bernardino-active-shooter-sought-20151202-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenfeld |first=Everette |title=Upwards of 14 people dead in San Bernardino mass shooting: Police department chief |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/02/authorities-responding-to-reports-of-mass-shooting-in-san-bernardino-california-nbc-los-angeles.html |access-date=December 2, 2015 |publisher=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu harbi sun yi niyya ga wani taron ga ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta San Bernardino County, wanda aka gudanar a cikin wani ɗakin taro tare da kimanin mutane 80. Gundumar ta yi hayar yankin cibiyar taron na gine-gine guda uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=14 people killed in shooting at San Bernardino social services facility |url=http://abc7.com/news/12-killed-in-shooting-at-san-bernardino-social-services-facility/1106844 |access-date=December 2, 2015 |publisher=ABC Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2015 |title=At Least 14 Dead After California Shooting |url=http://news.sky.com/story/1598721/at-least-14-dead-after-california-shooting |publisher=Sky News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu harbi sun gudu a cikin SUV.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=12 people killed in shooting at San Bernardino social services facility |url=http://abc7.com/news/san-bernardino-firefighters-respond-to-reports-of-multiple-victim-shooting/1106844 |access-date=December 2, 2015 |website=ABC7 Los Angeles}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2015 |title=California shooting: 'Multiple deaths' at San Bernardino centre |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-34987697 |access-date=December 2, 2015 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan sanda sun kashe masu aikata laifin bayan an musayar bindiga da mazaunan SUV.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suspects&quot; /&gt; Farook, wanda ya yi aiki a sashen kiwon lafiya na jama'a a matsayin mai binciken kiwon lafiya, a baya ya halarci taron.{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{San Bernardino}}{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Yankin Grand Junction</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858267</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311923779|Grand Junction Regional Center]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858267</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3633" sha1="j77y4vz9p4apkdqjlolgt6jbb9jbmk1" xml:space="preserve">'''Cibiyar Yankin Grand Junction''' cibiyar ce a Grand Junction, Colorado, tana ba da sabis ga mutanen da ke da [[Rashin ci gaba|nakasa na ci gaba]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Grand Junction Regional Center {{!}} Colorado Department of Human Services |url=https://cdhs.colorado.gov/gjrc |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=cdhs.colorado.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya an san shi da Gidan Jiha don Masu Rashin Halitta. Tana kan shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar Teller da ta ɓace yanzu, makarantar kwana da ke cikin ajiya wacce ta yi ƙoƙari ta karɓi 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga Yammacin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Wes |date=27 November 2021 |title=A Look Back at the Teller Institute at Grand Junction Regional Center |url=https://kekbfm.com/history-grand-junction-regional-center/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=99.9 KEKB |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makarantar Indiya ta Teller ==
Sanata Henry Teller na Colorado ya nemi Majalisa don amincewa da makarantar kwana ta waje tare da manufar daidaita Ƙabilar Ute. An tsara makarantar ne bayan Makarantar Indiya ta Carlisle a [[Pennsylvania]]. A cewar Pratt, wanda ya kafa Makarantar Indiya ta Carlisle, daidaitawa zai yiwu ne kawai tare da cirewa gaba ɗaya daga gidansu da al'adunsu da nutsewa cikin al'ummar fararen fata. An buɗe makarantar Indiya ta Grand Junction a cikin 1886. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sake masa suna Makarantar Indiya ta Teller bayan Henry Teller, kuma daga baya Cibiyar Teller. Makarantar Teller ita ce makarantar kwana ta tarayya ta bakwai kuma ta farko a dutsen yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=yongli |date=2021-06-29 |title=Grand Junction Indian Boarding School |url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction-indian-boarding-school |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=coloradoencyclopedia.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi niyyar makarantar kwana don samar da ilimi na aji takwas da horo na masana'antu. An yi niyyar makarantar ta kasance mai gamsarwa tare da ɗalibai da aka tilasta su yi aikin hannu. Malamai sun koya wa yara maza su &quot;yi noma ƙasa, tura jirgin sama, buga ƙugiya, kuma su kori igiya&quot; kuma 'yan mata &quot;yi aikin mai gida mai kyau da ƙwarewa. &quot; Koyaya, makarantar tana da matsalolin girma amfanin gona saboda ƙasa mara kyau, da kuma matsalolin da ke tattare da ruwan sha da tsarin datti. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The story of the Ute and the Grand Junction Indian School. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+story+of+the+Ute+and+the+Grand+Junction+Indian+School.-a0176049764 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ute ba ta so ta tura yaransu zuwa makarantar kwana. An kori Whiteriver da Uncompahgre Ute daga ƙasashensu a [[Colorado]] kuma an tura su zuwa Uintah da Ouray Reservation a Utah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ute PAC |url=https://utepac.com/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Ute PAC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1887, gwamnatin jihar Colorado ta yi iƙirarin cewa Utes sun keta dokokin wasan jihar kuma sun mamaye sansanin Ute a kudu maso yammacin Colorado, sun kama wani yaro Ute kuma sun kashe wani yaro Ute. Lokacin da Utes suka gudu zuwa Utah, Gwamnan Colorado ya yi kira ga 'yan bindiga su kama su. Wakilin Indiya T. A. Byrnes ya yi iƙirarin cewa iyayen Indiya daga hukumar Ouray ba su shirya su aika da yaransu zuwa makarantar Grand Junction a Colorado ba, domin an gaya musu cewa duk wani &quot;Ute Indians da ke tsallaka layin Colorado za a harbe su a gani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://cdhs.colorado.gov/gjrc}}
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    <title>Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ci Gaban</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351089944|Creative Growth Art Center]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ci Gaban''' Kwarewa kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, wacce ke zaune a [[Oakland, California|Oakland]],_California&quot; id=&quot;mwGQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Oakland, California&quot;&gt;Oakland, California, wacce ke ba da ɗakunan karatu, kayan aiki, da sararin samaniya ga masu zane-zane da ke da nakasa, tunani, da na jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Creative Growth Art Center |url=https://art21.org/artist/creative-growth-art-center/ |website=[[Art21]] |publisher= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Taila |date=2020-10-22 |title=Creative Growth artist Juan Aguilera celebrates nature, Mexican heritage through designs |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2020/10/22/creative-growth-artist-juan-aguilera-celebrates-nature-mexican-heritage-through-designs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031234124/https://www.dailycal.org/2020/10/22/creative-growth-artist-juan-aguilera-celebrates-nature-mexican-heritage-through-designs/ |archive-date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin fasaha mafi girma ga mutanen da ke da nakasa a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trefny |first=Ben |date= |title=Creative Growth Art Center gives artists with disabilities a place to shine |url=https://www.kalw.org/post/creative-growth-art-center-gives-artists-disabilities-place-shine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717171254/http://kalw.org/post/creative-growth-art-center-gives-artists-disabilities-place-shine |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=KALW public radio |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu yana a 355 24th Street a Oakland, California.

== Game da ==
Darakta na shirin tun daga shekara ta 2000 shine Tom di Maria, wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan a Berkeley Art Museum da Pacific Film Archive . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwangwa |first=Shirley |date=2018-07-25 |title='This Is Who I Am in the World': Preview Art21's Report on the Creative Growth Art Center in Oakland |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/world-preview-art21s-report-creative-growth-art-center-oakland-10706/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805021412/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/world-preview-art21s-report-creative-growth-art-center-oakland-10706/ |archive-date=2020-08-05 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trefny |first=Ben |date= |title=Creative Growth Art Center gives artists with disabilities a place to shine |url=https://www.kalw.org/post/creative-growth-art-center-gives-artists-disabilities-place-shine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717171254/http://kalw.org/post/creative-growth-art-center-gives-artists-disabilities-place-shine |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=KALW public radio |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Buckwalter |first=Timothy |date=11 December 2007 |title=Creative Growth: An interview with Tom di Maria {{!}} KQED Arts |url=https://www.kqed.org/arts/20885/creative_growth_an_interview_with_tom_di_maria |website=www.kqed.org |publisher=KQED |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin masu zane-zane 160 suna aiki a cibiyar.

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 1974, mijin Florence Ludins-Katz da Elias Katz sun kafa Creative Growth a cikin garage a Berkeley. Ludins-Katz mai zane ne kuma Katz masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hurwitz |first=Rebecca |date=23 October 2016 |title=Creative Growth Center: An unwavering community in an ever-changing Oakland {{!}} The Daily Californian |url=http://www.dailycal.org/2016/10/23/creative-growth-center-unwavering-community-ever-changing-oakland/ |website=The Daily Californian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar ta koma a 1978 zuwa tsohon shagon gyaran mota a cikin garin Oakland, inda a halin yanzu ke aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, rufe asibitocin kwakwalwa a California ya sa a dakatar da marasa lafiya da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kuma a cikin 1967, an sanya hannu kan Dokar Lanterman-Petris-Short kuma ta toshe asibiti ba tare da son rai ba ga yawancin tsoffin marasa lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Babu isasshen masauki da aka yi bayan da aka saki tsoffin marasa lafiya kuma da yawa sun ƙare ba tare da gida ba ko kuma a kurkuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Creative Growth da farko tare da burin tallafawa tsoffin marasa lafiya na asibiti na jihar tare da tallafin warkewa, tallafin fasaha / kirkira, da horar da sana'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Creative Growth an nuna shi a cikin Elle Decor (Oktoba 1990) a cikin wata kasida mai suna &quot;Aimed Straight From The Heart&quot; wanda Susan Subtle ta rubuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Binciken da aka yi a hankali game da kungiyar kuma ya kwatanta salon fasahar da aka yi da Creative Growth zuwa baƙo, na asali, mara kyau, da kuma fasahar gargajiya ta Amurka ta farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Subtle |first=Susan |date=October 1990 |title=Aimed Straight From The Heart |journal=Elle Decor |page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2010, Matthew Higgs, Darakta / Babban Mai Kulawa a White Columns, ya shirya wani wasan kwaikwayon mai taken &quot;Kowane mutum!&quot; wanda ya ƙunshi ayyukan sama da 130 da masu zane-zane na Creative Growth suka yi kuma sun haɗa da kowane mai zane a halin yanzu da ya shiga cikin shirin studio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2010 |title=Everyone! - Creative Growth Art Center |url=http://www.creativegrowth.org/exhibitions/everyone-2/ |website=Creative Growth Art Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, wani sashi a cikin kakar wasa ta tara na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Art21, yana magana da wasu masu fasaha da masu gudanarwa da ke da hannu tare da Creative Growth . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwangwa |first=Shirley |date=25 July 2018 |title='This Is Who I Am in the World': Preview Art21's Report on the Creative Growth Art Center in Oakland |url=https://www.artnews.com/2018/07/25/world-preview-art21s-report-creative-growth-art-center-oakland/ |website=ARTnews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beyond Trend (2010 - yanzu) zane-zane ===
Beyond Trend shine Creative Growth's runway extravaganza wanda ya fara a cikin 2010 a matsayin karamin zane-zane na salon. Nunin 2018, mafi girma har yanzu, ya buɗe a Cibiyar Rite ta Scotland mai kujeru 1,250 inda mai kafa mujallar Paper Kim Hastreiter da Babban Jami'in kirkirar Target Todd Waterbury suka jagoranci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bravo |first=Tony |date=6 April 2018 |title=Creative Growth's special needs clients seize the limelight at fashion show |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/style/article/Creative-Growth-s-special-needs-clients-seize-12810750.php |website=SFChronicle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahararrun masu zane-zane ==
Dubban masu zane-zane sun zo ta ƙofofin Creative Growth a tsawon shekaru kuma da yawa sun kai ga karɓar ƙasa. Masu zane-zane na Creative Growth sun sami manyan nune-nunen a National Gallery of Art, Washington DC (tare da mai zane Judith Scott, 2018); Venice Biennale (tare da masu zane-zane Dan Miller da Judith Scott, 2017); Brooklyn Museum (Judith Scott, 2015); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum: Judith Scott—Bound and Unbound |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/judith_scott/ |website=www.brooklynmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Museum of Modern Art (Dan Miller, 2008); da White Columns (tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo William Scott, 2009, 2006).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=White Columns - Exhibitions - William Scott – 'Good Person' |url=https://www.whitecolumns.org/sections/exhibition.php?id=1181 |website=www.whitecolumns.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Bay Area Arts Organizations|state=collapsed}}{{Disability art|state=collapsed}}
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    <title>Makarantar Jihar Syracuse</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339204516|Syracuse State School]]&quot;</comment>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above fn org notheme&quot; |Makarantar Jihar Syracuse
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header notheme&quot; |Bayani
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1851
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An rufe shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1998
|}
'''Makarantar Jihar Syracuse''' wani wurin zama ne a Syracuse, New York, don yara da manya masu nakasa. An kafa shi a 1851 a Albany, New York, a matsayin New York State Asylum for Idiots, darakta na farko shi ne [[Hervey B. Wilbur]], dalibi na Edward Seguin (wani daga cikin ɗaliban Seguin shine [[Maria Montessori]]). A shekara ta 1855, wurin ya koma sabon gini a Syracuse inda aka sani da New York Asylum for Idiots ko State Idiot Asylum.
[[Fayil:New_York_State_Asylum,_Syracuse,_NY_State.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Gidan mafaka na Jihar New York, Syracuse, Jihar NY]]
A cikin shekaru ɗari masu zuwa cibiyar ta sami canje-canjen sunaye da yawa, gami da Cibiyar Jiha ta Syracuse don Yara masu hankali, Makarantar Jiha ta Syracuse don nakasar tunani, kuma a ƙarshe Makarantar Jiha ta Syracuse. Ɗaya daga cikin manajoji da amintattu shine Col. John Wesley Yale, wanda N. Y. Gov. Theodore Roosevelt ya zaɓa.[1][2] A farkon 1990s yawan shiga makarantar Syracuse State School ya fara raguwa, kuma an rufe ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 1998, tare da marasa lafiya shida kawai kuma ba a sake samun su ba. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]
[[Fayil:The_New-York_State_Asylum_for_Idiots,_Syracuse._Wood_engravi_Wellcome_L0029049.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Gidan mafaka na Jihar New York don Wawaye]]

== Sake ginawa ==
Bayan shekaru takwas na watsi, A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006 an sayar da ginin makarantar don dala miliyan 2.2 ga Syracuse Resort Development (SRD), ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari a Long Island, wanda ya yi niyyar sanya shi wurin shakatawa. Amma Kamfanin Ci Gaban Jihar Daular nan da nan ya nuna damuwa cewa sayen dukiyar yaudara ce. Ɗaya daga cikin masu saka hannun jari, [[Moussa Yeroushalmi]], Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka ta kai shi kotu a shekara ta 2004 kan zargin cewa ya yaudari masu saka hannun jarin. Ba da daɗewa ba damuwa ta cika. SRD ba ta biya haraji a kan dukiyar ba kuma ta ci gaba da kalubalantar ƙididdigar harajin ginin murabba'in mita 585,000. Shawarwarin da SRD ta bayar, kamar wurin shakatawa ga nakasassu da kuma wurin shakatawa na kasuwanci &quot;kore&quot;, ba su taɓa faruwa ba.

Syracuse Resort, mai alaƙa da SRD kuma mai mallakar 'yan tsiraru na tsohon cibiyar ci gaba, ya shigar da kara don fatarar kuɗi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010. SRD, wanda ya mallaki kashi 92.5% na dukiyar, ya bi shi a watan Afrilun 2011. An gabatar da duka ayyukan don hana birnin kwace dukiyar don haraji na baya.

An sayar da dukiyar don dala miliyan 2.1 a cikin gwanjon fatarar kuɗi ga &quot;Syracuse Center LLC&quot; a cikin 2013. Ba ta biya harajin dukiya ba tun watan Janairun 2016, a cewar Ma'aikatar Kudi ta gari. Wannan kamfani an taɓa tunanin wani ɓangare ne na makarantar kasuwanci ta Yahudawa da ke zaune a California, amma mallakar wani kamfani ne wanda jami'an [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]] suka yi iƙirarin cewa kamfani ne da aka kafa don ɓoye dubban miliyoyin daloli a cikin kuɗin sata bisa ga kafofin watsa labarai na gida syracuse.com . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-28 |title=Notorious Syracuse property is mixed up in foreign corruption scandal |url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2019/03/a-notorious-syracuse-property-is-mixed-up-in-a-corruption-scandal-in-kazakhstan.html |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=syracuse |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Tushen ==

* [http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/t/thornton_j.htm James Thornton Taimako na neman wasiƙa]
* [https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/idiot_ny/index.html Gidan mafaka na Jihar New York don Wawaye] a rootsweb.com
*  
* {{Cite journal |date=February 27, 2019 |title=Syracuse State School |url=https://abandonedonline.net/location/syracuse-state-school/ |journal=[[Abandoned Online]]}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=YU07AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA428 New York, Majalisar Dokoki, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York. Takardun Majalisar Jihar New York. 1888. Fashewa. 6.]
* [https://www.syracuse.com/news/2012/11/former_syracuse_developmental.html Shekaru hudu bayan haka, tsohon Cibiyar Ci Gaban Syracuse na iya samun wata dama don bunkasa]
* [https://iarchives.nysed.gov/xtf/view?docId=ead/findingaids/B1698.xml Cibiyar Ci Gaban Syracuse An An An An Rubuce-rubucen Cibiyoyin]
* [https://www.syracuse.com/news/2020/09/the-massive-developmental-center-on-syracuses-west-side-is-up-for-sale.html Babban Cibiyar Ci Gaban a Yammacin Syracuse tana sayarwa]
* [https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article164077497.html Gana da tsohon dan fashi wanda ya ɗaure kansa da Trump]
{{New York Psychiatric Centers}}{{Authority control}}
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335453995|Alexandra Hospital (Cape Town)]]&quot;</comment>
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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Alexandra_Hospital_administration_building.jpg|250x250px]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Ginin Gudanarwa na Asibitin Maitland&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Location map/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;locmap&quot; style=&quot;width:225px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width:225px;padding:0&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;width:225px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:OpenStreetMap_Cape_Town_small.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|225x225px|Alexandra Hospital (Cape Town) is located in Cape Town]]&lt;div class=&quot;od notheme&quot; style=&quot;top:36.394%;left:31.161%;font-size:91%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;id&quot; style=&quot;left:-4px;top:-4px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Alexandra Hospital (Cape Town)]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.2em&quot;&gt;An nuna shi a Cape Town&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Yanayin ƙasa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Wurin da yake
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Maitland, Cape Town, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ma'auni
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |33°55′55′′S 18°29′01′′E / 33.931968°S 18.483704°E / -33.931968; 18.483304 (Abitin Alexandra) irin:landmark_region:&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hospital_(Cape_Town)&amp;params=33.931968_S_18.483704_E_type:landmar_region:ZA&amp;title=Alexandra+Hospital &lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;33°55′55″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;18°29′01″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;33.931968°S 18.483704°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-33.931968; 18.483704&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; (&lt;span class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Alexandra Hospital&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Shirye-shiryen
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;[[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|Tsarin kulawa]]&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ma'aikatar Lafiya
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Asibiti|Irin wannan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |Lafiyar kwakwalwa
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Tarihi
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1906
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Haɗin kai
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Shafin yanar gizo
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[https://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/alexandra-hospital www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/alexandra-hospital]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Jerin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Asibitoci a Afirka ta Kudu
|}
'''Asibitin Alexandra''' wani kwararren asibitin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ne a Cape Town, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana ba da kulawa ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa masu rikitarwa da nakasa ta hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexandra Hospital |url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/alexandra-hospital |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105085248/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/alexandra-hospital |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=4 January 2016 |publisher=Western Cape Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin asibitin ya hada da tarihin iska, De Nieuwe Molen .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Cape Town|services}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>5ztb4qu5ddolu30wa2kg9j8ksg1y11k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Domus Cibiyar Autism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858272</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:31:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348742810|Domus Instituto de Autismo]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858272</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox organization|name=Domus Instituto de Autismo|type=Autism Support, International Research &amp; Training Center|founder=|product=|revenue=|owner=|dissolved=}}Domus Instituto de autism (Domus) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a [[Mexico]]_City&quot; id=&quot;mwCA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Mexico City&quot;&gt;Birnin Mexico, Mexico wacce ke ba da sabis ga mutanen da ke da autism da iyalansu. Yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyi na farko a Mexico da suka ba da shawara ga mutanen da ke fama da autism.&lt;ref name=&quot;naric&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Marta |date=2 April 2018 |title=Autism Spectrum Disorder and DOMUS |url=https://naricspotlight.wordpress.com/2018/04/02/autism-spectrum-disorder-and-domus/ |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=Collection Spotlight from the National Rehabilitation Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin tallafin su ya rufe kimantawa da ganewar asali (gwaje-gwaje na jijiyoyi, gwaje-gwajen halayyar da cikakken lura don ƙayyade hanyar magani), tallafi na musamman (koyon ƙwarewar yau da kullun, ayyukan yau da kullun), rubutu, sadarwa, sa ido kan umarni, motsawa da kuma kula da motsi mafi girma), da haɗin ma'aikata da makaranta. An san Domus da shiga cikin binciken binciken autism. An kuma san kungiyar da Centro Educativo Domus .

A cikin 1980, ƙungiyar ta kafa ta ƙungiyar iyaye na yara masu cutar autism waɗanda ke son ƙarin tallafi. Darakta na asali shine Judith Martínez de Vaillard, wanda kuma yana da ɗa mai cutar autistic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaillard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Artigues |first=Katia |date=22 November 2019 |title=In Memoriam: Judith Martínez y Villalvaso de Vaillard (1934-2019) · Yo También |url=https://yotambien.mx/in-memoriam-judith-martinez-de-vaillard-1934-2019/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102180041/https://yotambien.mx/in-memoriam-judith-martinez-de-vaillard-1934-2019/ |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=Yo También |language=es-MX}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Historia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DOMUS- Instituto de Autismo |url=https://www.emagister.com.mx/domus_instituto_autismo-centrodetalles-27646.htm |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=Emagister |language=es-MX}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1994, Domus ya kirkiro shirin haɗin ilimi na farko a Mexico mai taken &quot;El alumno con TEA integrado en el aula regular con un Asesor de Integración&quot;. A shekara ta 1997 sun kirkiro Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Musamman, wacce ta kunshi wanki. A halin yanzu yana da bita mai amfani a kan abinci mai aiki (ba tare da casein ba, gluten, sukari, masu kiyayewa, launuka na wucin gadi da dandano). &lt;ref name=&quot;compartir&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Centro Educativo Domus |url=https://www.compartir.org.mx/html/premio/memoria/memoria_2013/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128023055/https://www.compartir.org.mx/html/premio/memoria/memoria_2013/main.html |archive-date=28 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=www.compartir.org.mx |language=es-MX}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2000, sun yi aiki tare da mutane 400 da ke fama da autism kuma suna shirin buɗe cibiyar aiki ga manya da ke fama le autism.

A shekara ta 2013, Domus ya lashe lambar yabo ta Institución en Asistencia Social .  A cikin 2015, sanannen mai fafatawa da bijimai [[:es:José Tomás|José Tomás]] ya ba da gudummawar Yuro 22,000 ga Domus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Azul&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tomás |first=José |date=22 May 2013 |title=El Toreo se viste de Azul |url=http://www.fundacionjosetomas.es/el-toreo-se-viste-de-azul/ |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=Fundación José Tomás |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, Domus ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Universidad Internacional de La Rioja don gudanar da bincike na autism.

A cikin 2020, Domus za ta dauki bakuncin taron kasa da kasa a ranar cika shekaru 40, &quot;The International Congress on Autism: From Science to Practice&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;CyberMéxico&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hernández |first=Juan R. |date=4 December 2019 |title=El autismo una discapacidad invisible |url=http://cybermexico.mx/el-autismo-una-discapacidad-invisible/ |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=CyberMéxico |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Naƙasasshi a Mexico

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>92yabiwb5ijpndpf96urtadh7ru8iya</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Ann Sullivan ta Peru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858273</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:33:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348738433|Centro Ann Sullivan del Perú]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858273</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Centro Ann Sullivan del Perú ''' (CASP) ''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a [[Lima]], [[Peru]] wacce ke ba da sabis ga mutanen da ke da nakasa mai yawa ciki har da autism da Down syndrome, da kuma iyalansu.

== Tarihi ==
Cibiyar Ann Sullivan del Perú an kafa ta ne a 1979 ta Liliana Mayo kuma an sanya masa suna ne bayan malamin [[Helen Keller]], Anne Sullivan .  Cibiyar ta bi jagororin gaba ɗaya na nazarin halayyar aikace-aikace ta hanyar nasu hanyar, tsarin karatun halitta na aiki, wanda aka haɓaka tare da mai ba da shawara Judith M. LeBlanc. Cibiyar a halin yanzu tana hidimtawa dalibai 400 a harabarta a Gundumar San Miguel ta Lima . 

== Shirye-shiryen ==
Cibiyar Ann Sullivan ta Peru ta dalibai shirye-shiryen sun hada da shiga tsakani na yara, makarantar sakandare, makaranta, koyar da sana'a, tallafawa aiki da hadawa. Dukkanin shirye-shiryen suna mai da hankali sosai kan horar da iyali da shiga, kuma sun haɗa da ayyukan kamar makarantar iyaye, horar da gida da ilimin 'yan uwa.

Cibiyar kuma tana aiki a matsayin shafin bincike da horo na kasa da kasa ga masu sana'a. A halin yanzu tana da yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa da shirye-shiryen karatu na kasashen waje tare da Jami'ar Kansas  da Jami'an Georgia.  Akwai makarantun ilimi na musamman waɗanda suka cika tsarin ta a Brazil  da Spain. 

Tun daga shekara ta 1997, cibiyar ta gudanar da shirin ilimi na nesa da nufin horar da masu sana'a da iyalai a yankunan karkara na Peru ta hanyar bidiyon ilimi da teleconferencing.

== Falsafa ==
Cibiyar Ann Sullivan del Perú tana nufin ɗalibanta a matsayin &quot;mutane da ke da ƙwarewa daban-daban&quot; maimakon &quot;marasa lafiya&quot;.

Manufar cibiyar ga ɗalibanta ba wai kawai a haɗa su a makarantu da ayyuka ba, amma don cimma cikakken haɗin kai cikin ayyukan iyali da zamantakewa, &quot;haɗin kai cikin rayuwa&quot; 

Hanyar ilimi ta cibiyar ta dogara ne akan taken su &quot;Ku yi mini kamar Mutum&quot;.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Naƙasasshi a Peru

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://www.es.annsullivanperu.org/}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|-12.08139|-77.08132|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:PE}}{{Autism resources}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asibitin Normansfield</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858274</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340455501|Normansfield Hospital]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858274</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11924" sha1="i5ihzo8k1wjvej88vej550sxngdajc7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox hospital|name=Normansfield Hospital|image=Normansfield Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 819136.jpg|caption=Normansfield Hospital|location=[[Teddington]]|region=London|state=England|country=UK|coordinates={{coord|51|25|12.83|N|0|18|45.22|W|region:GB-MID|display=inlinbe,title}}|type=Mental health|beds=|founded=1868|closed=1997|website=None|pushpin_map=United Kingdom London Richmond upon Thames|pushpin_map_caption=Location within Richmond upon Thames|module={{infobox designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Grade II*
| designation1_offname = Normansfield Hospital
| designation1_date = 25 May 1983; amended 2 September 1996
| designation1_number = 1065379
}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above fn org&quot; |Asibitin Normansfield
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Normansfield_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_819136.jpg|250x250px]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Asibitin Normansfield&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Location map/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;locmap&quot; style=&quot;width:225px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width:225px;padding:0&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;width:225px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:Richmond_upon_Thames_London_UK_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|225x225px|Normansfield Hospital is located in London Borough of Richmond upon Thames]]&lt;div class=&quot;od notheme&quot; style=&quot;top:67.972%;left:47.264%;font-size:91%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;id&quot; style=&quot;left:-4px;top:-4px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Normansfield Hospital]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.2em&quot;&gt;Yanayi a cikin Richmond a kan Thames&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Yanayin ƙasa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Wurin da yake
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Teddington, London, Ingila, Ingila
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ma'auni
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Normansfield_Hospital&amp;params=51_25_12.83_N_0_18_45.22_W_region:GB-MID_type:landmark &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;51°25′12.83′′N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;0°18′45.22′′W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;/&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x68;&amp;#x61;&amp;#x75;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x68;&amp;#x61;&amp;#x75;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x68;&amp;#x61;&amp;#x75;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;51.4202306°N 0.3125611°W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;﻿ / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;51.4202306; -0.3125611&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Normansfield_Hospital&amp;params=51_25_12.83_N_0_18_45.22_W_region:GB-MID_type:landmark &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;51°25′12.83″N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;0°18′45.22″W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;51.4202306°N 0.3125611°W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;51.4202306; -0.3125611&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Shirye-shiryen
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Asibiti|Irin wannan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |Lafiyar kwakwalwa
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Tarihi
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1868
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An rufe shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1997
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Haɗin kai
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Jerin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Asibitoci a Ingila
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#87CEEB&quot;&gt;Ginin da aka jera - Grade II*&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Sunan hukuma&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Asibitin Normansfield
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An tsara shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |25 Mayu 1983; an gyara 2 Satumba 1996
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Bayani ba.&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1065379
|}
'''Asibitin Normansfield''' gini ne na Grade II * a Teddington a cikin London Borough of Richmond a kan Thames, Ingila . An gina shi azaman wurin aiki ga marasa lafiya da ke da nakasa ta hankali kuma ya haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Yanzu yana da ofishin kasa na Down's Syndrome Association, da kuma Langdon Down Museum of Learning Disability.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Normansfield_Theatre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49803.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Normansfield na waje]]
Asibitin Normansfield an kafa shi ne a Fadar White House a Teddington a matsayin cibiyar yara masu nakasa ta hanyar John Langdon Down, &lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Normansfield Hospital |url=http://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/normansfield.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |website=Lost Hospitals of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan wanda aka sanya sunan Down syndrome. An buɗe shi a matsayin Cibiyar Horar da Normansfield don Imbeciles a watan Mayu 1868. &lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot; /&gt; An gina reshen kudu a 1869, an kara reshen arewa a 1873 kuma Earl na Devon ya buɗe Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Normansfield a 1879 . &lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin da Down ya mutu a shekara ta 1896, 'ya'yansa maza, Reginald da Percival, sun gaji shi a matsayin manajojin ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Normansfield Hospital |url=http://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/normansfield.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |website=Lost Hospitals of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake masa suna Normansfield a 1925 kuma ya shiga Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa a 1951. &lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot; /&gt;

Asibitin ya kasance wurin yajin aiki da ma'aikatan jinya a cikin Trades Union COHSE a shekara ta 1976. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dark Corners of the NHS No 23: Normansfield Hospital |url=http://www.nhsmanagers.net/guest-editorials/dark-corners-of-the-nhs-no-19-normansfield-hospital/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112203952/http://www.nhsmanagers.net/guest-editorials/dark-corners-of-the-nhs-no-19-normansfield-hospital/ |archive-date=12 November 2013 |access-date=12 November 2013 |publisher=NHS Managers Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nurses sun yi fushi cewa Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki sun yi watsi da korafin da suka yi wa likitan kwakwalwa mai suna Terence Lawlor kuma sun bukaci a dakatar da shi. Dakatarwarsa ta haifar da binciken jama'a wanda Michael Sherrard ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=1978 |title=The Normansfield Inquiry |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=6151 |pages=1560–3 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.6151.1560 |pmc=1608780 |pmid=20792765}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daya daga cikin tambayoyin hukuma da yawa a cikin asibitocin kula da lafiyar kasa a wannan lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 1981 |title=Official Inquiry Reports into National Health Service Mental Hospitals |url=http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/democracy-involvement-and-accountability-in-health/complaints-regulation-and-enquries/the-production-and-reproduction-of-scandals-in-chronic-sector-hospitals-1981/official-inquiry-reports-into-national-health-service-mental-hospitals/ |access-date=12 November 2013 |website=The Production and Reproduction of Scandals in Chronic Sector Hospitals 1981 by Amy Munson- Barkshire |publisher=Socialist Health Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Halin sana'a na Dokta Lawlor ya fito ne a matsayin mai rashin haƙuri, mai cin zarafi da zalunci. An soki COHSE sosai saboda yajin aiki wanda jami'anta suka karya dokokin ƙungiyar, suka yaudari membobinsu sannan suka zargi ma'aikatan jinya. An gano wani mai kula da NHS yana tsoron Dr Lawlor. Kungiyar da ta fito da kowane yabo ita ce Majalisar Lafiya ta Al'umma, wacce aka soke a shekara ta 2003. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa a kori Lawlor. Wannan hukunci ya shafi manyan ma'aikatan jinya da masu gudanarwa da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Normansfield Hospital |url=http://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/normansfield.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |website=Lost Hospitals of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asibitin ya rufe a shekarar 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot; /&gt;

The Down's Syndrome Association tana aiki da Cibiyar Langdon Down a cikin tsohon reshen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na asibitin, wanda ya haɗa da ofishin kasa na Down's syndrome Association, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hospitals |url=http://www.derelictlondon.com/hospitals.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |publisher=Derelict London}}&lt;/ref&gt; gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya Normansfield (gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Victorian da aka lissafa na Grade II *) da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Langdon Down na Naƙasassun Ilimi. Abubuwan da aka nuna a gidan kayan gargajiya sun haɗa da bayanai game da John Langdon Down da iyalinsa, tarihin kula da mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tarihin Asibitin Normansfield da mazaunanta. Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma yana da fasahar, gami da ayyukan James Henry Pullen da yawa, da kayan tarihi na tsohon gidan kayan gargajiya na Royal Earlswood a Surrey game da tsohon asibitin Royal Earlsfield.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hospital memories get new home |url=http://www.sabp.nhs.uk/news/old-news/royal-earlswood-collection-to-take-pride-of-place-in-downs-syndrome-associations-new-learning-disability-history-museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091851/http://www.sabp.nhs.uk/news/old-news/royal-earlswood-collection-to-take-pride-of-place-in-downs-syndrome-associations-new-learning-disability-history-museum |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=23 March 2015 |publisher=Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Langdon Down Museum of Learning Disability at Langdon Down Centre |url=http://www.visitrichmond.co.uk/thedms.aspx?dms=3&amp;venue=3504754 |access-date=23 March 2015 |publisher=Visit Richmond}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidan kayan gargajiya ya buɗe a cikin 2012, kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar Gidan Tarihi na Lafiya da Magunguna na London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical Museums |url=http://medicalmuseums.org/ |access-date=26 August 2016 |website=medicalmuseums.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kafawa

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

* [http://miriam-may.com/ Bruinsma, Miriam: ''Komawa asibitin Normansfield, hoton hoto na kwarewar aikina'']
* [http://langdondownmuseum.org.uk/ Gidan kayan gargajiya na Langdon Down] - shafin yanar gizon
* Normansfield Hospital Oral History Project An adana shi  
* [http://normansfieldhospital.wordpress.com/ Tarihin Asibitin Normansfield]
{{LB Richmond}}{{Hospitals in Richmond upon Thames}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Taoudenni</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357026526|Taoudenni]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9161" sha1="81rsa0q4b1z7l0gx4xa3ouqp8dymo5u" xml:space="preserve">'''Taoudenni''' (kuma '''Taoudeni''', '''Taoudénit''', '''Taudeni''', Berber languages  , Arabic   ) wata cibiyar hakar gishiri ce mai nisa a yankin hamada na arewacin [[Mali]], {{Convert|664|km}} arewacin [[Timbuktu]] . Ita ce babban birnin Yankin Taoudénit . &lt;ref name=&quot;capital&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |title=Mali : Taoudeni, contrée historique |url=http://maliactu.net/mali-taoudeni-contree-historique/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110160528/https://maliactu.net/mali-taoudeni-contree-historique/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=25 May 2017 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana haƙa gishirin da hannu daga gadon wani tsohon tafkin gishiri, a yanka shi zuwa faifai, sannan a kai shi ko dai da mota ko da raƙumi zuwa Timbuktu. Ayarin raƙumi ( azalai ) daga Taoudenni sune wasu daga cikin na ƙarshe da har yanzu ke aiki a [[Sahara|Hamadar Sahara]] . A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, a lokacin mulkin [[Moussa Traoré]], an gina gidan yari a wurin kuma an tilasta wa fursunonin yin aiki a ma'adinai. An rufe gidan yarin a shekarar 1988.

== Haƙar gishiri ==
Al-Sadi ne ya fara ambaton Taoudenni a cikin littafinsa ''Tarikh al-Sudan'', wanda ya rubuta cewa a shekarar 1586 lokacin da sojojin Morocco suka kai hari kan cibiyar hakar gishiri ta Taghaza (150).&amp;nbsp;km arewa maso yammacin Taoudenni) wasu daga cikin masu hakar ma'adinai sun ƙaura zuwa 'Tawdani'. {{Sfn|Hunwick|2003}} A shekarar 1906, sojan Faransa Édouard Cortier ya ziyarci Taoudenni tare da wani rukunin rundunar raƙuma ( méharistes ) kuma ya buga bayanin farko na ma'adinan. {{Sfn|Cortier|1906}} A lokacin, ginin kawai shine Ksar de Smida, wanda ke da bango kewaye da shi tare da ƙaramin ƙofar shiga ɗaya a gefen yamma. Ɓargajen ksar sun kai 600&amp;nbsp;arewa da ginin gidan yarin. &lt;ref&gt;The ruins of the ksar are at &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|22|40|46|N|3|58|49|W|scale:10000}}. A plan of the ksar was published by Cortier in 1906, p. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37752f/f335.r=.langFR 327].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'adinan Taoudenni suna kan gadon wani tsohon tafkin gishiri . Masu hakar ma'adinai suna amfani da gatari mai ɗanɗano don haƙa ramuka, waɗanda yawanci suna da girman 5.&amp;nbsp;m ta 5&amp;nbsp;m tare da zurfin 4&amp;nbsp;m. Masu haƙar ma'adinai sun fara cire 1.5&amp;nbsp;m na yumbu ja mai nauyi, sannan layuka da yawa na gishiri mara inganci kafin ya kai layuka uku na gishiri mai inganci. Ana yanka gishirin zuwa falle marasa tsari waɗanda suke kusan 110&amp;nbsp;cm x 45&amp;nbsp;cm da 5&amp;nbsp;kauri cm kuma yana da nauyin kusan 30&amp;nbsp;kg. Biyu daga cikin manyan layukan suna da kauri da za a iya raba su biyu, ta yadda za a iya samar da sanduna 5 daga layuka uku. Bayan sun cire gishirin daga tushen ramin, masu hakar ma'adinai suna haƙa a kwance don ƙirƙirar ɗakunan tarihi waɗanda za a iya samun ƙarin sanduna daga cikinsu. {{Sfn|Clauzel|1960}}

Yayin da kowace rami ke ƙarewa, wani kuma yana haƙa, haka nan akwai dubban ramuka a faɗin yanki. Tsawon ƙarni, an cire gishiri daga wurare uku daban-daban na magudanar ruwa, inda kowane yanki a jere yake nesa da kudu maso yamma. Ana iya ganin yankuna uku a sarari a hotunan tauraron ɗan adam. A lokacin ziyarar Édouard Cortier a shekarar 1906, yankin haƙar ma'adinai ya kai murabba'in mita 3.&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da ksar; {{Sfn|Cortier|1906}} a shekarun 1950, ma'adinan da ke aiki suna cikin yanki na 5&amp;nbsp;km daga ksar, {{Sfn|Clauzel|1960}} yayin da ma'adinan da ke akwai a nisan 9&amp;nbsp;km. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Papendieck|Papendieck|Schmidt|2007}}. The actives mines in 2007 were located near &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|22|37|5|N|4|2|9|W|scale:100000}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakanin 2007-2008, akwai ƙungiyoyi kusan 350 na masu haƙar ma'adinai, kowace ƙungiya yawanci tana ɗauke da ƙwararren ma'aikacin haƙar ma'adinai tare da ma'aikata 2, wanda ya kai jimillar maza 1,000. Mazan suna zaune a cikin bukkoki na asali waɗanda aka gina daga tubalan gishiri marasa inganci kuma suna aiki a ma'adinai daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu, suna guje wa watanni mafi zafi na shekara, lokacin da kusan 10 daga cikinsu suka rage. {{Sfn|Papendieck|Papendieck|Schmidt|2007}}

Ana jigilar fale-falen a cikin hamada ta hanyar kogin Araouane zuwa [[Timbuktu]] . A da, raƙumi ne ke ɗaukar su koyaushe, amma kwanan nan wasu daga cikin gishirin ana jigilar su ta hanyar manyan motoci masu ƙafafu huɗu.  Ta hanyar raƙumi, tafiyar zuwa Timbuktu tana ɗaukar kimanin makonni uku, inda kowane raƙumi ke ɗauke da fale-falen guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin da aka saba da shi shine ga kowane fale-falen guda huɗu da aka kai Timbuktu, ɗaya na masu hakar ma'adinai ne, sauran ukun kuma ana biyan masu raƙumi. {{Sfn|Clauzel|1960}}

Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, an jigilar gishirin a cikin manyan ayarin raƙuma guda biyu ( azalaï ), ɗaya ya bar Timbuktu a farkon Nuwamba da kuma na biyu ya bar Timbuktu a ƙarshen Maris, a ƙarshen kakar wasa. {{Sfn|Miner|1953}} Horace Miner, wani masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka wanda ya shafe watanni bakwai a garin, ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 1939-40, ayarin hunturu ya ƙunshi raƙuma sama da 4,000 kuma jimlar yawan samar da gishiri ya kai 35,000. {{Sfn|Miner|1953}} Jean Clauzel ya rubuta cewa adadin ayarin da suka isa Timbuktu ya ƙaru daga 10,515 a 1926 zuwa 160,000 (4800 t) a 1957-1958. {{Sfn|Clauzel|1960}} Duk da haka, a farkon shekarun 1970 samarwa ta ragu, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun ya kasance tsakanin 50,000 zuwa 70,000. {{Sfn|Meunier|1980}}

== Kurkuku ==
An gina wani sansanin soja da gidan yari a Taoudenni a shekarar 1969 a zamanin mulkin [[Moussa Traoré]] . {{Sfn|Papendieck|Papendieck|Schmidt|2007}} An yi amfani da gidan yarin don tsare fursunonin siyasa har zuwa shekarar 1988, lokacin da aka rufe shi.  Da yawa daga cikin fursunonin jami'an gwamnati ne waɗanda aka zarge su da shirya makirci ga gwamnatin. {{Sfn|Sangaré|2011}} Fursunoni suna aiki a ma'adinan gishiri kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun mutu. A gabashin ginin gidan yarin akwai makabarta da ke ɗauke da kaburbura 140, waɗanda goma sha biyu ne kawai ke da sunaye. Sun haɗa da: {{Sfn|Papendieck|Papendieck|Schmidt|2007}}

* Yoro Diakité, shugaban gwamnatin wucin gadi ta farko bayan juyin mulkin ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1968, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1973.
* [[Tiécoro Bagayoko]], shugaban hukumar tsaro daga 1968 zuwa 1978, wanda ya mutu a watan Agusta na 1983.
* Kissima Doukara, Ministan Tsaro 1968-1978.
* Youssouf Balla Sylla, shugaban 'yan sanda na 3rd Arrondissement na [[Bamako]] .
* Jean Bolon Samaké, shugaban Gundumar Goundam a shekarar 1969, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1973.

== Yanayi ==
Taoudenni wuri ne mai nisa a yankin da ya fi zafi a duniya, yana da nisan kilomita ɗari da sittin daga wurin da mutane ke zaune mafi kusa da kowane girma. Yankin yana tsakiyar [[Sahara|Hamadar Sahara]], a kudancin Tanezrouft (ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi tsauri a duniya, wanda aka sani da zafi mai tsanani da bushewa), kuma yana da nau'in yanayin hamada mai zafi ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|nau'in yanayi na Köppen]] ''BWh'' ). Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi, mai tsananin bushewa tare da hasken rana mara karewa duk tsawon shekara. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya wuce digiri 40&amp;nbsp;°C (104)&amp;nbsp;°F) daga watan Afrilu zuwa Satumba kuma ya kai kololuwar 47.9&amp;nbsp;°C (118.2)&amp;nbsp;°F) a watan Yuli, mafi girman darajar irin wannan tsayin sama da matakin teku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=contemporain |first=Centre pour l'étude des problèmes du monde musulman |year=1960 |title=Correspondance d'Orient |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0K8sAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Sahara+climate+amplitude+Bilma |access-date=12 September 2017 |publisher= |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin sanyi kuma yana da zafi sosai idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mai yawa yana kusa da 27&amp;nbsp;°C (80.6)&amp;nbsp;°F) a cikin watan da ya fi sanyi. Matsakaicin zafin rana na shekara-shekara yana kusa da 29&amp;nbsp;°C (84.2)&amp;nbsp;°F) kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara shine 37.8&amp;nbsp;°C (100.0)&amp;nbsp;°F), ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 1&amp;nbsp;cm (0.39)&amp;nbsp;a) da kuma 2&amp;nbsp;cm (0.78)&amp;nbsp;a) wanda galibi yana faɗuwa daga watan Yuli zuwa Satumba saboda tasirin Yankin Haɗin Kan Yankin Tsakiyar Yanayi akan yanayinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climat Teghaza: Diagramme climatique, Courbe de température, Table climatique pour Teghaza - Climate-Data.org |url=http://fr.climate-data.org/location/720805/ |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=fr.climate-data.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsakaici, Taoudenni yana ganin awanni 3,700 na hasken rana mai haske a kowace shekara, tare da kashi 84% na sa'o'in rana suna da rana. Wurin kuma yana cikin ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi bushewa a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Holocene climatic evolution at 22–23°N from two palaeolakes in the Taoudenni area (Northern Mali) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222018849 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Taudeni kwarin
* Taghaza
* Chenachène

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Taoudenni''' (kuma '''Taoudeni''', '''Taoudénit''', '''Taudeni''', Berber languages  , Arabic   ) wata cibiyar hakar gishiri ce mai nisa a yankin hamada na arewacin [[Mali]], {{Convert|664|km}} arewacin [[Timbuktu]] . Ita ce babban birnin Yankin Taoudénit . &lt;ref name=&quot;capital&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |title=Mali : Taoudeni, contrée historique |url=http://maliactu.net/mali-taoudeni-contree-historique/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110160528/https://maliactu.net/mali-taoudeni-contree-historique/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=25 May 2017 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana haƙa gishirin da hannu daga gadon wani tsohon tafkin gishiri, a yanka shi zuwa faifai, sannan a kai shi ko dai da mota ko da raƙumi zuwa Timbuktu. Ayarin raƙumi ( azalai ) daga Taoudenni sune wasu daga cikin na ƙarshe da har yanzu ke aiki a [[Sahara|Hamadar Sahara]] . A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, a lokacin mulkin [[Moussa Traoré]], an gina gidan yari a wurin kuma an tilasta wa fursunonin yin aiki a ma'adinai. An rufe gidan yarin a shekarar 1988.

== Haƙar gishiri ==
Al-Sadi ne ya fara ambaton Taoudenni a cikin littafinsa ''Tarikh al-Sudan'', wanda ya rubuta cewa a shekarar 1586 lokacin da sojojin Morocco suka kai hari kan cibiyar hakar gishiri ta Taghaza (150).&amp;nbsp;km arewa maso yammacin Taoudenni) wasu daga cikin masu hakar ma'adinai sun ƙaura zuwa 'Tawdani'. {{Sfn|Hunwick|2003}} A shekarar 1906, sojan Faransa Édouard Cortier ya ziyarci Taoudenni tare da wani rukunin rundunar raƙuma ( méharistes ) kuma ya buga bayanin farko na ma'adinan. {{Sfn|Cortier|1906}} A lokacin, ginin kawai shine Ksar de Smida, wanda ke da bango kewaye da shi tare da ƙaramin ƙofar shiga ɗaya a gefen yamma. Ɓargajen ksar sun kai 600&amp;nbsp;arewa da ginin gidan yarin. &lt;ref&gt;The ruins of the ksar are at &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|22|40|46|N|3|58|49|W|scale:10000}}. A plan of the ksar was published by Cortier in 1906, p. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37752f/f335.r=.langFR 327].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'adinan Taoudenni suna kan gadon wani tsohon tafkin gishiri . Masu hakar ma'adinai suna amfani da gatari mai ɗanɗano don haƙa ramuka, waɗanda yawanci suna da girman 5.&amp;nbsp;m ta 5&amp;nbsp;m tare da zurfin 4&amp;nbsp;m. Masu haƙar ma'adinai sun fara cire 1.5&amp;nbsp;m na yumbu ja mai nauyi, sannan layuka da yawa na gishiri mara inganci kafin ya kai layuka uku na gishiri mai inganci. Ana yanka gishirin zuwa falle marasa tsari waɗanda suke kusan 110&amp;nbsp;cm x 45&amp;nbsp;cm da 5&amp;nbsp;kauri cm kuma yana da nauyin kusan 30&amp;nbsp;kg. Biyu daga cikin manyan layukan suna da kauri da za a iya raba su biyu, ta yadda za a iya samar da sanduna 5 daga layuka uku. Bayan sun cire gishirin daga tushen ramin, masu hakar ma'adinai suna haƙa a kwance don ƙirƙirar ɗakunan tarihi waɗanda za a iya samun ƙarin sanduna daga cikinsu. {{Sfn|Clauzel|1960}}

Yayin da kowace rami ke ƙarewa, wani kuma yana haƙa, haka nan akwai dubban ramuka a faɗin yanki. Tsawon ƙarni, an cire gishiri daga wurare uku daban-daban na magudanar ruwa, inda kowane yanki a jere yake nesa da kudu maso yamma. Ana iya ganin yankuna uku a sarari a hotunan tauraron ɗan adam. A lokacin ziyarar Édouard Cortier a shekarar 1906, yankin haƙar ma'adinai ya kai murabba'in mita 3.&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da ksar; {{Sfn|Cortier|1906}} a shekarun 1950, ma'adinan da ke aiki suna cikin yanki na 5&amp;nbsp;km daga ksar, {{Sfn|Clauzel|1960}} yayin da ma'adinan da ke akwai a nisan 9&amp;nbsp;km. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Papendieck|Papendieck|Schmidt|2007}}. The actives mines in 2007 were located near &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|22|37|5|N|4|2|9|W|scale:100000}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakanin 2007-2008, akwai ƙungiyoyi kusan 350 na masu haƙar ma'adinai, kowace ƙungiya yawanci tana ɗauke da ƙwararren ma'aikacin haƙar ma'adinai tare da ma'aikata 2, wanda ya kai jimillar maza 1,000. Mazan suna zaune a cikin bukkoki na asali waɗanda aka gina daga tubalan gishiri marasa inganci kuma suna aiki a ma'adinai daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu, suna guje wa watanni mafi zafi na shekara, lokacin da kusan 10 daga cikinsu suka rage. {{Sfn|Papendieck|Papendieck|Schmidt|2007}}

Ana jigilar fale-falen a cikin hamada ta hanyar kogin Araouane zuwa [[Timbuktu]] . A da, raƙumi ne ke ɗaukar su koyaushe, amma kwanan nan wasu daga cikin gishirin ana jigilar su ta hanyar manyan motoci masu ƙafafu huɗu.  Ta hanyar raƙumi, tafiyar zuwa Timbuktu tana ɗaukar kimanin makonni uku, inda kowane raƙumi ke ɗauke da fale-falen guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin da aka saba da shi shine ga kowane fale-falen guda huɗu da aka kai Timbuktu, ɗaya na masu hakar ma'adinai ne, sauran ukun kuma ana biyan masu raƙumi. {{Sfn|Clauzel|1960}}

Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, an jigilar gishirin a cikin manyan ayarin raƙuma guda biyu ( azalaï ), ɗaya ya bar Timbuktu a farkon Nuwamba da kuma na biyu ya bar Timbuktu a ƙarshen Maris, a ƙarshen kakar wasa. {{Sfn|Miner|1953}} Horace Miner, wani masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka wanda ya shafe watanni bakwai a garin, ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 1939-40, ayarin hunturu ya ƙunshi raƙuma sama da 4,000 kuma jimlar yawan samar da gishiri ya kai 35,000. {{Sfn|Miner|1953}} Jean Clauzel ya rubuta cewa adadin ayarin da suka isa Timbuktu ya ƙaru daga 10,515 a 1926 zuwa 160,000 (4800 t) a 1957-1958. {{Sfn|Clauzel|1960}} Duk da haka, a farkon shekarun 1970 samarwa ta ragu, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun ya kasance tsakanin 50,000 zuwa 70,000. {{Sfn|Meunier|1980}}

== Kurkuku ==
An gina wani sansanin soja da gidan yari a Taoudenni a shekarar 1969 a zamanin mulkin [[Moussa Traoré]] . {{Sfn|Papendieck|Papendieck|Schmidt|2007}} An yi amfani da gidan yarin don tsare fursunonin siyasa har zuwa shekarar 1988, lokacin da aka rufe shi.  Da yawa daga cikin fursunonin jami'an gwamnati ne waɗanda aka zarge su da shirya makirci ga gwamnatin. {{Sfn|Sangaré|2011}} Fursunoni suna aiki a ma'adinan gishiri kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun mutu. A gabashin ginin gidan yarin akwai makabarta da ke ɗauke da kaburbura 140, waɗanda goma sha biyu ne kawai ke da sunaye. Sun haɗa da: {{Sfn|Papendieck|Papendieck|Schmidt|2007}}

* Yoro Diakité, shugaban gwamnatin wucin gadi ta farko bayan juyin mulkin ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1968, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1973.
* [[Tiécoro Bagayoko]], shugaban hukumar tsaro daga 1968 zuwa 1978, wanda ya mutu a watan Agusta na 1983.
* Kissima Doukara, Ministan Tsaro 1968-1978.
* Youssouf Balla Sylla, shugaban 'yan sanda na 3rd Arrondissement na [[Bamako]] .
* Jean Bolon Samaké, shugaban Gundumar Goundam a shekarar 1969, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1973.

== Yanayi ==
Taoudenni wuri ne mai nisa a yankin da ya fi zafi a duniya, yana da nisan kilomita ɗari da sittin daga wurin da mutane ke zaune mafi kusa da kowane girma. Yankin yana tsakiyar [[Sahara|Hamadar Sahara]], a kudancin Tanezrouft (ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi tsauri a duniya, wanda aka sani da zafi mai tsanani da bushewa), kuma yana da nau'in yanayin hamada mai zafi ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|nau'in yanayi na Köppen]] ''BWh'' ). Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi, mai tsananin bushewa tare da hasken rana mara karewa duk tsawon shekara. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya wuce digiri 40&amp;nbsp;°C (104)&amp;nbsp;°F) daga watan Afrilu zuwa Satumba kuma ya kai kololuwar 47.9&amp;nbsp;°C (118.2)&amp;nbsp;°F) a watan Yuli, mafi girman darajar irin wannan tsayin sama da matakin teku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=contemporain |first=Centre pour l'étude des problèmes du monde musulman |year=1960 |title=Correspondance d'Orient |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0K8sAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Sahara+climate+amplitude+Bilma |access-date=12 September 2017 |publisher= |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin sanyi kuma yana da zafi sosai idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mai yawa yana kusa da 27&amp;nbsp;°C (80.6)&amp;nbsp;°F) a cikin watan da ya fi sanyi. Matsakaicin zafin rana na shekara-shekara yana kusa da 29&amp;nbsp;°C (84.2)&amp;nbsp;°F) kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara shine 37.8&amp;nbsp;°C (100.0)&amp;nbsp;°F), ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 1&amp;nbsp;cm (0.39)&amp;nbsp;a) da kuma 2&amp;nbsp;cm (0.78)&amp;nbsp;a) wanda galibi yana faɗuwa daga watan Yuli zuwa Satumba saboda tasirin Yankin Haɗin Kan Yankin Tsakiyar Yanayi akan yanayinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climat Teghaza: Diagramme climatique, Courbe de température, Table climatique pour Teghaza - Climate-Data.org |url=http://fr.climate-data.org/location/720805/ |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=fr.climate-data.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsakaici, Taoudenni yana ganin awanni 3,700 na hasken rana mai haske a kowace shekara, tare da kashi 84% na sa'o'in rana suna da rana. Wurin kuma yana cikin ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi bushewa a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Holocene climatic evolution at 22–23°N from two palaeolakes in the Taoudenni area (Northern Mali) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222018849 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Taudeni kwarin
* Taghaza
* Chenachène

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ƙungiyar Ciwon Down ta Kasa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351243707|National Down Syndrome Society]]&quot;</comment>
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National Down Syndrome Society ('''NDSS''') kungiya ce ta Amurka wacce ke ba da tallafi ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down, iyalansu, abokai, malamai, da abokan aiki, kuma tana ilimantar da jama'a game da cutar Down. Manufar NDSS ita ce ta zama babbar [[Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan'adam|Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam]] ga duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mission &amp; Vision |url=http://www.ndss.org/About-NDSS/Mission-Vision/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012609/https://www.ndss.org/our-story/mission/ |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=2017-01-11 |website=National Down Syndrome Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Betsy Goodwin da Arden Moulton ne suka kafa NDSS. An haifi 'yar Goodwin, Carson a shekarar 1978 tare da Down Syndrome . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hennessey |first=David |last2=Writer |first2=Staff |date=2011-09-24 |title=State girl with Down syndrome to be featured in Times Square video |url=https://www.ctpost.com/local/article/State-girl-with-Down-syndrome-to-be-featured-in-2186303.php |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=Connecticut Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyaye ba da daɗewa ba sun gano cewa tallafi da albarkatun da ke akwai ga iyaye da ke fama da cutar Down sun kasance masu iyaka. Goodwin da Arden sun kirkiro NDSS, wanda ya sami matsayin hukuma mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1979. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Down Syndrome Society |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/13-2992567 |access-date=2021-06-29 |website=GuideStar}}&lt;/ref&gt; National Down Syndrome Society ta yi hasashen &quot;duniya inda duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down suna da damar inganta ingancin rayuwarsu, fahimtar burinsu na rayuwa kuma su zama mambobi masu daraja na al'ummomin maraba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Mission |url=https://www.ndss.org/our-story/mission/ |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=National Down Syndrome Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankunan shirye-shirye ==
NDSS tana mai da hankali kan abubuwa huɗu na shirye-shirye don inganta ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke fama da cutar Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=National Down Syndrome Society - Brochure |url=https://ardownsyndrome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NDSS-Brochure.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326050047/https://ardownsyndrome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NDSS-Brochure.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2020 |access-date=26 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Cibiyar Manufofin Kasa ta haifar da canji na tsari ta hanyar manufofin majalisa.
* Shirin Buddy Walk na kasa yana girmamawa da kuma murna da mutane da ke fama da cutar Down a cikin al'ummominsu.
* Shirye-shiryen Sanarwar Jama'a suna kawo sabbin gabatarwa masu kyau na ciwon Down ga jama'a.
* Shirye-shiryen Al'umma suna ba da bayanai da albarkatu game da cutar Down.

== Sauran Shirye-shiryen ==

* NDSS tana gudanar da gabatarwar bidiyo ta Times Square ta shekara-shekara don nuna mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down da inganta karɓa da hadawa. Kimanin mutane 500 daga ko'ina cikin duniya ana yin bikin a kowace shekara, a Times Square, yayin gabatarwar bidiyo na sa'a daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Times Square Video Presentation |url=https://www.ndss.org/play/national-buddy-walk-program/new-york-city-buddy-walk/times-square-video-presentation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330153303/https://www.ndss.org/play/national-buddy-walk-program/new-york-city-buddy-walk/times-square-video-presentation/ |archive-date=30 March 2021 |website=National Down Syndrome Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* NDSS ta sami karbuwa saboda ajanda ta &quot;National Advocacy &amp; Policy Center&quot;. Kungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta NDSS ta rubuta don zartar da dokoki da aka nufa don taimakawa mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down su shawo kan kalubalen da aka bayyana. Wannan ya haɗa da lissafin 2021 wanda aka gabatar da shi da ake kira &quot;Charlotte Woodward Organ Transplant Prevention Act&quot;. Manufar Dokar ita ce ta hana nuna bambanci a matakin Jiha da Tarayya, akan mutanen da ke fama da Down Syndrome.
* NDSS ta yi aiki tare da Matel a kan yar tsana ta farko ta Barbie tare da Down Syndrome a cikin 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maslow |first=Nick |date=25 April 2023 |title=Barbie Debuts First Doll with Down Syndrome to 'Counter Social Stigma Through Play' |url=https://people.com/human-interest/barbie-debuts-first-doll-with-down-syndrome/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=People Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shafin yanar gizo na Jama'a ==
A watan Janairun 2019, NDSS ta ba da yanar gizo na jama'a kyauta kan sauƙin sadarwa da [[Christine Ashby]] ta gudanar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vyse |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Vyse |date=16 January 2019 |title=National Down Syndrome Society Promotes Communication Pseudoscience |url=https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/national_down_syndrome_society_promotes_communication_pseudoscience |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117174133/https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/national_down_syndrome_society_promotes_communication_pseudoscience |archive-date=17 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019 |website=Skeptical Inquirer |publisher=Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan hanyar sadarwa ta dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa mutane da yawa da ba su iya magana kuma ba su da rauni, amma kawai ba su iya samar da sauti don magana ba. Mataimakin ko &quot;mai ba da taimako&quot; yana taimakawa ta hanyar jagorantar hannun mutumin da ba ya magana akan keyboard. Yawancin gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu da bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa mai gabatarwa shine ainihin wanda ke buga, ba mutumin da ke da nakasa ba. Stuart Vyse, yana ba da rahoto ga Skeptical Inquirer, ya yi sharhi cewa &quot;Ganin aikin NDSS na kasancewa 'Babban kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ga duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down,' ba abin mamaki ba ne kungiyar ke tallafawa hanyar sadarwa da [Christy] Ashby [PhD] ya bayyana a matsayin 'dama na ɗan adam da haƙƙin farar hula.' Duk da haka, abin takaici ne cewa ƙungiyar kare lafiyar Down tana inganta tsarin imani akan hanyoyin da suka danganci da ke aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Taron Kasa na Ciwon Down</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311925395|National Down Syndrome Congress]]&quot;</comment>
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National Down Syndrome Congress ('''NDSC''') kungiya ce ta kasa da ba ta riba ba wacce ke ba da bayanai ga mutane, iyalai, da masu ba da kiwon lafiya  da tallafi  game da Ciwon Down, da kuma ba da shawara tare da kuma a madadin mutanen da ke fama da Ciwon Down. 

NDSC tana ba da kyauta, bayanai na zamani game da dukkan fannoni na rayuwa tare da ciwon Down. Har ila yau, kungiyar tana kula da manufofin jama'a da ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta majalisa a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]].

== Tarihi ==
NDSC ta fito ne daga tarurruka da Arc na Amurka ta gudanar, kuma an kafa NDSC a hukumance a 1973. Ita ce ƙungiya ta farko da ta mai da hankali musamman kan bukatun mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down, maimakon ƙarancin hankali ko ƙarancin fahimta. Kodayake asalinsa yana cikin Illinois, hedkwatar ƙasa yanzu tana cikin Atlanta, Jojiya.

A cikin 2020, an zabi Shauntel Neal-Howe, na Spring, Texas, a matsayin shugaban kungiyar. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, David Tolleson ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDSC.org History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History &amp;#124; National Down Syndrome Congress |url=http://www.ndsccenter.org/?page_id=33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817083414/http://www.ndsccenter.org/?page_id=33 |archive-date=2011-08-17 |access-date=2011-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Shugabannin da suka gabata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Matsayi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sunan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Gida
|-
|1973–1976
|Pete Starr
|Owings Mills, Maryland
|-
|1976–1977
|Dokta Sig Pueschel
|Gabashin Greenwich, Rhode Island
|-
|1977–1978
|Robert Glasgow
|[[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]
|-
|1978–1979
|Lucille Msall
|Oak Park, Illinois
|-
|1979–1982
|Diane Crutcher
|Al'ada, Illinois
|-
|1982–1985
|Tom O'Neill
|Fort Wayne, Indiana
|-
|1985–1988
|Frank Murphy
|[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]]
|-
|1988–1990
|Kathleen Marafino
|[[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]]
|-
|1990–1993
|Michal Clark
|Bakersfield, California
|-
|1993–1996
|Maureen Babula
|Phillipsburg, New Jersey
|-
|1996–2000
|Betty Hersey
|[[Dallas]], [[Texas]]
|-
|2000–2001
|Jo Ann Simons
|Shirin da ke cikin ruwa
|-
|2001–2002
|Kathleen Marafino
|Cicero, New York
|-
|2002–2005
|Judy Martz
|Littleton, Colorado
|-
|2005–2008
|Mai arziki Robison
|Sudbury, Massachusetts
|-
|2008–2011
|Brooks Robinson
|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
|-
|2011–2014
|James Faber
|Abin tunawa, Colorado
|-
|2014–2017
|Dokta Marilyn Tolbert
|[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], Texas
|-
|2017–2020
|Dokta Kishore Vellody
|Pittsburgh, [[Pennsylvania]]
|-
|2020–
|Shauntel Neal-Howe
|Lokacin bazara, Texas
|-
|}

== Taron ==
Kowace shekara, NDSC tana karbar bakuncin [http://www.ndsccenter.org/?page_id=60 taron] mafi girma a duniya ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down da iyalansu. An canza taron na 2020 zuwa tsarin kama-da-wane saboda annobar COVID-19. Za a gudanar da taron 2021 a ranar 8-11 ga Yuli a Phoenix, Arizona. Taron yana da manyan abubuwa huɗu - Babban Taron, don iyaye da sauran 'yan uwa, da kuma masu sana'a waɗanda ke aiki a fagen nakasassu; Taron Matasa da Manya, don matasa da manya da ke fama da cutar Down; Taron 'Yan'uwa da'uwa, don' yan uwa masu zuwa makaranta; da kuma, sansanin yara, don yara da ke da cutar Down da ba tare da ita ba. The Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group - Amurka yawanci tana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara tare da Yarjejeniyar NDSC.

Taron ya kawo sanannun masu bincike da masana a duniya kan cutar Down da ilimi don yin magana da iyaye game da batutuwa daban-daban a duk tsawon rayuwarsu daga abinci mai gina jiki na jarirai da ilimin yara ta hanyar sauye-sauyen makaranta sakandare da sanya aiki ta hanyar tsufa da batutuwan abinci mai gina ciki. Waƙoƙin ilmantarwa sun haɗa da zaman ga 'yan uwa masu girma da kuma ga iyalai tare da memba wanda ke da cutar Down syndrome da kuma cutar autism. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, halartar taron ya kasance kusan 4,000, tare da masu halarta daga yawancin jihohin Amurka, da kasashe da yawa.

A cikin tarihinta, Yarjejeniyar Shekara-shekara ta NDSC ta motsa a Amurka.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Wuraren Taron &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Convention History and Awards &amp;#124; National Down Syndrome Congress |url=https://www.ndsccenter.org/convention-history-and-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Shekara
!Birni
|-
|1973
|Anaheim, [[California]]
|-
|1974
|Washington, DC
|-
|1975
|Las Vegas, [[Nevada]]
|-
|1976
|[[Indiana|Indiya]]&quot; id=&quot;mwvw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Indianapolis&quot;&gt;Indianapolis, Indiana
|-
|1977
|[[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]
|-
|1978
|[[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]
|-
|1979
|Atlanta, Georgia
|-
|1980
|St. Louis, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]]
|-
|1981
|Portland, Oregon
|-
|1982
|Birnin [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
|-
|1983
|Providence, Rhode Island
|-
|1984
|[[San Antonio]], Texas
|-
|1985
|Anaheim, California
|-
|1986
|Wichita, Kansas
|-
|1987
|Washington, DC
|-
|1988
|Cincinnati, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]]
|-
|1989
|[[Denver]], [[Colorado]]
|-
|1990
|[[Tennessee]]&quot; id=&quot;mw-g&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Memphis, Tennessee&quot;&gt;Memphis, Tennessee
|-
|1991
|Boston, Massachusetts
|-
|1992
|Atlanta, Georgia
|-
|1993
|Anaheim, California
|-
|1994
|Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]]
|-
|1995
|Washington, DC
|-
|1996
|Miami Beach, [[Florida]]
|-
|1997
|Phoenix, Arizona
|-
|1998
|Dallas, Texas
|-
|1999
|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
|-
|2000
|Washington, DC
|-
|2001
|An soke shi saboda [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NDSC.org History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History &amp;#124; National Down Syndrome Congress |url=http://www.ndsccenter.org/?page_id=33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817083414/http://www.ndsccenter.org/?page_id=33 |archive-date=2011-08-17 |access-date=2011-02-24}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110817083414/http://www.ndsccenter.org/?page_id=33 &quot;History &amp;#x7C; National Down Syndrome Congress&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.ndsccenter.org/?page_id=33 the original] on 2011-08-17&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2011-02-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2002
|Denver, Colorado
|-
|2003
|[[Philadelphia|Filadelfia]], Pennsylvania
|-
|2004
|Minneapolis, Minnesota
|-
|2005
|Anaheim, California
|-
|2006
|Atlanta, Georgia
|-
|2007
|Birnin Kansas, Missouri
|-
|2008
|[[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]
|-
|2009
|Sakramento, California
|-
|2010
|Orlando, Florida
|-
|2011
|[[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]]
|-
|2012
|[[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]
|-
|2013
|[[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]
|-
|2014
|Indianapolis, Indiana
|-
|2015
|[[Phoenix|Phoenix, Arizona]]
|-
|2016
|Orlando, Florida
|-
|2017
|Sacramento, California
|-
|2018
|Dallas, Texas
|-
|2019
|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
|-
|2020
|Taron da ke wurin zama
|-
|2021
|Sabuwar Rana
|-
|2022
|[[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]]
|-
|2023
|Orlando, Florida
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ciwon Down na Scotland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858279</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:39:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233992098|Down's Syndrome Scotland]]&quot;</comment>
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Down's Syndrome [[Scotland]] ƙungiya ce mai ba da agaji a Scotland wacce ke aiki don inganta ingancin rayuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Jill |date=11 April 2024 |title=40th celebrations for members of Down's Syndrome Scotland's central branch |url=https://www.falkirkherald.co.uk/news/people/40th-celebrations-for-members-of-downs-syndrome-scotlands-central-branch-4588119 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=[[Falkirk Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi rajista sadaka a Scotland tun 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OSCR {{!}} Charity Details |url=https://www.oscr.org.uk/about-charities/search-the-register/charity-details?number=SC011012 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.oscr.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Membobin sun hada da mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down, iyalai, da masu sana'a. Kungiyar agaji tana ba da bayanai, tallafi da shawara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liptrott |first=Sharon |date=7 June 2024 |title=Charity football tournament raises £1,500 for charity |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/annan-charity-football-tournament-raises-32956665 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Daily Record |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=Desperate mum threatened to harm daughter in bid for help, Covid inquiry told |url=https://news.stv.tv/east-central/desperate-mum-threatened-to-harm-daughter-in-bid-for-help-covid-inquiry-told |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=STV News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Down's Syndrome Scotland yana ba da bayanai, kuma yana buga takardu da sauran wallafe-wallafe. Tana da rassa shida na gida inda mutane ke aiki tare da malamai, likitoci, da sauran masu sana'a. Sun kuma shirya abubuwan da suka faru, bita, da horo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Down syndrome Scotland Website Services |url=https://www.dsscotland.org.uk/our-services/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.dsscotland.org.uk Ofishin Kasa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512002624/http://www.downswest.org.uk/ Ofishin reshe na Yammacin Scotland - shafin da ba na hukuma ba]
{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Ƙungiyar Ciwon Down</title>
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    <id>157828</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:41:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346859197|Down's Syndrome Association]]&quot;</comment>
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The Down's Syndrome Association ('''DSA''') wata kungiya ce ta sadaka ta Burtaniya wacce ta bayyana kanta a matsayin kungiya daya tilo a Burtaniya wacce ke mai da hankali ne kawai kan dukkan fannoni na rayuwa cikin nasara tare da cutar Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/about-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030035133/http://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/about-us.html |archive-date=30 October 2008 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Down's Syndrome Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar ta bayyana manufarta a matsayin: samar da bayanai da tallafi ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down, iyalansu da masu kula da su, da kuma masu sana'a da ke aiki tare da su; don yin ƙoƙari don inganta ilimin yanayin; da kuma kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke da cutar Down. &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/about-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030035133/http://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/about-us.html |archive-date=30 October 2008 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Down's Syndrome Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rex Brinkworth ne ya kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1970 &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quemby |first=Shirley |date=Spring 1999 |title=Obituary of Rex Brinkworth |journal=Down's Syndrome Association Newsletter |volume=90}}&lt;/ref&gt; a matsayin kungiya ta gida kuma yanzu tana da mambobi 20,000 da kimanin kungiyoyi 126 na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/about-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030035133/http://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/about-us.html |archive-date=30 October 2008 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Down's Syndrome Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedkwatar ta tana a Cibiyar Langdon Down, tsohon Asibitin Normansfield, wanda John Langdon Down ya gina a matsayin asibiti mai zaman kansa, &quot;Uba na Down's Syndrome&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;LDC-Normansfield&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brain (née Langdon Down) |first=Stella |title=Normansfield |url=http://www.langdondowncentre.org.uk/history2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322212306/http://www.langdondowncentre.org.uk/history2.php |archive-date=22 March 2010 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Langdon Down Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyar Langdon Down ta haɗa da Gidan Tarihi na Langdon Down na Naƙasassun Ilimi game da tarihin kula da mutanen da ke da nakasa, da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Normansfield.

Tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Kevin Kilbane, wanda 'yarsa ta fari tana da ciwon Down, ita ce mai kula da sadaka.

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/}}
*  
{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Ranar Ciwon Cutar Duniya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858281</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:42:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351999415|World Down Syndrome Day]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Congressos._Seminários._Palestras_(25341812213).jpg|thumb|Bikin Ranar Ciwon Cutar Duniya a Brazil]]
'''Ranar Ciwon Cutar Duniya''' ('''WDSD''') ana yin alama a kowace shekara a ranar 21 ga Maris, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2023 |title=Getting ready for World Down Syndrome Day 2020 - 21/03/2020 00:00:00 |url=https://www.ds-int.org/event/world-down-syndrome-day-2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702001949/https://www.ds-int.org/event/world-down-syndrome-day-2020 |archive-date=2019-07-02 |access-date=2019-07-02 |publisher=Down Syndrome International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tun daga 2007. An zaɓi ranar 21 ga Maris (wata ta 3 ta shekara) don nuna bambancin sau uku (trisomy) na chromosome na 21 wanda ke haifar da Ciwon Down. Babban Taron [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya yanke shawarar kiyaye shi kowace shekara tun 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Down Syndrome Day |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/down-syndrome-day |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kowace shekara a ranar 21 ga Maris, ana kiyaye Ranar Ciwon Down ta Duniya don haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da ciwon Down. Yanayi ne wanda aka haifi yaro tare da ƙarin chromosome na 21.

== Ayyuka da tunawa ==
Ayyuka na yau da kullun shine sanya takalma masu launi ko marasa daidaituwa, don nuna goyon baya ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-30 |title=Children wear colourful socks on World Down Syndrome Day |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/children-wear-colourful-socks-on-world-down-syndrome-day.706014 |access-date=2021-12-02 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Socks suna da siffar kamar chromosomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

An kirkiro wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, ''Freebird'', don gane Ranar Ciwon Ruwa ta Duniya a cikin 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zahed |first=Ramin |date=2021-11-18 |title=Sketches from a Full-Color Life: 'Freebird' Filmmakers on Creating Their Touching Neurodiversity Short |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/animated-people/sketches-from-a-full-color-life-freebird-filmmakers-on-creating-their-touching-neurodiversity-short/ |access-date=2021-12-02 |website=Animation Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din, wanda [[Michael Joseph McDonald]] ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni, [[Jordan Hart (musician)|Jordan Hart]] ne ya saita shi zuwa waƙar, &quot;Freedom&quot;, kuma ya lashe bikin fina-finai na yara na Chicago a shekarar 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Official website|https://www.worlddownsyndromeday.org/}}
* [http://www.ds-int.org Shafin yanar gizon Down Syndrome na Duniya]
* [https://www.un.org/en/observances/down-syndrome-day Shafukan yanar gizo na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Duniya]
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  <page>
    <title>Michelle Whitten</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858282</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:44:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356288882|Michelle Whitten]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Michelle Sie Whitten''' 'yar Amurka ce mai zaman kanta, wacce ita ce co-kafa kuma babban darakta na Gidauniyar Ciwon Syndrome ta Duniya a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]] . 

Whitten ta fara Gidauniyar Ciwon Down ta Duniya tare da iyayenta, Anna da John J. Sie, wanda ya kafa Starz, a cikin 2003, jim kadan bayan haihuwar 'yarta, Sophia Kay Whitten, wacce ke da ciwon Down. &lt;ref name=&quot;Denver Post&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2013 |title=Michelle Sie Whitten is devoted to family, Down Syndrome Foundation |url=https://www.denverpost.com/lifestyles/ci_24272949/michelle-sie-whitten-is-devoted-family-down-syndrome |access-date=2014-09-11 |publisher=[[The Denver Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2005, Whitten ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na Gidauniyar Anna da John J. Sie (AJSF), daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kudade don bincike da shirye-shiryen Down syndrome, da kuma kula da lafiya.

== Ilimi ==
Whitten tana da digiri na MA a cikin nazarin yanki (Gabas ta Asiya) da kuma takardar shaidar digiri a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci, duka a [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. Tana da digiri na biyu a cikin karatun Asiya a Jami'ar Tufts kuma ta yi karatun Mandarin a Jami'an Peking .

== Ayyuka ==
Ta yi aiki a masana'antar kebul daga 1993 har zuwa 2005. Whitten ya kasance Shugaba kuma Shugaba na Encore International, Inc., sannan kuma hannun China na Liberty Media Corporation . 

== Kyaututtuka ==
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Whitten ta sami lambar yabo ta fitaccen ɗan kasuwa da kuma lambar yabo ta mata a cikin Cable &amp; Telecommunications Walk of Fame da kuma lambar girmamawa ta 40 Under 40.

Don aikinta a madadin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon Down, Whitten ta sami lambar yabo ta ICON ta 2011 don Be Beautiful Be Yourself Fashion Show, lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa, lambar yabo ce ta Rainbow of Hope ta 2010 daga Keshet na Rockies, lambar yabo da ta Ci gaban Frances Owens Family Involvement ta 2009, lambar yabo ta Musamman ta Ciwon Down Syndrome ta Kasa ta 2007, da kuma lambar yabo ta 2007 Arc Thrift Community Leadership.&lt;ref name=&quot;Denver Post&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan jirgi ==
Whitten yana zaune a kan allon ARC Thrift na Colorado, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of directors |url=http://www.arcthrift.com/mission/board_of_directors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015034500/http://www.arcthrift.com/mission/board_of_directors.html |archive-date=2011-10-15 |access-date=2012-09-06 |publisher=ARC Thrift of Colorado}}&lt;/ref&gt; Challenge Day Denver, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of directors |url=https://sites.google.com/site/challengedenverweb/advisory-board |access-date=2012-09-06 |publisher=Challenge Day Denver}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Cibiyar Linda Crnic don Ciwon Down. 

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Rikici na 2014 game da maye gurbin Thai</title>
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    <id>157831</id>
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      <id>858283</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:45:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332748026|2014 Thai surrogacy controversy]]&quot;</comment>
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A watan Yulin 2014, wata mace ta Thai, Pattaramon Chanbua, ta nemi tara kudi ga ɗanta mai fama da rashin lafiya, Gammy. An hayar ta a matsayin mahaifiyar maye gurbin ta ta hanyar ma'aurata na Australiya, David John Farnell da Wenyu Wendy Li, kuma yaron ya kasance a cikin kulawarta tun watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, lokacin da Farnell da Li suka bar Thailand tare da 'yar uwar tagwaye ta Gammy, Pipah . 

Chanbua ta yi iƙirarin cewa lokacin da sakamakon ultrasound watanni bakwai a cikin ciki na maye gurbin ya nuna cewa Chanbua tana ɗauke da tagwayen kuma ɗayan tagwayen, yaro, yana da Ciwon Down, Farnell da Li sun nemi ta zubar da shi, kuma za su riƙe 'yar'uwar tagwayen yaron kawai. Chanbua ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta ki, tana mai da hankali ga imanin Addinin Buddha, kuma a maimakon haka ta zaɓi tayar da yaron (mai suna Gammy) da kanta. Farnell da Li sun yi iƙirarin cewa an gaya musu ne kawai game da Pipah, 'yar'uwar tagwaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-08-04 |title=Conflicting claims over Thai surrogate baby case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28636126 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farnells sun koma Ostiraliya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, tare da Pipah.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Bayan labarin ya fashe ga kafofin watsa labarai, masu ba da gudummawa sun tara asusun sama da A $  don taimakawa Gammy.

Wannan lamari ya haifar da tambayoyi game da ka'idojin maye gurbin juna biyu. Gaskiyar cewa David Farnell mai aikata laifukan jima'i ne (an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku a shekarar 1997 saboda cin zarafin 'yan mata biyu masu shekaru bakwai da goma) ya kuma haifar da gardama.&lt;ref name=&quot;newsau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2014 |title=Baby Gammy's sister Jane Farnell defends paedophile dad |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/baby-gammys-sister-jane-farnell-defends-paedophile-dad/story-fncynjr2-1227023252933 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819114123/http://www.news.com.au/national/baby-gammys-sister-jane-farnell-defends-paedophile-dad/story-fncynjr2-1227023252933 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |publisher=News Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, akwai jita-jita cewa Farnells sun yi imanin cewa Gammy ya mutu, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne; 'yar David Farnell ce daga aurensa na farko da ta yi iƙirarin cewa Gammy ta mutu kuma ta yi haka ne saboda ta yi tunanin zai fi sauƙi a bayyana shi ga abokanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;smh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Shanelle |date=13 August 2014 |title='I thought it would be easier to say Gammy died': Farnell daughter |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/i-thought-it-would-be-easier-to-say-gammy-died-farnell-daughter-20140813-103gs2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906103042/http://www.smh.com.au/national/i-thought-it-would-be-easier-to-say-gammy-died-farnell-daughter-20140813-103gs2.html |archive-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=Fairfax Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mayar da martani ga gardamar, hukumomin Thai sun ruwaito sun haramta jarirai masu maye gurbin barin kasar tare da iyayensu. An bayar da rahoton cewa daruruwan ma'aurata na kasashen waje sun kamu da cutar. An kuma rubuta wata doka da ta sanya maye gurbin kasuwanci laifi ne a Thailand.

Tun daga ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, Thailand ta haramta baƙi daga shirye-shiryen kwangilar maye gurbin haihuwa, a karkashin Dokar Kare Yara da aka haifa daga Dokar Fasahar Taimako. Ma'aurata masu ma'aurata ne kawai a matsayin mazauna Thailand ana ba su damar samun yarjejeniyar maye gurbin kasuwanci. A baya, Thailand sanannen wuri ne na yawon shakatawa na haihuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Thai surrogacy law bans foreigners |url=http://www.news.com.au/world/breaking-news/new-thai-surrogacy-law-bans-foreigners/story-e6frfkui-1227465560844 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801222555/http://www.news.com.au/world/breaking-news/new-thai-surrogacy-law-bans-foreigners/story-e6frfkui-1227465560844 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=5 August 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 August 2015 |title=Thailand bans commercial surrogacy for LGBTs, singles, foreigners |url=http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2015/08/thailand-bans-commercial-surrogacy-for-lgbts-singles-foreigners/ |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata kungiyar agaji da ke da hannu a cikin shari'ar ta bayyana cewa David Farnell ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami damar samun kuɗin da aka tara don Gammy. Koyaya, binciken da aka yi game da hulɗar Farnell da Li da 'yarsa ta hukumomin Australiya sun gano cewa babu wata hujja da za ta ba da shawarar Farnell ya taɓa ƙoƙarin samun kuɗin da aka ware don Gammy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Safi |first=Michael |date=14 April 2016 |title=Baby Gammy's twin can stay with Australian couple despite father's child sex offences |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/apr/14/baby-gammys-twin-sister-stays-with-western-australian-couple-court-orders |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an sami Farnell da Li sun yi ƙoƙari su kawo Gammy gida, amma mahaifiyar maye gurbin da farko tana da ƙiyayya kuma ta yi niyyar karɓar Gammy ba tare da Farnell daLi ba, don haka sun bar Gammy a baya a cikin rikice-rikice na al'adu da shingen harshe.

An yanke hukuncin cewa ba a yarda Pipah ta kasance kadai tare da David Farnell ba, kuma tare da yarjejeniyar cewa dole ne a karanta ta littafin hoto tare da harshen da ya dace da shekaru a kowane watanni uku don makomar da za a iya gani wanda ya bayyana laifuffukan mahaifinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Paige |date=April 15, 2016 |title=Gammys dad sex offender David Farnell Granted Custody |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/gammys-dad-sex-offender-david-farnell-granted-custody/news-story/11bda4f050f12da08aade51f4c613b4b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407064052/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/gammys-dad-sex-offender-david-farnell-granted-custody/news-story/11bda4f050f12da08aade51f4c613b4b |archive-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Australian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya aka ba Gammy 'yan asalin Australiya a kan aikace-aikacen Chanbua bisa la'akari da cewa mahaifin Gammy na halitta Australiya ne.

David Farnell ya mutu a watan Yulin 2020, an ruwaito shi daga cutar da ke da alaƙa da asbestos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-15 |title=Baby Gammy's sex offender dad dies |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/david-farnell-father-of-baby-gammy-and-convicted-sex-offender-dies/news-story/5be57b260503c8445f18e168f6ab82e5 |access-date=2020-12-25 |website=NewsComAu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[:de:Google Baby|Google Baby (daga)]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>hyz4mhhq6hefjrj0186lwplwa8yy02a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mai tsananin damuwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858284</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1268772688|Smoothened agonist]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Drugbox|IUPAC_name=3-chloro-N-[(1r,4r)-4-(methylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-[3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzyl]benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide|image=Chemical_structural_formula_of_smoothened_agonist.png|width=250

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A / B            / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=&lt;!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 --&gt;|legal_CA=&lt;!--             / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL         / P       / POM / CD / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=&lt;!-- Identifiers --&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|CAS}}|CAS_number=912545-86-9|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=4XN97SZK4J|CAS_supplemental=&lt;br /&gt; 364590-63-6 (hydrochloride)|ATC_prefix=|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=5284330|ChEBI=138438|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=21541484

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=28|H=28|Cl=1|N=3|O=1|S=1|smiles=ClC1=C(C(N([C@H]2CC[C@H](NC)CC2)CC3=CC=CC(C4=CC=NC=C4)=C3)=O)SC5=CC=CC=C51|StdInChI=1S/C28H28ClN3OS/c1-30-22-9-11-23(12-10-22)32(28(33)27-26(29)24-7-2-3-8-25(24)34-27)18-19-5-4-6-21(17-19)20-13-15-31-16-14-20/h2-8,13-17,22-23,30H,9-12,18H2,1H3/t22-,23-|StdInChIKey=VFSUUTYAEQOIMW-YHBQERECSA-N}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;7&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Smoothened agonist&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;Smoothened agonist&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chemical_structural_formula_of_smoothened_agonist.png|class=dark_mode_safe|250x250px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayyanawa
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|Sunan IUPAC]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;3-chloro-N-[ (1r,4r) -4- (methylamino) cyclohexyl]-N- [3- (pyridin-4-yl) benzyl]benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[CAS Registry Number|Lambar CAS]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span mw:entity=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;commonchemistr&lt;sup&amp;gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=912545-86-9 912545-86-9] Da 364590-63-6 (hydrochloride) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5284330 5284330]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.21541484.html 21541484]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/4XN97SZK4J 4XN97SZK4J]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:138438 CHEBI:138438]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID80415294 DTXSID80415294][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15410188#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Chlorine&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Sulfur&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;490.06&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=ClC1%3DC%28C%28N%28%5BC%40H%5D2CC%5BC%40H%5D%28NC%29CC2%29CC3%3DCC%3DCC%28C4%3DCC%3DNC%3DC4%29%3DC3%29%3DO%29SC5%3DCC%3DCC%3DC51 Hoton hulɗa]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rashin kunya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;ClC1=C (C (N ([C@H]2CC[C@ H] (NC) CC3=CC=CC (C4=CC=NC=C4) =C3) =O) SC5=CC=C51&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C28H28ClN3OS/c1-30-22-9-11-23 (12-10-22) 32 (28 (33) 27-26 (29) 24-7-2-3-8-25 (24) 34-27) 18-19-5-4-6-21 (17-19) 20-13-15-31-16-14-20/h2-8,13-17,22-23,30H,9-12,18H2,1H3/t22-,23-&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Maɓalli: VFSUUTYAEQOIMW-YHBQERECSA-N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
Smoothened agonist ('''SAG''') na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko da aka haɓaka don furotin Smoothenes, &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid23981360&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lewis C, Krieg PA |date=August 2013 |title=Reagents for developmental regulation of Hedgehog signaling |journal=Methods |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=390–397 |doi=10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.08.022 |pmid=23981360}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani muhimmin ɓangare na Hanyar siginar hedgehog, wanda ke da hannu a ci gaban kwakwalwa da kuma samun wasu ayyuka da yawa a cikin jiki.

An nuna agonist mai laushi don taimakawa yaduwa da tsira daga neurons masu tasowa, &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20600593&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bragina O, Sergejeva S, Serg M, Zarkovsky T, Maloverjan A, Kogerman P, Zarkovsky A |date=September 2010 |title=Smoothened agonist augments proliferation and survival of neural cells |journal=Neurosci. Lett. |volume=482 |issue=2 |pages=81–5 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.068 |pmid=20600593 |s2cid=24186568}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma hana raunin kwakwalwa da ke haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22013124&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heine VM, Griveau A, Chapin C, Ballard PL, Chen JK, Rowitch DH |date=October 2011 |title=A small-molecule smoothened agonist prevents glucocorticoid-induced neonatal cerebellar injury |journal=Sci Transl Med |volume=3 |issue=105 |pages=105ra104 |doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.3002731 |pmc=3694585 |pmid=22013124}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da aka yi masa allurar a cikin Cerebellum na jarirai beraye tare da yanayin Down wanda aka haifar, Smoothened agonist ya sami damar motsa ci gaban cerebellum al'ada, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen halayyar da zarar berayen sun girma zuwa balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24005160&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Das I, Park JM, Shin JH, Jeon SK, Lorenzi H, Linden DJ, Worley PF, Reeves RH |date=September 2013 |title=Hedgehog agonist therapy corrects structural and cognitive deficits in a down syndrome mouse model |journal=Sci Transl Med |volume=5 |issue=201 |pages=201ra120 |doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.3005983 |pmc=4006719 |pmid=24005160}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smoothened Agonist ya iya haifar da samar da androgen a cikin ƙwayoyin prostate da ƙwayoyin ƙashi waɗanda suka fi girma fiye da ƙwayohin [[Ciwon daji na prostate]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lubik AA, Nouri M, Truong S, Ghaffari M, Adomat HH, Corey E, Cox ME, Li N, Guns ES, Yenki P, Pham S, Buttyan R |date=2016 |title=Paracrine Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Contributes Significantly to Acquired Steroidogenesis in the Prostate Tumor Microenvironment |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=358–369 |doi=10.1002/ijc.30450 |pmid=27672740 |s2cid=2354209 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da abu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sinadarin sinadarai don juya tsofaffi da tsofaffi na ƙwayoyin ɗan adam zuwa matasa (kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar shekaru na transcriptomic), ba tare da juya su cikin Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yang JH, Petty CA, Dixon-McDougall T, Lopez MV, Tyshkovskiy A, Maybury-Lewis S, Tian X, Ibrahim N, Chen Z, Griffin PT, Arnold M, Li J, Martinez OA, Behn A, Rogers-Hammond R, Angeli S, Gladyshev VN, Sinclair DA |date=July 2023 |title=Chemically induced reprogramming to reverse cellular aging |journal=Aging |volume=15 |issue=13 |pages=5966–5989 |doi=10.18632/aging.204896 |pmc=10373966 |pmid=37437248}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>owqz3algv60qa93v1h5pthd1rzkgtx0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ɗaya daga cikin ƙwanƙwasawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858285</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:48:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344033467|Single transverse palmar crease]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4945" sha1="o1bl2w9182ujlfqxhqtha7e42bxhqra" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Single transverse palmar crease
| synonym       = Simian crease, simian line
| image         = Simian_crease2.jpg
| alt           = 
| caption       = Single transverse palmar crease on an infant's hand
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Medical genetics]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Single_transverse_palmar_crease_adult.jpg|Single transverse palmar crease in an adult
Fayil:Normal_creases_adult.jpg|More common palmar creases in adults
Fayil:Bilateral_single_transverse_palmar_crease.jpg|Bilateral single transverse palmar crease. The single transverse palmar crease is present on both hands of the individual.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
A cikin mutane, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa guda ɗaya ce ƙuƙwasawa ɗaya da ta shimfiɗa a fadin dabino na hannu, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar haɗuwa da ƙuƙukan ƙuƙwanƙwalwa guda biyu. Kodayake ana samun sa akai-akai a cikin mutanen da ke da yanayin kiwon lafiya da yawa, ba a hango wani daga cikin waɗannan yanayin ba tunda ana samun sa a cikin mutanen ba su da yanayin kiwo.

An kiyasta wannan karuwar ta faru a cikin 1.5-3% na yawan jama'a, kodayake ya fi yawa a Gabashin Asiya da 'yan asalin Amurka.  

== Tsohon sunan ==
Saboda yana kama da yanayin da aka saba da shi na simians wadanda ba mutane ba, a baya, ana kiransa simian crease ko simian line. Wadannan kalmomin sun fadi da yawa saboda ma'anar su.

== Muhimmancin kiwon lafiya ==
Ana samun wannan raguwa a cikin kashi 45% na mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down.

Kasancewar dabino guda ɗaya an haɗa shi da yanayin kiwon lafiya da yawa - wato, ana samun shi a sama da mita 1.5%, amma a duk waɗannan yanayi, da yawa ba su da wannan ƙaruwa. Misalan yanayi tare da irin wannan haɗin shine ciwon barasa na jariri da ƙarancin chromosomal, kamar Ciwon Down ([[chromosome 18]]&quot;&gt;chromosome 15&quot;&gt;chromosome 13&quot;&gt;chromosome 12&quot;&gt;chromosome 5&quot;&gt;chromosome 21), ciwon cri du chat (chromesome 5), ciwon Klinefelter, ciwon Wolf-Hirschhorn, Ciwon Noonan (chromomosome 12), ciwon Patau (chromosaome 13), IDIC 15 / Dup15q (chromusome 15LA), Ciwon Edward (chromosoma 18), da Ciwon Aarskog-Scott (X-linked recessive), ko autco).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marquardt |first=Thorsten |last2=Brune |first2=Thomas |last3=Lühn |first3=Kerstin |last4=Zimmer |first4=Klaus-Peter |last5=Körner |first5=Christian |last6=Fabritz |first6=Larissa |last7=Van Der Werft |first7=Natascha |last8=Vormoor |first8=Josef |last9=Freeze |first9=Hudson H. |last10=Louwen |first10=Frank |last11=Biermann |first11=Bettina |last12=Harms |first12=Eric |last13=von Figura |first13=Kurt |last14=Vestweber |first14=Dietmar |last15=Koch |first15=Hans Georg |date=30 June 1999 |title=Leukocyte adhesion deficiency II syndrome, a generalized defect in fucose metabolism |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=681–8 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70281-7 |pmc=7095022 |pmid=10356134}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma bayar da rahoton karuwar dabino guda ɗaya a cikin yanayin maye gurbin chromosome 9 wanda ke haifar da ciwon carcinoma na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da Ciwon Robinow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Olivieri |first=C. |last2=Maraschio |first2=P. |last3=Caselli |first3=D. |last4=Martini |first4=C. |last5=Beluffi |first5=G. |last6=Maserati |first6=E. |last7=Danesino |first7=C. |date=February 2003 |title=Interstitial deletion of chromosome 9, int del(9)(9q22.31-q31.2), including the genes causing multiple basal cell nevus syndrome and Robinow/brachydactyly 1 syndrome |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=100–3 |doi=10.1007/s00431-002-1116-4 |pmid=12548386 |s2cid=10565922}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana samun sa a wasu lokuta a hannun masu fama da Cutar Poland da craniosynostosis.

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 1971 ya karyata ra'ayin cewa motsi na hannu ne ya haifar da lamarin: bayyanar karuwar tana faruwa a kusa da wata na biyu na ciki kafin matakin motsi na dijital a cikin mahaifa ya fara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bali |first=R. S. |last2=Chaube |first2=Ramesh |date=July 1971 |title=On the Formulation of Palmar Creases |journal=Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=121–130 |doi=10.1127/zma/63/1971/121 |jstor=25755944 |pmid=5105808 |s2cid=36961365}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Single_transverse_palmar_crease_adult.jpg|Single transverse palmar crease in an adult
Fayil:Normal_creases_adult.jpg|More common palmar creases in adults
Fayil:Bilateral_single_transverse_palmar_crease.jpg|Bilateral single transverse palmar crease. The single transverse palmar crease is present on both hands of the individual.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rubutun fata

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>o1bl2w9182ujlfqxhqtha7e42bxhqra</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flag Boshielo Dam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858286</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:52:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003214|Flag Boshielo Dam]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="476" sha1="j1cygxc1gb22ig54x2uxxkrhy4al9oj" xml:space="preserve">'''Madatsar ruwan Flag Boshielo''' wani ma'ajiyar ruwa ne da ke kan [[Kogin Olifants (Limpopo)|Kogin Olifants]], kusa da Marble Hall, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1987 kuma an sanya mata suna bayan mai fafutukar kare muhallin [[Flag Boshielo]] .

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>j1cygxc1gb22ig54x2uxxkrhy4al9oj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858287</id>
      <parentid>858286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="488" sha1="4i3yk46v5y0cwa3yfulie9sqcrmz3e7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Madatsar ruwan Flag Boshielo''' wani ma'ajiyar ruwa ne da ke kan [[Kogin Olifants (Limpopo)|Kogin Olifants]], kusa da Marble Hall, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1987 kuma an sanya mata suna bayan mai fafutukar kare muhallin [[Flag Boshielo]] .

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>4i3yk46v5y0cwa3yfulie9sqcrmz3e7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Muhammad Ketso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858289</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:24:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345856757|Ahmed Muhammad Ketso]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2515" sha1="118wm2jpdql3145wadq5vjbih4r4pkl" xml:space="preserve">
[[Alhaji]] '''Ahmed Muhammad Ketso''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Nijar daga 2015 zuwa 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=Ahmed Ketso: Is Niger deputy governor at war with his people? |url=https://dailynigerian.com/ahmed-ketso-is-niger-deputy-governor-at-war-with-his-people/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;((((((((((((2007, he contested for the Niger State House of Assembly and in 2011, he contested for the House of Representatives' seat under the now defunct All Nigeria Peoples Party

An haifi Ketso a ranar 27 ga Yulin 1969 a ƙauyen Ketso a yankin karamar hukuma ta Mokwa na jihar Nijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a 1976 kuma ya wuce a 1981, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karatun sakandare a 1991. Ya sami [[National Diploma (Nigeria)|difloma na kasa]] a Nazarin Kudi a Federal Polytechnic, Bida daga 1995 zuwa 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt;

== Aiyuka ==
A shekara ta 2007, ya yi takara a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Nijar kuma a shekara ta 2011, ya yi takarar kujerar Majalisar Wakilai a karkashin jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP).  A shekara ta 2015, an zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin dan takarar gwamna a karkashin All Progressives Congress a lokacin zaben gwamna na 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt; kuma an sake zabarsa a shekarar 2019. A shekara ta 2023, ya rasa tikitin jam'iyya don yin takara ga matsayin gwamna ga [[Mohammed Umar Bago|Mohammed]] [[:en:Mohammed_Umar_Bago|Umar Bago]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 May 2022 |title=Niger deputy gov loses gov ticket to Reps member |url=https://punchng.com/niger-deputy-gov-loses-gov-ticket-to-reps-member/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>118wm2jpdql3145wadq5vjbih4r4pkl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858291</id>
      <parentid>858289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:25:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>858291</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2333" sha1="nvmpxdy8aef97zj8gvk5ayj4paw333m" xml:space="preserve">
[[Alhaji]] '''Ahmed Muhammad Ketso''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Nijar daga 2015 zuwa 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=Ahmed Ketso: Is Niger deputy governor at war with his people? |url=https://dailynigerian.com/ahmed-ketso-is-niger-deputy-governor-at-war-with-his-people/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Ketso a ranar 27 ga Yulin 1969 a ƙauyen Ketso a yankin karamar hukuma ta Mokwa na jihar Nijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a 1976 kuma ya wuce a 1981, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karatun sakandare a 1991. Ya sami [[National Diploma (Nigeria)|difloma na kasa]] a Nazarin Kudi a Federal Polytechnic, Bida daga 1995 zuwa 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt;

== Aiyuka ==
A shekara ta 2007, ya yi takara a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Nijar kuma a shekara ta 2011, ya yi takarar kujerar Majalisar Wakilai a karkashin jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP).  A shekara ta 2015, an zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin dan takarar gwamna a karkashin All Progressives Congress a lokacin zaben gwamna na 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt; kuma an sake zabarsa a shekarar 2019. A shekara ta 2023, ya rasa tikitin jam'iyya don yin takara ga matsayin gwamna ga [[Mohammed Umar Bago|Mohammed]] [[:en:Mohammed_Umar_Bago|Umar Bago]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 May 2022 |title=Niger deputy gov loses gov ticket to Reps member |url=https://punchng.com/niger-deputy-gov-loses-gov-ticket-to-reps-member/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>nvmpxdy8aef97zj8gvk5ayj4paw333m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858292</id>
      <parentid>858291</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:26:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>858292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2334" sha1="9g67j16311y502zheto9k2941w3rd4v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 '''Ahmed Muhammad Ketso''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Nijar daga 2015 zuwa 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=Ahmed Ketso: Is Niger deputy governor at war with his people? |url=https://dailynigerian.com/ahmed-ketso-is-niger-deputy-governor-at-war-with-his-people/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Ketso a ranar 27 ga Yulin 1969 a ƙauyen Ketso a yankin karamar hukuma ta Mokwa na jihar Nijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a 1976 kuma ya wuce a 1981, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karatun sakandare a 1991. Ya sami [[National Diploma (Nigeria)|difloma na kasa]] a Nazarin Kudi a Federal Polytechnic, Bida daga 1995 zuwa 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt;

== Aiyuka ==
A shekara ta 2007, ya yi takara a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Nijar kuma a shekara ta 2011, ya yi takarar kujerar Majalisar Wakilai a karkashin jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP).  A shekara ta 2015, an zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin dan takarar gwamna a karkashin All Progressives Congress a lokacin zaben gwamna na 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt; kuma an sake zabarsa a shekarar 2019. A shekara ta 2023, ya rasa tikitin jam'iyya don yin takara ga matsayin gwamna ga [[Mohammed Umar Bago|Mohammed]] [[:en:Mohammed_Umar_Bago|Umar Bago]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 May 2022 |title=Niger deputy gov loses gov ticket to Reps member |url=https://punchng.com/niger-deputy-gov-loses-gov-ticket-to-reps-member/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>9g67j16311y502zheto9k2941w3rd4v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858303</id>
      <parentid>858292</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2294" sha1="48dcvisxfl8x7oq11wnpqcnefvf08bu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 '''Ahmed Muhammad Ketso''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Nijar daga 2015 zuwa 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=Ahmed Ketso: Is Niger deputy governor at war with his people? |url=https://dailynigerian.com/ahmed-ketso-is-niger-deputy-governor-at-war-with-his-people/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Ketso a ranar 27 ga Yulin 1969 a ƙauyen Ketso a yankin karamar hukuma ta Mokwa na jihar Nijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a 1976 kuma ya wuce a 1981, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agboola |date=30 August 2015 |title=North-Central’s Quiet Deputy Governors |url=https://dailytrust.com/north-centrals-quiet-deputy-governors/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karatun sakandare a 1991. Ya sami [[National Diploma (Nigeria)|difloma na kasa]] a Nazarin Kudi a Federal Polytechnic, Bida daga 1995 zuwa 1998.

== Aiyuka ==
A shekara ta 2007, ya yi takara a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Nijar kuma a shekara ta 2011, ya yi takarar kujerar Majalisar Wakilai a karkashin jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP).  A shekara ta 2015, an zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin dan takarar gwamna a karkashin All Progressives Congress a lokacin zaben gwamna na 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ketso&quot; /&gt; kuma an sake zabarsa a shekarar 2019. A shekara ta 2023, ya rasa tikitin jam'iyya don yin takara ga matsayin gwamna ga [[Mohammed Umar Bago|Mohammed]] [[:en:Mohammed_Umar_Bago|Umar Bago]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 May 2022 |title=Niger deputy gov loses gov ticket to Reps member |url=https://punchng.com/niger-deputy-gov-loses-gov-ticket-to-reps-member/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Porites nodifera</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314740216|Porites nodifera]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Porites nodifera''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''dome coral''', nau'in murjani ne mai duwatsu a cikin dangin Poritidae . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-03-30 |title=''Porites nodifera'' |url=http://www.arkive.org/stony-coral/porites-nodifera/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306133244/http://www.arkive.org/stony-coral/porites-nodifera/ |archive-date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2013-04-03 |publisher=ARKive}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-06-24 |title=Corals of the World Factsheet and images - ''Porites nodifera'' |url=http://coral.aims.gov.au/speciesPages/species_metadata/0627/view |access-date=2013-04-03 |publisher=coral.aims.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Carl Benjamin Klunzinger, wani likitan Jamus kuma masanin dabbobi da ke aiki a yankin Tekun Bahar Maliya a shekarun 1860, ne ya fara bayyana shi, kuma ya rarraba nau'in halittarsa a shekarun 1870 da 1880.

== Bayyanar ==
''Porites nodifera'' suna da tauri kuma suna girma a cikin tsari mai kama da ginshiƙi zuwa saman ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGregor |first=H. V. |last2=Fischer |first2=M. J. |last3=Gagan |first3=M. K. |last4=Fink |first4=D. |last5=Woodroffe |first5=C. D. |date=2011-07-15 |title=Environmental control of the oxygen isotope composition of Porites coral microatolls |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703711002389 |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |language=en |volume=75 |issue=14 |pages=3930–3944 |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2011.04.017 |issn=0016-7037 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuskar kowane ginshiƙi tana ɗaukar siffar da'ira mai faɗi, kuma murjani yana da santsi sosai. Gabaɗaya, launin murjani ya kama daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Yana kama da ''Porites harrisoni'', wanda sanannen nau'in ''Porites'' ne wanda kuma ake samu a Tekun Farisa ; duk da haka, Porites ''nodifera'' suna samar da ginshiƙai waɗanda suka fi kauri idan aka kwatanta da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=Sam J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
''Porites nodifera'' asalinsa yana yankin arewa maso yammacin Tekun Indiya, ciki har da [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]], [[Tekun Aden]], da Tekun Farisa . Ana samunsa a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, galibi a zurfin ƙasa da {{Convert|5|m|ft}}, amma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft}} zurfi.

Yana jure wa gishirin da ya kai kashi 4.8%, saboda haka ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan da ke da yawan gishiri inda ciyawar teku ke mamaye muhalli. Gishirin wani abu ne da ke iyakance yankunan da ke ƙasan murjani don haka nau'in yana iya mamaye ƙananan yankunan Dahab Reef a Masar musamman, yana samar da nau'in halittu guda ɗaya. Akwai nau'i ɗaya kawai a wannan yanki da ke rayuwa tare a yankin mafi ƙasƙanci na gangaren murjani a adadi kaɗan; millepora sp. Ana iya samun Porites nodifera a yankunan da ke da gishirin ruwan Tekun Ja (4.0-4.2%), amma ba ya mamaye waɗannan yankuna saboda gasa tsakanin wasu nau'ikan murjani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mewis |first=H. |date=2012 |title=Environmentally controlled succession in a late Pleistocene coral reef (Sinai, Egypt) |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00338-012-0968-y.pdf |journal=Coral Reefs |volume=32 |pages=49–58 |doi=10.1007/s00338-012-0968-y |s2cid=253815617 |access-date=2021-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Tekun Farisa, ''Porites nodifera'' da sauran nau'ikan ''Porites'' sune manyan murjani da ke akwai. Wannan na iya faruwa ne sakamakon [[Ruwan murjani|bleaching na murjani]] da ke shafar nau'in murjani ''na Acropora'' zuwa wani babban mataki, da kuma ''Porites'' da ke cike gibin da ke haifar da hakan a cikin reef. 

== Cutar Rawaya ta Larabawa ==
''Porites nodifera'' na iya kamuwa da wata cuta da aka sani da Arab Yellow Band Disease, wacce kuma ake kira AYBD, a rayuwarsu kamar yadda ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin nau'ikan murjani da dama a Tekun Farisa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Sam J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin nau'ikan da suka bambanta AYBD suna da launin rawaya wanda ya kewaye murjani. Wannan launin rawaya yana shiga cikin kyallen da ba su da cutar, ta haka yana kashe kyallen lafiya. Murjani, musamman na nau'in ''Porites nodifera'', suna iya shawo kan AYBD saboda sau da yawa ana ganin yana dakatar da bayyanarsa kuma yana zama mara aiki kafin ya kamu da murjani gaba ɗaya, yana ba murjani damar sake farfaɗo da kansa ta hanyar gina sabbin kwarangwal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Korrubel |first=Jan L. |last2=Riegl |first2=Bernhard |date=1998-03-01 |title=A new coral disease from the southern Arabian Gulf |journal=Coral Reefs |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi=10.1007/s003380050088 |issn=1432-0975 |s2cid=38992272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiyayewa ==
Wannan murjani nau'in ja ne na IUCN Red List wanda ba a damu da shi ba a halin yanzu. Babban barazanar da aka sani ga wannan nau'in ita ce raguwar yawan mazaunin murjani saboda haɗuwar barazanar, gami da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da kuma [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|ƙara yawan acid a cikin teku]] . 

A shekarar 2020, wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tekun Bahar Maliya ya nuna cewa wannan nau'in yana da juriya sosai ga karuwar yanayin zafi na muhalli, kuma wataƙila, wasu nau'ikan za su yi amfani da shi a matsayin mafaka saboda wannan ikon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Osman |first=Eslam O. |year=2020 |title=Coral microbiome composition along the northern Red Sea suggests high plasticity of bacterial and specificity of endosymbiotic dinoflagellate communities |journal=Microbiome |publisher=BMC |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=8 |doi=10.1186/s40168-019-0776-5 |pmc=6996193 |pmid=32008576 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Porites nodifera''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''dome coral''', nau'in murjani ne mai duwatsu a cikin dangin Poritidae . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-03-30 |title=''Porites nodifera'' |url=http://www.arkive.org/stony-coral/porites-nodifera/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306133244/http://www.arkive.org/stony-coral/porites-nodifera/ |archive-date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2013-04-03 |publisher=ARKive}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-06-24 |title=Corals of the World Factsheet and images - ''Porites nodifera'' |url=http://coral.aims.gov.au/speciesPages/species_metadata/0627/view |access-date=2013-04-03 |publisher=coral.aims.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Carl Benjamin Klunzinger, wani likitan Jamus kuma masanin dabbobi da ke aiki a yankin Tekun Bahar Maliya a shekarun 1860, ne ya fara bayyana shi, kuma ya rarraba nau'in halittarsa a shekarun 1870 da 1880.

== Bayyanar ==
''Porites nodifera'' suna da tauri kuma suna girma a cikin tsari mai kama da ginshiƙi zuwa saman ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGregor |first=H. V. |last2=Fischer |first2=M. J. |last3=Gagan |first3=M. K. |last4=Fink |first4=D. |last5=Woodroffe |first5=C. D. |date=2011-07-15 |title=Environmental control of the oxygen isotope composition of Porites coral microatolls |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703711002389 |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |language=en |volume=75 |issue=14 |pages=3930–3944 |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2011.04.017 |issn=0016-7037 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuskar kowane ginshiƙi tana ɗaukar siffar da'ira mai faɗi, kuma murjani yana da santsi sosai. Gabaɗaya, launin murjani ya kama daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Yana kama da ''Porites harrisoni'', wanda sanannen nau'in ''Porites'' ne wanda kuma ake samu a Tekun Farisa ; duk da haka, Porites ''nodifera'' suna samar da ginshiƙai waɗanda suka fi kauri idan aka kwatanta da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=Sam J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
''Porites nodifera'' asalinsa yana yankin arewa maso yammacin Tekun Indiya, ciki har da [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]], [[Tekun Aden]], da Tekun Farisa . Ana samunsa a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, galibi a zurfin ƙasa da {{Convert|5|m|ft}}, amma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft}} zurfi.

Yana jure wa gishirin da ya kai kashi 4.8%, saboda haka ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan da ke da yawan gishiri inda ciyawar teku ke mamaye muhalli. Gishirin wani abu ne da ke iyakance yankunan da ke ƙasan murjani don haka nau'in yana iya mamaye ƙananan yankunan Dahab Reef a Masar musamman, yana samar da nau'in halittu guda ɗaya. Akwai nau'i ɗaya kawai a wannan yanki da ke rayuwa tare a yankin mafi ƙasƙanci na gangaren murjani a adadi kaɗan; millepora sp. Ana iya samun Porites nodifera a yankunan da ke da gishirin ruwan Tekun Ja (4.0-4.2%), amma ba ya mamaye waɗannan yankuna saboda gasa tsakanin wasu nau'ikan murjani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mewis |first=H. |date=2012 |title=Environmentally controlled succession in a late Pleistocene coral reef (Sinai, Egypt) |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00338-012-0968-y.pdf |journal=Coral Reefs |volume=32 |pages=49–58 |doi=10.1007/s00338-012-0968-y |s2cid=253815617 |access-date=2021-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Tekun Farisa, ''Porites nodifera'' da sauran nau'ikan ''Porites'' sune manyan murjani da ke akwai. Wannan na iya faruwa ne sakamakon [[Ruwan murjani|bleaching na murjani]] da ke shafar nau'in murjani ''na Acropora'' zuwa wani babban mataki, da kuma ''Porites'' da ke cike gibin da ke haifar da hakan a cikin reef. 

== Cutar Rawaya ta Larabawa ==
''Porites nodifera'' na iya kamuwa da wata cuta da aka sani da Arab Yellow Band Disease, wacce kuma ake kira AYBD, a rayuwarsu kamar yadda ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin nau'ikan murjani da dama a Tekun Farisa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Sam J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin nau'ikan da suka bambanta AYBD suna da launin rawaya wanda ya kewaye murjani. Wannan launin rawaya yana shiga cikin kyallen da ba su da cutar, ta haka yana kashe kyallen lafiya. Murjani, musamman na nau'in ''Porites nodifera'', suna iya shawo kan AYBD saboda sau da yawa ana ganin yana dakatar da bayyanarsa kuma yana zama mara aiki kafin ya kamu da murjani gaba ɗaya, yana ba murjani damar sake farfaɗo da kansa ta hanyar gina sabbin kwarangwal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Korrubel |first=Jan L. |last2=Riegl |first2=Bernhard |date=1998-03-01 |title=A new coral disease from the southern Arabian Gulf |journal=Coral Reefs |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi=10.1007/s003380050088 |issn=1432-0975 |s2cid=38992272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiyayewa ==
Wannan murjani nau'in ja ne na IUCN Red List wanda ba a damu da shi ba a halin yanzu. Babban barazanar da aka sani ga wannan nau'in ita ce raguwar yawan mazaunin murjani saboda haɗuwar barazanar, gami da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da kuma [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|ƙara yawan acid a cikin teku]] . 

A shekarar 2020, wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tekun Bahar Maliya ya nuna cewa wannan nau'in yana da juriya sosai ga karuwar yanayin zafi na muhalli, kuma wataƙila, wasu nau'ikan za su yi amfani da shi a matsayin mafaka saboda wannan ikon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Osman |first=Eslam O. |year=2020 |title=Coral microbiome composition along the northern Red Sea suggests high plasticity of bacterial and specificity of endosymbiotic dinoflagellate communities |journal=Microbiome |publisher=BMC |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=8 |doi=10.1186/s40168-019-0776-5 |pmc=6996193 |pmid=32008576 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Vukan Savićević</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359055457|Vukan Savićević]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Vukan Savićević''' ( Serbian Cyrillic  ,  ; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Montenegro wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Vojvodina ta Serbian SuperLiga .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Tauraron Red Star Belgrade ===
Savićević ya zama ɗan wasa na ƙungiyar manya yana da shekaru 17. Koci Aleksandar Janković ya yanke shawarar tallata Savićević zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa a farkon kakar wasa ta 2012-13, kuma Savićević ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2012 da Hajduk Kula . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2012 |title=Хајдук – Црвена звезда 0:2 (0:1) |url=http://crvenazvezdafk.com/vesti/izvestaji/6237/Hajduk+%E2%80%93+Crvena+zvezda+0%3A1+%280%3A1%29.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022045937/http://crvenazvezdafk.com/vesti/izvestaji/6237/Hajduk+%E2%80%93+Crvena+zvezda+0%3A1+%280%3A1%29.html |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=FK Crvena zvezda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar Red Star a wasan da suka doke FK Javor Ivanjica da ci 2-1 a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2013. A ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2013, Savićević ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru huɗu da Red Star wadda za ta ci gaba har zuwa 2017. 

=== Slovan Bratislava ===
A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2015, Savićević ya yafe wa Red Star Belgrade kan albashin da ba a biya ba na Yuro 120,000, sannan ya sanya hannu da Slovan Bratislava . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/sport.294.html:561435-Savicevic-oprostio-Zvezdi-dug-i-otisao-u-Slovan] Novosti: ''Savićević oprostio Zvezdi dug i otišao u Slovan'' {{In lang|sr}} August 7, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Vukan_Savićević,_Czech_Rp.-Montenegro_EURO_2020_QR_10-06-2019_(4).jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Savićević yana aiki don Montenegro a cikin 2019]]
Da farko, Savićević ya wakilci Montenegro a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, bayan ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 17  a shekarun 2009 da 2010.  Duk da haka, a shekarar 2012 ya zama memba na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Serbia . 

Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Montenegro wasa a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2015 a wasan share fage da Moldova, inda ya zura ƙwallon da ta ba shi nasara (Montenegro ta yi nasara da ci 1-0). 

An kira Savićević cikin manyan 'yan wasan Montenegro don wasan sada zumunci da Turkiyya a watan Yunin 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FSCG |date=1 October 2015 |title=Međunarodna prijateljska utakmica GRČKA - CRNA GORA / Međunarodna prijateljska utakmica CRNA GORA - BJELORUSIJA |url=http://fscg.me/images/pdf/spisak/spisak-turska.pdf |url-status=dead |language=sr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa wasa a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2017 a wasan sada zumunci da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun Iran . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Montenegro vs. Iran (1:2) |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/17613/Montenegro_Iran.html |access-date=2018-08-30 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Player Database |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=29876 |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=eu-football.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|15 March 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/vukan-savievi/252011/ |title=V.Savicevic| publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

; Tauraro Ja

* Serbian SuperLiga (1): 2013–14

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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'''Vukan Savićević''' ( Serbian Cyrillic  ,  ; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Montenegro wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Vojvodina ta Serbian SuperLiga .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Tauraron Red Star Belgrade ===
Savićević ya zama ɗan wasa na ƙungiyar manya yana da shekaru 17. Koci Aleksandar Janković ya yanke shawarar tallata Savićević zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa a farkon kakar wasa ta 2012-13, kuma Savićević ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2012 da Hajduk Kula . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2012 |title=Хајдук – Црвена звезда 0:2 (0:1) |url=http://crvenazvezdafk.com/vesti/izvestaji/6237/Hajduk+%E2%80%93+Crvena+zvezda+0%3A1+%280%3A1%29.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022045937/http://crvenazvezdafk.com/vesti/izvestaji/6237/Hajduk+%E2%80%93+Crvena+zvezda+0%3A1+%280%3A1%29.html |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=FK Crvena zvezda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar Red Star a wasan da suka doke FK Javor Ivanjica da ci 2-1 a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2013. A ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2013, Savićević ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru huɗu da Red Star wadda za ta ci gaba har zuwa 2017. 

=== Slovan Bratislava ===
A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2015, Savićević ya yafe wa Red Star Belgrade kan albashin da ba a biya ba na Yuro 120,000, sannan ya sanya hannu da Slovan Bratislava . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/sport.294.html:561435-Savicevic-oprostio-Zvezdi-dug-i-otisao-u-Slovan] Novosti: ''Savićević oprostio Zvezdi dug i otišao u Slovan'' {{In lang|sr}} August 7, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Vukan_Savićević,_Czech_Rp.-Montenegro_EURO_2020_QR_10-06-2019_(4).jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Savićević yana aiki don Montenegro a cikin 2019]]
Da farko, Savićević ya wakilci Montenegro a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, bayan ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 17  a shekarun 2009 da 2010.  Duk da haka, a shekarar 2012 ya zama memba na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Serbia . 

Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Montenegro wasa a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2015 a wasan share fage da Moldova, inda ya zura ƙwallon da ta ba shi nasara (Montenegro ta yi nasara da ci 1-0). 

An kira Savićević cikin manyan 'yan wasan Montenegro don wasan sada zumunci da Turkiyya a watan Yunin 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FSCG |date=1 October 2015 |title=Međunarodna prijateljska utakmica GRČKA - CRNA GORA / Međunarodna prijateljska utakmica CRNA GORA - BJELORUSIJA |url=http://fscg.me/images/pdf/spisak/spisak-turska.pdf |url-status=dead |language=sr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa wasa a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2017 a wasan sada zumunci da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun Iran . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Montenegro vs. Iran (1:2) |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/17613/Montenegro_Iran.html |access-date=2018-08-30 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Player Database |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=29876 |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=eu-football.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|15 March 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/vukan-savievi/252011/ |title=V.Savicevic| publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

; Tauraro Ja

* Serbian SuperLiga (1): 2013–14

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disamba 2012 Hadarin jirgin ruwa na bakin haure na Tekun Aden</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289040725|December 2012 Gulf of Aden migrant boat disaster]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2315" sha1="90qeykax3x7sb48znmyx0wyl2g0k0fv" xml:space="preserve">'''Mummunar ambaliyar ruwa ta kwale-kwalen bakin haure a Tekun Aden a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012''' ta faru ne a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2012, a [[Tekun Aden]] da ke gabar tekun arewacin [[Somaliya]], lokacin da wani jirgin ruwa dauke da mutane 60 zuwa [[Yemen]] ya kife jim kadan bayan ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bosaso, inda ya kashe mutane 55.

Jirgin ruwan yana dauke da ma'aikata daga [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da Somaliya, wadanda aka ce suna neman aiki a harkar cinikin turare a Yemen, a cewar wani jami'i a hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=Dozens of migrants dead or lost off Somalia |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/12/2012122016474559137.html |access-date=20 December 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda suka tsira sun ce jirgin ya fara samun matsala kusan nan da nan bayan ya tashi daga Bosaso, &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=Women, child among dead after boat sinks off Somalia |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/20/world/somalia-boat-deaths/ |access-date=20 December 2012 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya nutse mintuna goma sha biyar kacal bayan tashinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mutane 60 da ke cikin jirgin, an gano gawawwaki 23 kafin ranar 20 ga Disamba, inda har yanzu mutane 32 suka bace kuma ana kyautata zaton sun mutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot; /&gt; Sauran fasinjojin, maza biyar 'yan Somaliya, sun tsira daga nutsewar jirgin suka yi iyo zuwa kasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;voa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=UN: 55 Dead in Somalia Boat Capsize |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fifty-five-dead-in-boat-capsize-off-somalia/1568908.html |access-date=20 December 2012 |publisher=Voice of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu akwai mata sama da goma sha biyu da kuma akalla yaro daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt;

A cewar Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya, fasinjoji sun ji rauni a lokacin da suke cikin jirgin; wani wanda ya tsira ya ce ma'aikatan jirgin sun buge fasinjojin don su zauna. &lt;ref name=&quot;voa&quot; /&gt; Hukumar 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce nutsewar jirgin ya kawo jimillar mutanen da suka bace ko kuma aka tabbatar sun mutu a Tekun Aden tsakanin Somaliya da Yemen zuwa 150 a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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''''Mummunar ambaliyar ruwa ta kwale-kwalen bakin haure a Tekun Aden a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012''' ta faru ne a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2012, a [[Tekun Aden]] da ke gabar tekun arewacin [[Somaliya]], lokacin da wani jirgin ruwa dauke da mutane 60 zuwa [[Yemen]] ya kife jim kadan bayan ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bosaso, inda ya kashe mutane 55.

Jirgin ruwan yana dauke da ma'aikata daga [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da Somaliya, wadanda aka ce suna neman aiki a harkar cinikin turare a Yemen, a cewar wani jami'i a hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=Dozens of migrants dead or lost off Somalia |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/12/2012122016474559137.html |access-date=20 December 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda suka tsira sun ce jirgin ya fara samun matsala kusan nan da nan bayan ya tashi daga Bosaso, &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=Women, child among dead after boat sinks off Somalia |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/20/world/somalia-boat-deaths/ |access-date=20 December 2012 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya nutse mintuna goma sha biyar kacal bayan tashinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mutane 60 da ke cikin jirgin, an gano gawawwaki 23 kafin ranar 20 ga Disamba, inda har yanzu mutane 32 suka bace kuma ana kyautata zaton sun mutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot; /&gt; Sauran fasinjojin, maza biyar 'yan Somaliya, sun tsira daga nutsewar jirgin suka yi iyo zuwa kasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;voa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=UN: 55 Dead in Somalia Boat Capsize |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fifty-five-dead-in-boat-capsize-off-somalia/1568908.html |access-date=20 December 2012 |publisher=Voice of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu akwai mata sama da goma sha biyu da kuma akalla yaro daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt;

A cewar Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya, fasinjoji sun ji rauni a lokacin da suke cikin jirgin; wani wanda ya tsira ya ce ma'aikatan jirgin sun buge fasinjojin don su zauna. &lt;ref name=&quot;voa&quot; /&gt; Hukumar 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce nutsewar jirgin ya kawo jimillar mutanen da suka bace ko kuma aka tabbatar sun mutu a Tekun Aden tsakanin Somaliya da Yemen zuwa 150 a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Clavus na Pavona</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317521144|Pavona clavus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Pavona clavus''''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''coral mai kauri a kafada''' ) nau'in murjani ne na murjani mai duwatsu a cikin dangin Agariciidae . Nau'i ne da aka fi sani amma ba kasafai ake samunsa ba daga yankin Indo-Pacific, Tekun Kudancin China, [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]], da [[Tekun Aden]] . Ana ɗaukar mallakar murjani ''mai siffar P. clavus'' a [[Tsibiran Solomon|Tsibirin Solomon]] a matsayin mafi girman murjani da aka sani a duniya .

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Ana samun ''Pavona clavus'' a kan murjani mai zurfi a zurfin {{Cvt|2-40|m}}, sau da yawa a kan gangara da kuma wuraren da [[Ruwa na yanzu|igiyoyin ruwa]] ke taruwa.  Yana fifita wuraren da aka kare ko waɗanda ba su da kariya kuma ba ya cikin wurare masu zurfi da ƙarfi a kan tuddai masu zurfi.  

''P. clavus'' yana yaɗuwa sosai, inda yake da nisa daga yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]] tare da Tekun Kudancin China, Tekun Ja, da Tekun Aden. Wannan tsibiran ya haɗa da gabar tekun gabashin Afirka da [[Yammacin Asiya]] (gami da [[Komoros|Comoros]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Eritrea]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], [[Maldives]], [[Moris|Mauritius]], [[Mayotte]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], Réunion, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], [[Seychelles]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Yemen]] ), Asiya (gami da [[Brunei]], Cambodia, [[Indiya]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Taiwan]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Timor-Leste]], da [[Vietnam]] ) da Oceania (gami da American Samoa, [[Asturaliya|Australia]], [[Tsibirin Cook|Cook Islands]], [[Mikroneziya|Federal States of Micronesia]], [[Fiji]], [[Guam]], [[Kiribati]], [[Tsibiran Mashal|Marshall Islands]], [[Nauru]], New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, [[Palau]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], Pitcairn Islands, [[Samoa]], [[Tsibiran Solomon|Solomon Islands]], Tokelau, [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]], da Wallis) Futuna ), ta hanyar zuwa yammacin Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka (ciki har da [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Ecuador]], [[Salvador|El Salvador]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], da [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] ).  

== Bayani ==
''Pavona clavus'' murjani ne mai launin ruwan kasa, rawaya, launin ruwan kasa, ko launin toka mai haske wanda yawanci ke samar da gidaje masu siffar ginshiƙi ko kuma masu siffar kulba, kodayake yana iya samar da faranti masu faɗi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veron |first=J.E.N. |last2=Stafford-Smith |first2=M.G. |last3=Turak |first3=E. |last4=DeVantier |first4=L.M. |date=2016 |title=''Pavona clavus'' Dana, 1846 |url=https://www.coralsoftheworld.org/species_factsheets/species_factsheet_summary/pavona-clavus/?version=0.01 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Corals of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginshiƙan gabaɗaya suna da santsi kuma girmansu iri ɗaya ne, yawanci suna auna har zuwa {{Cvt|20|cm}} tsayi da {{Cvt|3-5|cm}} diamita. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yemen&quot; /&gt; Suna iya rabawa amma ba sa haɗa juna. &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot; /&gt;  Dabbobin na iya kasancewa daga {{Cvt|10|cm}} a diamita zuwa sama da {{Cvt|10|m}} a fadin, wani lokacin yana samar da wurare masu faɗi iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot; /&gt;

Corallites na wannan nau'in suna da zagaye kuma ƙanana ne, suna da girman {{Cvt|2.5-3.5|mm}} diamita, tare da kauri da kyawawan katanga.  &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veron |first=J.E.N. |last2=Stafford-Smith |first2=M.G. |last3=Turak |first3=E. |last4=DeVantier |first4=L.M. |date=2016 |title=''Pavona clavus'' Dana, 1846 |url=https://www.coralsoftheworld.org/species_factsheets/species_factsheet_summary/pavona-clavus/?version=0.01 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Corals of the World}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVeronStafford-SmithTurakDeVantier2016&quot;&gt;Veron, J.E.N.; Stafford-Smith, M.G.; Turak, E.; DeVantier, L.M. (2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya shirya murjani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko kuma a cikin ƙananan kwari. 

Dabbobin ''P. clavus'' masu faɗi na iya kama da ''P. bipartita'', kuma corallites suna kama da na ''P. duerdeni'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veron |first=J.E.N. |last2=Stafford-Smith |first2=M.G. |last3=Turak |first3=E. |last4=DeVantier |first4=L.M. |date=2016 |title=''Pavona clavus'' Dana, 1846 |url=https://www.coralsoftheworld.org/species_factsheets/species_factsheet_summary/pavona-clavus/?version=0.01 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Corals of the World}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVeronStafford-SmithTurakDeVantier2016&quot;&gt;Veron, J.E.N.; Stafford-Smith, M.G.; Turak, E.; DeVantier, L.M. (2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
''Pavona clavus'' nau'in halitta ne da ke gina teku wanda ke girma a cikin ƙimar {{Cvt|0.9-1.3|cm}} kowace shekara. Nau'in kifi ne da aka fi so na kambin ƙaya ( ''Acanthaster planci'' ) kuma ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan kifi biyu da aka sani na ƙaguwa mai kama da gall crab ''[[Opecarcinus cathyae]]'' .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meij |first=Sancia E.T. van der |year=2014 |title=A new species of ''Opecarcinus'' Kropp &amp; Manning, 1987 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Cryptochiridae) associated with the stony corals ''Pavona clavus'' (Dana, 1846) and ''P. bipartita'' Nemenzo, 1980 (Scleractinia: Agariciidae) |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3869 |issue=1 |pages=44–52 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3869.1.4 |pmid=25283897 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare Muhalli ==
An sanya ''Pavona clavus'' a cikin jerin mafi ƙarancin damuwa a cikin Jerin Ja na Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya . Duk da cewa murjani na raguwa a duniya, ''P. clavus'' yana yaɗuwa sosai kuma ana sa ran zai ragu da ƙasa da kashi 25% nan da shekarar 2050. A wasu sassan yankinsa, an san shi da yin [[Ruwan murjani|bleaching]] cikin sauƙi, amma da alama yana da juriya a wasu yankuna. Yana fuskantar barazanar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], cututtukan murjani, kamun kifi mai ƙarfi, ayyukan ci gaban ɗan adam (gami da haɓaka masana'antu, kasuwanci, da gidaje), nau'ikan halittu masu mamaye, gurɓataccen iska, [[Gurbatar yanayi|lalata]] ƙasa, jigilar kaya, da [[Yawon bude ido|yawon buɗe ido]] . 

An tsara cinikin wannan nau'in, da duk sauran murjani masu duwatsu, a ƙarƙashin Shafi na II na yarjejeniyar CITES .  

Mafi girman yankin murjani na duniya da aka samu zuwa yanzu, wanda ke cikin Tsibirin Solomon kusa da tsibirin Malaulalo, memba ne na wannan nau'in. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vox&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Benji |date=2024-11-14 |title=Scientists just discovered a sea creature as large as two basketball courts. Here's what it looks like. |url=https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/384668/worlds-largest-coral-discovered-solomon-islands |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117195537/https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/384668/worlds-largest-coral-discovered-solomon-islands |archive-date=17 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano shi a cikin 2024 ta hanyar wani balaguron National Geographic Society tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Tsibirin Solomon, yankin Malaulalo yana da girman {{Cvt|112|ft}} faɗi, {{Cvt|105|ft}} tsayi, da kuma {{Cvt|16|ft}} tsayi kuma an kiyasta yana da shekaru kusan 300, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan polyps biliyan ɗaya masu kama da juna a cikin kwayoyin halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vox&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hobson |first=Melissa |date=14 November 2024 |title=Scientists discover world's largest coral—so big it can be seen from space |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/world-largest-coral-colony-discovery |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119214303/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/world-largest-coral-colony-discovery |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa an bayyana masarautar Malaulalo a matsayin &quot;mai kyau lafiya&quot; ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu binciken da suka gano ta, an ga sauran murjani a cikin reefs ɗin da ke kusa sun mutu. Wurin da masarautar take, {{Cvt|42|ft}} a ƙarƙashin saman ruwa mai sanyi, wataƙila ya ba da gudummawa ga lafiyarsa mai kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot; /&gt;

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'''''Pavona clavus''''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''coral mai kauri a kafada''' ) nau'in murjani ne na murjani mai duwatsu a cikin dangin Agariciidae . Nau'i ne da aka fi sani amma ba kasafai ake samunsa ba daga yankin Indo-Pacific, Tekun Kudancin China, [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]], da [[Tekun Aden]] . Ana ɗaukar mallakar murjani ''mai siffar P. clavus'' a [[Tsibiran Solomon|Tsibirin Solomon]] a matsayin mafi girman murjani da aka sani a duniya .

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Ana samun ''Pavona clavus'' a kan murjani mai zurfi a zurfin {{Cvt|2-40|m}}, sau da yawa a kan gangara da kuma wuraren da [[Ruwa na yanzu|igiyoyin ruwa]] ke taruwa.  Yana fifita wuraren da aka kare ko waɗanda ba su da kariya kuma ba ya cikin wurare masu zurfi da ƙarfi a kan tuddai masu zurfi.  

''P. clavus'' yana yaɗuwa sosai, inda yake da nisa daga yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]] zuwa gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]] tare da Tekun Kudancin China, Tekun Ja, da Tekun Aden. Wannan tsibiran ya haɗa da gabar tekun gabashin Afirka da [[Yammacin Asiya]] (gami da [[Komoros|Comoros]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Eritrea]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], [[Maldives]], [[Moris|Mauritius]], [[Mayotte]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], Réunion, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], [[Seychelles]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Yemen]] ), Asiya (gami da [[Brunei]], Cambodia, [[Indiya]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Taiwan]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Timor-Leste]], da [[Vietnam]] ) da Oceania (gami da American Samoa, [[Asturaliya|Australia]], [[Tsibirin Cook|Cook Islands]], [[Mikroneziya|Federal States of Micronesia]], [[Fiji]], [[Guam]], [[Kiribati]], [[Tsibiran Mashal|Marshall Islands]], [[Nauru]], New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, [[Palau]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], Pitcairn Islands, [[Samoa]], [[Tsibiran Solomon|Solomon Islands]], Tokelau, [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]], da Wallis) Futuna ), ta hanyar zuwa yammacin Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka (ciki har da [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Ecuador]], [[Salvador|El Salvador]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], da [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] ).  

== Bayani ==
''Pavona clavus'' murjani ne mai launin ruwan kasa, rawaya, launin ruwan kasa, ko launin toka mai haske wanda yawanci ke samar da gidaje masu siffar ginshiƙi ko kuma masu siffar kulba, kodayake yana iya samar da faranti masu faɗi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veron |first=J.E.N. |last2=Stafford-Smith |first2=M.G. |last3=Turak |first3=E. |last4=DeVantier |first4=L.M. |date=2016 |title=''Pavona clavus'' Dana, 1846 |url=https://www.coralsoftheworld.org/species_factsheets/species_factsheet_summary/pavona-clavus/?version=0.01 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Corals of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginshiƙan gabaɗaya suna da santsi kuma girmansu iri ɗaya ne, yawanci suna auna har zuwa {{Cvt|20|cm}} tsayi da {{Cvt|3-5|cm}} diamita. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yemen&quot; /&gt; Suna iya rabawa amma ba sa haɗa juna. &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot; /&gt;  Dabbobin na iya kasancewa daga {{Cvt|10|cm}} a diamita zuwa sama da {{Cvt|10|m}} a fadin, wani lokacin yana samar da wurare masu faɗi iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot; /&gt;

Corallites na wannan nau'in suna da zagaye kuma ƙanana ne, suna da girman {{Cvt|2.5-3.5|mm}} diamita, tare da kauri da kyawawan katanga.  &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veron |first=J.E.N. |last2=Stafford-Smith |first2=M.G. |last3=Turak |first3=E. |last4=DeVantier |first4=L.M. |date=2016 |title=''Pavona clavus'' Dana, 1846 |url=https://www.coralsoftheworld.org/species_factsheets/species_factsheet_summary/pavona-clavus/?version=0.01 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Corals of the World}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVeronStafford-SmithTurakDeVantier2016&quot;&gt;Veron, J.E.N.; Stafford-Smith, M.G.; Turak, E.; DeVantier, L.M. (2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya shirya murjani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko kuma a cikin ƙananan kwari. 

Dabbobin ''P. clavus'' masu faɗi na iya kama da ''P. bipartita'', kuma corallites suna kama da na ''P. duerdeni'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;CotW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veron |first=J.E.N. |last2=Stafford-Smith |first2=M.G. |last3=Turak |first3=E. |last4=DeVantier |first4=L.M. |date=2016 |title=''Pavona clavus'' Dana, 1846 |url=https://www.coralsoftheworld.org/species_factsheets/species_factsheet_summary/pavona-clavus/?version=0.01 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Corals of the World}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVeronStafford-SmithTurakDeVantier2016&quot;&gt;Veron, J.E.N.; Stafford-Smith, M.G.; Turak, E.; DeVantier, L.M. (2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
''Pavona clavus'' nau'in halitta ne da ke gina teku wanda ke girma a cikin ƙimar {{Cvt|0.9-1.3|cm}} kowace shekara. Nau'in kifi ne da aka fi so na kambin ƙaya ( ''Acanthaster planci'' ) kuma ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan kifi biyu da aka sani na ƙaguwa mai kama da gall crab ''[[Opecarcinus cathyae]]'' .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meij |first=Sancia E.T. van der |year=2014 |title=A new species of ''Opecarcinus'' Kropp &amp; Manning, 1987 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Cryptochiridae) associated with the stony corals ''Pavona clavus'' (Dana, 1846) and ''P. bipartita'' Nemenzo, 1980 (Scleractinia: Agariciidae) |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3869 |issue=1 |pages=44–52 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3869.1.4 |pmid=25283897 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare Muhalli ==
An sanya ''Pavona clavus'' a cikin jerin mafi ƙarancin damuwa a cikin Jerin Ja na Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya . Duk da cewa murjani na raguwa a duniya, ''P. clavus'' yana yaɗuwa sosai kuma ana sa ran zai ragu da ƙasa da kashi 25% nan da shekarar 2050. A wasu sassan yankinsa, an san shi da yin [[Ruwan murjani|bleaching]] cikin sauƙi, amma da alama yana da juriya a wasu yankuna. Yana fuskantar barazanar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], cututtukan murjani, kamun kifi mai ƙarfi, ayyukan ci gaban ɗan adam (gami da haɓaka masana'antu, kasuwanci, da gidaje), nau'ikan halittu masu mamaye, gurɓataccen iska, [[Gurbatar yanayi|lalata]] ƙasa, jigilar kaya, da [[Yawon bude ido|yawon buɗe ido]] . 

An tsara cinikin wannan nau'in, da duk sauran murjani masu duwatsu, a ƙarƙashin Shafi na II na yarjejeniyar CITES .  

Mafi girman yankin murjani na duniya da aka samu zuwa yanzu, wanda ke cikin Tsibirin Solomon kusa da tsibirin Malaulalo, memba ne na wannan nau'in. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vox&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Benji |date=2024-11-14 |title=Scientists just discovered a sea creature as large as two basketball courts. Here's what it looks like. |url=https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/384668/worlds-largest-coral-discovered-solomon-islands |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117195537/https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/384668/worlds-largest-coral-discovered-solomon-islands |archive-date=17 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano shi a cikin 2024 ta hanyar wani balaguron National Geographic Society tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Tsibirin Solomon, yankin Malaulalo yana da girman {{Cvt|112|ft}} faɗi, {{Cvt|105|ft}} tsayi, da kuma {{Cvt|16|ft}} tsayi kuma an kiyasta yana da shekaru kusan 300, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan polyps biliyan ɗaya masu kama da juna a cikin kwayoyin halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vox&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hobson |first=Melissa |date=14 November 2024 |title=Scientists discover world's largest coral—so big it can be seen from space |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/world-largest-coral-colony-discovery |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119214303/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/world-largest-coral-colony-discovery |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa an bayyana masarautar Malaulalo a matsayin &quot;mai kyau lafiya&quot; ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu binciken da suka gano ta, an ga sauran murjani a cikin reefs ɗin da ke kusa sun mutu. Wurin da masarautar take, {{Cvt|42|ft}} a ƙarƙashin saman ruwa mai sanyi, wataƙila ya ba da gudummawa ga lafiyarsa mai kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ekaterina Pankova</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307920973|Ekaterina Pankova]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ekaterina Vadimovna Pankova''' ( Russian  , an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1990), daga 2013 zuwa 2016 '''Kosianenko''', ’yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce ta Rasha, wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsara wasa. Ita memba ce a ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta Rasha kuma tana bugawa Dynamo Moscow wasa a matakin kulob. &lt;ref name=&quot;CEV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=10148&amp;PlayerID=4396&amp;ID=968 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[European Volleyball Confederation|CEV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon raga a ƙungiyoyin matasa na Uralochka kafin ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a 2007 a Zarechie Odintsovo . &lt;ref name=&quot;DIN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2014 |script-title=ru:Волейбол — дело семейное |url=http://vldinamo.ru/press/voleybol__delo_semeynoe/ |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[WVC Dynamo Moscow|Women's Volleyball Club &quot;Dynamo&quot; (Moscow)]] |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da su ta lashe gasar Super League ta Rasha a 2007 - 2008 da 2009 - 2010, Kofin Rasha a 2007 da Kofin Kalubalen Mata na CEV a 2013 - 2014. Ta koma Dynamo Moscow a 2014 kuma a kulob din ta lashe gasar Super League ta Rasha a 2015 - 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.volleyservice.ru/index.php?option=com_volleyplayers&amp;task=showplayer&amp;pid=413&amp;Itemid=61 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=VolleyService.ru |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.komanda2016.ru/team/9/294 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121456/http://www.komanda2016.ru/team/9/294 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=komanda2016.ru |publisher=Стадион |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta ƙasar Rasha, ta halarci gasannin matasa da manyan 'yan wasa, kasancewarta ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka buga gasar bazara ta 2013 a Kazan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 Summer Universiade - Women Volleyball - Gold medal match report |url=http://universiade2013.sportresult.com/eurosport/en/-240/Root/ViewPdf/VOW400101_C73_1.0.PDF |access-date=18 January 2017 |website=[[2013 Summer Universiade]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Montreux Volley Masters (a 2013, 2014 ), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 Montreux Volley Masters - Final - Match report |url=http://www.fivb.org/visweb6/vlivescoreMTRX2013.aspx?TournCode=MTRX2013&amp;NoMatch=19 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 Montreux Volley Masters - Third place - Match report |url=http://www.fivb.org/visweb6/vlivescoreMTRX2014.aspx?TournCode=MTRX2014&amp;NoMatch=18 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar Grand Prix ta FIVB Volleyball ta duniya (a 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 ), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile – World Grand Prix 2016 |url=http://worldgrandprix.2016.fivb.com/en/group1/competition/teams/rus-russia/players/ekaterina-kosianenko?id=50949 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar zakarun Turai (a 2013, 2015 ), &lt;ref name=&quot;CEV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=10148&amp;PlayerID=4396&amp;ID=968 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[European Volleyball Confederation|CEV]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=10148&amp;PlayerID=4396&amp;ID=968 &quot;Profile&quot;]. ''[[European Volleyball Confederation|CEV]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIVB Volleyball ta 2014 a Italiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile – Italy 2014 |url=http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/rus-russia/players/ekaterina-kosianenko?id=40079 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIVB Volleyball ta 2015 a Japan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile – World Cup 2015 |url=http://worldcup.2015.women.fivb.com/en/competition/teams/rus-russia/players/ekaterina-kosianenko?id=47810 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 a Rio de Janeiro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile – Rio 2016 |url=http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/volleyball/women/teams/rus-russia/players/ekaterina-kosianenko?id=53330 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Pankova a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1990 a [[Ekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk (yanzu Yekaterinburg)]] . Ita 'yar Vadim Pankov ce da Marina Pankova (wanda aka haifa a Nikulina). Iyalinta suna da al'adar wasan ƙwallon raga, mahaifinta shine kocin Zarechie Odintsovo na yanzu kuma mahaifiyarta ta buga wasannin Olympics uku (zinare a Seoul 1988, azurfa a Barcelona 1992 da kuma na huɗu a Atlanta 1996 ), kuma ta kasance zakaran duniya a Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta FIVB ta 1990. Ƙanenta Pavel Pankov shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon volleyball ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;DIN&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

=== Mutane daban-daban ===

* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2013 &quot;Mafi Kyawun Setter&quot;''
* ''2014 Montreux Volley Masters &quot;Mafi kyawun Setter&quot;''

=== Tawagar ƙasa ===

==== Ƙaramin yaro ====

* Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Matasan 'Yan Mata ta 2005 a Turai -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 'Yan Matan Wasan Volleyball ta FIVB ta 2005 -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 'Yan Matan FIVB Volleyball ta 2007 -[[Fayil:Bronze_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar yabo ta tagulla
* Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Matasa ta Mata ta 2008 a Turai -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Jami'ar 2013 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar zinare

==== Babban ɗalibi ====

* 2013 Montreux Volley Masters -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2013 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar zinare
* 2014 Montreux Volley Masters -[[Fayil:Bronze_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar yabo ta tagulla
* Gasar Grand Prix ta Duniya ta FIVB ta 2014 -[[Fayil:Bronze_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar yabo ta tagulla
* Gasar Grand Prix ta Duniya ta FIVB ta 2015 -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2015 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar zinare

=== Ƙungiyoyi ===

* Kofin Rasha na 2007 -[[Fayil:National_Cockade_of_Russia.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2007–08 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na Biyu (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2007 - 2008 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2008 - 2009 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na Biyu (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Kofin Rasha na 2009 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na Biyu (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2009 - 2010 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Kofin Kalubalen CEV na 2013 - 2014 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2014 - 2015 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na biyu (tare da Dinamo Moscow)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2015 - 2016 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Dinamo Moscow)
* Kofin Rasha na 2016 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na biyu (tare da Dinamo Moscow)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2016 -2017 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Dinamo Moscow)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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'''Ekaterina Vadimovna Pankova''' ( Russian  , an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1990), daga 2013 zuwa 2016 '''Kosianenko''', ’yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce ta Rasha, wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsara wasa. Ita memba ce a ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta Rasha kuma tana bugawa Dynamo Moscow wasa a matakin kulob. &lt;ref name=&quot;CEV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=10148&amp;PlayerID=4396&amp;ID=968 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[European Volleyball Confederation|CEV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon raga a ƙungiyoyin matasa na Uralochka kafin ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a 2007 a Zarechie Odintsovo . &lt;ref name=&quot;DIN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2014 |script-title=ru:Волейбол — дело семейное |url=http://vldinamo.ru/press/voleybol__delo_semeynoe/ |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[WVC Dynamo Moscow|Women's Volleyball Club &quot;Dynamo&quot; (Moscow)]] |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da su ta lashe gasar Super League ta Rasha a 2007 - 2008 da 2009 - 2010, Kofin Rasha a 2007 da Kofin Kalubalen Mata na CEV a 2013 - 2014. Ta koma Dynamo Moscow a 2014 kuma a kulob din ta lashe gasar Super League ta Rasha a 2015 - 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.volleyservice.ru/index.php?option=com_volleyplayers&amp;task=showplayer&amp;pid=413&amp;Itemid=61 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=VolleyService.ru |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.komanda2016.ru/team/9/294 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121456/http://www.komanda2016.ru/team/9/294 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=komanda2016.ru |publisher=Стадион |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta ƙasar Rasha, ta halarci gasannin matasa da manyan 'yan wasa, kasancewarta ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka buga gasar bazara ta 2013 a Kazan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 Summer Universiade - Women Volleyball - Gold medal match report |url=http://universiade2013.sportresult.com/eurosport/en/-240/Root/ViewPdf/VOW400101_C73_1.0.PDF |access-date=18 January 2017 |website=[[2013 Summer Universiade]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Montreux Volley Masters (a 2013, 2014 ), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 Montreux Volley Masters - Final - Match report |url=http://www.fivb.org/visweb6/vlivescoreMTRX2013.aspx?TournCode=MTRX2013&amp;NoMatch=19 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 Montreux Volley Masters - Third place - Match report |url=http://www.fivb.org/visweb6/vlivescoreMTRX2014.aspx?TournCode=MTRX2014&amp;NoMatch=18 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar Grand Prix ta FIVB Volleyball ta duniya (a 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 ), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile – World Grand Prix 2016 |url=http://worldgrandprix.2016.fivb.com/en/group1/competition/teams/rus-russia/players/ekaterina-kosianenko?id=50949 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar zakarun Turai (a 2013, 2015 ), &lt;ref name=&quot;CEV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=10148&amp;PlayerID=4396&amp;ID=968 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[European Volleyball Confederation|CEV]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=10148&amp;PlayerID=4396&amp;ID=968 &quot;Profile&quot;]. ''[[European Volleyball Confederation|CEV]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIVB Volleyball ta 2014 a Italiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile – Italy 2014 |url=http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/rus-russia/players/ekaterina-kosianenko?id=40079 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIVB Volleyball ta 2015 a Japan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile – World Cup 2015 |url=http://worldcup.2015.women.fivb.com/en/competition/teams/rus-russia/players/ekaterina-kosianenko?id=47810 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 a Rio de Janeiro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile – Rio 2016 |url=http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/volleyball/women/teams/rus-russia/players/ekaterina-kosianenko?id=53330 |access-date=20 January 2017 |website=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Pankova a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1990 a [[Ekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk (yanzu Yekaterinburg)]] . Ita 'yar Vadim Pankov ce da Marina Pankova (wanda aka haifa a Nikulina). Iyalinta suna da al'adar wasan ƙwallon raga, mahaifinta shine kocin Zarechie Odintsovo na yanzu kuma mahaifiyarta ta buga wasannin Olympics uku (zinare a Seoul 1988, azurfa a Barcelona 1992 da kuma na huɗu a Atlanta 1996 ), kuma ta kasance zakaran duniya a Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta FIVB ta 1990. Ƙanenta Pavel Pankov shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon volleyball ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;DIN&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

=== Mutane daban-daban ===

* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2013 &quot;Mafi Kyawun Setter&quot;''
* ''2014 Montreux Volley Masters &quot;Mafi kyawun Setter&quot;''

=== Tawagar ƙasa ===

==== Ƙaramin yaro ====

* Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Matasan 'Yan Mata ta 2005 a Turai -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 'Yan Matan Wasan Volleyball ta FIVB ta 2005 -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 'Yan Matan FIVB Volleyball ta 2007 -[[Fayil:Bronze_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar yabo ta tagulla
* Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Matasa ta Mata ta 2008 a Turai -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Jami'ar 2013 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar zinare

==== Babban ɗalibi ====

* 2013 Montreux Volley Masters -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2013 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar zinare
* 2014 Montreux Volley Masters -[[Fayil:Bronze_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar yabo ta tagulla
* Gasar Grand Prix ta Duniya ta FIVB ta 2014 -[[Fayil:Bronze_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar yabo ta tagulla
* Gasar Grand Prix ta Duniya ta FIVB ta 2015 -[[Fayil:Silver_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar azurfa
* Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2015 -[[Fayil:Gold_medal_2006_OG.svg|16x16px]] Lambar zinare

=== Ƙungiyoyi ===

* Kofin Rasha na 2007 -[[Fayil:National_Cockade_of_Russia.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2007–08 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na Biyu (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2007 - 2008 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2008 - 2009 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na Biyu (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Kofin Rasha na 2009 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na Biyu (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2009 - 2010 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Kofin Kalubalen CEV na 2013 - 2014 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Zarechie Odintsovo)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2014 - 2015 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na biyu (tare da Dinamo Moscow)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2015 - 2016 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Dinamo Moscow)
* Kofin Rasha na 2016 -[[Fayil:Simple_silver_cup.svg|16x16px]] Na biyu (tare da Dinamo Moscow)
* Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha ta 2016 -2017 -[[Fayil:Simple_gold_cup.svg|16x16px]] Zakara (tare da Dinamo Moscow)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>2dwif63u3q9y3oi3o2eaeostea51kaa</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Parcopresis</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>858306</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:49:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341495711|Parcopresis]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1742" sha1="a3qp7gb5iudtv90yy36ikrbq01gr1ab" xml:space="preserve">'''Parcopresis''', wanda kuma ake kira '''psychogenic bechacal retaining''' ko '''jin kunya hanji''', kuma aka sani da '''kashin baya jin kunya''', shine rashin iya [[Bahaya|yin bayan gida]] ba tare da wani takamaiman matakin sirri ba. Yana iya zama ko dai wahala ko rashin iya yin bayan gida saboda tsananin damuwa ta tunani, kuma yana da alaƙa da gujewa a cikin yanayi na jama'a da zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuoch |first=Kenley LJ |last2=Austin |first2=David W |last3=Knowles |first3=Simon R |date=2019-04-01 |title=Latest thinking on paruresis and parcopresis: A new distinct diagnostic entity? |journal=Australian Journal of General Practice |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=212–215 |doi=10.31128/ajgp-09-18-4700 |issn=2208-794X |pmid=31256491 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawanci ana bincike tare da shi kuma yana da alaƙa da paruresis, wanda shine rashin iyawa ko wahalar yin fitsari a gaban wasu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Parcopresis ba cuta ce da likitoci suka amince da ita ba, [1] kodayake wani rahoto na shari'a a shekarar 2011 ya nuna cewa ya kamata a sanya ta a matsayin nau'in tsoron zamantakewa. [2] As of 2019 , ba a san komai game da parcopresis ba kuma ba a san yawansa ba. [3] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 tare da samfurin ɗaliban jami'a 714 ya gano cewa kashi 14.4% na mutanen da aka yi binciken sun guji amfani da bayan gida na jama'a saboda fargabar da ke tattare da parcopresis, tare da yawaitar mace-mace a tsakanin mata. [4] Ana hasashen cewa maganin halayyar fahimta zai samar da mafi kyawun fa'ida, amma har yanzu babu wani bincike da zai goyi bayan wannan ikirarin. [3]

== Duba kuma ==

* Encopresis, inda rashin daidaiton najasa ke faruwa a cikin yara

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>a3qp7gb5iudtv90yy36ikrbq01gr1ab</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>858307</id>
      <parentid>858306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1754" sha1="fesqirexo1qwksnecczon73bmavmzs6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Parcopresis''', wanda kuma ake kira '''psychogenic bechacal retaining''' ko '''jin kunya hanji''', kuma aka sani da '''kashin baya jin kunya''', shine rashin iya [[Bahaya|yin bayan gida]] ba tare da wani takamaiman matakin sirri ba. Yana iya zama ko dai wahala ko rashin iya yin bayan gida saboda tsananin damuwa ta tunani, kuma yana da alaƙa da gujewa a cikin yanayi na jama'a da zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuoch |first=Kenley LJ |last2=Austin |first2=David W |last3=Knowles |first3=Simon R |date=2019-04-01 |title=Latest thinking on paruresis and parcopresis: A new distinct diagnostic entity? |journal=Australian Journal of General Practice |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=212–215 |doi=10.31128/ajgp-09-18-4700 |issn=2208-794X |pmid=31256491 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawanci ana bincike tare da shi kuma yana da alaƙa da paruresis, wanda shine rashin iyawa ko wahalar yin fitsari a gaban wasu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Parcopresis ba cuta ce da likitoci suka amince da ita ba, [1] kodayake wani rahoto na shari'a a shekarar 2011 ya nuna cewa ya kamata a sanya ta a matsayin nau'in tsoron zamantakewa. [2] As of 2019 , ba a san komai game da parcopresis ba kuma ba a san yawansa ba. [3] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 tare da samfurin ɗaliban jami'a 714 ya gano cewa kashi 14.4% na mutanen da aka yi binciken sun guji amfani da bayan gida na jama'a saboda fargabar da ke tattare da parcopresis, tare da yawaitar mace-mace a tsakanin mata. [4] Ana hasashen cewa maganin halayyar fahimta zai samar da mafi kyawun fa'ida, amma har yanzu babu wani bincike da zai goyi bayan wannan ikirarin. [3]

== Duba kuma ==

* Encopresis, inda rashin daidaiton najasa ke faruwa a cikin yara

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>fesqirexo1qwksnecczon73bmavmzs6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Babban Lauyan Fiji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>858308</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351643967|Attorney-General of Fiji]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858308</origin>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Babban Lauyan''' jami'in siyasa ne da shari'a a Fiji . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the website of the Office of the Attorney-General |url=http://www.ag.gov.fj/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024221144/http://www.ag.gov.fj/ |archive-date=24 October 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015 |website=Office of the Attorney-General |publisher=© Copyright 2005-2008, Office of the Attorney-General}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban lauya shine babban jami'in shari'a na Jiha, kuma yana da alhakin kula da dokar Fiji da kuma ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan al'amuran shari'a. Kamar sauran mambobin majalisar dokokin Fiji, shugaban kasa ne ke nada babban lauya bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista.(((((((((((the chief law officer of the State, and has responsibility for supervising Fijian law and advising the government on legal matters. Like other members of the Fijian Cabinet, the attorney-general is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister.the chief law officer of the State, and has responsibility for supervising Fijian law and advising the government on legal matters. Like other members of the Fijian Cabinet, the attorney-general is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister. 

Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Fiji na 2013, ana buƙatar babban lauya ya zama mai ba da izini a Fiji, ba tare da kasa da shekaru goma sha biyar ba bayan shigar da aikin shari'a, ko dai a Fiji ko a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Fiji |url=http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Constitution-of-the-Republic-of-Fiji-.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235116/http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Constitution-of-the-Republic-of-Fiji-.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015 |website=electionsfiji.gov.fj |pages=55}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban lauya memba ne na majalisar ministocin Fiji, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; kuma ana sa ran ya zama memba na majalisar. Firayim Minista na iya, duk da haka, zabar babban lauya daga waje da majalisa bayan ya yanke shawarar cewa babu wani Dan majalisa da ya cancanta wanda ke goyon bayan Gwamnati. Babban Lauyan da ba memba ba ne na majalisa na iya zama a majalisa, amma ba zai iya jefa kuri'a ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

Ofishin babban lauya shine ofishin zartarwa mafi tsufa a Fiji, an kafa shi a Masarautar Fiji a 1872. Ya ci gaba a duk shekarun Fiji a matsayin [[Mulkin sarauta|mulkin mallaka]] na [[Birtaniya]] (1874-1970) kuma daga baya a matsayin Dominion of Fiji (1970-1987) da jamhuriya (1987-yanzu), tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare.

Babban lauya shine kawai ofishin majalisar ministoci, ban da na Firayim Minista, wanda aka kafa ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1997, wanda ya buƙaci babban lauya ya zama memba na ko dai Majalisar Wakilai ko Majalisar Dattijai. Wani fasalin na musamman na ofishin shi ne cewa ban da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a (wanda za'a iya amfani da shi ne kawai a cikin ɗakin da babban lauya ya kasance memba a hukumance), babban lauya yana da ikon shiga cikin harkokin majalisun biyu. Wannan fasalin ya zama mara amfani a lokacin da aka amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2013, wanda ya kafa majalisa mai zaman kanta.

== Matsayin Ofishin Babban Lauyan ==
An bayyana rawar da babban lauya ke takawa a matsayin &quot;bayar da ƙwarewar shari'a da tallafi ga Gwamnati&quot;. Ƙarin takamaiman ayyuka sun haɗa da &quot;rubuce-rubuce na doka&quot;, &quot;taimako na shari'a&quot;, &quot;ma'aikatar jinƙai&quot; (ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa), &quot;lasisin giya&quot; da &quot;tsinkayar fim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ag.gov.fj/ Office of the Attorney-General] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024221144/http://www.ag.gov.fj/|date=October 24, 2015}} ([[Fiji]]), official website.&lt;/ref&gt;Don haka, babban lauya yana da alhakin duk bukatun shari'a na sassan gwamnati, hukumomin doka, da kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati. 

Ofishin yana da ofisoshi uku a Suva, Lautoka, da Labasa bi da bi. Ayyukan shari'a na gwamnati a cikin Sashen Tsakiya da Gabas na kasar suna aiki ne daga babban ofishin a Suva, wanda Solicitor-General ke jagoranta, yayin da ofishin Lautoka (wanda [[Principal Legal Officer (Fiji)|Babban Jami'in Shari'a]] ke jagorantar) ke da alhakin Yammacin Yamma. Ofishin Labasa ne ke rufe Yankin Arewa.

== Jerin manyan lauyoyi na Fiji ==
Lura cewa wasu manyan lauyoyi sun rike mukamai a cikin gwamnatoci da yawa a jere, musamman a zamanin [[Daular Biritaniya|mulkin mallaka]].

=== Masarautar Viti (1871-1874) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! width=&quot;500&quot; |An nada shi (Sarki):
|-
|1
|Robert Wilson Hamilton
|1872
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Seru Epenisa Cakobau
|-
|2
|Charles Rossiter Forwood
|1872–1873
|-
|3
|Sydney Charles Burt
|1873–1874
|-
|}

=== Masarautar sarauta (1874-1970) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! width=&quot;500&quot; |Gwamna
|-
|4
|James Herman De Ricci
|1875–1876
|Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon
|-
|5
|Joseph Hector Garrick
|1876–1882
|Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon
|-
|6
|Fielding Clarke
|1882–1886
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sir William Des Vœux
|-
|7
|Henry Spencer Berkeley
|1886–1889
|-
|8
|John Symonds Udal
|1889–1899
|Sir John Bates Thurston
|-
|9
|Henry Edward Pollock
|1901–1903
|William Lamond Allardyce
|-
|10
|Albert Ehrhardt
|1903–1914
|Sir Henry Moore Jackson
|-
|11
|[[Alfred Karney Young]]
|1914–1922
|Sir Ernest Bickham Sweet-Escott
|-
|12
|Kenneth James Muir MacKenzie
|1922–1927
|Sir Cecil Hunter Rodwell
|-
|13
|Percy Alexander McElwaine
|1927–1931
|Sir Eyre Hutson
|-
|14
|Charles Gough Howell
|1931–1933
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sir Arthur George Murchison Fletcher
|-
|15
|Ransley Samuel Thacker
|1933–1938
|-
|16
|Edward Enoch Jenkins
|1938–1945
|[[Arthur Richards, 1st Baron Milverton|Sir Arthur Frederick Richards]]
|-
|17
|John Henry Vaughan
|1945–1949
|Sir Alexander Grantham
|-
|18
|Brian Andre Doyle
|1949–1956
|Sir Brian Freeston
|-
|19
|Ashley Martin Greenwood
|1956–1963
|Sir Ronald Herbert Garvey
|-
|20
|Henry Roger Justin Lewis
|1963–1970
|Sir Kenneth Phipson Maddocks
|-
|}

=== Mulkin mallaka (1970-1987) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin: [1]
|-
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Gwamna Janar
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Firayim Minista
|-
|21
|John Neil Falvey
|1970–1977
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ratu Sir George Cakobau
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
|-
|22
|Sir Vijay R. Singh
|1977–1979
|-
|23
|Andrew Indar Narayan Deoki
|1979–1981
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |24
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Manikam Pillai
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1981–1984
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau
|-
|25
|Qoriniasi Babitu Bale
|1984–1987
|-
|26
|Jai Ram Reddy
|1987
|Timoci Bavadra
|-
|27
|Alipate Qetaki
|1987
|''babu kowa''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |[1] ''Babban Lauyan a wannan lokacin ne Gwamna Janar ya nada shi a hukumance, amma bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista.''
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin: [1]
|-
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Shugaban kasa
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Firayim Minista
|-
|28
|Sailosi Kepa
|1987–1992
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau
|Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
|-
|29
|Apaitia Seru
|1992
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |30
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kelemedi Bulewa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1992–1996
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
|-
|31
|Etuate Tavai
|1996–1999
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |32
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Anand K. Singh
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999–2000
|Mahendra Chaudhry
|-
|Ratu Tevita Momoedonu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |(27)
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Alipate Qetaki
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2000–2001
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ratu Josefa Iloilo
|Laisenia Qarase
|-
|Ratu Tevita Momoedonu
|-
|Laisenia Qarase
|-
|(25)
|Qoriniasi Babitu Bale
|2001–2006
|Laisenia Qarase
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |33
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007–2014
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Admiral na baya (Rtd) Frank Bainimarama
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ratu Epeli Nailatikau
|-
|34
|Faiyaz Koya
|2014
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |(33)
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2014–2022
|-
|Jioji Konrote
|-
|Wiliame Katonivere
|-
|35
|Siromi Turaga
|2022–2024
|Wiliame Katonivere
|Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
|36
|Graham Leung
|2024 –2025
|Wiliame Katonivere
|Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
|(35)
|Siromi Turaga
|2025 –
|Naiqama Lalabalavu
|Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |[1] ''Babban Lauyan a wannan lokacin ne Shugaban kasa ya nada shi a hukumance, amma bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista.''
|-
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858312</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:55:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <text bytes="8227" sha1="apegjh8kknrv3k6ustn6iddvahqjspd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Babban Lauyan''' jami'in siyasa ne da shari'a a Fiji . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the website of the Office of the Attorney-General |url=http://www.ag.gov.fj/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024221144/http://www.ag.gov.fj/ |archive-date=24 October 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015 |website=Office of the Attorney-General |publisher=© Copyright 2005-2008, Office of the Attorney-General}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban lauya shine babban jami'in shari'a na Jiha, kuma yana da alhakin kula da dokar Fiji da kuma ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan al'amuran shari'a. Kamar sauran mambobin majalisar dokokin Fiji, shugaban kasa ne ke nada babban lauya bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista. 

Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Fiji na 2013, ana buƙatar babban lauya ya zama mai ba da izini a Fiji, ba tare da kasa da shekaru goma sha biyar ba bayan shigar da aikin shari'a, ko dai a Fiji ko a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Fiji |url=http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Constitution-of-the-Republic-of-Fiji-.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235116/http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Constitution-of-the-Republic-of-Fiji-.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015 |website=electionsfiji.gov.fj |pages=55}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban lauya memba ne na majalisar ministocin Fiji, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; kuma ana sa ran ya zama memba na majalisar. Firayim Minista na iya, duk da haka, zabar babban lauya daga waje da majalisa bayan ya yanke shawarar cewa babu wani Dan majalisa da ya cancanta wanda ke goyon bayan Gwamnati. Babban Lauyan da ba memba ba ne na majalisa na iya zama a majalisa, amma ba zai iya jefa kuri'a ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

Ofishin babban lauya shine ofishin zartarwa mafi tsufa a Fiji, an kafa shi a Masarautar Fiji a 1872. Ya ci gaba a duk shekarun Fiji a matsayin [[Mulkin sarauta|mulkin mallaka]] na [[Birtaniya]] (1874-1970) kuma daga baya a matsayin Dominion of Fiji (1970-1987) da jamhuriya (1987-yanzu), tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare.

Babban lauya shine kawai ofishin majalisar ministoci, ban da na Firayim Minista, wanda aka kafa ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1997, wanda ya buƙaci babban lauya ya zama memba na ko dai Majalisar Wakilai ko Majalisar Dattijai. Wani fasalin na musamman na ofishin shi ne cewa ban da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a (wanda za'a iya amfani da shi ne kawai a cikin ɗakin da babban lauya ya kasance memba a hukumance), babban lauya yana da ikon shiga cikin harkokin majalisun biyu. Wannan fasalin ya zama mara amfani a lokacin da aka amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2013, wanda ya kafa majalisa mai zaman kanta.

== Matsayin Ofishin Babban Lauyan ==
An bayyana rawar da babban lauya ke takawa a matsayin &quot;bayar da ƙwarewar shari'a da tallafi ga Gwamnati&quot;. Ƙarin takamaiman ayyuka sun haɗa da &quot;rubuce-rubuce na doka&quot;, &quot;taimako na shari'a&quot;, &quot;ma'aikatar jinƙai&quot; (ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa), &quot;lasisin giya&quot; da &quot;tsinkayar fim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ag.gov.fj/ Office of the Attorney-General] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024221144/http://www.ag.gov.fj/|date=October 24, 2015}} ([[Fiji]]), official website.&lt;/ref&gt;Don haka, babban lauya yana da alhakin duk bukatun shari'a na sassan gwamnati, hukumomin doka, da kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati. 

Ofishin yana da ofisoshi uku a Suva, Lautoka, da Labasa bi da bi. Ayyukan shari'a na gwamnati a cikin Sashen Tsakiya da Gabas na kasar suna aiki ne daga babban ofishin a Suva, wanda Solicitor-General ke jagoranta, yayin da ofishin Lautoka (wanda [[Principal Legal Officer (Fiji)|Babban Jami'in Shari'a]] ke jagorantar) ke da alhakin Yammacin Yamma. Ofishin Labasa ne ke rufe Yankin Arewa.

== Jerin manyan lauyoyi na Fiji ==
Lura cewa wasu manyan lauyoyi sun rike mukamai a cikin gwamnatoci da yawa a jere, musamman a zamanin [[Daular Biritaniya|mulkin mallaka]].

=== Masarautar Viti (1871-1874) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! width=&quot;500&quot; |An nada shi (Sarki):
|-
|1
|Robert Wilson Hamilton
|1872
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Seru Epenisa Cakobau
|-
|2
|Charles Rossiter Forwood
|1872–1873
|-
|3
|Sydney Charles Burt
|1873–1874
|-
|}

=== Masarautar sarauta (1874-1970) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! width=&quot;500&quot; |Gwamna
|-
|4
|James Herman De Ricci
|1875–1876
|Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon
|-
|5
|Joseph Hector Garrick
|1876–1882
|Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon
|-
|6
|Fielding Clarke
|1882–1886
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sir William Des Vœux
|-
|7
|Henry Spencer Berkeley
|1886–1889
|-
|8
|John Symonds Udal
|1889–1899
|Sir John Bates Thurston
|-
|9
|Henry Edward Pollock
|1901–1903
|William Lamond Allardyce
|-
|10
|Albert Ehrhardt
|1903–1914
|Sir Henry Moore Jackson
|-
|11
|[[Alfred Karney Young]]
|1914–1922
|Sir Ernest Bickham Sweet-Escott
|-
|12
|Kenneth James Muir MacKenzie
|1922–1927
|Sir Cecil Hunter Rodwell
|-
|13
|Percy Alexander McElwaine
|1927–1931
|Sir Eyre Hutson
|-
|14
|Charles Gough Howell
|1931–1933
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sir Arthur George Murchison Fletcher
|-
|15
|Ransley Samuel Thacker
|1933–1938
|-
|16
|Edward Enoch Jenkins
|1938–1945
|[[Arthur Richards, 1st Baron Milverton|Sir Arthur Frederick Richards]]
|-
|17
|John Henry Vaughan
|1945–1949
|Sir Alexander Grantham
|-
|18
|Brian Andre Doyle
|1949–1956
|Sir Brian Freeston
|-
|19
|Ashley Martin Greenwood
|1956–1963
|Sir Ronald Herbert Garvey
|-
|20
|Henry Roger Justin Lewis
|1963–1970
|Sir Kenneth Phipson Maddocks
|-
|}

=== Mulkin mallaka (1970-1987) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin: [1]
|-
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Gwamna Janar
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Firayim Minista
|-
|21
|John Neil Falvey
|1970–1977
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ratu Sir George Cakobau
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
|-
|22
|Sir Vijay R. Singh
|1977–1979
|-
|23
|Andrew Indar Narayan Deoki
|1979–1981
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |24
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Manikam Pillai
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1981–1984
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau
|-
|25
|Qoriniasi Babitu Bale
|1984–1987
|-
|26
|Jai Ram Reddy
|1987
|Timoci Bavadra
|-
|27
|Alipate Qetaki
|1987
|''babu kowa''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |[1] ''Babban Lauyan a wannan lokacin ne Gwamna Janar ya nada shi a hukumance, amma bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista.''
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin: [1]
|-
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Shugaban kasa
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Firayim Minista
|-
|28
|Sailosi Kepa
|1987–1992
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau
|Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
|-
|29
|Apaitia Seru
|1992
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |30
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kelemedi Bulewa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1992–1996
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
|-
|31
|Etuate Tavai
|1996–1999
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |32
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Anand K. Singh
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999–2000
|Mahendra Chaudhry
|-
|Ratu Tevita Momoedonu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |(27)
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Alipate Qetaki
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2000–2001
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ratu Josefa Iloilo
|Laisenia Qarase
|-
|Ratu Tevita Momoedonu
|-
|Laisenia Qarase
|-
|(25)
|Qoriniasi Babitu Bale
|2001–2006
|Laisenia Qarase
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |33
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007–2014
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Admiral na baya (Rtd) Frank Bainimarama
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ratu Epeli Nailatikau
|-
|34
|Faiyaz Koya
|2014
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |(33)
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2014–2022
|-
|Jioji Konrote
|-
|Wiliame Katonivere
|-
|35
|Siromi Turaga
|2022–2024
|Wiliame Katonivere
|Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
|36
|Graham Leung
|2024 –2025
|Wiliame Katonivere
|Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
|(35)
|Siromi Turaga
|2025 –
|Naiqama Lalabalavu
|Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |[1] ''Babban Lauyan a wannan lokacin ne Shugaban kasa ya nada shi a hukumance, amma bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista.''
|-
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858315</id>
      <parentid>858312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:56:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>858315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8183" sha1="jtx2ofi4wn35pw6c9ts2ez6ffs2wysd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Babban Lauyan''' jami'in siyasa ne da shari'a a Fiji . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the website of the Office of the Attorney-General |url=http://www.ag.gov.fj/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024221144/http://www.ag.gov.fj/ |archive-date=24 October 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015 |website=Office of the Attorney-General |publisher=© Copyright 2005-2008, Office of the Attorney-General}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban lauya shine babban jami'in shari'a na Jiha, kuma yana da alhakin kula da dokar Fiji da kuma ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan al'amuran shari'a. Kamar sauran mambobin majalisar dokokin Fiji, shugaban kasa ne ke nada babban lauya bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista. 

Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Fiji na 2013, ana buƙatar babban lauya ya zama mai ba da izini a Fiji, ba tare da kasa da shekaru goma sha biyar ba bayan shigar da aikin shari'a, ko dai a Fiji ko a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Fiji |url=http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Constitution-of-the-Republic-of-Fiji-.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235116/http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Constitution-of-the-Republic-of-Fiji-.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015 |website=electionsfiji.gov.fj |pages=55}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban lauya memba ne na majalisar ministocin Fiji, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; kuma ana sa ran ya zama memba na majalisar. Firayim Minista na iya, duk da haka, zabar babban lauya daga waje da majalisa bayan ya yanke shawarar cewa babu wani Dan majalisa da ya cancanta wanda ke goyon bayan Gwamnati. Babban Lauyan da ba memba ba ne na majalisa na iya zama a majalisa, amma ba zai iya jefa kuri'a ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

Ofishin babban lauya shine ofishin zartarwa mafi tsufa a Fiji, an kafa shi a Masarautar Fiji a 1872. Ya ci gaba a duk shekarun Fiji a matsayin [[Mulkin sarauta|mulkin mallaka]] na [[Birtaniya]] (1874-1970) kuma daga baya a matsayin Dominion of Fiji (1970-1987) da jamhuriya (1987-yanzu), tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare.

Babban lauya shine kawai ofishin majalisar ministoci, ban da na Firayim Minista, wanda aka kafa ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1997, wanda ya buƙaci babban lauya ya zama memba na ko dai Majalisar Wakilai ko Majalisar Dattijai. Wani fasalin na musamman na ofishin shi ne cewa ban da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a (wanda za'a iya amfani da shi ne kawai a cikin ɗakin da babban lauya ya kasance memba a hukumance), babban lauya yana da ikon shiga cikin harkokin majalisun biyu. Wannan fasalin ya zama mara amfani a lokacin da aka amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2013, wanda ya kafa majalisa mai zaman kanta.

== Matsayin Ofishin Babban Lauyan ==
An bayyana rawar da babban lauya ke takawa a matsayin &quot;bayar da ƙwarewar shari'a da tallafi ga Gwamnati&quot;. Ƙarin takamaiman ayyuka sun haɗa da &quot;rubuce-rubuce na doka&quot;, &quot;taimako na shari'a&quot;, &quot;ma'aikatar jinƙai&quot; (ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa), &quot;lasisin giya&quot; da &quot;tsinkayar fim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ag.gov.fj/ Office of the Attorney-General] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024221144/http://www.ag.gov.fj/|date=October 24, 2015}} ([[Fiji]]), official website.&lt;/ref&gt;Don haka, babban lauya yana da alhakin duk bukatun shari'a na sassan gwamnati, hukumomin doka, da kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati. 

Ofishin yana da ofisoshi uku a Suva, Lautoka, da Labasa bi da bi. Ayyukan shari'a na gwamnati a cikin Sashen Tsakiya da Gabas na kasar suna aiki ne daga babban ofishin a Suva, wanda Solicitor-General ke jagoranta, yayin da ofishin Lautoka (wanda [[Principal Legal Officer (Fiji)|Babban Jami'in Shari'a]] ke jagorantar) ke da alhakin Yammacin Yamma. Ofishin Labasa ne ke rufe Yankin Arewa.

== Jerin manyan lauyoyi na Fiji ==
Lura cewa wasu manyan lauyoyi sun rike mukamai a cikin gwamnatoci da yawa a jere, musamman a zamanin [[Daular Biritaniya|mulkin mallaka]].

=== Masarautar Viti (1871-1874) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! width=&quot;500&quot; |An nada shi (Sarki):
|-
|1
|Robert Wilson Hamilton
|1872
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Seru Epenisa Cakobau
|-
|2
|Charles Rossiter Forwood
|1872–1873
|-
|3
|Sydney Charles Burt
|1873–1874
|-
|}

=== Masarautar sarauta (1874-1970) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! width=&quot;500&quot; |Gwamna
|-
|4
|James Herman De Ricci
|1875–1876
|Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon
|-
|5
|Joseph Hector Garrick
|1876–1882
|Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon
|-
|6
|Fielding Clarke
|1882–1886
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sir William Des Vœux
|-
|7
|Henry Spencer Berkeley
|1886–1889
|-
|8
|John Symonds Udal
|1889–1899
|Sir John Bates Thurston
|-
|9
|Henry Edward Pollock
|1901–1903
|William Lamond Allardyce
|-
|10
|Albert Ehrhardt
|1903–1914
|Sir Henry Moore Jackson
|-
|11
|[[Alfred Karney Young]]
|1914–1922
|Sir Ernest Bickham Sweet-Escott
|-
|12
|Kenneth James Muir MacKenzie
|1922–1927
|Sir Cecil Hunter Rodwell
|-
|13
|Percy Alexander McElwaine
|1927–1931
|Sir Eyre Hutson
|-
|14
|Charles Gough Howell
|1931–1933
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sir Arthur George Murchison Fletcher
|-
|15
|Ransley Samuel Thacker
|1933–1938
|-
|16
|Edward Enoch Jenkins
|1938–1945
|[[Arthur Richards, 1st Baron Milverton|Sir Arthur Frederick Richards]]
|-
|17
|John Henry Vaughan
|1945–1949
|Sir Alexander Grantham
|-
|18
|Brian Andre Doyle
|1949–1956
|Sir Brian Freeston
|-
|19
|Ashley Martin Greenwood
|1956–1963
|Sir Ronald Herbert Garvey
|-
|20
|Henry Roger Justin Lewis
|1963–1970
|Sir Kenneth Phipson Maddocks
|-
|}

=== Mulkin mallaka (1970-1987) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin: [1]
|-
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Gwamna Janar
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Firayim Minista
|-
|21
|John Neil Falvey
|1970–1977
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ratu Sir George Cakobau
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
|-
|22
|Sir Vijay R. Singh
|1977–1979
|-
|23
|Andrew Indar Narayan Deoki
|1979–1981
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |24
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Manikam Pillai
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1981–1984
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau
|-
|25
|Qoriniasi Babitu Bale
|1984–1987
|-
|26
|Jai Ram Reddy
|1987
|Timoci Bavadra
|-
|27
|Alipate Qetaki
|1987
|''babu kowa''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |[1] ''Babban Lauyan a wannan lokacin ne Gwamna Janar ya nada shi a hukumance, amma bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista.''
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;25&quot; |A'a.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; |Sunan
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Lokacin aiki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin: [1]
|-
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Shugaban kasa
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Firayim Minista
|-
|28
|Sailosi Kepa
|1987–1992
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau
|Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
|-
|29
|Apaitia Seru
|1992
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |30
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kelemedi Bulewa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1992–1996
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
|-
|31
|Etuate Tavai
|1996–1999
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |32
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Anand K. Singh
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999–2000
|Mahendra Chaudhry
|-
|Ratu Tevita Momoedonu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |(27)
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Alipate Qetaki
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2000–2001
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ratu Josefa Iloilo
|Laisenia Qarase
|-
|Ratu Tevita Momoedonu
|-
|Laisenia Qarase
|-
|(25)
|Qoriniasi Babitu Bale
|2001–2006
|Laisenia Qarase
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |33
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007–2014
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Admiral na baya (Rtd) Frank Bainimarama
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ratu Epeli Nailatikau
|-
|34
|Faiyaz Koya
|2014
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |(33)
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2014–2022
|-
|Jioji Konrote
|-
|Wiliame Katonivere
|-
|35
|Siromi Turaga
|2022–2024
|Wiliame Katonivere
|Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
|36
|Graham Leung
|2024 –2025
|Wiliame Katonivere
|Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
|(35)
|Siromi Turaga
|2025 –
|Naiqama Lalabalavu
|Manjo Janar (Rtd) Sitiveni Rabuka
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |[1] ''Babban Lauyan a wannan lokacin ne Shugaban kasa ya nada shi a hukumance, amma bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista.''
|-
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>jtx2ofi4wn35pw6c9ts2ez6ffs2wysd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iyakance harin alamomi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858310</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326959074|Limited symptom attack]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858310</origin>
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'''Hare-haren alamun da aka iyakance''' ( '''LSA''' ), wanda kuma ake kira '''harin tsoro mai iyaka''' ( '''LPA''' ), wani nau'i ne na [[harin tsoro]] mai sauƙi, wanda ba shi da cikakkiyar siffa, tare da ƙarancin alamun da suka shafi firgici huɗu da ake fuskanta (APA 1994). Misali, wani yanayi na [[Jiri|tashin hankali]] ko rawar jiki kwatsam tare da [[tsoro]] cewa wani abu mai ban tsoro zai faru. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da [[Rashin jin tsoro|matsalar firgici]] suna da gaurayen hare-haren alamun da ke da ƙarfi da kuma waɗanda ke da iyaka. LSAs galibi suna bayyana a cikin [[Matsalar damuwa|rikice-rikicen damuwa]], tsoro, matsalar tsoro, da kuma fargabar agoraphobia . Duk da haka, fuskantar LSA ba lallai bane ya nuna matsalar kwakwalwa . Sau da yawa mutanen da ke murmurewa daga ko kuma ana yi musu magani don hare-haren tsoro da rashin lafiyar tsoro za su fuskanci LSAs.

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
A cewar DSM-5-TR, a lokacin LSA, za a fuskanci ƙasa da alamun guda huɗu daga cikin waɗannan, sabanin harin firgici mai tsanani, wanda dole ne ya haɗa da alamomi huɗu ko fiye.

* Murmushi, bugun zuciya, ko saurin bugun zuciya
* [[Zufa|Gumi]]
* Girgizawa ko girgiza
* Jin ɗan gajeren numfashi ko kuma shaƙewa
* Jin shaƙa
* Ciwon ƙirji ko rashin jin daɗi
* Tashin zuciya ko ciwon ciki
* Jin jiri, rashin kwanciyar hankali, saurin kai, ko suma
* Sanyi ko jin zafi
* Paresthesias (jin ƙaiƙayi ko jin ƙaiƙayi)
* Rage fahimtar mutum (jin rashin gaskiya) ko kuma rashin fahimtar mutum (rabu da kai)
* Tsoron rasa iko ko &quot;hauka&quot;
* Tsoron mutuwa

=== Tsawon Lokaci ===
Kamar yadda yake da harin firgici, LSA yawanci yakan kai kololuwa cikin mintuna 10. Duk da haka, hare-haren na iya zama gajeru kamar minti ɗaya zuwa biyar ko kuma suna iya samar da jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma raguwa na tsawon awanni.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>t0nz402x6blgcy74mt5uiiu6hvsi0vo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858311</id>
      <parentid>858310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326959074|Limited symptom attack]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2174" sha1="t84l5z9yz924d6v86hyxa4vjn7gb9xy" xml:space="preserve">
'''Hare-haren alamun da aka iyakance''' ( '''LSA''' ), wanda kuma ake kira '''harin tsoro mai iyaka''' ( '''LPA''' ), wani nau'i ne na [[harin tsoro]] mai sauƙi, wanda ba shi da cikakkiyar siffa, tare da ƙarancin alamun da suka shafi firgici huɗu da ake fuskanta (APA 1994). Misali, wani yanayi na [[Jiri|tashin hankali]] ko rawar jiki kwatsam tare da [[tsoro]] cewa wani abu mai ban tsoro zai faru. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da [[Rashin jin tsoro|matsalar firgici]] suna da gaurayen hare-haren alamun da ke da ƙarfi da kuma waɗanda ke da iyaka. LSAs galibi suna bayyana a cikin [[Matsalar damuwa|rikice-rikicen damuwa]], tsoro, matsalar tsoro, da kuma fargabar agoraphobia . Duk da haka, fuskantar LSA ba lallai bane ya nuna matsalar kwakwalwa . Sau da yawa mutanen da ke murmurewa daga ko kuma ana yi musu magani don hare-haren tsoro da rashin lafiyar tsoro za su fuskanci LSAs.&lt;ref&gt;Shioiri T, Someya T, Fujii K, Noguchi T, Takahashi S (April 1997). &quot;Differences in symptom structure between panic attack and limited symptom panic attack: a study using cluster analysis&quot;. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 51 (2): 47–51. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02906.x. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 9141140&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 7760416.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
A cewar DSM-5-TR, a lokacin LSA, za a fuskanci ƙasa da alamun guda huɗu daga cikin waɗannan, sabanin harin firgici mai tsanani, wanda dole ne ya haɗa da alamomi huɗu ko fiye.

* Murmushi, bugun zuciya, ko saurin bugun zuciya
* [[Zufa|Gumi]]
* Girgizawa ko girgiza
* Jin ɗan gajeren numfashi ko kuma shaƙewa
* Jin shaƙa
* Ciwon ƙirji ko rashin jin daɗi
* Tashin zuciya ko ciwon ciki
* Jin jiri, rashin kwanciyar hankali, saurin kai, ko suma
* Sanyi ko jin zafi
* Paresthesias (jin ƙaiƙayi ko jin ƙaiƙayi)
* Rage fahimtar mutum (jin rashin gaskiya) ko kuma rashin fahimtar mutum (rabu da kai)
* Tsoron rasa iko ko &quot;hauka&quot;
* Tsoron mutuwa

=== Tsawon Lokaci ===
Kamar yadda yake da harin firgici, LSA yawanci yakan kai kololuwa cikin mintuna 10. Duk da haka, hare-haren na iya zama gajeru kamar minti ɗaya zuwa biyar ko kuma suna iya samar da jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma raguwa na tsawon awanni.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>t84l5z9yz924d6v86hyxa4vjn7gb9xy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858313</id>
      <parentid>858311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2185" sha1="ogfcwreaf1levs7lphpakz5apkhssza" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Hare-haren alamun da aka iyakance''' ( '''LSA''' ), wanda kuma ake kira '''harin tsoro mai iyaka''' ( '''LPA''' ), wani nau'i ne na [[harin tsoro]] mai sauƙi, wanda ba shi da cikakkiyar siffa, tare da ƙarancin alamun da suka shafi firgici huɗu da ake fuskanta (APA 1994). Misali, wani yanayi na [[Jiri|tashin hankali]] ko rawar jiki kwatsam tare da [[tsoro]] cewa wani abu mai ban tsoro zai faru. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da [[Rashin jin tsoro|matsalar firgici]] suna da gaurayen hare-haren alamun da ke da ƙarfi da kuma waɗanda ke da iyaka. LSAs galibi suna bayyana a cikin [[Matsalar damuwa|rikice-rikicen damuwa]], tsoro, matsalar tsoro, da kuma fargabar agoraphobia . Duk da haka, fuskantar LSA ba lallai bane ya nuna matsalar kwakwalwa . Sau da yawa mutanen da ke murmurewa daga ko kuma ana yi musu magani don hare-haren tsoro da rashin lafiyar tsoro za su fuskanci LSAs.&lt;ref&gt;Shioiri T, Someya T, Fujii K, Noguchi T, Takahashi S (April 1997). &quot;Differences in symptom structure between panic attack and limited symptom panic attack: a study using cluster analysis&quot;. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 51 (2): 47–51. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02906.x. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 9141140&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 7760416.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
A cewar DSM-5-TR, a lokacin LSA, za a fuskanci ƙasa da alamun guda huɗu daga cikin waɗannan, sabanin harin firgici mai tsanani, wanda dole ne ya haɗa da alamomi huɗu ko fiye.

* Murmushi, bugun zuciya, ko saurin bugun zuciya
* [[Zufa|Gumi]]
* Girgizawa ko girgiza
* Jin ɗan gajeren numfashi ko kuma shaƙewa
* Jin shaƙa
* Ciwon ƙirji ko rashin jin daɗi
* Tashin zuciya ko ciwon ciki
* Jin jiri, rashin kwanciyar hankali, saurin kai, ko suma
* Sanyi ko jin zafi
* Paresthesias (jin ƙaiƙayi ko jin ƙaiƙayi)
* Rage fahimtar mutum (jin rashin gaskiya) ko kuma rashin fahimtar mutum (rabu da kai)
* Tsoron rasa iko ko &quot;hauka&quot;
* Tsoron mutuwa

=== Tsawon Lokaci ===
Kamar yadda yake da harin firgici, LSA yawanci yakan kai kololuwa cikin mintuna 10. Duk da haka, hare-haren na iya zama gajeru kamar minti ɗaya zuwa biyar ko kuma suna iya samar da jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma raguwa na tsawon awanni.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ogfcwreaf1levs7lphpakz5apkhssza</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Idiopathic craniofacial erythema</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858316</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:57:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341759140|Idiopathic craniofacial erythema]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2981" sha1="fwi5fp663jend28topzvjrcrfu4wr0w" xml:space="preserve">
'''Ciwon kai na fuska (idiopathic craniofacial erythema)''' wani yanayi ne na rashin lafiya wanda ke haifar da ja da kuma kurajen fuska wanda ba za a iya shawo kansa ba.

Kumburin ido na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci kuma galibi yana faruwa ne sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun, kamar yin magana da abokai, biyan kuɗi don kaya a shago, neman hanya ko ma kawai yin ido da wani.

Wannan yanayin lafiya da ke tattare da ja mai tsanani, akai-akai da kuma rashin iya sarrafa fuska, wanda galibi ba a iya shawo kansa ba. Ba a san dalilin da ya sa mutane ke fama da wannan yanayin ba, amma da alama ya faru ne sakamakon tsarin juyayi mai tausayi mai yawa, martani kai tsaye wanda masu fama da wannan yanayin ba su da ikon sarrafa hankalinsu. Yana da alaƙa da focal hyperhidrosis, wanda aka fi sani da gumi mai yawa, saboda yana faruwa ne ta hanyar jijiyoyin da ke haifar da gumi mai yawa. Masu fama da ja mai tsanani a fuska galibi suna fuskantar focal hyperhidrosis. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa marasa lafiya da ke fama da ja mai tsanani a fuska ko focal hyperhidrosis galibi suna da 'yan uwa da ke da ɗaya ko duka cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da shi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== A cikin al'adun jama'a ==

* A cikin shirin Grey's Anatomy Season 2, Kashi na 3, an gano wani majiyyaci yana da matsalar erythema na craniofacial idiopathic.
* Jarumar fim ɗin Koriya ta Kudu mai ''suna Heart to Heart'' tana fama da jajayen idanu marasa misaltuwa, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mai ƙiyayya ga zamantakewa .

== Magani ==
Akwai magunguna da dama. Zaɓuɓɓuka don maganin da ba a saba gani ba don ja da baya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da magungunan baki da kuma maganin ɗabi'a. Ana amfani da nau'ikan magunguna da dama a matsayin maganin erythema na craniofacial idiopathic. Ana amfani da anxiolytics, kamar diazepam, don damuwa; beta-blockers, waɗanda ke rage martanin jiki ga damuwa; ko magungunan anticholinergic, kamar glycopyrronium, oxybutynin, ko propanthelin .

Hanya mafi nasara wacce ba ta da illa ita ce maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT), wanda ke ƙoƙarin rage damuwar da masu fama da ita ke ji.

A cikin mawuyacin hali, ana samun tiyatar tiyata da aka sani da endoscopic transthoracic sympathicotomy (ETS). Likitocin tiyata a Sweden ne suka fara wannan aikin, kuma kwanan nan ya zama abin cece-kuce saboda illolinsa da dama. Marasa lafiya da aka yi wa aikin sau da yawa suna korafin gumi da gajiya, inda kusan kashi 5% ke sake duba maganin. A yanzu ana la'akari da ETS ne kawai a cikin mawuyacin hali inda wasu jiyya ba su yi tasiri ba.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/02/12/crimson-tide Jaridar New Yorker] - ''CRIMSON TIDE - Menene blushing?'' '', Babu wanda ya san tabbas, amma zai iya lalata rayuwarka'' ta Atul Gawande .</text>
      <sha1>fwi5fp663jend28topzvjrcrfu4wr0w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858317</id>
      <parentid>858316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2992" sha1="92x3gor729jg5k71db27klc69ys75hl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ciwon kai na fuska (idiopathic craniofacial erythema)''' wani yanayi ne na rashin lafiya wanda ke haifar da ja da kuma kurajen fuska wanda ba za a iya shawo kansa ba.

Kumburin ido na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci kuma galibi yana faruwa ne sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun, kamar yin magana da abokai, biyan kuɗi don kaya a shago, neman hanya ko ma kawai yin ido da wani.

Wannan yanayin lafiya da ke tattare da ja mai tsanani, akai-akai da kuma rashin iya sarrafa fuska, wanda galibi ba a iya shawo kansa ba. Ba a san dalilin da ya sa mutane ke fama da wannan yanayin ba, amma da alama ya faru ne sakamakon tsarin juyayi mai tausayi mai yawa, martani kai tsaye wanda masu fama da wannan yanayin ba su da ikon sarrafa hankalinsu. Yana da alaƙa da focal hyperhidrosis, wanda aka fi sani da gumi mai yawa, saboda yana faruwa ne ta hanyar jijiyoyin da ke haifar da gumi mai yawa. Masu fama da ja mai tsanani a fuska galibi suna fuskantar focal hyperhidrosis. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa marasa lafiya da ke fama da ja mai tsanani a fuska ko focal hyperhidrosis galibi suna da 'yan uwa da ke da ɗaya ko duka cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da shi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== A cikin al'adun jama'a ==

* A cikin shirin Grey's Anatomy Season 2, Kashi na 3, an gano wani majiyyaci yana da matsalar erythema na craniofacial idiopathic.
* Jarumar fim ɗin Koriya ta Kudu mai ''suna Heart to Heart'' tana fama da jajayen idanu marasa misaltuwa, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mai ƙiyayya ga zamantakewa .

== Magani ==
Akwai magunguna da dama. Zaɓuɓɓuka don maganin da ba a saba gani ba don ja da baya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da magungunan baki da kuma maganin ɗabi'a. Ana amfani da nau'ikan magunguna da dama a matsayin maganin erythema na craniofacial idiopathic. Ana amfani da anxiolytics, kamar diazepam, don damuwa; beta-blockers, waɗanda ke rage martanin jiki ga damuwa; ko magungunan anticholinergic, kamar glycopyrronium, oxybutynin, ko propanthelin .

Hanya mafi nasara wacce ba ta da illa ita ce maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT), wanda ke ƙoƙarin rage damuwar da masu fama da ita ke ji.

A cikin mawuyacin hali, ana samun tiyatar tiyata da aka sani da endoscopic transthoracic sympathicotomy (ETS). Likitocin tiyata a Sweden ne suka fara wannan aikin, kuma kwanan nan ya zama abin cece-kuce saboda illolinsa da dama. Marasa lafiya da aka yi wa aikin sau da yawa suna korafin gumi da gajiya, inda kusan kashi 5% ke sake duba maganin. A yanzu ana la'akari da ETS ne kawai a cikin mawuyacin hali inda wasu jiyya ba su yi tasiri ba.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/02/12/crimson-tide Jaridar New Yorker] - ''CRIMSON TIDE - Menene blushing?'' '', Babu wanda ya san tabbas, amma zai iya lalata rayuwarka'' ta Atul Gawande .</text>
      <sha1>92x3gor729jg5k71db27klc69ys75hl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tony Taylor (kwallon kwando)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858318</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:01:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amama24</username>
        <id>45707</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354862103|Tony Taylor (basketball)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tony Christopher Taylor''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando ne]] ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke buga ƙwallon kwando a ƙungiyar Trabzonspor ta Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL).

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Taylor ya buga wasanni 4 na ƙwallon kwando a jami'ar George Washington, tare da ƙungiyar George Washington Colonials . 

== Sana'ar Ƙwarewa ==
Ba a rubuta shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar NBA ta 2012 ba. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Tulsa 66ers ta zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar NBA D-League ta 2012. 

A lokacin bazara na 2013, Taylor ya sanya hannu da Turów Zgorzelec na Poland.  Tare da Turow, ya lashe Gasar Zakarun Poland a kakar wasa ta 2013–14 .

A watan Agusta na 2015, Taylor ya sanya hannu da kulob din Rasha Enisey na VTB United League .  Tare da Enisey, ya buga wasa a gasar cin kofin FIBA ta Turai ta 2016, inda kungiyar ta kare a matsayi na hudu. Bayan kammala kakar wasa ta VTB United League, Taylor ya sanya hannu da Strasbourg IG na Faransa don sauran kakar wasa.  A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2016, ya koma Enisey don kakar wasa ta 2016-17. 

A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2017, Taylor ya sanya hannu da kulob din Banvit na Turkiyya don kakar wasa ta 2017-18. 

A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, Taylor ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da kulob din Virtus Bologna na Italiya don kakar wasa ta LBA ta 2018–19 da kuma gasar zakarun Turai . 

A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2019, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Pınar Karşıyaka na Hukumar Kwando ta Turkiyya Süper Ligi . 

A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2022, ya sanya hannu da Türk Telekom na Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 5, 2022 |title=Telekom Tony Taylor'ı açıkladı |url=https://www.basketfaul.com/haber?haber=102084 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website= |publisher=basketfaul |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2023, ya sanya hannu tare da Bahçeşehir Koleji na Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Bahçeşehir, Tony Taylor'ı açıkladı |url=https://www.basketfaul.com/haber?haber=109018 |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website= |publisher=basketfaul |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2024, ya sanya hannu da UNICS Kazan na VTB United League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Тони Тейлор – новый разыгрывающий УНИКСа |url=https://www.unics.ru/news/novosti-komandy/?id=toni-teylor--novyy-razygryvayushchiy-uniksa- |access-date=August 13, 2024 |website=unics.ru |publisher= |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2024, an ba Taylor kyautar 'Yan wasan Hoops Agents na Mako a zagaye na 7 saboda ya samu maki 19 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye 13. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taylor's double-double lands him Hoops Agents Player of the Week award |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/VTB-United-League/news/896445/Taylors-double-double-lands-him-Hoops-Agents-Player-of-the-Week-award |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=www.eurobasket.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2025, ya sanya hannu da Trabzonspor na Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=TSBasketResmi|title=Ailemize hoş geldin Tony Taylor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>858319</id>
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'''Tony Christopher Taylor''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando ne]] ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke buga ƙwallon kwando a ƙungiyar Trabzonspor ta Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL).

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Taylor ya buga wasanni 4 na ƙwallon kwando a jami'ar George Washington, tare da ƙungiyar George Washington Colonials . 

== Sana'ar Ƙwarewa ==
Ba a rubuta shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar NBA ta 2012 ba. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Tulsa 66ers ta zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar NBA D-League ta 2012. 

A lokacin bazara na 2013, Taylor ya sanya hannu da Turów Zgorzelec na Poland.  Tare da Turow, ya lashe Gasar Zakarun Poland a kakar wasa ta 2013–14 .

A watan Agusta na 2015, Taylor ya sanya hannu da kulob din Rasha Enisey na VTB United League .  Tare da Enisey, ya buga wasa a gasar cin kofin FIBA ta Turai ta 2016, inda kungiyar ta kare a matsayi na hudu. Bayan kammala kakar wasa ta VTB United League, Taylor ya sanya hannu da Strasbourg IG na Faransa don sauran kakar wasa.  A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2016, ya koma Enisey don kakar wasa ta 2016-17. 

A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2017, Taylor ya sanya hannu da kulob din Banvit na Turkiyya don kakar wasa ta 2017-18. 

A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, Taylor ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da kulob din Virtus Bologna na Italiya don kakar wasa ta LBA ta 2018–19 da kuma gasar zakarun Turai . 

A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2019, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Pınar Karşıyaka na Hukumar Kwando ta Turkiyya Süper Ligi . 

A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2022, ya sanya hannu da Türk Telekom na Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 5, 2022 |title=Telekom Tony Taylor'ı açıkladı |url=https://www.basketfaul.com/haber?haber=102084 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website= |publisher=basketfaul |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2023, ya sanya hannu tare da Bahçeşehir Koleji na Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Bahçeşehir, Tony Taylor'ı açıkladı |url=https://www.basketfaul.com/haber?haber=109018 |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website= |publisher=basketfaul |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2024, ya sanya hannu da UNICS Kazan na VTB United League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Тони Тейлор – новый разыгрывающий УНИКСа |url=https://www.unics.ru/news/novosti-komandy/?id=toni-teylor--novyy-razygryvayushchiy-uniksa- |access-date=August 13, 2024 |website=unics.ru |publisher= |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2024, an ba Taylor kyautar 'Yan wasan Hoops Agents na Mako a zagaye na 7 saboda ya samu maki 19 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye 13. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taylor's double-double lands him Hoops Agents Player of the Week award |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/VTB-United-League/news/896445/Taylors-double-double-lands-him-Hoops-Agents-Player-of-the-Week-award |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=www.eurobasket.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2025, ya sanya hannu da Trabzonspor na Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=TSBasketResmi|title=Ailemize hoş geldin Tony Taylor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sabuntawar hanta</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>858332</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317311707|Liver regeneration]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sabuntawar hanta''' shine tsari wanda hanta ke iya maye gurbin lalacewar ko ɓacewar nama. Hanci shine kawai sashin jiki mai ciki tare da ikon sake farfadowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michalopoulos |first=George K. |last2=DeFrances |first2=Marie C. |date=1997-04-04 |title=Liver Regeneration |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.276.5309.60 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=276 |issue=5309 |pages=60–66 |doi=10.1126/science.276.5309.60 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=9082986 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanci na iya sake farfadowa bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy ko rauni saboda magungunan Hepatotoxic kamar wasu magunguna, guba, ko sunadarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mehendale |first=Harihara M. |date=January 2005 |title=Tissue Repair: An Important Determinant of Final Outcome of Toxicant-Induced Injury |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/01926230590881808 |journal=Toxicologic Pathology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=41–51 |doi=10.1080/01926230590881808 |issn=0192-6233 |pmid=15805055 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 10% ne kawai na asalin hanta ake buƙata don kwayar ta sake farfadowa zuwa cikakkiyar girman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Cells that maintain and repair the liver identified |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/cells-maintain-repair-liver-identified |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin sabon abu na sake farfadowa a cikin dukkan dabbobi, daga mutane zuwa kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michalopoulos |first=George K. |date=November 2007 |title=Liver regeneration |journal=Journal of Cellular Physiology |language=en |volume=213 |issue=2 |pages=286–300 |doi=10.1002/jcp.21172 |issn=0021-9541 |pmc=2701258 |pmid=17559071}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanci yana sarrafawa don dawo da duk wani abu da ya ɓace kuma ya daidaita girmansa zuwa na kwayoyin, yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da cikakken tallafi ga homeostasis na jiki a lokacin duk tsarin sake farfadowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tsarin sake farfadowa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa galibi ci gaban biyan kuɗi ne ko hyperplasia saboda yayin da aka maye gurbin nauyin hanta da ya ɓace, ba ya dawo da siffarsa ta asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fausto |first=Nelson |date=January 2000 |title=Liver regeneration |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=32 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=19–31 |doi=10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80412-2 |issn=0168-8278 |pmid=10728791}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin hyperplasia na biyan kuɗi, sauran ƙwayoyin hanta sun zama babba don gabobin su ci gaba da aiki. A cikin ƙananan nau'o'in kamar kifi, hanta na iya dawo da girmansa na asali da kuma taro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Jaime |last2=Sadler |first2=Kirsten C. |date=November 2009 |title=New school in liver development: Lessons from zebrafish |journal=Hepatology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1656–1663 |doi=10.1002/hep.23157 |pmc=3093159 |pmid=19693947}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar aiki ==
Hanci na iya sake farfadowa bayan wani ɓangare na hepatectomy da lalacewar Hepatotoxins ko kamuwa da cuta.

Sabuntawar hanta biyo bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy abu ne mai rikitarwa da daidaitawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michalopoulos |first=George K. |date=November 2007 |title=Liver regeneration |journal=Journal of Cellular Physiology |language=en |volume=213 |issue=2 |pages=286–300 |doi=10.1002/jcp.21172 |issn=0021-9541 |pmc=2701258 |pmid=17559071}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMichalopoulos2007&quot;&gt;Michalopoulos, George K. (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701258 &quot;Liver regeneration&quot;]. ''Journal of Cellular Physiology''. '''213''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;286–&lt;/span&gt;300. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/jcp.21172|10.1002/jcp.21172]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9541 0021-9541]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701258 2701258]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17559071 17559071].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haɗa da kowane nau'in ƙwayoyin hanta masu girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Shirin ya haɗa da abubuwan haɓaka da ke tattare da siginar sigina, cytokines, sake fasalin matrix, da kuma martani da yawa na motsawa da hana siginar da suka shafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sabuntawar hanta bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy yana faruwa a matakai uku ciki har da (a) farawa ko matakin farko, (b) matakin yaduwa, da (c) matakin ƙare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abu Rmilah |first=Anan |last2=Zhou |first2=Wei |last3=Nelson |first3=Erek |last4=Lin |first4=Li |last5=Amiot |first5=Bruce |last6=Nyberg |first6=Scott L. |date=May 2019 |title=Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration |journal=WIREs Developmental Biology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/wdev.340 |issn=1759-7684 |pmc=6457252 |pmid=30924280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataki na farko yana faruwa a cikin sa'o'i 5 na hepatectomy kuma ya haɗa da kunnawa da kuma bayyana takamaiman kwayoyin halitta da yawa don shirya ƙwayoyin hanta (hepatocytes) don sakewa. Hanyoyin sarrafawa suna shirya hepatocytes don shiga sake zagayowar tantanin halitta. Mataki na yaduwa ya haɗa da kunna abubuwa daban-daban na girma, gami da abubuwa biyu da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a sake farfado da hanta, EGFR (mai karɓar haɓakar jiki) da c-Met. A wannan lokacin, hepatocytes suna fuskantar jerin zagaye na rarraba sel da fadadawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Matsayi na ƙarshe ana daidaita shi ta hanyar TGF-β (mai canza yanayin ci gaban beta) wanda ke da alhakin dakatar da tsarin sake farfadowa da hana yawan ciwon hanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tao |first=Yachao |last2=Wang |first2=Menglan |last3=Chen |first3=Enqiang |last4=Tang |first4=Hong |date=2017-08-30 |title=Liver Regeneration: Analysis of the Main Relevant Signaling Molecules |journal=Mediators of Inflammation |language=en |volume=2017 |doi=10.1155/2017/4256352 |issn=0962-9351 |pmc=5602614 |pmid=28947857 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin minti 5 na farko bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy, canje-canje na haemodynamic a cikin hanta suna ɗaga hawan jini, suna haifar da yaduwar jini da damuwa ta inji akan ƙwayoyin endothelial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abu Rmilah |first=Anan |last2=Zhou |first2=Wei |last3=Nelson |first3=Erek |last4=Lin |first4=Li |last5=Amiot |first5=Bruce |last6=Nyberg |first6=Scott L. |date=May 2019 |title=Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration |journal=WIREs Developmental Biology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/wdev.340 |issn=1759-7684 |pmc=6457252 |pmid=30924280}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbu_RmilahZhouNelsonLin2019&quot;&gt;Abu Rmilah, Anan; Zhou, Wei; Nelson, Erek; Lin, Li; Amiot, Bruce; Nyberg, Scott L. (May 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457252 &quot;Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration&quot;]. ''WIREs Developmental Biology''. '''8''' (3) e340. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/wdev.340|10.1002/wdev.340]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1759-7684 1759-7684]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457252 6457252]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30924280 30924280].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalar inji tana haifar da ƙwayoyin epithelial don bayyana karuwar aikin mai kunna urokinase plasmin (uPA). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ƙarin aikin uPA yana fara jujjuyawar plasminogen zuwa plasmin, wanda ke karya Fibrinogen zuwa samfuran lalacewar fibrinogen (FDPs). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Plasmin kuma yana haifar da canji na pro-matrix metalloproteinases (pro-MMPs) zuwa matrix metallopproteinases (MMPs). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Dukansu, plasmin da MMPs, suna da alhakin sake fasalin matrix da juyawa na sunadarai da yawa a cikin matrix na extracellular (ECM). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Gyaran ECM yana fara siginar sigina ta hanyar integrin kuma yana haifar da sakin abubuwan ci gaban gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Cascade ya fara ne tare da daidaitaccen kunnawa na uPA na wani abu mai girma na hanta (HGF) wanda ke haɗe da ECM.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A cikin minti 30 zuwa awa 1 bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy, ana fitar da HGF mai aiki a cikin gida da kuma tsari kuma yana kunna mai karɓar haɓakar hanta (HGFR ko cMet). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A lokaci guda, yanayin girma na epidermal (EGF), wanda aka samar da Glandun Brunner na duodenal kuma aka saki zuwa Yaduwar tashar, yana motsa mai karɓar haɓakar epidermal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mataki na farko na sake farfadowa na hanta biyo bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy yana faruwa a waje da hepatocytes a cikin ECM kuma yana shirya hanta don sake farfadawa da yaduwar hepatocyte.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michalopoulos |first=George K. |date=November 2007 |title=Liver regeneration |journal=Journal of Cellular Physiology |language=en |volume=213 |issue=2 |pages=286–300 |doi=10.1002/jcp.21172 |issn=0021-9541 |pmc=2701258 |pmid=17559071}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMichalopoulos2007&quot;&gt;Michalopoulos, George K. (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701258 &quot;Liver regeneration&quot;]. ''Journal of Cellular Physiology''. '''213''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;286–&lt;/span&gt;300. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/jcp.21172|10.1002/jcp.21172]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9541 0021-9541]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701258 2701258]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17559071 17559071].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin yaduwar sake farfado da hanta, akwai sadarwa tsakanin β-catenin, hanyar siginar Notch, da abubuwan girma guda biyu, EGF da HGF.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tao |first=Yachao |last2=Wang |first2=Menglan |last3=Chen |first3=Enqiang |last4=Tang |first4=Hong |date=2017-08-30 |title=Liver Regeneration: Analysis of the Main Relevant Signaling Molecules |journal=Mediators of Inflammation |language=en |volume=2017 |doi=10.1155/2017/4256352 |issn=0962-9351 |pmc=5602614 |pmid=28947857 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTaoWangChenTang2017&quot;&gt;Tao, Yachao; Wang, Menglan; Chen, Enqiang; Tang, Hong (2017-08-30). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602614 &quot;Liver Regeneration: Analysis of the Main Relevant Signaling Molecules&quot;]. ''Mediators of Inflammation''. '''2017''' e4256352. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1155/2017/4256352|10.1155/2017/4256352]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-9351 0962-9351]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602614 5602614]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947857 28947857].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; β-catenin yana taka rawa wajen sake farfado da hanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abu Rmilah |first=Anan |last2=Zhou |first2=Wei |last3=Nelson |first3=Erek |last4=Lin |first4=Li |last5=Amiot |first5=Bruce |last6=Nyberg |first6=Scott L. |date=May 2019 |title=Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration |journal=WIREs Developmental Biology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/wdev.340 |issn=1759-7684 |pmc=6457252 |pmid=30924280}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbu_RmilahZhouNelsonLin2019&quot;&gt;Abu Rmilah, Anan; Zhou, Wei; Nelson, Erek; Lin, Li; Amiot, Bruce; Nyberg, Scott L. (May 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457252 &quot;Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration&quot;]. ''WIREs Developmental Biology''. '''8''' (3) e340. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/wdev.340|10.1002/wdev.340]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1759-7684 1759-7684]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457252 6457252]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30924280 30924280].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Alamar Wnt / β-catenin muhimmiyar mai tsara sake farfado da hanta ce wacce ta fara aiki a cikin sa'o'i 1-3 bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; β-catenin yana nuna saurin canjin nukiliya a cikin samfurin hepatectomy na sake farfado da hanta a cikin beraye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Behari |first=Jaideep |date=December 2010 |title=The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in liver biology and disease |journal=Expert Review of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=745–756 |doi=10.1586/egh.10.74 |issn=1747-4124 |pmc=3298845 |pmid=21108594}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyar Notch tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin farko da aka kunna a cikin minti 15-30 bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Hanyar siginar Notch gabaɗaya ta dogara da manyan sunadarai guda biyu da aka sani da mai karɓar NOTCH-1 da JAGGED-1 (NOTCH-1 ligand), waɗanda aka tsara su sosai kwanaki 1-5 bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Akwai sadarwa tsakanin β-catenin (a cikin hepatocyte) da abubuwan girma EGFR da HGFR ko c-Met (a waje da hepatocyta). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Kasancewar waɗannan sunadarai guda biyu yana ƙara amsawar sake farfadowa saboda HGF da EGFR suna aiki azaman mitogens kai tsaye wanda ke haifar da amsawar mitogenic mai ƙarfi daga ƙwayoyin hepatocytes masu yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rashin hanta ==
A cikin marasa lafiya masu lafiya, hanta tana iya sake farfadowa har zuwa rabin nauyinta a cikin kwanaki 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=Liver disease: Frequently asked questions |url=https://uihc.org/health-topics/liver-disease-frequently-asked-questions |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=University of Iowa Hospitals &amp; Clinics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan marasa lafiya suna da matsalolin hanta, sake farfadowa na iya tsayawa kafin hanta ta sake farfatowa gaba ɗaya ko kuma hanta na iya fara ciwo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ciwon hanta yana da haɗari sosai kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin matsaloli masu tsanani da cututtukan hanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Matsalolin suna ƙaruwa lokacin da dalilin farko na lalacewar hanta har yanzu yana nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Rashin lafiyar hanta na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, barasa, [[Magani|magunguna]], da sauran Hepatotoxins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; [[Paracetamol|Acetaminophen]], wanda aka samo a cikin magungunan magani da yawa, shine mafi yawan magungunan da za su iya haifar da lalacewar hanta idan aka sha shi cikin babban sashi ko tare da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Yawancin marasa lafiya da aka dasa hanta suna buƙatar dasa shi saboda yawan shan acetaminophen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Cutar hanta ==
Akwai dalilai da yawa na [[Hepatitis C|C]] hanta, gami da kamuwa da cuta, cututtukani na autoimmune da cututtukansun kwayar halitta, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], shan giya, tara kitse a cikin hanta (marasa cutar hanta mai ƙwayoyin cuta), magungunan magani, da mahadi na ganye. &lt;sup aa=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;./Hepatitis_B&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot;&gt;B=&quot;#mwt79&quot; class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; data-cx=&quot;{}&quot; data-mw='{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-13&quot;,&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=\&quot;mw:Transclusion\&quot; data-mw=\&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;name&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;attrs&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;src&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;body&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;extsrc&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Cite journal &amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Cite_journal&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;last1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Scorza&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;first1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Manuela&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;last2&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Elce&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;first2&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Ausilia&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;last3&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Zarrilli&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;first3&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Federica&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;last4&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Liguori&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;first4&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Renato&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;last5&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Amato&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;first5&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Felice&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;last6&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Castaldo&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;first6&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Giuseppe&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2014&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Genetic Diseases That Predispose to Early Liver Cirrhosis&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;journal&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;International Journal of Hepatology&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;volume&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2014&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;article-number&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;713754&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;doi&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;10.1155/2014/713754&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;doi-access&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;free&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;issn&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2090-3448&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;pmc&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;4123515&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;pmid&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;25132997&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAs4\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt77\&quot; class=\&quot;citation journal cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFScorzaElceZarrilliLiguori2014\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Scorza, Manuela; Elce, Ausilia; Zarrilli, Federica; Liguori, Renato; Amato, Felice; Castaldo, Giuseppe (2014). &lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4123515\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAs8\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Genetic Diseases That Predispose to Early Liver Cirrhosis\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwAtA\&quot;&gt;International Journal of Hepatology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=\&quot;mwAtE\&quot;&gt;2014&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 713754. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;241\&quot; href=\&quot;./Doi_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAtI\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;Doi (identifier)\&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;id-lock-free\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAtM\&quot; title=\&quot;Freely accessible\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F713754\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAtQ\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;10.1155/2014/713754&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;242\&quot; href=\&quot;./ISSN_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAtU\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;ISSN (identifier)\&quot;&gt;ISSN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwAtY\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2090-3448\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAtc\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;2090-3448&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;243\&quot; href=\&quot;./PMC_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAtg\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;PMC (identifier)\&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwAtk\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;id-lock-free\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAto\&quot; title=\&quot;Freely accessible\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4123515\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAts\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;4123515&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;244\&quot; href=\&quot;./PMID_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAtw\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;PMID (identifier)\&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwAt0\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25132997\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAt4\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;25132997&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}' id=&quot;cite_ref-13&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Liver_regeneration#cite_note-13 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=David |first=Stefan |last2=Hamilton |first2=James P |date=2010-01-01 |title=Drug-induced Liver Injury |journal=US Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Review |volume=6 |pages=73–80 |issn=1758-3934 |pmc=3160634 |pmid=21874146}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nunes |first=David Ricardo da Conceição Marçal Alves |last2=Monteiro |first2=Cristina Sofia de Jesus |last3=dos Santos |first3=Jorge Luiz |date=2022-01-31 |title=Herb-Induced Liver Injury—A Challenging Diagnosis |journal=Healthcare |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=278 |doi=10.3390/healthcare10020278 |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=8872293 |pmid=35206892 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke ƙara yiwuwar cututtukan hanta sun haɗa da [[kiba]], [[nau'in ciwon sukari na 2]], Tattoo ko fashewar jiki,IV Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na IV, fallasawa ga ruwan jiki na wani mutum, jima'i mara kariya, da fallasawa da sunadarai da guba. Misalan cututtukan hanta daban-daban sun haɗa da: cutar [[Cutar hanta A|Hepatitis A]], B, da C, cututtuken rigakafi irin su Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)  da primary sclerosing cholangitis, benign tumors (adenoma, haemangioma), malignancies (kansar hanta, Ciwon daji na bile), [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|Cututtukan kwayar halitta]] (Hemochromatosis, Cutar Wilson, hyperoxaluria).

== Binciken ganewa ==
Binciken dalilin da kuma matakin lalacewar hanta yana da mahimmanci ga magance cututtukan hanta. Wani ɓangare na tsarin bincike shine samun tarihin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa, cututtukan ƙwayoyi na baya, ko duk wani yanayin kwayar halitta wanda zai iya gudana a cikin dangin kuma zai iya taimakawa ga lalacewar hanta. Sauran sassan tsarin bincike sun haɗa da Gwajin jini, hoton hanta, da samfurin nama ko biopsy na hanta. Gwaje-gwaje na jini suna ba da bayani game da aikin hanta da ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin halitta na cututtukan hanta ta hanyar bincika Enzymes na hanta, antigens na ƙwayoyin rigakafi da antibodies, ko gwajin kwayar halitta. Nazarin hotuna ya nuna yanayin jiki na hanta kuma sun haɗa da ultrasound, [[CT scan|CT scans]], da MRIs. A ƙarshe, ana iya samun samfurin nama na hanta ta hanyar gudanar da biopsy na hanta. Ana nazarin kwayar hanta da aka samo a ƙarƙashin microscope don gano dalilin da kuma matakin lalacewar hanta.

== Magani ==
Magani da cututtukan hanta zai bambanta dangane da etiology da matakin lalacewar hanta. Magani ga wasu cututtukan hanta na iya farawa tare da kawar da Hepatotoxins irin su barasa ko acetaminophen ta hanyar sauye-sauye masu sauƙi na rayuwa; yanke kan Amfani da barasa, cin acetaminophan, ko asarar nauyi na iya zama matakin farko na tsarin magani. Ƙarin cututtukan hanta da suka fi rikitarwa ciki har da ciwon hanta na iya buƙatar hanyoyin ci gaba ko mamayewa kamar su ablation ko embolization. Hanyar da ta fi rikitarwa ta maganin cututtukan hanta na ƙarshe shine transplantation na hanta.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Sabuntawar hanta''' shine tsari wanda hanta ke iya maye gurbin lalacewar ko ɓacewar nama. Hanci shine kawai sashin jiki mai ciki tare da ikon sake farfadowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michalopoulos |first=George K. |last2=DeFrances |first2=Marie C. |date=1997-04-04 |title=Liver Regeneration |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.276.5309.60 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=276 |issue=5309 |pages=60–66 |doi=10.1126/science.276.5309.60 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=9082986 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanci na iya sake farfadowa bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy ko rauni saboda magungunan Hepatotoxic kamar wasu magunguna, guba, ko sunadarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mehendale |first=Harihara M. |date=January 2005 |title=Tissue Repair: An Important Determinant of Final Outcome of Toxicant-Induced Injury |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/01926230590881808 |journal=Toxicologic Pathology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=41–51 |doi=10.1080/01926230590881808 |issn=0192-6233 |pmid=15805055 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 10% ne kawai na asalin hanta ake buƙata don kwayar ta sake farfadowa zuwa cikakkiyar girman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Cells that maintain and repair the liver identified |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/cells-maintain-repair-liver-identified |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin sabon abu na sake farfadowa a cikin dukkan dabbobi, daga mutane zuwa kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michalopoulos |first=George K. |date=November 2007 |title=Liver regeneration |journal=Journal of Cellular Physiology |language=en |volume=213 |issue=2 |pages=286–300 |doi=10.1002/jcp.21172 |issn=0021-9541 |pmc=2701258 |pmid=17559071}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanci yana sarrafawa don dawo da duk wani abu da ya ɓace kuma ya daidaita girmansa zuwa na kwayoyin, yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da cikakken tallafi ga homeostasis na jiki a lokacin duk tsarin sake farfadowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tsarin sake farfadowa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa galibi ci gaban biyan kuɗi ne ko hyperplasia saboda yayin da aka maye gurbin nauyin hanta da ya ɓace, ba ya dawo da siffarsa ta asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fausto |first=Nelson |date=January 2000 |title=Liver regeneration |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=32 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=19–31 |doi=10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80412-2 |issn=0168-8278 |pmid=10728791}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin hyperplasia na biyan kuɗi, sauran ƙwayoyin hanta sun zama babba don gabobin su ci gaba da aiki. A cikin ƙananan nau'o'in kamar kifi, hanta na iya dawo da girmansa na asali da kuma taro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Jaime |last2=Sadler |first2=Kirsten C. |date=November 2009 |title=New school in liver development: Lessons from zebrafish |journal=Hepatology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1656–1663 |doi=10.1002/hep.23157 |pmc=3093159 |pmid=19693947}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar aiki ==
Hanci na iya sake farfadowa bayan wani ɓangare na hepatectomy da lalacewar Hepatotoxins ko kamuwa da cuta.

Sabuntawar hanta biyo bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy abu ne mai rikitarwa da daidaitawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michalopoulos |first=George K. |date=November 2007 |title=Liver regeneration |journal=Journal of Cellular Physiology |language=en |volume=213 |issue=2 |pages=286–300 |doi=10.1002/jcp.21172 |issn=0021-9541 |pmc=2701258 |pmid=17559071}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMichalopoulos2007&quot;&gt;Michalopoulos, George K. (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701258 &quot;Liver regeneration&quot;]. ''Journal of Cellular Physiology''. '''213''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;286–&lt;/span&gt;300. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/jcp.21172|10.1002/jcp.21172]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9541 0021-9541]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701258 2701258]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17559071 17559071].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haɗa da kowane nau'in ƙwayoyin hanta masu girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Shirin ya haɗa da abubuwan haɓaka da ke tattare da siginar sigina, cytokines, sake fasalin matrix, da kuma martani da yawa na motsawa da hana siginar da suka shafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sabuntawar hanta bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy yana faruwa a matakai uku ciki har da (a) farawa ko matakin farko, (b) matakin yaduwa, da (c) matakin ƙare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abu Rmilah |first=Anan |last2=Zhou |first2=Wei |last3=Nelson |first3=Erek |last4=Lin |first4=Li |last5=Amiot |first5=Bruce |last6=Nyberg |first6=Scott L. |date=May 2019 |title=Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration |journal=WIREs Developmental Biology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/wdev.340 |issn=1759-7684 |pmc=6457252 |pmid=30924280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataki na farko yana faruwa a cikin sa'o'i 5 na hepatectomy kuma ya haɗa da kunnawa da kuma bayyana takamaiman kwayoyin halitta da yawa don shirya ƙwayoyin hanta (hepatocytes) don sakewa. Hanyoyin sarrafawa suna shirya hepatocytes don shiga sake zagayowar tantanin halitta. Mataki na yaduwa ya haɗa da kunna abubuwa daban-daban na girma, gami da abubuwa biyu da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a sake farfado da hanta, EGFR (mai karɓar haɓakar jiki) da c-Met. A wannan lokacin, hepatocytes suna fuskantar jerin zagaye na rarraba sel da fadadawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Matsayi na ƙarshe ana daidaita shi ta hanyar TGF-β (mai canza yanayin ci gaban beta) wanda ke da alhakin dakatar da tsarin sake farfadowa da hana yawan ciwon hanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tao |first=Yachao |last2=Wang |first2=Menglan |last3=Chen |first3=Enqiang |last4=Tang |first4=Hong |date=2017-08-30 |title=Liver Regeneration: Analysis of the Main Relevant Signaling Molecules |journal=Mediators of Inflammation |language=en |volume=2017 |doi=10.1155/2017/4256352 |issn=0962-9351 |pmc=5602614 |pmid=28947857 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin minti 5 na farko bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy, canje-canje na haemodynamic a cikin hanta suna ɗaga hawan jini, suna haifar da yaduwar jini da damuwa ta inji akan ƙwayoyin endothelial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abu Rmilah |first=Anan |last2=Zhou |first2=Wei |last3=Nelson |first3=Erek |last4=Lin |first4=Li |last5=Amiot |first5=Bruce |last6=Nyberg |first6=Scott L. |date=May 2019 |title=Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration |journal=WIREs Developmental Biology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/wdev.340 |issn=1759-7684 |pmc=6457252 |pmid=30924280}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbu_RmilahZhouNelsonLin2019&quot;&gt;Abu Rmilah, Anan; Zhou, Wei; Nelson, Erek; Lin, Li; Amiot, Bruce; Nyberg, Scott L. (May 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457252 &quot;Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration&quot;]. ''WIREs Developmental Biology''. '''8''' (3) e340. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/wdev.340|10.1002/wdev.340]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1759-7684 1759-7684]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457252 6457252]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30924280 30924280].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalar inji tana haifar da ƙwayoyin epithelial don bayyana karuwar aikin mai kunna urokinase plasmin (uPA). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ƙarin aikin uPA yana fara jujjuyawar plasminogen zuwa plasmin, wanda ke karya Fibrinogen zuwa samfuran lalacewar fibrinogen (FDPs). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Plasmin kuma yana haifar da canji na pro-matrix metalloproteinases (pro-MMPs) zuwa matrix metallopproteinases (MMPs). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Dukansu, plasmin da MMPs, suna da alhakin sake fasalin matrix da juyawa na sunadarai da yawa a cikin matrix na extracellular (ECM). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Gyaran ECM yana fara siginar sigina ta hanyar integrin kuma yana haifar da sakin abubuwan ci gaban gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Cascade ya fara ne tare da daidaitaccen kunnawa na uPA na wani abu mai girma na hanta (HGF) wanda ke haɗe da ECM.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A cikin minti 30 zuwa awa 1 bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy, ana fitar da HGF mai aiki a cikin gida da kuma tsari kuma yana kunna mai karɓar haɓakar hanta (HGFR ko cMet). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A lokaci guda, yanayin girma na epidermal (EGF), wanda aka samar da Glandun Brunner na duodenal kuma aka saki zuwa Yaduwar tashar, yana motsa mai karɓar haɓakar epidermal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mataki na farko na sake farfadowa na hanta biyo bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy yana faruwa a waje da hepatocytes a cikin ECM kuma yana shirya hanta don sake farfadawa da yaduwar hepatocyte.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michalopoulos |first=George K. |date=November 2007 |title=Liver regeneration |journal=Journal of Cellular Physiology |language=en |volume=213 |issue=2 |pages=286–300 |doi=10.1002/jcp.21172 |issn=0021-9541 |pmc=2701258 |pmid=17559071}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMichalopoulos2007&quot;&gt;Michalopoulos, George K. (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701258 &quot;Liver regeneration&quot;]. ''Journal of Cellular Physiology''. '''213''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;286–&lt;/span&gt;300. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/jcp.21172|10.1002/jcp.21172]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9541 0021-9541]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701258 2701258]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17559071 17559071].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin yaduwar sake farfado da hanta, akwai sadarwa tsakanin β-catenin, hanyar siginar Notch, da abubuwan girma guda biyu, EGF da HGF.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tao |first=Yachao |last2=Wang |first2=Menglan |last3=Chen |first3=Enqiang |last4=Tang |first4=Hong |date=2017-08-30 |title=Liver Regeneration: Analysis of the Main Relevant Signaling Molecules |journal=Mediators of Inflammation |language=en |volume=2017 |doi=10.1155/2017/4256352 |issn=0962-9351 |pmc=5602614 |pmid=28947857 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTaoWangChenTang2017&quot;&gt;Tao, Yachao; Wang, Menglan; Chen, Enqiang; Tang, Hong (2017-08-30). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602614 &quot;Liver Regeneration: Analysis of the Main Relevant Signaling Molecules&quot;]. ''Mediators of Inflammation''. '''2017''' e4256352. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1155/2017/4256352|10.1155/2017/4256352]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-9351 0962-9351]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602614 5602614]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947857 28947857].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; β-catenin yana taka rawa wajen sake farfado da hanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abu Rmilah |first=Anan |last2=Zhou |first2=Wei |last3=Nelson |first3=Erek |last4=Lin |first4=Li |last5=Amiot |first5=Bruce |last6=Nyberg |first6=Scott L. |date=May 2019 |title=Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration |journal=WIREs Developmental Biology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/wdev.340 |issn=1759-7684 |pmc=6457252 |pmid=30924280}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbu_RmilahZhouNelsonLin2019&quot;&gt;Abu Rmilah, Anan; Zhou, Wei; Nelson, Erek; Lin, Li; Amiot, Bruce; Nyberg, Scott L. (May 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457252 &quot;Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration&quot;]. ''WIREs Developmental Biology''. '''8''' (3) e340. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/wdev.340|10.1002/wdev.340]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1759-7684 1759-7684]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457252 6457252]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30924280 30924280].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Alamar Wnt / β-catenin muhimmiyar mai tsara sake farfado da hanta ce wacce ta fara aiki a cikin sa'o'i 1-3 bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; β-catenin yana nuna saurin canjin nukiliya a cikin samfurin hepatectomy na sake farfado da hanta a cikin beraye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Behari |first=Jaideep |date=December 2010 |title=The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in liver biology and disease |journal=Expert Review of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=745–756 |doi=10.1586/egh.10.74 |issn=1747-4124 |pmc=3298845 |pmid=21108594}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyar Notch tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin farko da aka kunna a cikin minti 15-30 bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Hanyar siginar Notch gabaɗaya ta dogara da manyan sunadarai guda biyu da aka sani da mai karɓar NOTCH-1 da JAGGED-1 (NOTCH-1 ligand), waɗanda aka tsara su sosai kwanaki 1-5 bayan ɓangaren hepatectomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Akwai sadarwa tsakanin β-catenin (a cikin hepatocyte) da abubuwan girma EGFR da HGFR ko c-Met (a waje da hepatocyta). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Kasancewar waɗannan sunadarai guda biyu yana ƙara amsawar sake farfadowa saboda HGF da EGFR suna aiki azaman mitogens kai tsaye wanda ke haifar da amsawar mitogenic mai ƙarfi daga ƙwayoyin hepatocytes masu yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rashin hanta ==
A cikin marasa lafiya masu lafiya, hanta tana iya sake farfadowa har zuwa rabin nauyinta a cikin kwanaki 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=Liver disease: Frequently asked questions |url=https://uihc.org/health-topics/liver-disease-frequently-asked-questions |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=University of Iowa Hospitals &amp; Clinics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan marasa lafiya suna da matsalolin hanta, sake farfadowa na iya tsayawa kafin hanta ta sake farfatowa gaba ɗaya ko kuma hanta na iya fara ciwo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ciwon hanta yana da haɗari sosai kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin matsaloli masu tsanani da cututtukan hanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Matsalolin suna ƙaruwa lokacin da dalilin farko na lalacewar hanta har yanzu yana nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Rashin lafiyar hanta na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, barasa, [[Magani|magunguna]], da sauran Hepatotoxins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; [[Paracetamol|Acetaminophen]], wanda aka samo a cikin magungunan magani da yawa, shine mafi yawan magungunan da za su iya haifar da lalacewar hanta idan aka sha shi cikin babban sashi ko tare da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Yawancin marasa lafiya da aka dasa hanta suna buƙatar dasa shi saboda yawan shan acetaminophen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Cutar hanta ==
Akwai dalilai da yawa na [[Hepatitis C|C]] hanta, gami da kamuwa da cuta, cututtukani na autoimmune da cututtukansun kwayar halitta, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], shan giya, tara kitse a cikin hanta (marasa cutar hanta mai ƙwayoyin cuta), magungunan magani, da mahadi na ganye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=David |first=Stefan |last2=Hamilton |first2=James P |date=2010-01-01 |title=Drug-induced Liver Injury |journal=US Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Review |volume=6 |pages=73–80 |issn=1758-3934 |pmc=3160634 |pmid=21874146}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nunes |first=David Ricardo da Conceição Marçal Alves |last2=Monteiro |first2=Cristina Sofia de Jesus |last3=dos Santos |first3=Jorge Luiz |date=2022-01-31 |title=Herb-Induced Liver Injury—A Challenging Diagnosis |journal=Healthcare |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=278 |doi=10.3390/healthcare10020278 |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=8872293 |pmid=35206892 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke ƙara yiwuwar cututtukan hanta sun haɗa da [[kiba]], [[nau'in ciwon sukari na 2]], Tattoo ko fashewar jiki,IV Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na IV, fallasawa ga ruwan jiki na wani mutum, jima'i mara kariya, da fallasawa da sunadarai da guba. Misalan cututtukan hanta daban-daban sun haɗa da: cutar [[Cutar hanta A|Hepatitis A]], B, da C, cututtuken rigakafi irin su Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)  da primary sclerosing cholangitis, benign tumors (adenoma, haemangioma), malignancies (kansar hanta, Ciwon daji na bile), [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|Cututtukan kwayar halitta]] (Hemochromatosis, Cutar Wilson, hyperoxaluria).

== Binciken ganewa ==
Binciken dalilin da kuma matakin lalacewar hanta yana da mahimmanci ga magance cututtukan hanta. Wani ɓangare na tsarin bincike shine samun tarihin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa, cututtukan ƙwayoyi na baya, ko duk wani yanayin kwayar halitta wanda zai iya gudana a cikin dangin kuma zai iya taimakawa ga lalacewar hanta. Sauran sassan tsarin bincike sun haɗa da Gwajin jini, hoton hanta, da samfurin nama ko biopsy na hanta. Gwaje-gwaje na jini suna ba da bayani game da aikin hanta da ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin halitta na cututtukan hanta ta hanyar bincika Enzymes na hanta, antigens na ƙwayoyin rigakafi da antibodies, ko gwajin kwayar halitta. Nazarin hotuna ya nuna yanayin jiki na hanta kuma sun haɗa da ultrasound, [[CT scan|CT scans]], da MRIs. A ƙarshe, ana iya samun samfurin nama na hanta ta hanyar gudanar da biopsy na hanta. Ana nazarin kwayar hanta da aka samo a ƙarƙashin microscope don gano dalilin da kuma matakin lalacewar hanta.

== Magani ==
Magani da cututtukan hanta zai bambanta dangane da etiology da matakin lalacewar hanta. Magani ga wasu cututtukan hanta na iya farawa tare da kawar da Hepatotoxins irin su barasa ko acetaminophen ta hanyar sauye-sauye masu sauƙi na rayuwa; yanke kan Amfani da barasa, cin acetaminophan, ko asarar nauyi na iya zama matakin farko na tsarin magani. Ƙarin cututtukan hanta da suka fi rikitarwa ciki har da ciwon hanta na iya buƙatar hanyoyin ci gaba ko mamayewa kamar su ablation ko embolization. Hanyar da ta fi rikitarwa ta maganin cututtukan hanta na ƙarshe shine transplantation na hanta.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295679824|Borealpox virus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kwayar cutar Borealpox''' ('''BRPV''')  (tsohon '''Kwayar cutar [[Alaska]]'''; '''AKPV''')  wani nau'in jinsin Orthopoxvirus ne da aka fara rubutawa a 2015 a Alaska, Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Springer2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Springer |first=Yuri P. |last2=Hsu |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Werle |first3=Zachary R. |last4=Olson |first4=Link E. |last5=Cooper |first5=Michael P. |last6=Castrodale |first6=Louisa J. |last7=Fowler |first7=Aisha |last8=McCollum |first8=Andrea M. |last9=Goldsmith |first9=Cynthia S. |last10=Emerson |first10=Ginny L. |last11=Wilkins |first11=Kimberly |last12=Doty |first12=Jeffrey B. |last13=Burgado |first13=Jillybeth |last14=Gao |first14=JinXin |last15=Patel |first15=Nishi |year=2017 |title=Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=64 |issue=12 |pages=1737–1741 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix219 |pmc=5447873 |pmid=28329402}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, akwai rahotanni guda bakwai na rashin lafiya, daya daga cikinsu ya zama mai kisa saboda rauni na tsarin rigakafi. Abubuwa shida na farko sun faru ne a Fairbanks North Star Borough kuma mutuwar farko ta faru ne a Kenai Peninsula Borough .   &lt;ref name=&quot;AHHSFactsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus |url=https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ADN2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hollander |first=Zaz |date=9 February 2024 |title=State reports first known fatal case of Alaskapox |url=https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2024/02/09/state-reports-first-known-fatal-case-of-alaskapox/ |website=Anchorage Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
A watan Yulin 2015, wata mace ta ziyarci wani asibiti a Fairbanks, Alaska, tare da raunin da aka tabbatar da cewa yana dauke da kwayar cutar orthopoxvirus amma bai dace da wasu sanannun mambobi na jinsin ba. Binciken kwayar halitta na gaba ya tabbatar da cewa matar, wacce ta warke, ta kamu da sabon kwayar cutar orthopoxvirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Springer |first=Yuri P. |last2=Hsu |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Werle |first3=Zachary R. |last4=Olson |first4=Link E. |last5=Cooper |first5=Michael P. |last6=Castrodale |first6=Louisa J. |last7=Fowler |first7=Aisha |last8=McCollum |first8=Andrea M. |last9=Goldsmith |first9=Cynthia S. |last10=Emerson |first10=Ginny L. |last11=Wilkins |first11=Kimberly |last12=Doty |first12=Jeffrey B. |last13=Burgado |first13=Jillybeth |last14=Gao |first14=JinXin |last15=Patel |first15=Nishi |year=2017 |title=Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=64 |issue=12 |pages=1737–1741 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix219 |pmc=5447873 |pmid=28329402}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpringerHsuWerleOlson2017&quot;&gt;Springer, Yuri P.; Hsu, Christopher H.; Werle, Zachary R.; Olson, Link E.; Cooper, Michael P.; Castrodale, Louisa J.; Fowler, Aisha; McCollum, Andrea M.; Goldsmith, Cynthia S.; Emerson, Ginny L.; Wilkins, Kimberly; Doty, Jeffrey B.; Burgado, Jillybeth; Gao, JinXin; Patel, Nishi; Mauldin, Matthew R.; Reynolds, Mary G.; Satheshkumar, Panayampalli S.; Davidson, Whitni; Li, Yu; McLaughlin, Joseph B. (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447873 &quot;Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident&quot;]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''64''' (12): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1737–&lt;/span&gt;1741. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/cix219|10.1093/cid/cix219]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447873 5447873]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329402 28329402].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da sunan ''Kwayar cutar Alaskapox'' bayan an buga cikakken bincike game da kwayar halitta a cikin 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gigante2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gigante |first=CM |last2=Gao |first2=J |last3=Tang |first3=S |last4=McCollum |first4=AM |last5=Wilkins |first5=K |last6=Reynolds |first6=MG |last7=Davidson |first7=W |last8=McLaughlin |first8=J |last9=Olson |first9=VA |last10=Li |first10=Y |year=2019 |title=Genome of Alaskapox Virus, A Novel Orthopoxvirus Isolated from Alaska |journal=Viruses |volume=11 |issue=8 |page=708 |doi=10.3390/v11080708 |pmc=6723315 |pmid=31375015 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An canza sunan kwayar cutar Alaskapox zuwa kwayar cutar borealpox a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2024.

== Kasuwanci na gaba ==
A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Alaska (ADHSS) ta ba da sanarwar kamuwa da cutar AKPV ta biyu a cikin wata mace ta Fairbanks. An gano ƙarin shari'o'i biyu a yankin Fairbanks a lokacin rani na 2021,  kuma a watan Fabrairun 2024, an ba da rahoton jimlar shari'oʼi bakwai ga Sashen Yaduwar Yaduwar Alaska. &lt;ref name=&quot;soe-bulletin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Fatal Alaskapox Infection in a Southcentral Alaska Resident |url=https://epi.alaska.gov/bulletins/docs/b2024_02.pdf |website=State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, duk sanannun kamuwa da cutar sun kasance masu sauƙi, ba sa buƙatar asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADN2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;soe-bulletin&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarshen Janairu 2024, wani mutumin Kenai da ke da yanayin rigakafi wanda aka gano tare da AKPV ya mutu, ya zama mutuwar farko kuma ya fara bayar da rahoton cutar a waje da Fairbanks North Star Borough . [1] Mai haƙuri ya bayyana cewa wani cat ya ɓace ya yi masa rauni a kusa da wurin da raunin ya bayyana kuma ya nemi kulawar likita saboda jan gogewa a hannunsa a watan Satumbar 2023. Duk da wasu kafofin da ke da'awar cewa mutumin ya mutu kai tsaye sakamakon AKPV, [2] [3] mutuwarsa a maimakon haka an danganta shi da gazawar koda, [4] kodayake an ce akwai wata alaƙa tsakanin matsayinsa na rigakafi da raunin da ya haifar da mutuwarsa.[5]

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
A cikin shari'o'in da aka gano, AKPV yana haifar da ƙananan rauni a fata wanda ke warkewa bayan 'yan makonni, a cewar ADHSS, &lt;ref name=&quot;AHHSFactsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus |url=https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Human Services}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf &quot;Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Alaska Department of Health and Human Services. 2021. Archived from [https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2 July 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; amma mai haƙuri na farko da aka sani ya nuna raunin ya ɗauki watanni shida don warwarewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Springer2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Springer |first=Yuri P. |last2=Hsu |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Werle |first3=Zachary R. |last4=Olson |first4=Link E. |last5=Cooper |first5=Michael P. |last6=Castrodale |first6=Louisa J. |last7=Fowler |first7=Aisha |last8=McCollum |first8=Andrea M. |last9=Goldsmith |first9=Cynthia S. |last10=Emerson |first10=Ginny L. |last11=Wilkins |first11=Kimberly |last12=Doty |first12=Jeffrey B. |last13=Burgado |first13=Jillybeth |last14=Gao |first14=JinXin |last15=Patel |first15=Nishi |year=2017 |title=Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=64 |issue=12 |pages=1737–1741 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix219 |pmc=5447873 |pmid=28329402}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpringerHsuWerleOlson2017&quot;&gt;Springer, Yuri P.; Hsu, Christopher H.; Werle, Zachary R.; Olson, Link E.; Cooper, Michael P.; Castrodale, Louisa J.; Fowler, Aisha; McCollum, Andrea M.; Goldsmith, Cynthia S.; Emerson, Ginny L.; Wilkins, Kimberly; Doty, Jeffrey B.; Burgado, Jillybeth; Gao, JinXin; Patel, Nishi; Mauldin, Matthew R.; Reynolds, Mary G.; Satheshkumar, Panayampalli S.; Davidson, Whitni; Li, Yu; McLaughlin, Joseph B. (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447873 &quot;Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident&quot;]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''64''' (12): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1737–&lt;/span&gt;1741. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/cix219|10.1093/cid/cix219]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447873 5447873]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329402 28329402].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran alamun da aka ruwaito sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwa ko ciwon tsoka da kumburi na lymph.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHHSFactsheet&quot; /&gt;

== Yaduwa ==
Ana zaton yaduwar kwayar cutar ga mutane ta hanyar kananan dabbobi,   kodayake har yanzu ba a bayyana yadda wannan ke faruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHHSFactsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus |url=https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Human Services}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf &quot;Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Alaska Department of Health and Human Services. 2021. Archived from [https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2 July 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 2021, ba a tabbatar da shaidar yaduwa [[Yaduwar mutum zuwa mutum|tsakanin mutane]] ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADN2021&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Kwayar cutar Borealpox''' ('''BRPV''')  (tsohon '''Kwayar cutar [[Alaska]]'''; '''AKPV''')  wani nau'in jinsin Orthopoxvirus ne da aka fara rubutawa a 2015 a Alaska, Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Springer2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Springer |first=Yuri P. |last2=Hsu |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Werle |first3=Zachary R. |last4=Olson |first4=Link E. |last5=Cooper |first5=Michael P. |last6=Castrodale |first6=Louisa J. |last7=Fowler |first7=Aisha |last8=McCollum |first8=Andrea M. |last9=Goldsmith |first9=Cynthia S. |last10=Emerson |first10=Ginny L. |last11=Wilkins |first11=Kimberly |last12=Doty |first12=Jeffrey B. |last13=Burgado |first13=Jillybeth |last14=Gao |first14=JinXin |last15=Patel |first15=Nishi |year=2017 |title=Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=64 |issue=12 |pages=1737–1741 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix219 |pmc=5447873 |pmid=28329402}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, akwai rahotanni guda bakwai na rashin lafiya, daya daga cikinsu ya zama mai kisa saboda rauni na tsarin rigakafi. Abubuwa shida na farko sun faru ne a Fairbanks North Star Borough kuma mutuwar farko ta faru ne a Kenai Peninsula Borough .   &lt;ref name=&quot;AHHSFactsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus |url=https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ADN2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hollander |first=Zaz |date=9 February 2024 |title=State reports first known fatal case of Alaskapox |url=https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2024/02/09/state-reports-first-known-fatal-case-of-alaskapox/ |website=Anchorage Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
A watan Yulin 2015, wata mace ta ziyarci wani asibiti a Fairbanks, Alaska, tare da raunin da aka tabbatar da cewa yana dauke da kwayar cutar orthopoxvirus amma bai dace da wasu sanannun mambobi na jinsin ba. Binciken kwayar halitta na gaba ya tabbatar da cewa matar, wacce ta warke, ta kamu da sabon kwayar cutar orthopoxvirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Springer |first=Yuri P. |last2=Hsu |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Werle |first3=Zachary R. |last4=Olson |first4=Link E. |last5=Cooper |first5=Michael P. |last6=Castrodale |first6=Louisa J. |last7=Fowler |first7=Aisha |last8=McCollum |first8=Andrea M. |last9=Goldsmith |first9=Cynthia S. |last10=Emerson |first10=Ginny L. |last11=Wilkins |first11=Kimberly |last12=Doty |first12=Jeffrey B. |last13=Burgado |first13=Jillybeth |last14=Gao |first14=JinXin |last15=Patel |first15=Nishi |year=2017 |title=Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=64 |issue=12 |pages=1737–1741 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix219 |pmc=5447873 |pmid=28329402}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpringerHsuWerleOlson2017&quot;&gt;Springer, Yuri P.; Hsu, Christopher H.; Werle, Zachary R.; Olson, Link E.; Cooper, Michael P.; Castrodale, Louisa J.; Fowler, Aisha; McCollum, Andrea M.; Goldsmith, Cynthia S.; Emerson, Ginny L.; Wilkins, Kimberly; Doty, Jeffrey B.; Burgado, Jillybeth; Gao, JinXin; Patel, Nishi; Mauldin, Matthew R.; Reynolds, Mary G.; Satheshkumar, Panayampalli S.; Davidson, Whitni; Li, Yu; McLaughlin, Joseph B. (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447873 &quot;Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident&quot;]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''64''' (12): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1737–&lt;/span&gt;1741. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/cix219|10.1093/cid/cix219]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447873 5447873]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329402 28329402].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da sunan ''Kwayar cutar Alaskapox'' bayan an buga cikakken bincike game da kwayar halitta a cikin 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gigante2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gigante |first=CM |last2=Gao |first2=J |last3=Tang |first3=S |last4=McCollum |first4=AM |last5=Wilkins |first5=K |last6=Reynolds |first6=MG |last7=Davidson |first7=W |last8=McLaughlin |first8=J |last9=Olson |first9=VA |last10=Li |first10=Y |year=2019 |title=Genome of Alaskapox Virus, A Novel Orthopoxvirus Isolated from Alaska |journal=Viruses |volume=11 |issue=8 |page=708 |doi=10.3390/v11080708 |pmc=6723315 |pmid=31375015 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An canza sunan kwayar cutar Alaskapox zuwa kwayar cutar borealpox a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2024.

== Kasuwanci na gaba ==
A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Alaska (ADHSS) ta ba da sanarwar kamuwa da cutar AKPV ta biyu a cikin wata mace ta Fairbanks. An gano ƙarin shari'o'i biyu a yankin Fairbanks a lokacin rani na 2021,  kuma a watan Fabrairun 2024, an ba da rahoton jimlar shari'oʼi bakwai ga Sashen Yaduwar Yaduwar Alaska. &lt;ref name=&quot;soe-bulletin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Fatal Alaskapox Infection in a Southcentral Alaska Resident |url=https://epi.alaska.gov/bulletins/docs/b2024_02.pdf |website=State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, duk sanannun kamuwa da cutar sun kasance masu sauƙi, ba sa buƙatar asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADN2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;soe-bulletin&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarshen Janairu 2024, wani mutumin Kenai da ke da yanayin rigakafi wanda aka gano tare da AKPV ya mutu, ya zama mutuwar farko kuma ya fara bayar da rahoton cutar a waje da Fairbanks North Star Borough . [1] Mai haƙuri ya bayyana cewa wani cat ya ɓace ya yi masa rauni a kusa da wurin da raunin ya bayyana kuma ya nemi kulawar likita saboda jan gogewa a hannunsa a watan Satumbar 2023. Duk da wasu kafofin da ke da'awar cewa mutumin ya mutu kai tsaye sakamakon AKPV, [2] [3] mutuwarsa a maimakon haka an danganta shi da gazawar koda, [4] kodayake an ce akwai wata alaƙa tsakanin matsayinsa na rigakafi da raunin da ya haifar da mutuwarsa.[5]

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
A cikin shari'o'in da aka gano, AKPV yana haifar da ƙananan rauni a fata wanda ke warkewa bayan 'yan makonni, a cewar ADHSS, &lt;ref name=&quot;AHHSFactsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus |url=https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Human Services}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf &quot;Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Alaska Department of Health and Human Services. 2021. Archived from [https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2 July 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; amma mai haƙuri na farko da aka sani ya nuna raunin ya ɗauki watanni shida don warwarewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Springer2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Springer |first=Yuri P. |last2=Hsu |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Werle |first3=Zachary R. |last4=Olson |first4=Link E. |last5=Cooper |first5=Michael P. |last6=Castrodale |first6=Louisa J. |last7=Fowler |first7=Aisha |last8=McCollum |first8=Andrea M. |last9=Goldsmith |first9=Cynthia S. |last10=Emerson |first10=Ginny L. |last11=Wilkins |first11=Kimberly |last12=Doty |first12=Jeffrey B. |last13=Burgado |first13=Jillybeth |last14=Gao |first14=JinXin |last15=Patel |first15=Nishi |year=2017 |title=Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=64 |issue=12 |pages=1737–1741 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix219 |pmc=5447873 |pmid=28329402}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpringerHsuWerleOlson2017&quot;&gt;Springer, Yuri P.; Hsu, Christopher H.; Werle, Zachary R.; Olson, Link E.; Cooper, Michael P.; Castrodale, Louisa J.; Fowler, Aisha; McCollum, Andrea M.; Goldsmith, Cynthia S.; Emerson, Ginny L.; Wilkins, Kimberly; Doty, Jeffrey B.; Burgado, Jillybeth; Gao, JinXin; Patel, Nishi; Mauldin, Matthew R.; Reynolds, Mary G.; Satheshkumar, Panayampalli S.; Davidson, Whitni; Li, Yu; McLaughlin, Joseph B. (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447873 &quot;Novel Orthopoxvirus Infection in an Alaska Resident&quot;]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''64''' (12): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1737–&lt;/span&gt;1741. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/cix219|10.1093/cid/cix219]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447873 5447873]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329402 28329402].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran alamun da aka ruwaito sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwa ko ciwon tsoka da kumburi na lymph.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHHSFactsheet&quot; /&gt;

== Yaduwa ==
Ana zaton yaduwar kwayar cutar ga mutane ta hanyar kananan dabbobi,   kodayake har yanzu ba a bayyana yadda wannan ke faruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHHSFactsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus |url=https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Human Services}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220702215750/https://health.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf &quot;Frequently asked questions about Alaskapox virus&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Alaska Department of Health and Human Services. 2021. Archived from [https://health.alaska.gov/dph/epi/id/siteassets/pages/Alaskapox/onepager_Alaskapox.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2 July 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 2021, ba a tabbatar da shaidar yaduwa [[Yaduwar mutum zuwa mutum|tsakanin mutane]] ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADN2021&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Aniefiok Dennis''' lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Najeriya. Ya kasance memba wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Jihar [[Etinan]] a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta 6 da 7. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/aniefiok-dennis-a |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=7th Assembly: We have recorded remarkable strides in 2 years - Aniefiok Dennis - The Mail Newspaper |url=https://themail.com.ng/7th-assembly-we-have-recorded-remarkable-strides-in-2-years-aniefiok-dennis/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2019-04-17 |title=Seventh Assembly: Who speaks for Akwa Ibom? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/seventh-assembly-who-speaks-for-akwa-ibom/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Tafiyar Aniefiok Dennis zuwa aikin gwamnati ta fara ne a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Etinan, rawar da ya taka har zuwa shekara ta 2002. A shekara ta 2001, ya tsara Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki na Yankin Karamar Hukumar Etinan yayin Binciken Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2019-04-17 |title=Seventh Assembly: Who speaks for Akwa Ibom? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/seventh-assembly-who-speaks-for-akwa-ibom/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((((((((((Aniefiok Dennis' journey into public service began in 2000 when he served as the Legal Adviser to Etinan Local Government Council, a role he held until 2002. In 2001, he coordinated the Etinan Local Government Area's Constitution Review Committee during the review of Nigeria's 1999 Constitution.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan batutuwan majalisa ga Hon. [[Enobong Eshiet]], tsohon memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom, daga 2003 zuwa 2007.

A shekara ta 2007, an nada shi Mataimakin Musamman kan Harkokin Shari'a ga Gwamna [[Godswill Akpabio]], kuma an inganta shi a shekara ta 2013 zuwa matsayin Babban Mataimakin Na Musamman kan Al'amuran Shari'a, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabi Dennis don wakiltar mazabar Jihar Etinan a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom a shekarar 2015. An nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar a lokacin wa'adinsa na farko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta 6. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan .Bayanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2019-04-17 |title=Seventh Assembly: Who speaks for Akwa Ibom? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/seventh-assembly-who-speaks-for-akwa-ibom/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anthony |first=Lovina |date=2019-07-19 |title=Akwa Ibom Assembly stipulates capital punishment for rape, violent crimes |url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/07/19/akwa-ibom-assembly-stipulates-capital-punishment-rape-violent-crimes/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Dokar Shari'a don Kafa Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Akwa Ibom . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A Bill to Eliminate Violence in Private and Public Life and Provide Remedies for Victims, wani lissafin da ke ba da shawarar azabtarwa ga mutane da aka tabbatar da laifin fyade da sauran laifuka na tashin hankali a jihar Akwa Ibom.
* Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Jihar Akwa Ibom . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ayyukansa suna magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar lafiyar jama'a, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, da tashin hankali na jinsi. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da motsi kan matakan rigakafin COVID-19, bayar da shawarwari game da allurar rigakafi, da sake gina kayan aikin da suka rushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaban Al'umma ==
Dennis yana tallafawa al'ummarsa ta hanyar sauƙaƙe ayyukan ci gaba da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da gyaran makarantu, samar da kayan aji, kafa tsarin samar da ruwa, da kuma bayar da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don tallafawa ƙananan kasuwanci. Gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimi sananne ne musamman, tare da tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban shari'a, samar da kwamfutoci ga makarantu, da taimakon kuɗi ga ɗalibai a fannoni daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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 {{Databox}}

'''Aniefiok Dennis''' lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Najeriya. Ya kasance memba wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Jihar [[Etinan]] a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta 6 da 7. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/aniefiok-dennis-a |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=7th Assembly: We have recorded remarkable strides in 2 years - Aniefiok Dennis - The Mail Newspaper |url=https://themail.com.ng/7th-assembly-we-have-recorded-remarkable-strides-in-2-years-aniefiok-dennis/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2019-04-17 |title=Seventh Assembly: Who speaks for Akwa Ibom? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/seventh-assembly-who-speaks-for-akwa-ibom/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Tafiyar Aniefiok Dennis zuwa aikin gwamnati ta fara ne a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Etinan, rawar da ya taka har zuwa shekara ta 2002. A shekara ta 2001, ya tsara Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki na Yankin Karamar Hukumar Etinan yayin Binciken Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2019-04-17 |title=Seventh Assembly: Who speaks for Akwa Ibom? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/seventh-assembly-who-speaks-for-akwa-ibom/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan batutuwan majalisa ga Hon. [[Enobong Eshiet]], tsohon memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom, daga 2003 zuwa 2007.

A shekara ta 2007, an nada shi Mataimakin Musamman kan Harkokin Shari'a ga Gwamna [[Godswill Akpabio]], kuma an inganta shi a shekara ta 2013 zuwa matsayin Babban Mataimakin Na Musamman kan Al'amuran Shari'a, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabi Dennis don wakiltar mazabar Jihar Etinan a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom a shekarar 2015. An nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar a lokacin wa'adinsa na farko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta 6. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan .Bayanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2019-04-17 |title=Seventh Assembly: Who speaks for Akwa Ibom? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/seventh-assembly-who-speaks-for-akwa-ibom/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anthony |first=Lovina |date=2019-07-19 |title=Akwa Ibom Assembly stipulates capital punishment for rape, violent crimes |url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/07/19/akwa-ibom-assembly-stipulates-capital-punishment-rape-violent-crimes/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Dokar Shari'a don Kafa Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Akwa Ibom . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A Bill to Eliminate Violence in Private and Public Life and Provide Remedies for Victims, wani lissafin da ke ba da shawarar azabtarwa ga mutane da aka tabbatar da laifin fyade da sauran laifuka na tashin hankali a jihar Akwa Ibom.
* Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Jihar Akwa Ibom . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ayyukansa suna magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar lafiyar jama'a, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, da tashin hankali na jinsi. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da motsi kan matakan rigakafin COVID-19, bayar da shawarwari game da allurar rigakafi, da sake gina kayan aikin da suka rushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaban Al'umma ==
Dennis yana tallafawa al'ummarsa ta hanyar sauƙaƙe ayyukan ci gaba da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da gyaran makarantu, samar da kayan aji, kafa tsarin samar da ruwa, da kuma bayar da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don tallafawa ƙananan kasuwanci. Gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimi sananne ne musamman, tare da tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban shari'a, samar da kwamfutoci ga makarantu, da taimakon kuɗi ga ɗalibai a fannoni daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Gary Dowsett</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343024431|Gary Dowsett]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Gary W. Dowsett''' masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne na Australiya wanda ya kware a fannin kiwon [[Jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa|lafiyar jima'i]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Photopoulos |first=Julianna |date=2022-09-14 |title=Let's talk about sex: tailoring prostate-cancer care for LGBT+ people |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02864-9 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=609 |issue=7927 |pages=S48–S50 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-02864-9 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi farfesa ne mai daraja a Jami'ar La Trobe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Celebrating the career of Professor Gary Dowsett |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/announcements/2019/celebrating-the-career-of-professor-gary-dowsett |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=[[La Trobe University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Dowsett ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha da difloma a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Queensland . Ya sami digiri na PhD daga Jami'ar Macquarie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Gary Dowsett |url=https://scholars.latrobe.edu.au/gwdowsett |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=[[La Trobe University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Dowsett ya yi bincike kan Cutar kanjamau ta hanyar ilimin zamantakewa sama da shekaru 40. Bayan an gano shi da Ciwon daji na prostate a shekara ta 2007, kuma daga baya aka yi masa magani, sai ya fara bincike kan tasirin ciwon daji a cikin jima'i da jinsi.[1]

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* Dowsett, G. W. (1996). ''Yin sha'awa: jima'i na ɗan luwaɗi a zamanin cutar kanjamau''. Jami'ar Stanford Press . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tomsen |first=Stephen |date=1998 |title=Book reviews : PRACTICING DESIRE: HOMOSEXUAL SEX IN THE ERA OF AIDS Gary Dowsett Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1996, viii, 322 pp., $26.95 (paperback) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/144078339803400213 |journal=Journal of Sociology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=195–196 |doi=10.1177/144078339803400213 |issn=1440-7833 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Onnudotir |first=Helena |date=1999-04-01 |title=Practicing Desire: Homosexual Sex in the Era of AIDS. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA55007530&amp;sid=googleScholar&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;linkaccess=abs&amp;issn=10358811&amp;p=AONE&amp;sw=w&amp;userGroupName=anon~a909f411&amp;aty=open-web-entry |journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology |language=English |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=101–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Connell, Raewyn, da G. W. Dowsett (1993). ''Sake tunani game da Jima'i: Ka'idar Jama'a da Binciken Jima'a''. Jami'ar Haikali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patton |first=Wendy |date=1993 |title=RW Connell and GW Dowsett, &quot;Rethinking Sex: Social Theory and Sexuality Research&quot; (Book Review) |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/2f40d128241e4242ca7be17b69c89bfb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1816419 |journal=The Australian Journal of Social Issues |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=263}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RW Connell and GW Dowsett, &quot;Rethinking Sex: Social Theory and Sexuality Research&quot; (Book Review) |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/2f40d128241e4242ca7be17b69c89bfb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1816419 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=ProQuest |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Gary W. Dowsett''' masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne na Australiya wanda ya kware a fannin kiwon [[Jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa|lafiyar jima'i]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Photopoulos |first=Julianna |date=2022-09-14 |title=Let's talk about sex: tailoring prostate-cancer care for LGBT+ people |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02864-9 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=609 |issue=7927 |pages=S48–S50 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-02864-9 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi farfesa ne mai daraja a Jami'ar La Trobe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Celebrating the career of Professor Gary Dowsett |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/announcements/2019/celebrating-the-career-of-professor-gary-dowsett |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=[[La Trobe University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Dowsett ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha da difloma a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Queensland . Ya sami digiri na PhD daga Jami'ar Macquarie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Gary Dowsett |url=https://scholars.latrobe.edu.au/gwdowsett |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=[[La Trobe University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Dowsett ya yi bincike kan Cutar kanjamau ta hanyar ilimin zamantakewa sama da shekaru 40. Bayan an gano shi da Ciwon daji na prostate a shekara ta 2007, kuma daga baya aka yi masa magani, sai ya fara bincike kan tasirin ciwon daji a cikin jima'i da jinsi.[1]

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* Dowsett, G. W. (1996). ''Yin sha'awa: jima'i na ɗan luwaɗi a zamanin cutar kanjamau''. Jami'ar Stanford Press . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tomsen |first=Stephen |date=1998 |title=Book reviews : PRACTICING DESIRE: HOMOSEXUAL SEX IN THE ERA OF AIDS Gary Dowsett Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1996, viii, 322 pp., $26.95 (paperback) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/144078339803400213 |journal=Journal of Sociology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=195–196 |doi=10.1177/144078339803400213 |issn=1440-7833 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Onnudotir |first=Helena |date=1999-04-01 |title=Practicing Desire: Homosexual Sex in the Era of AIDS. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA55007530&amp;sid=googleScholar&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;linkaccess=abs&amp;issn=10358811&amp;p=AONE&amp;sw=w&amp;userGroupName=anon~a909f411&amp;aty=open-web-entry |journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology |language=English |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=101–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Connell, Raewyn, da G. W. Dowsett (1993). ''Sake tunani game da Jima'i: Ka'idar Jama'a da Binciken Jima'a''. Jami'ar Haikali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patton |first=Wendy |date=1993 |title=RW Connell and GW Dowsett, &quot;Rethinking Sex: Social Theory and Sexuality Research&quot; (Book Review) |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/2f40d128241e4242ca7be17b69c89bfb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1816419 |journal=The Australian Journal of Social Issues |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=263}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RW Connell and GW Dowsett, &quot;Rethinking Sex: Social Theory and Sexuality Research&quot; (Book Review) |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/2f40d128241e4242ca7be17b69c89bfb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1816419 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=ProQuest |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Bugchasing (a madadin bin kwari) {{Sfn|Tomso|2004}} shine aikin neman Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) ta hanyar jima'i.[2]

Bugchasers, wadanda ke lalata cutar kanjamau, al'ada ce ta barebackers, maza da suka yi jima'i da wasu maza [[Jima'i mai aminci|ba tare da kariya ba]]. Akwai wasu bayani game da halayyar da tunanin bugchasing, daga farin ciki na jima'i a ra'ayin matsayin HIV-positive, zuwa gano ma'anar al'umma tare da wasu mutanen da ke dauke da HIV, zuwa kashe kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moskowitz |first=David A. |last2=Roloff |first2=Michael E. |year=2007 |title=The Existence of a Bug Chasing Subculture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20460937 |journal=Culture, Health &amp; Sexuality |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=347–357 |doi=10.1080/13691050600976296 |jstor=20460937 |pmid=17612955 |s2cid=31893571 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ra'ayi ya sami kulawa sosai bayan da aka buga labarin &quot;Bug Chasers: Mutanen da ke son zama HIV+&quot; a cikin Rolling Stone. Wannan labarin an yi jayayya sosai game da hanyoyin kididdigarsa waɗanda suka nuna yaduwar bugchasing, da kuma ƙirƙirar maganganu daga ƙwararrun likitoci. Wannan aikin na iya kasancewa tun lokacin da Rikicin cutar kanjamau ya fara a ƙarshen 1970s da Farko 1980s. Tun daga wannan lokacin an ambaci aikin a cikin ko kuma mayar da hankali ga kafofin watsa labarai da al'adun gargajiya. Ya zuwa 2021, halayyar bugchasing har yanzu tana ci gaba a matsayin halayyar niche, duk da yaduwar ingantaccen PrEP da HAART jiyya waɗanda ke karewa daga yaduwar cutar kanjamau.

== Asalin ==
Ci gaban farko na al'adun bugchasing ba a san shi ba; aikin na iya kasancewa tun daga farkon Rikicin cutar kanjamau.{{Sfn|García-Iglesias|2020b}} A matsayin al'ada, bugchasing ya zama mafi bayyane da haɗin kai tare da karɓar hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta a cikin shekarun 1990.{{Sfn|García-Iglesias|2020b}} ''Newsweek'' ta ruwaito a cikin 1997  da kuma Rolling Stone a cikin 2003.{{Sfn|Howard|Yamey|2003}} Labarin Rolling Stone, &quot;Bug Chasers: Mutanen da suke da sha'awar zama HIV+&quot;, wanda Gregory Freeman ya rubuta, shine na farko da ya kawo damuwa da kulawa ga aikin.[6] Wannan labarin ya yi iƙirarin cewa kusan kashi 25 cikin 100 na duk sabbin cututtukan HIV a Amurka (10,000 daga 40,000) suna da alaƙa da aikin bugchasing.[6]

Kididdigar Freeman ta yi kuskuren rarraba a matsayin masu farautar duk maza da suka shiga cikin barebacking, ba tare da la'akari da motsawa ko ƙoƙarin neman kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV ba.{{Sfn|Graydon|2007}} Likitocin da Freeman ya ambata tun daga lokacin sun yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙirƙiri maganganunsu, kuma an soki bayanansa sosai.{{Sfn|Weiss|2006}} A cikin kimantawa na masanin nazarin jima'i Octavio R. Gonzalez, labarin Freeman shine watakila mafi alhakin kawo kalmar bugchasing ga masu sauraro na al'ada,  kuma sha'awar jama'a da fahimtar aikin ya karu bayan labarin Freeman. {{Sfn|Gonzalez|2010}}[10]

== Ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi ==
Duk da yake barebacking da bugchasing duka suna da alaƙa da ayyukan jima'i masu haɗari, ayyuka ne daban-daban. Bugchasing wani al'ada ne na barebacking, kuma niyya alama ce ta bambanci tsakanin bugchasers da barebackers: yawancin barebackers ba sa niyyar kamuwa da cutar (ko kamuwa da wasu) da HIV, wanda shine bayyane mai da hankali ga halayyar bugchasing.{{Sfn|Moskowitz|Roloff|2007a}}

A ra'ayin masanin ilimin kabilanci Jamie García-Iglesias da mai bincike Tim Dean, masu shayarwa suna rarraba misalai da yawa waɗanda ke rarrabe asalin su daga sauran al'ummomin MSM: insemination, ciki, da uba.[30] A cewar Dean da mai binciken ilimin halayyar dan adam Hugh Klein, tunda cutar kanjamau tana iya yaduwa da haifuwa ta hanyar ayyukan jima'i na bugchasing, girman al'adun ta - cibiyoyi, ka'idoji, ayyuka, da siffofin dangi waɗanda, tare, suka samar da al'umma da ke kewaye da matsayin cutar kanjamawa - ana iya watsa su ta hanyar kamuwa da kwayar cuta, kama da yadu ta hanyar haihuwa da iyaye.[31]

Hakazalika, sararin samaniya na iya ƙarfafa wasu ra'ayoyin namiji. Mai binciken jima'i Ellie Reynolds ya rubuta cewa maza masu cutar kanjamau waɗanda ke neman wasu su kamu da cutar kanjamaun daji - waɗanda aka sani da masu ba da kyauta - an gina su a matsayin maza ta hanyar rawar jima'i, yayin da ake fahimtar masu neman ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da namiji: sun shiga (maimakon shiga), suna da magungunan da suka shafi mata kamar &quot;pussy&quot; da &quot;mancunt&quot;, suna da rawar mata a cikin tsarin zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Reynolds|2007b}} Ko masu ba da kyauta suna ci gaba da wanzuwa ba su da tabbas, saboda abin da García-Iglesias ya kira yawan jama'arsu &quot;ƙididdigar ƙididdiga&quot; da kuma &quot;rashin tabbas na halitta (bisa ga yaduwar magani mai nasara) &quot;.{{Sfn|García-Iglesias|2022}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Databox}}Bugchasing (a madadin bin kwari) {{Sfn|Tomso|2004}} shine aikin neman Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) ta hanyar jima'i.[2]

Bugchasers, wadanda ke lalata cutar kanjamau, al'ada ce ta barebackers, maza da suka yi jima'i da wasu maza [[Jima'i mai aminci|ba tare da kariya ba]]. Akwai wasu bayani game da halayyar da tunanin bugchasing, daga farin ciki na jima'i a ra'ayin matsayin HIV-positive, zuwa gano ma'anar al'umma tare da wasu mutanen da ke dauke da HIV, zuwa kashe kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moskowitz |first=David A. |last2=Roloff |first2=Michael E. |year=2007 |title=The Existence of a Bug Chasing Subculture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20460937 |journal=Culture, Health &amp; Sexuality |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=347–357 |doi=10.1080/13691050600976296 |jstor=20460937 |pmid=17612955 |s2cid=31893571 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ra'ayi ya sami kulawa sosai bayan da aka buga labarin &quot;Bug Chasers: Mutanen da ke son zama HIV+&quot; a cikin Rolling Stone. Wannan labarin an yi jayayya sosai game da hanyoyin kididdigarsa waɗanda suka nuna yaduwar bugchasing, da kuma ƙirƙirar maganganu daga ƙwararrun likitoci. Wannan aikin na iya kasancewa tun lokacin da Rikicin cutar kanjamau ya fara a ƙarshen 1970s da Farko 1980s. Tun daga wannan lokacin an ambaci aikin a cikin ko kuma mayar da hankali ga kafofin watsa labarai da al'adun gargajiya. Ya zuwa 2021, halayyar bugchasing har yanzu tana ci gaba a matsayin halayyar niche, duk da yaduwar ingantaccen PrEP da HAART jiyya waɗanda ke karewa daga yaduwar cutar kanjamau.

== Asalin ==
Ci gaban farko na al'adun bugchasing ba a san shi ba; aikin na iya kasancewa tun daga farkon Rikicin cutar kanjamau.{{Sfn|García-Iglesias|2020b}} A matsayin al'ada, bugchasing ya zama mafi bayyane da haɗin kai tare da karɓar hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta a cikin shekarun 1990.{{Sfn|García-Iglesias|2020b}} ''Newsweek'' ta ruwaito a cikin 1997  da kuma Rolling Stone a cikin 2003.{{Sfn|Howard|Yamey|2003}} Labarin Rolling Stone, &quot;Bug Chasers: Mutanen da suke da sha'awar zama HIV+&quot;, wanda Gregory Freeman ya rubuta, shine na farko da ya kawo damuwa da kulawa ga aikin.[6] Wannan labarin ya yi iƙirarin cewa kusan kashi 25 cikin 100 na duk sabbin cututtukan HIV a Amurka (10,000 daga 40,000) suna da alaƙa da aikin bugchasing.[6]

Kididdigar Freeman ta yi kuskuren rarraba a matsayin masu farautar duk maza da suka shiga cikin barebacking, ba tare da la'akari da motsawa ko ƙoƙarin neman kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV ba.{{Sfn|Graydon|2007}} Likitocin da Freeman ya ambata tun daga lokacin sun yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙirƙiri maganganunsu, kuma an soki bayanansa sosai.{{Sfn|Weiss|2006}} A cikin kimantawa na masanin nazarin jima'i Octavio R. Gonzalez, labarin Freeman shine watakila mafi alhakin kawo kalmar bugchasing ga masu sauraro na al'ada,  kuma sha'awar jama'a da fahimtar aikin ya karu bayan labarin Freeman. {{Sfn|Gonzalez|2010}}[10]

== Ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi ==
Duk da yake barebacking da bugchasing duka suna da alaƙa da ayyukan jima'i masu haɗari, ayyuka ne daban-daban. Bugchasing wani al'ada ne na barebacking, kuma niyya alama ce ta bambanci tsakanin bugchasers da barebackers: yawancin barebackers ba sa niyyar kamuwa da cutar (ko kamuwa da wasu) da HIV, wanda shine bayyane mai da hankali ga halayyar bugchasing.{{Sfn|Moskowitz|Roloff|2007a}}

A ra'ayin masanin ilimin kabilanci Jamie García-Iglesias da mai bincike Tim Dean, masu shayarwa suna rarraba misalai da yawa waɗanda ke rarrabe asalin su daga sauran al'ummomin MSM: insemination, ciki, da uba.[30] A cewar Dean da mai binciken ilimin halayyar dan adam Hugh Klein, tunda cutar kanjamau tana iya yaduwa da haifuwa ta hanyar ayyukan jima'i na bugchasing, girman al'adun ta - cibiyoyi, ka'idoji, ayyuka, da siffofin dangi waɗanda, tare, suka samar da al'umma da ke kewaye da matsayin cutar kanjamawa - ana iya watsa su ta hanyar kamuwa da kwayar cuta, kama da yadu ta hanyar haihuwa da iyaye.[31]

Hakazalika, sararin samaniya na iya ƙarfafa wasu ra'ayoyin namiji. Mai binciken jima'i Ellie Reynolds ya rubuta cewa maza masu cutar kanjamau waɗanda ke neman wasu su kamu da cutar kanjamaun daji - waɗanda aka sani da masu ba da kyauta - an gina su a matsayin maza ta hanyar rawar jima'i, yayin da ake fahimtar masu neman ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da namiji: sun shiga (maimakon shiga), suna da magungunan da suka shafi mata kamar &quot;pussy&quot; da &quot;mancunt&quot;, suna da rawar mata a cikin tsarin zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Reynolds|2007b}} Ko masu ba da kyauta suna ci gaba da wanzuwa ba su da tabbas, saboda abin da García-Iglesias ya kira yawan jama'arsu &quot;ƙididdigar ƙididdiga&quot; da kuma &quot;rashin tabbas na halitta (bisa ga yaduwar magani mai nasara) &quot;.{{Sfn|García-Iglesias|2022}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ayo Opadokun</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359393845|Ayo Opadokun]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Pa Ayo Opadokun''' CON [[lauya]] ce ta Najeriya, mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya, marubuci, kuma dattijo. Shi tsohon Sakatare Janar ne kuma Sakataren yada labarai na kasa na National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka yi yakin neman zabe a Najeriya kuma suka ba da shawara don tabbatar da zaben shugaban kasa na 12 ga Yuni, 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chocomilo |first=Sodiq Lawal |date=2026-04-04 |title=PHOTOS: Meet 'Key Figures' of NADECO - Champions of Nigerian Democracy |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/04/photos-meet-key-figures-of-nadeco-champions-of-nigerian-democracy/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=WITHIN NIGERIA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Opadokun a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1948 a Offa, jihar Kwara ta yanzu, Najeriya. Ya halarci Baptist Day School, Zaria, inda ya kammala karatun firamare a 1961. Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Baptist ta Najeriya, Minna, ya kammala karatu a 1972 kuma ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (B.Sc.) a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], inda ya sami digiri ya farko na Shari'a (LL.B.) a shekara ta 1979. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-06 |title=OPADOKUN, Ayo |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/opadokun-ayo/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((((((((Opadokun was born on 26 August 1948 in Offa, present-day Kwara State, Nigeria. He attended Baptist Day School, Zaria, where he completed his primary education in 1961. He later attended Nigerian Baptist College, Minna, graduating in 1972 and his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree fron University of Lagos, where he obtained a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1979.[1]￼

== Ayyuka ==
Pa Opadokun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) a lokacin Jamhuriyar Na Biyu . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2026-01-12 |title=No nation can shoot its way to peace — Opadokun |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/01/no-nation-can-shoot-its-way-to-peace-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan soke zaben shugaban kasa na 1993, ya zama babban memba na National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kasa kuma daga baya Sakataren Janar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=1997-12-04 |title=Information on the identity of the Secretary of the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) for Lagos state from 1994 to the present [NGA28440.E] |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1240394.html? |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Opadokun ya tsare shi ne a lokacin mulkin soja na lokacin da ake gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya kuma daga baya ya rubuta abubuwan da ya samu a rubuce-rubucensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2026-01-12 |title=No nation can shoot its way to peace — Opadokun |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/01/no-nation-can-shoot-its-way-to-peace-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opadokun ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Afenifere, kungiyar zamantakewar siyasa ta Yoruba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olumide |first=Seye |date=2026-01-25 |title=Why Nigeria’s development is stunted — NADECO secretary, Opadokun |url=https://guardian.ng/news/why-nigerias-development-is-stunted-nadeco-secretary-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siyasa da hidimar jama'a ===
A lokacin Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Biyu, Opadokun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN). Daga baya ya shiga cikin yunkurin dimokuradiyya na Najeriya bayan soke zaben shugaban kasa na 1993 wanda [[Moshood Abiola|Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]] ya lashe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chocomilo |first=Sodiq Lawal |date=2026-04-04 |title=PHOTOS: Meet 'Key Figures' of NADECO - Champions of Nigerian Democracy |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/04/photos-meet-key-figures-of-nadeco-champions-of-nigerian-democracy/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=WITHIN NIGERIA |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChocomilo2026&quot;&gt;Chocomilo, Sodiq Lawal (4 April 2026). [https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/04/photos-meet-key-figures-of-nadeco-champions-of-nigerian-democracy/ &quot;PHOTOS: Meet 'Key Figures' of NADECO - Champions of Nigerian Democracy&quot;]. ''WITHIN NIGERIA''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yunkurin kare dimokuradiyya ===
Opadokun ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar sake fasalin da kuma tsarin tarayya na gaskiya a Najeriya, yana jayayya cewa dogon lokaci na soja ya hana ci gaban kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=Ex-NADECO Chieftain Opadokun Urges Tinubu To Return Nigeria To 'True Federalism' |url=https://leadership.ng/ex-nadeco-chieftain-opadokun-urges-tinubu-to-return-nigeria-to-true-federalism/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja da karbuwa ==
A lokacin bukukuwan Ranar Dimokuradiyya ta 2026, Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya ba da girmamawa ta kasa ta [[Order of the Niger|Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] (CON) ga Cif Ayo Opadokun don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya da ci gaban dimokuradiya ta Najeriya. .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Daka |first=Terhemba |date=2026-06-12 |title=Tinubu hails 27 years of democracy, honours June 12 heroes amid concerns over governance |url=https://guardian.ng/news/tinubu-hails-27-years-of-democracy-honours-june-12-heroes-amid-concerns-over-governance/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==

* ''Freedom Jarkakewa: Kwarewar Hadari na Ayo Opadokun'' (1999). 
* ''Tarihin Kurkuku'' (2000) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2026-01-12 |title=No nation can shoot its way to peace — Opadokun |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/01/no-nation-can-shoot-its-way-to-peace-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOboh2026&quot;&gt;Oboh (12 January 2026). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/01/no-nation-can-shoot-its-way-to-peace-opadokun/ &quot;No nation can shoot its way to peace — Opadokun&quot;]. ''Vanguard News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Gun Hegemony: Wani Tarihi na Musamman Game da Sojojin Najeriya'' (2025) &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olumide |first=Seye |date=2026-01-25 |title=Why Nigeria’s development is stunted — NADECO secretary, Opadokun |url=https://guardian.ng/news/why-nigerias-development-is-stunted-nadeco-secretary-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOlumide2026&quot;&gt;Olumide, Seye (25 January 2026). [https://guardian.ng/news/why-nigerias-development-is-stunted-nadeco-secretary-opadokun/ &quot;Why Nigeria's development is stunted — NADECO secretary, Opadokun&quot;]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Labarin NADECO'' (2026) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newdawn |date=2026-06-01 |title=The NADECO Story,’ The Book Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka Vouched For |url=https://www.newdawnngr.com/2026/06/01/the-nadeco-story-the-book-nobel-laureate-wole-soyinka-vouched-for/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=New Dawn Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>21nsfsre1dojvwpnkh37wmfebfw8f3c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858345</id>
      <parentid>858343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:46:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7475" sha1="9tciys75163qpn6505sg81p1l595sax" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Pa Ayo Opadokun''' CON [[lauya]] ce ta Najeriya, mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya, marubuci, kuma dattijo. Shi tsohon Sakatare Janar ne kuma Sakataren yada labarai na kasa na National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka yi yakin neman zabe a Najeriya kuma suka ba da shawara don tabbatar da zaben shugaban kasa na 12 ga Yuni, 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chocomilo |first=Sodiq Lawal |date=2026-04-04 |title=PHOTOS: Meet 'Key Figures' of NADECO - Champions of Nigerian Democracy |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/04/photos-meet-key-figures-of-nadeco-champions-of-nigerian-democracy/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=WITHIN NIGERIA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Opadokun a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1948 a Offa, jihar Kwara ta yanzu, Najeriya. Ya halarci Baptist Day School, Zaria, inda ya kammala karatun firamare a 1961. Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Baptist ta Najeriya, Minna, ya kammala karatu a 1972 kuma ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (B.Sc.) a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], inda ya sami digiri ya farko na Shari'a (LL.B.) a shekara ta 1979. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-06 |title=OPADOKUN, Ayo |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/opadokun-ayo/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Pa Opadokun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) a lokacin Jamhuriyar Na Biyu . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2026-01-12 |title=No nation can shoot its way to peace — Opadokun |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/01/no-nation-can-shoot-its-way-to-peace-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan soke zaben shugaban kasa na 1993, ya zama babban memba na National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kasa kuma daga baya Sakataren Janar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=1997-12-04 |title=Information on the identity of the Secretary of the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) for Lagos state from 1994 to the present [NGA28440.E] |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1240394.html? |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Opadokun ya tsare shi ne a lokacin mulkin soja na lokacin da ake gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya kuma daga baya ya rubuta abubuwan da ya samu a rubuce-rubucensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2026-01-12 |title=No nation can shoot its way to peace — Opadokun |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/01/no-nation-can-shoot-its-way-to-peace-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opadokun ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Afenifere, kungiyar zamantakewar siyasa ta Yoruba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olumide |first=Seye |date=2026-01-25 |title=Why Nigeria’s development is stunted — NADECO secretary, Opadokun |url=https://guardian.ng/news/why-nigerias-development-is-stunted-nadeco-secretary-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siyasa da hidimar jama'a ===
A lokacin Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Biyu, Opadokun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN). Daga baya ya shiga cikin yunkurin dimokuradiyya na Najeriya bayan soke zaben shugaban kasa na 1993 wanda [[Moshood Abiola|Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]] ya lashe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chocomilo |first=Sodiq Lawal |date=2026-04-04 |title=PHOTOS: Meet 'Key Figures' of NADECO - Champions of Nigerian Democracy |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/04/photos-meet-key-figures-of-nadeco-champions-of-nigerian-democracy/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=WITHIN NIGERIA |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChocomilo2026&quot;&gt;Chocomilo, Sodiq Lawal (4 April 2026). [https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/04/photos-meet-key-figures-of-nadeco-champions-of-nigerian-democracy/ &quot;PHOTOS: Meet 'Key Figures' of NADECO - Champions of Nigerian Democracy&quot;]. ''WITHIN NIGERIA''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yunkurin kare dimokuradiyya ===
Opadokun ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar sake fasalin da kuma tsarin tarayya na gaskiya a Najeriya, yana jayayya cewa dogon lokaci na soja ya hana ci gaban kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=Ex-NADECO Chieftain Opadokun Urges Tinubu To Return Nigeria To 'True Federalism' |url=https://leadership.ng/ex-nadeco-chieftain-opadokun-urges-tinubu-to-return-nigeria-to-true-federalism/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja da karbuwa ==
A lokacin bukukuwan Ranar Dimokuradiyya ta 2026, Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya ba da girmamawa ta kasa ta [[Order of the Niger|Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] (CON) ga Cif Ayo Opadokun don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya da ci gaban dimokuradiya ta Najeriya. .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Daka |first=Terhemba |date=2026-06-12 |title=Tinubu hails 27 years of democracy, honours June 12 heroes amid concerns over governance |url=https://guardian.ng/news/tinubu-hails-27-years-of-democracy-honours-june-12-heroes-amid-concerns-over-governance/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==

* ''Freedom Jarkakewa: Kwarewar Hadari na Ayo Opadokun'' (1999). 
* ''Tarihin Kurkuku'' (2000) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2026-01-12 |title=No nation can shoot its way to peace — Opadokun |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/01/no-nation-can-shoot-its-way-to-peace-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOboh2026&quot;&gt;Oboh (12 January 2026). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/01/no-nation-can-shoot-its-way-to-peace-opadokun/ &quot;No nation can shoot its way to peace — Opadokun&quot;]. ''Vanguard News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Gun Hegemony: Wani Tarihi na Musamman Game da Sojojin Najeriya'' (2025) &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olumide |first=Seye |date=2026-01-25 |title=Why Nigeria’s development is stunted — NADECO secretary, Opadokun |url=https://guardian.ng/news/why-nigerias-development-is-stunted-nadeco-secretary-opadokun/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOlumide2026&quot;&gt;Olumide, Seye (25 January 2026). [https://guardian.ng/news/why-nigerias-development-is-stunted-nadeco-secretary-opadokun/ &quot;Why Nigeria's development is stunted — NADECO secretary, Opadokun&quot;]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 June&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Labarin NADECO'' (2026) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newdawn |date=2026-06-01 |title=The NADECO Story,’ The Book Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka Vouched For |url=https://www.newdawnngr.com/2026/06/01/the-nadeco-story-the-book-nobel-laureate-wole-soyinka-vouched-for/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=New Dawn Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>9tciys75163qpn6505sg81p1l595sax</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Condoms, allurai, da tattaunawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858346</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:46:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357764588|Condoms, needles, and negotiation]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858346</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2212" sha1="q9v1w1zno50jhafodwbh35yjdj5vb0l" xml:space="preserve">Condoms, needles, da shawarwari, wanda aka fi sani da tsarin CNN, hanya ce ta Rage lahani don rage yawan yaduwar [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] ta hanyar:

* Bayar da kwaroron roba da kuma koyar da Tattaunawa jima'i mai aminci tare da abokan tarayya
* Samar da allurai masu tsabta don rage yaduwa daga Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi

Ya bambanta da abstinence, zama mai aminci, amfani da condom, ko &quot;ABC&quot; hanyar magance wannan matsala, hanyar &quot;CNN&quot; tana da niyyar rage yawan yaduwa tsakanin kungiyoyin masu haɗari kamar mata a yankunan da mata ke da ƙananan ikon zamantakewa, karuwai da abokan cinikin su, da masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.

== Tattaunawa ==
Paparoma Benedict na XVI ya soki manufofin ragewa dangane da HIV / AIDS, yana mai cewa &quot;wani bala'i ne wanda kudi kadai ba zai iya shawo kansa ba, wanda ba za a iya shawo kan shi ta hanyar rarraba condoms ba, wanda har ma ya kara matsalolin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Condoms 'not the answer to AIDS': Pope |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1012144/Condoms-%27not-the-answer-to-AIDS%27%3A-Pope |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618074844/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1012144/Condoms-%27not-the-answer-to-AIDS%27%3A-Pope |archive-date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2022-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; An soki wannan matsayi sosai saboda kuskuren nunawa da sauƙaƙe rawar da kwaroron roba ke takawa wajen hana kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;Roehr, B. (2009). Pope claims that condoms exacerbate HIV and AIDS problem. Published 25 March 2009, {{Doi|10.1136/bmj.b1206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran masana, ciki har da Darakta na Jami'ar Harvard's AIDS Prevention Research Project, sun goyi bayan matsayin Paparoma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harvard Aids expert says Pope 'correct' on condoms and spread of HIV -Times Online |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5987155.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011911/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5987155.ece |archive-date=2011-05-10 |access-date=2011-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* HIV / AIDS a Brazil

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>q9v1w1zno50jhafodwbh35yjdj5vb0l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858347</id>
      <parentid>858346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:47:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2225" sha1="954nnblqov8mssef27c68infpi2n0wl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Condoms, needles, da shawarwari, wanda aka fi sani da tsarin CNN, hanya ce ta Rage lahani don rage yawan yaduwar [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] ta hanyar:

* Bayar da kwaroron roba da kuma koyar da Tattaunawa jima'i mai aminci tare da abokan tarayya
* Samar da allurai masu tsabta don rage yaduwa daga Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi

Ya bambanta da abstinence, zama mai aminci, amfani da condom, ko &quot;ABC&quot; hanyar magance wannan matsala, hanyar &quot;CNN&quot; tana da niyyar rage yawan yaduwa tsakanin kungiyoyin masu haɗari kamar mata a yankunan da mata ke da ƙananan ikon zamantakewa, karuwai da abokan cinikin su, da masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.

== Tattaunawa ==
Paparoma Benedict na XVI ya soki manufofin ragewa dangane da HIV / AIDS, yana mai cewa &quot;wani bala'i ne wanda kudi kadai ba zai iya shawo kansa ba, wanda ba za a iya shawo kan shi ta hanyar rarraba condoms ba, wanda har ma ya kara matsalolin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Condoms 'not the answer to AIDS': Pope |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1012144/Condoms-%27not-the-answer-to-AIDS%27%3A-Pope |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618074844/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1012144/Condoms-%27not-the-answer-to-AIDS%27%3A-Pope |archive-date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2022-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; An soki wannan matsayi sosai saboda kuskuren nunawa da sauƙaƙe rawar da kwaroron roba ke takawa wajen hana kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;Roehr, B. (2009). Pope claims that condoms exacerbate HIV and AIDS problem. Published 25 March 2009, {{Doi|10.1136/bmj.b1206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran masana, ciki har da Darakta na Jami'ar Harvard's AIDS Prevention Research Project, sun goyi bayan matsayin Paparoma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harvard Aids expert says Pope 'correct' on condoms and spread of HIV -Times Online |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5987155.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011911/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5987155.ece |archive-date=2011-05-10 |access-date=2011-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* HIV / AIDS a Brazil

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar Dhat</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358396216|Dhat syndrome]]&quot;</comment>
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Dhat syndrome ([[Sanskrit]], IAST) wani yanayi ne da aka samu a al'adun Kudancin Asiya (ciki har da Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, Nepal, da Sri Lanka) inda marasa lafiya maza suka ba da rahoton cewa suna fama da zubar da jini ko [[Rashin aiki na erectile|Rashin ƙarfi]], kuma sun yi imanin cewa suna wuce maniyyi a cikin fitsarin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ajit Avasthi, Om Prakash Jhirwal |date=2005 |title=The Concept and Epidemiology of Dhat Syndrome |url=http://www.jpps.com.pk/article/theconceptandepidemiologyofdhatsyndrome_2231.html |journal=Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society |volume=2 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin ba shi da sanannen dalilin kwayoyin halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;reappraisal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Vandana |last2=De |first2=Abhishek |last3=Balachandran |first3=C. |year=2009 |title=Dhat syndrome :A reappraisal |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=89–90 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.49002 |pmc=2800886 |pmid=20049284 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ruhaniya na gargajiya na Hindu, an bayyana maniyyi a matsayin &quot;mai mahimmanci&quot;. Rashin wannan &quot;ruwa mai mahimmanci&quot;, ko dai ta hanyar jima'i ko masturbation, yana da alaƙa da jin tsoro da dysphoria. Sau da yawa mai haƙuri yana bayyana asarar farin ruwa yayin da yake wucewa da fitsari. A wasu lokuta, ana lura da alamun jin laifi da ke da alaƙa da abin da mai haƙuri ya ɗauka shine &quot;mafi yawan&quot; masturbation.

Likitoci da yawa suna kallon dhat a matsayin kalmar bincike ta gargajiya da aka yi amfani da ita a Kudancin Asiya don komawa ga damuwa da damuwa da ke da alaƙa da fitar da maniyyi, tare da canza launi na fitsari, da jin rauni da gajiya.

Dhat ana zaton cuta ce ta al'ada mai kama da ''Jiryan'' (Kudancin Gabashin Asiya), ''prameha'' ([[Sri Lanka]]), da ''shenkui'' ([[Sin|China]]).  Cutar Dhat na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan bayan orgasmic, kamar su bayan jima'i (PCT), ciwon cututtukatattun cututtukayyaki (POIS), da ciwon kai na jima'i.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Matasa maza galibi suna fama da cutar, kodayake an bayar da rahoton irin waɗannan alamun a cikin mata da ke da yawan zubar da jini ko [[Leukorrhea|leucorrhea]], wanda kuma ake la'akari da &quot;ruwa mai mahimmanci&quot;. Bugu da kari, akwai alamun gajiya da rauni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Vandana |last2=De |first2=Abhishek |last3=Balachandran |first3=C |date=2009 |title=Dhat syndrome :A reappraisal |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=89–90 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.49002 |issn=0019-5154 |pmc=2800886 |pmid=20049284 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marasa lafiya tare da yanayin Dhat galibi suna danganta masifar maniyinsu (rashin maniyyi a cikin fitsari) ga dalilai kamar masturbation mara kyau, mafarki mai ban sha'awa, da marmarin jima'i mara ma'ana. Ana ɗaukar fitar da maniyyi da ɓoyewar maniyyi a cikin fitsari a matsayin alamun da aka fi sani da masifar maniyyi. Marasa lafiya tare da yanayin Dhat sau da yawa suna tsoron sakamakon masifar maniyyi kuma a kai a kai suna da tabbacin cewa zai haifar da raguwar aikin jima'i. Sakamakon da aka fi sani da shi a cikin marasa lafiya tare da yanayin Dhat sune gazawar jiki, rashin ƙarfi, ƙarancin kuzari, da ƙarancin hali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Om |last2=Kar |first2=Sujita Kumar |date=July 2019 |title=Dhat Syndrome: A Review and Update |journal=Journal of Psychosexual Health |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3–4 |pages=241–245 |doi=10.1177/2631831819894769 |issn=2631-8318 |s2cid=209522985 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin zubar da ciki da rashin ƙarfi. Sauran alamun somatic kamar rauni, gajiya mai sauƙi, bugun zuciya, rashin barci, rashin jin daɗi, laifi da damuwa galibi suna nan. Maza wani lokacin suna ba da rahoton jin daɗi cewa hanci sun ragu. Wadannan alamun galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin damuwa da rikice-rikice. Wani alamar wannan ciwon shine fararen fitarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grover |first=Sandeep |last2=Kate |first2=Natasha |last3=Avasthi |first3=Ajit |last4=Rajpal |first4=Nikita |last5=Umamaheswari |first5=V. |date=2014 |title=Females too suffer from Dhat syndrome: A case series and revisit of the concept |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=388–392 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.146537 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=4279300 |pmid=25568483 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Ayurveda, tsarin kiwon lafiya na Indiya, maza da suka fuskanci wannan sun nuna alamun matsalolin damuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grover |first=Sandeep |last2=Avasthi |first2=Ajit |last3=Gupta |first3=Sunil |last4=Hazari |first4=Nandita |last5=Malhotra |first5=Nidhi |date=2016 |title=Do female patients with nonpathological vaginal discharge need the same evaluation as for Dhat syndrome in males? |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=61–69 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.174376 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=4776585 |pmid=26985107 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan cuta cuta ce da ke da alaƙa da al'ada. Rashin tsaba yawanci ana kallon shi azaman haramtacce kuma mai cutarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malhotra 519–528&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malhotra |first=H. K. |last2=Wig |first2=N. N. |date=1975-09-01 |title=Dhat syndrome: A culture-bound sex neurosis of the orient |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542130 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=519–528 |doi=10.1007/BF01542130 |issn=1573-2800 |pmid=1191004 |s2cid=31611632 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana da alaƙa da ƙananan zamantakewar al'umma. Kasancewa da iya samar da maniyyi ana kallon shi azaman tsawon rayuwar mutum da wasu iko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malhotra 519–528&quot; /&gt; A cikin al'adun Indiya, yana da mahimmanci ga mutum ya samar da maniyyi.

== Magani ==
Magungunan halayyar fahimta shine babban tushen magani. A wasu lokuta an nuna cewa shawarwari, magungunan rigakafi da magungunan antidepressant suna da amfani. Likitoci sun gano cewa magungunan antidepressant sun nuna sakamako mai kyau wajen sarrafa abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar Dhat. &quot;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
An bayar da rahoton cutar Dhat a ko'ina cikin Kudancin Asiya a cikin al'ummomi da yawa. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nashi |date=2005 |title=Dhat syndrome in relation to demographic characteristics |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=105–10 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.46077 |pmc=2918320 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Dukansu a cikin yanayin Asiya da Yamma, damuwa game da cututtukan jiki da ke da alaƙa da asarar maniyyi an haɗa su a hankali kuma an daidaita su da ra'ayoyin ethnopsychiatric na damuwa game da asarar jini. Sha'awar proto-psychiatric na Turai a cikin damuwa da ke da alaƙa da spermatorrhea sun koma ƙarni na sha takwas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=Diederik F. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Dhat Syndrome East and West: A History in Two Acts |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11013-024-09874-4 |journal=Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=918–939 |doi=10.1007/s11013-024-09874-4 |issn=1573-076X |pmid=39136849 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar Dhat ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Sanskrit Dhatu (主), wanda, a cewar Sushruta Samhita, yana nufin &quot;elixir wanda ya zama jiki&quot;. Likitan Indiya N. N. Wig ya kirkiro kalmar Dhat syndrome a cikin 1960, [1] kuma ya bayyana shi kamar yadda alamun bayyanar gajiya, rauni, damuwa, asarar abinci, laifi, da rashin aikin jima'i, wanda mai haƙuri ya danganta shi da asarar maniyyi a cikin fitarwa na dare, ta hanyar fitsari ko masturbation. [2] Littattafan da ke kwatanta maniyyi a matsayin muhimmin abu na jikin mutum sun samo asali ne daga 1500 BC. An bayyana cututtukan dhatus a cikin Charaka Samhita, wanda ya bayyana wani rikici da ake kira Shukrameha wanda ke da wani sashi na maniyyi a cikin fitsari. A kasar Sin, sunaye daban-daban kamar (Shen K'uei), Sri Lanka (Prameha) da sauran sassan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (Jiryan) alamomi da yanayi suna kama da dhatus.[3] Rarraba cututtukan kasa da kasa ICD-10 ya rarraba cutar Dhat a matsayin rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa (code F48.8) da kuma rikicewar al'adu ta musamman (Annexe 2) wanda ya haifar da &quot;damuwa mara kyau game da tasirin raunin wucewar maniyyi&quot;.[4]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Dhat syndrome ([[Sanskrit]], IAST) wani yanayi ne da aka samu a al'adun Kudancin Asiya (ciki har da Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, Nepal, da Sri Lanka) inda marasa lafiya maza suka ba da rahoton cewa suna fama da zubar da jini ko [[Rashin aiki na erectile|Rashin ƙarfi]], kuma sun yi imanin cewa suna wuce maniyyi a cikin fitsarin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ajit Avasthi, Om Prakash Jhirwal |date=2005 |title=The Concept and Epidemiology of Dhat Syndrome |url=http://www.jpps.com.pk/article/theconceptandepidemiologyofdhatsyndrome_2231.html |journal=Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society |volume=2 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin ba shi da sanannen dalilin kwayoyin halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;reappraisal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Vandana |last2=De |first2=Abhishek |last3=Balachandran |first3=C. |year=2009 |title=Dhat syndrome :A reappraisal |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=89–90 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.49002 |pmc=2800886 |pmid=20049284 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ruhaniya na gargajiya na Hindu, an bayyana maniyyi a matsayin &quot;mai mahimmanci&quot;. Rashin wannan &quot;ruwa mai mahimmanci&quot;, ko dai ta hanyar jima'i ko masturbation, yana da alaƙa da jin tsoro da dysphoria. Sau da yawa mai haƙuri yana bayyana asarar farin ruwa yayin da yake wucewa da fitsari. A wasu lokuta, ana lura da alamun jin laifi da ke da alaƙa da abin da mai haƙuri ya ɗauka shine &quot;mafi yawan&quot; masturbation.

Likitoci da yawa suna kallon dhat a matsayin kalmar bincike ta gargajiya da aka yi amfani da ita a Kudancin Asiya don komawa ga damuwa da damuwa da ke da alaƙa da fitar da maniyyi, tare da canza launi na fitsari, da jin rauni da gajiya.

Dhat ana zaton cuta ce ta al'ada mai kama da ''Jiryan'' (Kudancin Gabashin Asiya), ''prameha'' ([[Sri Lanka]]), da ''shenkui'' ([[Sin|China]]).  Cutar Dhat na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan bayan orgasmic, kamar su bayan jima'i (PCT), ciwon cututtukatattun cututtukayyaki (POIS), da ciwon kai na jima'i.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Matasa maza galibi suna fama da cutar, kodayake an bayar da rahoton irin waɗannan alamun a cikin mata da ke da yawan zubar da jini ko [[Leukorrhea|leucorrhea]], wanda kuma ake la'akari da &quot;ruwa mai mahimmanci&quot;. Bugu da kari, akwai alamun gajiya da rauni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Vandana |last2=De |first2=Abhishek |last3=Balachandran |first3=C |date=2009 |title=Dhat syndrome :A reappraisal |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=89–90 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.49002 |issn=0019-5154 |pmc=2800886 |pmid=20049284 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marasa lafiya tare da yanayin Dhat galibi suna danganta masifar maniyinsu (rashin maniyyi a cikin fitsari) ga dalilai kamar masturbation mara kyau, mafarki mai ban sha'awa, da marmarin jima'i mara ma'ana. Ana ɗaukar fitar da maniyyi da ɓoyewar maniyyi a cikin fitsari a matsayin alamun da aka fi sani da masifar maniyyi. Marasa lafiya tare da yanayin Dhat sau da yawa suna tsoron sakamakon masifar maniyyi kuma a kai a kai suna da tabbacin cewa zai haifar da raguwar aikin jima'i. Sakamakon da aka fi sani da shi a cikin marasa lafiya tare da yanayin Dhat sune gazawar jiki, rashin ƙarfi, ƙarancin kuzari, da ƙarancin hali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Om |last2=Kar |first2=Sujita Kumar |date=July 2019 |title=Dhat Syndrome: A Review and Update |journal=Journal of Psychosexual Health |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3–4 |pages=241–245 |doi=10.1177/2631831819894769 |issn=2631-8318 |s2cid=209522985 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin zubar da ciki da rashin ƙarfi. Sauran alamun somatic kamar rauni, gajiya mai sauƙi, bugun zuciya, rashin barci, rashin jin daɗi, laifi da damuwa galibi suna nan. Maza wani lokacin suna ba da rahoton jin daɗi cewa hanci sun ragu. Wadannan alamun galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin damuwa da rikice-rikice. Wani alamar wannan ciwon shine fararen fitarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grover |first=Sandeep |last2=Kate |first2=Natasha |last3=Avasthi |first3=Ajit |last4=Rajpal |first4=Nikita |last5=Umamaheswari |first5=V. |date=2014 |title=Females too suffer from Dhat syndrome: A case series and revisit of the concept |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=388–392 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.146537 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=4279300 |pmid=25568483 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Ayurveda, tsarin kiwon lafiya na Indiya, maza da suka fuskanci wannan sun nuna alamun matsalolin damuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grover |first=Sandeep |last2=Avasthi |first2=Ajit |last3=Gupta |first3=Sunil |last4=Hazari |first4=Nandita |last5=Malhotra |first5=Nidhi |date=2016 |title=Do female patients with nonpathological vaginal discharge need the same evaluation as for Dhat syndrome in males? |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=61–69 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.174376 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=4776585 |pmid=26985107 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan cuta cuta ce da ke da alaƙa da al'ada. Rashin tsaba yawanci ana kallon shi azaman haramtacce kuma mai cutarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malhotra 519–528&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malhotra |first=H. K. |last2=Wig |first2=N. N. |date=1975-09-01 |title=Dhat syndrome: A culture-bound sex neurosis of the orient |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542130 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=519–528 |doi=10.1007/BF01542130 |issn=1573-2800 |pmid=1191004 |s2cid=31611632 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana da alaƙa da ƙananan zamantakewar al'umma. Kasancewa da iya samar da maniyyi ana kallon shi azaman tsawon rayuwar mutum da wasu iko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malhotra 519–528&quot; /&gt; A cikin al'adun Indiya, yana da mahimmanci ga mutum ya samar da maniyyi.

== Magani ==
Magungunan halayyar fahimta shine babban tushen magani. A wasu lokuta an nuna cewa shawarwari, magungunan rigakafi da magungunan antidepressant suna da amfani. Likitoci sun gano cewa magungunan antidepressant sun nuna sakamako mai kyau wajen sarrafa abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar Dhat. &quot;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
An bayar da rahoton cutar Dhat a ko'ina cikin Kudancin Asiya a cikin al'ummomi da yawa. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nashi |date=2005 |title=Dhat syndrome in relation to demographic characteristics |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=105–10 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.46077 |pmc=2918320 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Dukansu a cikin yanayin Asiya da Yamma, damuwa game da cututtukan jiki da ke da alaƙa da asarar maniyyi an haɗa su a hankali kuma an daidaita su da ra'ayoyin ethnopsychiatric na damuwa game da asarar jini. Sha'awar proto-psychiatric na Turai a cikin damuwa da ke da alaƙa da spermatorrhea sun koma ƙarni na sha takwas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=Diederik F. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Dhat Syndrome East and West: A History in Two Acts |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11013-024-09874-4 |journal=Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=918–939 |doi=10.1007/s11013-024-09874-4 |issn=1573-076X |pmid=39136849 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar Dhat ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Sanskrit Dhatu (主), wanda, a cewar Sushruta Samhita, yana nufin &quot;elixir wanda ya zama jiki&quot;. Likitan Indiya N. N. Wig ya kirkiro kalmar Dhat syndrome a cikin 1960, [1] kuma ya bayyana shi kamar yadda alamun bayyanar gajiya, rauni, damuwa, asarar abinci, laifi, da rashin aikin jima'i, wanda mai haƙuri ya danganta shi da asarar maniyyi a cikin fitarwa na dare, ta hanyar fitsari ko masturbation. [2] Littattafan da ke kwatanta maniyyi a matsayin muhimmin abu na jikin mutum sun samo asali ne daga 1500 BC. An bayyana cututtukan dhatus a cikin Charaka Samhita, wanda ya bayyana wani rikici da ake kira Shukrameha wanda ke da wani sashi na maniyyi a cikin fitsari. A kasar Sin, sunaye daban-daban kamar (Shen K'uei), Sri Lanka (Prameha) da sauran sassan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (Jiryan) alamomi da yanayi suna kama da dhatus.[3] Rarraba cututtukan kasa da kasa ICD-10 ya rarraba cutar Dhat a matsayin rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa (code F48.8) da kuma rikicewar al'adu ta musamman (Annexe 2) wanda ya haifar da &quot;damuwa mara kyau game da tasirin raunin wucewar maniyyi&quot;.[4]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>rixetn78jtqmqwc16y3wfipgdp9d6o1</sha1>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352765036|Sex and drugs]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Jima'i da kwayoyi''' suna nufin tasirin abubuwa akan aikin jima'i da gogewa. Jima'i da kwayoyi sun samo asali ne daga mutane na dā kuma an kulle su a cikin tarihin ɗan adam. [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|Ayyukan jima'i]] an san su da aiwatar da aikin jima'i da ingancin ayyukan jima'i. Wannan ya haɗa da abubuwa kamar libido (matsayin jima'i na mutum), aikin jima'i (ciki har da tsayi a cikin maza da lubrication na farji a cikin mata), jin dadi (ikon cimma orgasm). Ana kiran [[Ƙwaya|Magunguna]] a matsayin duk wani sinadarin da ke samar da canjin jiki da na tunani a cikin kwayar halitta. Magunguna da aka rarraba a matsayin magungunan psychoactive, magungunan antihypertensive, antihistamines, maganin ciwon daji, da maganin hormone suna da tasiri sosai akan aikin jima'i. Magunguna daban-daban suna haifar da sakamako daban-daban, masu kyau da marasa kyau. Sakamakon mummunan sakamako na iya kafawa da ƙananan sha'awa, matsalolin tsayi (a cikin maza), bushewar farji (a cikin mata) da anorgasmia. Sakamakon sakamako mai kyau yawanci suna magance waɗannan batutuwan, gabaɗaya suna inganta aikin jima'i da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙwarewar jima'i mai daɗi. Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa tasirin kwayoyi akan aikin jima'i ya bambanta tsakanin mutane, musamman tsakanin jinsi daban-daban.

Fahimtar aikin jima'i ya haɗa da fahimtar dalilai daban-daban waɗanda ke da alhakin haɗakar jima'i da aikin mutum. Wannan ya haɗa da libido, sha'awar jima'i ta mutum, da motsawa; aikin jima'i, wanda ya haɗa da aikin namiji da lubrication na mace; da jin dadi, wanda a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin ikon mutum na samun orgasms da / ko ejaculations.

=== Farin ciki ===
Libido da farko ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar hypothalamus, inda hormones na jima'i ([[testosterone]] da Estrogen), da Neurotransmitters ([[dopamine]], oxytocin da serotonin), sune manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Low Libido (Low Sex Drive): Causes, Symptoms &amp; Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15216-low-libido-low-sex-drive |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar sha'awa galibi ana haifar da ƙananan testosterone a cikin maza  Ga mata, serotonin yana aiki ne a matsayin mai hana sha'awar jima'i yayin da yake rage ikon tsarin motsawa don alamun jima'i. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swerdloff_2004&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Croft HA |date=December 2017 |title=Understanding the Role of Serotonin in Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Treatment Options |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=1575–1584 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.10.068 |pmid=29198512}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:NSdiagram.svg|thumb|Diagram na manyan rarrabuwa na tsarin juyayi]]
Tsayar da Penile wani abu ne na jijiyoyi wanda ya haifar da innervation na duka masu cin gashin kansu (sympathetic da parasympathettic) da tsarin jijiyoyin jiki (sensory da motor). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dean RC, Lue TF |date=November 2005 |title=Physiology of penile erection and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction |journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=379–95, v |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2005.08.007 |pmc=1351051 |pmid=16291031}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana karɓar bayanan ji daga al'aura zuwa ga waɗannan tsarin juyayi, wanda za'a saki neurotransmitters kamar serotonin, [[dopamine]], nor[[adrenaline]], da adrenaline don sarrafa aikin erectile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Giuliano F, Rampin O |date=November 2004 |title=Neural control of erection |journal=Physiology &amp; Behavior |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=189–201 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.014 |pmid=15488539}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishatawar farjiyar tana nufin halin da ake ciki lokacin da farjiyar ba ta da mai wanda ke haifar da ciwo mai tsanani yayin jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Patient education: Vaginal dryness (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-dryness-beyond-the-basics/print |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samar da lubricants a cikin farji suna da matukar damuwa ga canje-canje a cikin hormones kamar estrogen da testosterone, waɗanda kuma suna da alhakin zubar da jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levi_2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=3 Medications That Can Lead To Vaginal Dryness |url=https://www.health.com/condition/cold/cold-medicine-cause-vaginal-dryness |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Health |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin estrogen da testosterone da ke zagayawa a cikin jiki yana taimakawa ga bushewar farji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levi_2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Jin dadi ===
Orgasms sune abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwaƙwalwa.[1] Maza na iya samun orgasm ta hanyar azzakari, kuma ana iya rarraba su zuwa sassa biyu: fitarwa da ejaculation. Neurotransmitters irin su serotonin, norepinephrine da dopamine suna shafar ejaculation a cikin maza mafi yawa.[2] Ga mata, ana haifar da orgasms ta hanyar motsa shafukan yanar gizo na lalata, a halin yanzu babu cikakkun bayani game da abubuwan da ke haifar da orgasm na mata.[3]  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Jima'i da kwayoyi''' suna nufin tasirin abubuwa akan aikin jima'i da gogewa. Jima'i da kwayoyi sun samo asali ne daga mutane na dā kuma an kulle su a cikin tarihin ɗan adam. [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|Ayyukan jima'i]] an san su da aiwatar da aikin jima'i da ingancin ayyukan jima'i. Wannan ya haɗa da abubuwa kamar libido (matsayin jima'i na mutum), aikin jima'i (ciki har da tsayi a cikin maza da lubrication na farji a cikin mata), jin dadi (ikon cimma orgasm). Ana kiran [[Ƙwaya|Magunguna]] a matsayin duk wani sinadarin da ke samar da canjin jiki da na tunani a cikin kwayar halitta. Magunguna da aka rarraba a matsayin magungunan psychoactive, magungunan antihypertensive, antihistamines, maganin ciwon daji, da maganin hormone suna da tasiri sosai akan aikin jima'i. Magunguna daban-daban suna haifar da sakamako daban-daban, masu kyau da marasa kyau. Sakamakon mummunan sakamako na iya kafawa da ƙananan sha'awa, matsalolin tsayi (a cikin maza), bushewar farji (a cikin mata) da anorgasmia. Sakamakon sakamako mai kyau yawanci suna magance waɗannan batutuwan, gabaɗaya suna inganta aikin jima'i da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙwarewar jima'i mai daɗi. Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa tasirin kwayoyi akan aikin jima'i ya bambanta tsakanin mutane, musamman tsakanin jinsi daban-daban.

Fahimtar aikin jima'i ya haɗa da fahimtar dalilai daban-daban waɗanda ke da alhakin haɗakar jima'i da aikin mutum. Wannan ya haɗa da libido, sha'awar jima'i ta mutum, da motsawa; aikin jima'i, wanda ya haɗa da aikin namiji da lubrication na mace; da jin dadi, wanda a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin ikon mutum na samun orgasms da / ko ejaculations.

=== Farin ciki ===
Libido da farko ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar hypothalamus, inda hormones na jima'i ([[testosterone]] da Estrogen), da Neurotransmitters ([[dopamine]], oxytocin da serotonin), sune manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Low Libido (Low Sex Drive): Causes, Symptoms &amp; Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15216-low-libido-low-sex-drive |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar sha'awa galibi ana haifar da ƙananan testosterone a cikin maza  Ga mata, serotonin yana aiki ne a matsayin mai hana sha'awar jima'i yayin da yake rage ikon tsarin motsawa don alamun jima'i. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swerdloff_2004&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Croft HA |date=December 2017 |title=Understanding the Role of Serotonin in Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Treatment Options |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=1575–1584 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.10.068 |pmid=29198512}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:NSdiagram.svg|thumb|Diagram na manyan rarrabuwa na tsarin juyayi]]
Tsayar da Penile wani abu ne na jijiyoyi wanda ya haifar da innervation na duka masu cin gashin kansu (sympathetic da parasympathettic) da tsarin jijiyoyin jiki (sensory da motor). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dean RC, Lue TF |date=November 2005 |title=Physiology of penile erection and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction |journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=379–95, v |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2005.08.007 |pmc=1351051 |pmid=16291031}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana karɓar bayanan ji daga al'aura zuwa ga waɗannan tsarin juyayi, wanda za'a saki neurotransmitters kamar serotonin, [[dopamine]], nor[[adrenaline]], da adrenaline don sarrafa aikin erectile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Giuliano F, Rampin O |date=November 2004 |title=Neural control of erection |journal=Physiology &amp; Behavior |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=189–201 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.014 |pmid=15488539}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishatawar farjiyar tana nufin halin da ake ciki lokacin da farjiyar ba ta da mai wanda ke haifar da ciwo mai tsanani yayin jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Patient education: Vaginal dryness (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-dryness-beyond-the-basics/print |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samar da lubricants a cikin farji suna da matukar damuwa ga canje-canje a cikin hormones kamar estrogen da testosterone, waɗanda kuma suna da alhakin zubar da jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levi_2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=3 Medications That Can Lead To Vaginal Dryness |url=https://www.health.com/condition/cold/cold-medicine-cause-vaginal-dryness |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Health |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin estrogen da testosterone da ke zagayawa a cikin jiki yana taimakawa ga bushewar farji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levi_2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Jin dadi ===
Orgasms sune abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwaƙwalwa.[1] Maza na iya samun orgasm ta hanyar azzakari, kuma ana iya rarraba su zuwa sassa biyu: fitarwa da ejaculation. Neurotransmitters irin su serotonin, norepinephrine da dopamine suna shafar ejaculation a cikin maza mafi yawa.[2] Ga mata, ana haifar da orgasms ta hanyar motsa shafukan yanar gizo na lalata, a halin yanzu babu cikakkun bayani game da abubuwan da ke haifar da orgasm na mata.[3]  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Misalan Mouse na ciwon Down</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312658418|Mouse models of Down syndrome]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="11045" sha1="cr5nj7bkafconkr8b9t81ihfo1havpx" xml:space="preserve">An yi amfani da samfuran linzamin kwamfuta akai-akai don nazarin Ciwon Down saboda kusanci da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta na beraye da mutane, da kuma yaduwar amfani da beraye a cikin binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje.

== Tarihi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Trisomy 21, wani karin kwafin [[chromosome]]_21_(human)&quot; id=&quot;mwDA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Chromosome 21 (human)&quot;&gt;Chromosome na 21, yana da alhakin haifar da ciwon Down, kuma chromosome 16 na linzamin kwamfuta yayi kama da chromosome 21 na mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Reeves RH, Irving NG, Moran TH, Wohn A, Kitt C, Sisodia SS, Schmidt C, Bronson RT, Davisson MT |date=October 1995 |title=A mouse model for Down syndrome exhibits learning and behaviour deficits |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=177–84 |doi=10.1038/ng1095-177 |pmid=7550346 |s2cid=24966761}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1979, trisomy na linzamin kwamfuta chromosome 16 (Ts16) da farko ya nuna yiwuwar zama kwayar halitta don cutar Down ta mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patterson D, Costa AC |date=February 2005 |title=Down syndrome and genetics - a case of linked histories |journal=Nature Reviews. Genetics |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=137–47 |doi=10.1038/nrg1525 |pmid=15640809 |s2cid=39792702}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Ts16 embryos da wuya su tsira har zuwa haihuwa, suna sa su kasa zama abin koyi ga halayyar da ci gaban bayan haihuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rueda N, Flórez J, Martínez-Cué C |date=2012-05-22 |title=Mouse models of Down syndrome as a tool to unravel the causes of mental disabilities |journal=Neural Plasticity |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/584071 |pmc=3364589 |pmid=22685678 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan bambancin rayuwa tsakanin jinsuna ya samo asali ne daga kasancewar kwayoyin halitta a kan linzamin kwamfuta na 16 waɗanda ba su kasance a kan chromosome 21 na mutum ba, suna gabatar da ƙarin rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta. Saboda wannan rashin amfani, an yi amfani da wasu takamaiman samfuran linzamin kwamfuta.

== Ts65Dn ==

=== Misali ===
An fara gabatar da samfurin linzamin kwamfuta na Ts65Dn a cikin 1993, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=T |first=Davisson, M |last2=C |first2=Schmidt |last3=H |first3=Reeves, R |last4=G |first4=Irving, N |last5=C |first5=Akeson, E |last6=S |first6=Harris, B |last7=T |first7=Bronson, R |date=1993-01-01 |title=Segmental trisomy as a mouse model for Down syndrome. |url=http://mouseion.jax.org/stfb1990_1999/443 |journal=Faculty Research 1990 - 1999 |volume=384 |pages=117–133 |pmid=8115398}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya fi kama da trisomy 21 na mutum fiye da samfurin Ts16. A cikin Ts65Dn, ƙwayoyin suna da ƙarin kwafin wani ɓangaren kwayoyin halitta akan chromosome 16 da kuma wani ɓangaren ƙwayoyin halitta akan cromosome 17. Daga wannan samfurin, ana samar da nau'ikan cututtukan Down, gami da Rashin daidaituwa na halayyar da lahani na fahimta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rueda N, Flórez J, Martínez-Cué C |date=2012-05-22 |title=Mouse models of Down syndrome as a tool to unravel the causes of mental disabilities |journal=Neural Plasticity |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/584071 |pmc=3364589 |pmid=22685678 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lalacewar DNA ===
Ts65Dn ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwace tana tara Lalacewar DNA.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29523805&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pawlikowski B, Betta ND, Elston T, Williams DA, Olwin BB |date=March 2018 |title=Muscle stem cell dysfunction impairs muscle regeneration in a mouse model of Down syndrome |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=4309 |bibcode=2018NatSR...8.4309P |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-22342-5 |pmc=5844921 |pmid=29523805}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan ƙwayoyin kuma suna nuna histone deubiquitinating enzyme, Usp16, wanda ke tsara amsar lalacewar DNA.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29523805&quot; /&gt; Wadannan dysfunctions na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa na iya lalata sake farfadowar tsoka kuma yana taimakawa ga cututtukan Down syndrome.

Mice na T65Dn sun rage yawan ƙwayoyin jini (HSCs) tare da karuwa a cikin samar da HSC na nau'in iskar oxygen idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin euploid na nau'ikan littermates na daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid23432468&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lorenzo LP, Shatynski KE, Clark S, Yarowsky PJ, Williams MS |date=August 2013 |title=Defective thymic progenitor development and mature T-cell responses in a mouse model for Down syndrome |journal=Immunology |volume=139 |issue=4 |pages=447–58 |doi=10.1111/imm.12092 |pmc=3719062 |pmid=23432468}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin fashewar DNA guda biyu yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin HSCs daga beraye Ts65Dn, kuma wannan yana da alaƙa da raguwar aikin HSC clonogenic idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27243896&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Wang Y, Chang J, Shao L, Feng W, Luo Y, Chow M, Du W, Meng A, Zhou D |date=June 2016 |title=Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Ts65Dn Mice Are Deficient in the Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks |journal=Radiation Research |volume=185 |issue=6 |pages=630–7 |bibcode=2016RadR..185..630W |doi=10.1667/RR14407.1 |pmc=4943077 |pmid=27243896}}&lt;/ref&gt; HSCs daga Ts65DN beraye kuma ba su da ƙwarewa wajen gyaran DNA sau biyu fiye da sel daga nau'in beraye na daji. Wadannan abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa ƙarin kwafin kwayoyin halitta a kan chromosome 21 na iya lalata ikon HSCs don gyara raguwar igiya biyu, kuma wannan raunin na iya taimakawa ga Ciwon Down da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan jini da cututsin jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27243896&quot; /&gt;

=== Abubuwan da aka gano ===
An yi nazarin wannan samfurin don fahimtar tushen jijiyoyin jijiyoyinta na raunin hankalinta. An gano cewa yana nuna hanawa a cikin gyrus na dentate, kuma M&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwUA&quot;&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; adawa da GABAA sun sami damar warware wasu daga cikin wannan rauni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fernandez F, Morishita W, Zuniga E, Nguyen J, Blank M, Malenka RC, Garner CC |date=April 2007 |title=Pharmacotherapy for cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Down syndrome |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=411–3 |doi=10.1038/nn1860 |pmid=17322876 |s2cid=29468421}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan beraye an gano su da gogewa a cikin ci gaba, suna nuna halaye masu ban mamaki kamar jinkirin ɗan adam, kuma a ƙarshe suna fuskantar hypertrophy na astrocytic da sauran nau'ikan Neurodegeneration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=David M. Holtzman |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Holtzman DM, Santucci D, Kilbridge J, Chua-Couzens J, Fontana DJ, Daniels SE, Johnson RM, Chen K, Sun Y, Carlson E, Alleva E, Epstein CJ, Mobley WC |date=November 1996 |title=Developmental abnormalities and age-related neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Down syndrome |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=93 |issue=23 |pages=13333–8 |bibcode=1996PNAS...9313333H |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.23.13333 |jstor=40794 |pmc=24093 |pmid=8917591 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, sun ƙunshi manyan jijiyoyin jijiyoyi da sauran canje-canje na tsari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link7=William C. Mobley |vauthors=Belichenko PV, Masliah E, Kleschevnikov AM, Villar AJ, Epstein CJ, Salehi A, Mobley WC |date=December 2004 |title=Synaptic structural abnormalities in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down Syndrome |journal=The Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=480 |issue=3 |pages=281–98 |doi=10.1002/cne.20337 |pmid=15515178 |s2cid=23205964}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dp (16) 1Yu ==

=== Misali ===
Tsarin Dp (16) 1Yu (wanda ake kira Dp (16) 10Yey) ya ƙunshi wani ɓangare na kwafin linzamin kwamfuta 16 (MMU16). Ba kamar samfurin Ts65Dn ba, Dp (16) 1Yu ya ƙunshi kwafin ɓangarorin chromosome 16 kawai waɗanda suka yi daidai da chromosome 21 na ɗan adam. Wannan ya sa samfurin Dp (16) 1Yu ya zama wakilci mafi kyau na Down Syndrome. Wannan samfurin yana gabatar da alamomi da yawa, gami da karuwar lahani na zuciya da ilmantarwa da rashi na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya waɗanda suke kwatankwacin alamun da aka gani a cikin Down Syndrome. Wadannan beraye kuma suna nuna karuwar lahani na haihuwa a cikin pancreas (duba annuler pancreas) da malrotation na hanji.

=== Abubuwan da aka gano ===

# Magungunan magunguna don raunin fahimta a cikin samfurin linzamin kwamfuta na ciwon Down.
# Rashin daidaituwa na ci gaba da lalacewar neurodegeneration da ke da alaƙa da shekaru a cikin samfurin linzamin kwamfuta na ciwon Down.
# Rashin daidaituwa na tsarin Synaptic a cikin tsarin linzamin kwamfuta na Ts65Dn na ciwon ƙasa.

== Ts1Cje ==

=== Misali ===
An kirkiro samfurin linzamin kwamfuta na Ts1Cje na Down Syndrome a Jami'ar California, San Francisco a cikin shekara ta 1997. Wannan samfurin yana da sau uku na MMU 16 wanda ya fi karami fiye da yankin sau uku a cikin tsarin Ts65Dn. Ts1Cje triplication ya ƙunshi abin da aka gano a matsayin Down Syndrome Critical Region, yankin da ke da hannu a duk nau'ikan DS. Ts1Cje mice suna da kwafi uku na ɓangaren nesa na MMU16 daga kwayoyin halitta ''Sod1 zuwa Mx1''. Koyaya, kwayar halitta ta Sod1 ba ta da kwafin aiki guda uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sago H, Carlson EJ, Smith DJ, Kilbridge J, Rubin EM, Mobley WC, Epstein CJ, Huang TT |date=May 1998 |title=Ts1Cje, a partial trisomy 16 mouse model for Down syndrome, exhibits learning and behavioral abnormalities |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=6256–61 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.6256S |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.11.6256 |pmc=27649 |pmid=9600952 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Abubuwan da aka gano ====

# Dukansu namiji da namiji Ts1Cje suna da haihuwa.
# Ba kamar beraye Ts65Dn ba, beraye Ts1Cje suna nuna ƙarin rashi a cikin sararin samaniya fiye da ilmantarwa wanda ba na sararin samaniya ba.
# Ts1Cje mice ba sa nuna raguwar shekaru a cikin neurons na BFCN na musamman na Ts65Dn mice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sago H, Carlson EJ, Smith DJ, Kilbridge J, Rubin EM, Mobley WC, Epstein CJ, Huang TT |date=May 1998 |title=Ts1Cje, a partial trisomy 16 mouse model for Down syndrome, exhibits learning and behavioral abnormalities |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=6256–61 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.6256S |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.11.6256 |pmc=27649 |pmid=9600952 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Bayyanawa na Jak-STAT siginar siginar hanyar kwayoyin halitta an nuna su a duk lokacin ci gaba a cikin Ts1Cje mice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lee HC, Md Yusof HH, Leong MP, Zainal Abidin S, Seth EA, Hewitt CA, Vidyadaran S, Nordin N, Scott HS, Cheah PS, Ling KH |date=September 2019 |title=Gene and protein expression profiles of JAK-STAT signalling pathway in the developing brain of the Ts1Cje down syndrome mouse model |journal=The International Journal of Neuroscience |volume=129 |issue=9 |pages=871–881 |doi=10.1080/00207454.2019.1580280 |pmid=30775947 |s2cid=73478915}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wauta ta Mongoliya</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351784992|Mongolian idiocy]]&quot;</comment>
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Kalmomin kiwon lafiya na Mongolian idiocy da '''Mongolism''' suna nufin takamaiman nau'in raunin hankali, wanda ke da alaƙa da rikicewar kwayar halitta da aka sani yanzu da Down syndrome. Kalmar da ba ta da amfani ga mutumin da ke da wannan cuta ita ce '''Wauta ta Mongoliya'''.

A cikin karni na 21, ba a amfani da waɗannan kalmomin a matsayin kalmomin kiwon lafiya; ana ɗaukar su ba a yarda da su ba, masu cin zarafi da kuma zagi ga waɗanda ke da ciwon Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifty&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rodríguez-Hernández |first=M. Luisa |last2=Montoya |first2=Eladio |date=2011-07-30 |title=Fifty years of evolution of the term Down syndrome |journal=Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9789 |pages=402 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61212-9 |issn=1474-547X |pmid=21803206 |s2cid=8541289}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana kimiyya da likitoci ne suka kawo canjin ma'anar,  da kuma mutanen da suka fito daga Asiya,  gami da wadanda suka fito daga Mongolia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Howard1979&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Howard-Jones |first=Norman |year=1979 |title=On the diagnostic term &quot;Down's disease&quot; |journal=Medical History |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=102–04 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300051048 |pmc=1082401 |pmid=153994}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar &quot;wawa&quot; kanta tana da irin wannan tarihin ma'ana da canjin ma'ana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Clinical History of 'Moron,' 'Idiot,' and 'Imbecile' |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/moron-idiot-imbecile-offensive-history |publisher=merriam-webster.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== &quot;Wuta&quot; a matsayin tsohon kalmar likita ==
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Kalmar &quot;Wauta&quot; a baya kalma ce ta fasaha da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin shari'a da kuma yanayin kwakwalwa don wasu nau'ikan nakasa mai zurfi, inda aka dauki matakin ci gaban mutum shekaru biyu ko ƙasa da haka. Tare da kalmomin kamar &quot;Moron&quot;, &quot;imbecile&quot;, da &quot;Cretin&quot;, &quot;wawa&quot; ya zama bayanin gargajiya na ƙarancin ikon tunani a cikin shari'a, likita da kuma ilimin halayyar mutum.

== Tarihi ==
John Langdon Down ya fara bayyana abin da yanzu ake kira Down syndrome a matsayin nau'in rarrabewar nakasa a 1862, kuma a cikin wani rahoto da aka buga a 1866. &lt;ref name=&quot;HickeyHickey2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hickey |first=Fran |last2=Hickey |first2=Erin |last3=Summar |first3=Karen L. |year=2012 |title=Medical Update for Children With Down Syndrome for the Pediatrician and Family Practitioner |url=http://www.advancesinpediatrics.com/article/S0065-3101(12)00007-2/fulltext |journal=Advances in Pediatrics |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=137–157 |doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.006 |issn=0065-3101 |pmid=22789577 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Down, JLH |year=1866 |title=Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots |url=http://www.neonatology.org/classics/down.html |journal=Clinical Lecture Reports, London Hospital |volume=3 |pages=259–62 |access-date=2006-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda ra'ayinsa cewa waɗannan yara sun raba kamanceceniyar fuska tare da yawan mutanen da likitan Jamus Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ya bayyana a matsayin &quot;tseren Mongol&quot;, Down ya yi amfani da kalmar &quot;mongoloid&quot; a cikin halayensa na waɗannan marasa lafiya.  

Kalmar ta ci gaba da amfani da ita har zuwa karni na 20. Wani binciken da W. Bertram Hill ya buga a 1908 an kira shi Mongolism da Pathology. Kalmar ''&quot;Mongolism&quot;'' ta yi amfani da ita ta hanyar likitan kwakwalwa na Ingilishi da Masanin kwayar halitta Lionel Penrose a ƙarshen 1961.

F. G. Crookshank ya wallafa wani littafi na pseudoscientific a 1924 mai taken The Mongol in Our Midst wanda ya nuna cewa cutar ta kasance ne saboda halaye na kwayar halitta da aka gada daga kabilun Mongoloid.

Rock band Devo ta fitar da waƙar da ake kira &quot;Mongoloid&quot; a cikin 1977, tana kwatanta mutumin da ke fama da cutar Down.

Wasu harsuna sun riƙe kalmar &quot;Mongol&quot; don ma'anar &quot;wawa&quot;. Direban tseren [[Max Verstappen]] ya kira Lance Stroll &quot;Mongol&quot; bayan haɗari a aikace a gaban Grand Prix na Portugal na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2020 |title=Mongolia accuses F1's Verstappen of 'racist and derogatory' remarks |url=https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/30230063/mongolia-accuses-f1-verstappen-racist-derogatory-remarks |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=[[ESPN]] |publisher=ESPN Enterprises, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin amfani da kalmar ==
A cikin 1961, masana kwayoyin halitta sun rubuta wasika ta hadin gwiwa ga mujallar kiwon lafiya The ''Lancet'' wanda ya karanta:
{{Blockquote|It has long been recognized that the terms ''Mongolian Idiocy'', ''Mongolism'', ''Mongoloid'', etc. as applied to a specific type of mental deficiency have misleading connotations. The importance of this anomaly among Europeans and their descendants is not related to the segregation of genes derived from Asians; its appearance among members of Asian populations suggests such ambiguous designations as 'Mongol Mongoloid'; increasing participation of Chinese and Japanese in investigation of the condition imposes on them the use of an embarrassing term. We urge, therefore, that the expressions which imply a racial aspect of the condition be no longer used. Some of the undersigned are inclined to replace the term ''Mongolism'' by such designations as 'Langdon Down Anomaly', or 'Down's Syndrome or Anomaly', or 'Congenital Acromicria'. Several of us believe that this is an appropriate time to introduce the term 'Trisomy 21 Anomaly', which would include cases of simple Trisomy as well as translocations. It is hoped that agreement on a specific phrase will soon crystallize once the term 'Mongolism' has been abandoned.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward1999&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=O Conor|title=John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message|journal=Down Syndrome Research and Practice|url=https://library.down-syndrome.org/en-us/research-practice/06/1/john-langdon-down-man-message/|volume=6|issue=1|year=1999|pages=19–24|issn=0968-7912|doi=10.3104/perspectives.94|doi-access=free|pmid=10890244}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Allen, G. Benda C.J. et al (1961). Lancet corr. 1, 775.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Howard1979/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fifty&quot;/&gt;}}
A shekara ta 1965, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ta yanke shawarar barin kalmar bisa buƙatar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongolia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Howard1979&quot; /&gt; Kalmar daga baya ta fara ɓacewa daga amfani, don goyon bayan Down's syndrome, Down syndrome da Trisomy 21 disorder.

An bayar da rahoton cewa ana ci gaba da amfani da kalmar &quot;Mongolian idiocy&quot; aƙalla shekaru 15 bayan shawarar WHO ta watsar da ita; a cikin littafinsa The Panda's Thumb, wanda aka buga a 1980, Masanin burbushin halittu Stephen Jay Gould ya ba da rahoton cewa har yanzu ana amfani da kalmar nan &quot;Mongolism&quot; a Amurka, duk da cewa &quot;ba daidai ba ne&quot; kuma &quot;ba daidai a kan dukkan laifuka&quot;.

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Dokar Ciwon Down 2022</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332982989|Down Syndrome Act 2022]]&quot;</comment>
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Dokar Down Syndrome ta 2022 (c. 18) wani aiki ne na Majalisar da aka gabatar a matsayin lissafin memba mai zaman kansa kuma wanda dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Liam Fox ya tallafawa. Mista Ian Paisley Jr. ne ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;shugaban duniya&quot; kuma an yi niyyar yin tanadi na shari'a ga mutanen da ke zaune tare da cutar Down. Baroness Hollins ne ya gabatar da shi a cikin House of Lords . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Down Syndrome Bill could fail if amendments proposed, peers warned |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/down-syndrome-bill-could-fail-if-amendments-proposed-peers-warned/ar-AAVeTRc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322143246/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/down-syndrome-bill-could-fail-if-amendments-proposed-peers-warned/ar-AAVeTRc |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=MSN |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A cikin [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], an kiyasta cewa akwai mutane 40,000 da ke zaune tare da yanayin.

Kudin ya amince da mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down a matsayin takamaiman ƙungiyar 'yan tsiraru, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an cika takamaiman bukatun Kula da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title='We've been ghosted by the system' - Families call for more Down Syndrome help |url=https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2021-11-26/weve-been-ghosted-by-the-system-families-call-for-more-downs-syndrome-help |access-date=2021-11-27 |website=ITV News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta farko da ta zama irin wannan doka a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=Down's syndrome bill could be world's first, says former cabinet minister |url=https://www.disabilitynewsservice.com/downs-syndrome-bill-could-be-worlds-first-says-former-cabinet-minister/ |access-date=2021-11-27 |website=Disability News Service |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimako ==
Kungiyar masu nakasa ta Conservative Group ce ta goyi bayan lissafin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2021 |title=Breaking News: Proposed Bill for those with Down Syndrome |url=https://www.conservativedisabilitygroup.com/news/breaking-news-proposed-bill-those-down-syndrome |access-date=2021-11-27 |website=The Conservative Disability Group |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Down Syndrome Policy Group  da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Tommy Jessop. 

Kudin yana da masu tallafawa jam'iyyun da ke biyowa a cikin House of Commons: Ben Lake, Ian Paisley, Lisa Cameron, Mark Logan, Nick Fletcher, Layla Moran, Darren Jones, James Daly, Flick Drummond da Elliot Colburn . 

== Rashin amincewa ==
Masu sukar lissafin sun ce ya yi amfani da likita maimakon tsarin buƙatu ga bukatun mutane, kuma ya nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta ilmantarwa wanda wasu yanayi suka haifar ko ba tare da takamaiman ganewar asali ba, waɗanda ke da irin wannan ko mafi girma ga waɗanda ke da Down Syndrome. Ya bayyana cewa an yi shawarwari kadan tare da kungiyoyi irin su Down Syndrome Association, kuma ba a san komai game da sabuwar kungiyar National Down Syndrome Policy Group wacce ke tallafawa lissafin ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;roberts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Martin E. |date=15 May 2023 |title=Update: Down Syndrome Act - Cri du Chat Support Group |url=https://criduchat.org.uk/update-down-syndrome-act/ |access-date=16 April 2024 |publisher=Cri du Chat support group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar wucewa ==
A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2021, an yi muhawara a karatu na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Down Syndrome Bill to help ensure that people with the condition will have their social care needs met |url=https://news.sky.com/story/down-syndrome-bill-will-help-ensure-that-people-with-the-condition-will-have-their-social-care-needs-met-12478989 |access-date=2021-11-27 |website=Sky News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, an gudanar da wani taron a majalisar don murnar da gwamnati ta sanar da goyon bayansu ga lissafin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Hundreds Take To Parliament In Support Of Liam Fox's Down Syndrome Bill |url=https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/hundreds-take-to-parliament-in-support-of-liam-foxs-down-syndrome-bill |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Politics Home |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=Down Syndrome Act 2022 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/18/enacted |access-date=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Yankunan Brushfield</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324640635|Brushfield spots]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Brushfield_eyes_magnified.jpg|thumb|125x125px|Yankunan Brushfield sune wuraren da ke tsakanin jan da'irori na ciki da na waje.]]
Yankin Brushfield ƙananan ne, fararen ko launin toka / launin ruwan kasa a gefen Iris a cikin idon mutum saboda haɗuwa da nama mai haɗawa, wani abu na al'ada na iris stroma. An sanya wa wuraren suna ne bayan likitan Thomas Brushfield, wanda ya fara bayyana su a cikin rubutun MD na 1924. 

Brushfield spots alama ce ta yanayin chromosomal Down syndrome ko trisomy 21. Suna faruwa a cikin 35-78% na jarirai da aka haifa tare da Ciwon Down. Ana rufe wuraren Brushfield ta hanyar pigmentation na iyakar iyakar iris a cikin marasa lafiya tare da irides masu duhu. Saboda haka, ana iya lura da su a cikin yara masu idanu masu launin shudi. Ana samun wuraren Brushfield a cikin mutanen da ke da Down syndrome na zuriyar [[Turai]] fiye da mutanen da ke fama da Down Syndrome na al'adun [[Asiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yankunan Brushfield sun hada da wuraren da aka mayar da hankali na Iris stromal hyperplasia, kewaye da hypoplasia dangi.

Irin waɗannan wuraren da Krückmann &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=T.}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Wolfflin  suka bayyana suna samuwa a cikin mutane ba tare da ciwon Down ba. An kira su jikin Krückmann-Wolfflin, waɗannan wuraren galibi ba su da cikakkiyar bayani, kaɗan a cikin adadi kuma sun fi dacewa da wuraren Brushfield na trisomy 21.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>AFF2</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340613134|AFF2]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox_gene}}'''AF4/FMR2 memba na iyali 2''' furotin ne wanda a cikin mutane an tsara shi ta hanyar kwayar halitta ta ''''AFF2''''. &lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: AFF2 AF4/FMR2 family, member 2 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=2334 |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canje-canje a cikin AFF2 suna da alaƙa da lokuta na ciwon nono.&lt;ref name=&quot;nature11412&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=The Cancer Genome Atlas Network |date=October 2012 |title=Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours |journal=Nature |volume=490 |issue=7418 |pages=61–70 |bibcode=2012Natur.490...61T |doi=10.1038/nature11412 |pmc=3465532 |pmid=23000897}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ci gaban maimaitawa na CCG a cikin wannan kwayar halitta yana da alaƙa da nakasa ta hankali da ke da alaƙa ta X kuma musamman ciwon da aka sani da Fragile XE mental retardation (FRAXE). FRAXE yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan da aka fi sani da nakasa ta hankali da ba ta da alaƙa da X. An kuma san kwayar halitta da FMR2 (Fragile Mental Retardation 2) bayan wannan yanayin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stettner2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stettner GM, Shoukier M, Höger C, Brockmann K, Auber B |date=August 2011 |title=Familial intellectual disability and autistic behavior caused by a small FMR2 gene deletion |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A |volume=155A |issue=8 |pages=2003–7 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.34122 |pmid=21739600 |s2cid=9568277}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Genomics ==
Wannan kwayar halitta tana kan dogon hannu na chromosome X (Xq27.3-Xq28) Yana da exons 22 da ke kaiwa aƙalla 500 kb. Sauran splicing na iya faruwa kuma ya haɗa da exons 2, 3, 5, 7 da 21. Protein ɗin da aka ƙayyade na yau da kullun yana da codons 1311 a tsawon. An bayyana shi azaman rubutun kilobase na 8.7 a cikin kwayar halitta da [[kwakwalwa]] manya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Yankin 5' wanda ba a fassara shi ba yana da maimaitawa 10-35 CCG kuma sau da yawa 15-20. Yaduwar cututtukan cututtuka yawanci suna da maimaitawa sama da 200 kuma suna methylated. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wannan kwayar halitta ta kasance cikin iyalin AFF na kwayoyin halitta wanda a halin yanzu yana da mambobi huɗu: AFF1/AF4, AFF2/FMR2, AFF3/LAF4 da [[AFF4]]/AF5q31.&lt;ref name=&quot;Melko2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Melko M, Douguet D, Bensaid M, Zongaro S, Verheggen C, Gecz J, Bardoni B |date=May 2011 |title=Functional characterization of the AFF (AF4/FMR2) family of RNA-binding proteins: insights into the molecular pathology of FRAXE intellectual disability |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1873–85 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddr069 |pmid=21330300 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin sunadarai na AFF suna cikin tsakiya kuma suna da rawar da suke takawa a matsayin masu kunnawa tare da aiki mai kyau akan elongation na RNA. AFF2/FMR2, AFF3/LAF4 da AFF4/AF5q31 suna cikin ƙwayoyin nukiliya (tsarin subnuclear da ake la'akari da su wuraren ajiya / gyare-gyare na abubuwan da ke tattare da mRNA) kuma suna iya ɗaure RNA tare da kyakkyawar alaƙa da tsarin G-quadruplex. Sun bayyana don daidaita madadin splicing ta hanyar hulɗa tare da tsarin G-quadruplex RNA-forming.

Sauran mambobin wannan iyali an ruwaito su samar da kwayoyin halitta a matsayin sakamakon translocations na chromosome kuma suna da hannu a cikin pathogenesis na myeloid / lymphoid ko gauraye na leukemia.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Refbegin/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

* Human AFF2Yanayin kwayar halitta daAFF2Bayanan kwayoyin halitta a cikinUCSC Genome Browser.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>4hjisx24jzq90lrbslxbbtlwqaroc7r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ayyukan ilimi na iyaka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858368</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323674464|Borderline intellectual functioning]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3200" sha1="sidxphqiv6n79n27o14u0ikoe106eza" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Borderline intellectual functioning
| synonym       = Borderline mental retardation,&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD8&quot;/&gt; borderline mental subnormality,&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD8&quot;/&gt; borderline mental deficiency,&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD8&quot;/&gt; borderline mental disability, borderline intelligence,&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD8&quot;/&gt; deficientia intelligentiæ,&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD8&quot;/&gt; backwardness&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD8&quot;/&gt;
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Psychiatry]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|1}}Borderline intellectual aiki, wanda a baya ake kira borderline mental retardation (a cikin ICD-8),  wani rarraba ne na hankali inda mutum yake da ƙasa da matsakaicin ikon fahimta (yawanci IQ na 70-85), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=TP Alloway |date=May 2010 |title=Working memory and executive function profiles of individuals with borderline intellectual functioning |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=448–56 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01281.x |pmid=20537050}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma rashi ba shi da tsanani kamar nakasa ta hankali (a ƙasa da 70). Wani lokaci ana kiranta '''kasa da matsakaicin IQ''' ('''BAIQ'''). Wannan raunin fasaha ne; duk da haka, wannan rukuni bazai isa ya sami nakasa ba don ya cancanci ayyuka na musamman.

== Lambobin ==
Lambar DSM-IV-TR na aiki na ilimi na iyaka shine V62.89. Lambobin ganewar asali na DSM-5 sune V62.89 da R41.83.

== Kwarewar ilmantarwa ==
A lokacin makaranta, mutanen da ke da ƙwarewar ilimi sau da yawa &quot;masu koyo masu saurin&quot;. Kodayake yawancin wannan rukuni sun kasa kammala makarantar sakandare kuma galibi suna iya samun Matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, yawancin manya a cikin wannan rukuni suna haɗuwa da sauran jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Research&amp;EducationAssociation&quot; /&gt;

== Binciken bambance-bambance ==
Dangane da DSM-5, bambancin aiki na hanzari na iyaka da nakasa ta hankali yana buƙatar kimantawa a hankali game da ayyukan daidaitawa da na ilimi da bambance-bambance, musamman a gaban cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa waɗanda zasu iya shafar bin haƙuri tare da gwajin daidaitawa (alal misali, [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD) tare da matsanancin motsin rai ko [[Hauka|schizophrenia]]). 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rarrabawar IQ
* [[Ilimi Na Musamman|Ilimi na musamman]]

== Manazarta ==

*  
*  
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>sidxphqiv6n79n27o14u0ikoe106eza</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>22q11.2 ciwon ninkawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858372</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:10:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338211576|22q11.2 duplication syndrome]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4482" sha1="9t7kig2t7wzz7bay5rfsax6zgprn1jf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 22q11.2 duplication syndrome
| synonym       = 
| image         = 22q11_duplication_syndrome.png
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = 
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |22q11.2 ciwon ninkawa
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:22q11_duplication_syndrome.png|frameless]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Medical genetics|Kwayoyin kiwon lafiya]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;penicon autoconfirmed-show&quot;&gt;[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4631454?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;22q11.2 duplication syndrome cuta ce mai ban sha'awa ta kwayar halitta wacce ta haifar da ninkawa wani sashi a ƙarshen chromosome 22.

== Gabatarwa ==
Alamomin da aka fi bayar da rahoton akai-akai a cikin marasa lafiya tare da 22q11.2 duplication syndrome sune nakasa ta hankali / nakasa ta ilmantarwa (97% na marasa lafiya), jinkirin ci gaban psychomotor (67% na marasa lafiyar), jinkirin girma (63% na marasa lafiya) da hypotonia na tsoka (43% na marasa lafiyar jiki). &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18707033&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wentzel C, Fernström M, Ohrner Y, Annerén G, Thuresson AC |year=2008 |title=Clinical variability of the 22q11.2 duplication syndrome |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-102229 |journal=Eur J Med Genet |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=501–10 |doi=10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.07.005 |pmid=18707033}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, waɗannan sune na yau da kullun kuma ba takamaiman alamomi ba ne don nazarin cytogenetic, kuma ba a san yadda kwafin 22q11.2 ke haifar da waɗannan fasalulluka a halin yanzu ba. Sauye-sauye ana gadon sau da yawa daga iyaye na yau da kullun, don haka a bayyane yake cewa ci gaban ilimi na iya zama na yau da kullum. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Halitta ==
Sauye-sauye na 22q11 sun bambanta da girman kuma ta haka ne a cikin abun cikin kwayar halitta. Sun haɗa da nau'ikan 3-Mb microduplication, 1.5-Mb nested duplication, wanda ya dace da sake haɗuwa da ba na allel (NAHR) ta amfani da maimaitawar ƙananan kwafin. Wadannan microduplications mai yiwuwa suna wakiltar sake tsarawa da aka yi hasashen ga microdeletions da aka nuna a yankin 22q11.2.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18414210&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Ou Z, Berg JS, Yonath H |date=April 2008 |title=Microduplications of 22q11.2 are frequently inherited and are associated with variable phenotypes |journal=Genet. Med. |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=267–77 |doi=10.1097/GIM.0b013e31816b64c2 |pmid=18414210 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan microduplications na iya faruwa a cikin wannan mai ƙarfi sosai tare da sake tsarawa akai-akai ta amfani da madadin ƙananan kwafin maimaitawa a matsayin sake haɗuwa a cikin da nesa da yankin cutar DiGeorge. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Asalin kwafi ===
Yawancin kwafin 22q11 ana gado su sau da yawa daga iyaye tare da al'ada ko kusan al'ada. Wannan yana cikin bambanci mai mahimmanci ga 22q11 share syndrome inda kusan 90% na shari'o'in suka haifar da maye gurbi da ke faruwa de novo. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, irin Montreal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858373</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:11:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301136037|Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Montreal type]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4664" sha1="gwja3hw023l6582nolcjf8176qz3sa4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Montreal type
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Medical genetics]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = [[Genetic mutation]]
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = none
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = very rare
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, irin Montreal
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Medical genetics|Kwayoyin kiwon lafiya]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Cause (medicine)|Dalilan da suka haifar]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Genetic mutation|Canjin kwayar halitta]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rigakafi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |babu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Matsakaicin lokaci
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |da wuya sosai
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, nau'in Montreal wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa, rikice-rikicen kwayar halitta mai yawa wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar dysmorphy na gashin kai, launin gashi da gashi, dabino masu bushewa da wrinkled, ƙarancin kwarangwal, cryptorchidism, [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] da nakasa ta hankali na tsananin ƙarfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=RESERVED |first=INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS |title=Orphanet: Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Montreal type |url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=2617 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.orpha.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabatarwa ==
Mutanen da ke fama da wannan cuta galibi suna nuna alamun da suka biyo baya: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OMIM Clinical Synopsis - 210700 - MICROCEPHALIC PRIMORDIAL DWARFISM, MONTREAL TYPE |url=https://omim.org/clinicalSynopsis/210700 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=omim.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Montreal type |url=https://rarediseases.oscar.ncsu.edu/disease/microcephalic-primordial-dwarfism-montreal-type/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Nauyin haihuwa na yau da kullun amma karami daga baya a rayuwa
* Farkon [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]]
* Farin gashi da rashi da wuri
* Hannun dabino da aka karkatar
* Ƙananan kai (microcephaly) 
* Babban idanu
* Ƙananan fuska
* Sanya gemu
* Rashin hankali
* Ƙananan kwakwalwa
* Cryptorchidism
* Farin hanci
* Ƙananan kunnuwa
* Earlobe hypoplasia-aplasia

== Magana ==
An gano wannan cuta a farkon fall of 1970, a [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]], lokacin da Fitch et al. suka bayyana wani mai haƙuri tare da nau'in tsuntsaye-kai dwarfism, ya bayyana alamun da aka ambata a sama, wasu daga cikin alamun sun ba da shawarar ganewar asali na ko dai cutar Werner, cutar Seckel, cutar Hallermann-Streiff, ko cutar Noonan. Koyaya, marubutan sun yi tunanin akwai bambance-bambance da suka bambanta wannan lamari daga kowane ciwo, suna ba da shawarar a raba shi cikin wani bangare na kansa (wanda ya yi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OMIM Entry – 210700 - MICROCEPHALIC PRIMORDIAL DWARFISM, MONTREAL TYPE |url=https://omim.org/entry/210700#2 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=omim.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fitch |first=N. |last2=Pinsky |first2=L. |last3=Lachance |first3=R. C. |date=September 1970 |title=A form of bird-headed dwarfism with features of premature senility |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=260–264 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1970.02100080144019 |issn=0002-922X |pmid=5458566}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a sake bayar da rahoton wannan cuta ba tun daga lokacin (1970). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Montreal type - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/895/microcephalic-primordial-dwarfism-montreal-type |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124100326/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/895/microcephalic-primordial-dwarfism-montreal-type |archive-date=January 24, 2017 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>gwja3hw023l6582nolcjf8176qz3sa4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moron (halayyar mutum)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858374</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:12:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331365541|Moron (psychology)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3012" sha1="l8x0952hcjnflc3eoyfhb0buslb1nl9" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''''Moron''''' kalma ce da aka ''wawa'' amfani da ita a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum da ilimin halayya don nuna nakasa ta hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;rafter1998&quot;&gt;Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1998). ''Creating Born Criminals.'' University of Illinois Press, {{ISBN|978-0-252-06741-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar eugenics ta Amurka. Da zarar kalmar ta zama sananne, ta ɓace daga amfani da al'ummar [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], saboda ana amfani da ita a matsayin zagi fiye da kalmar halayyar mutum. Yana kama da ''Wauta'' da wauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Clinical History of 'Moron,' 'Idiot,' and 'Imbecile' |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/moron-idiot-imbecile-offensive-history |publisher=merriam-webster.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin da amfani ==
&quot;''Moron''&quot; an kirkireshi ne a cikin 1910 daga masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka Henry H. Goddard &lt;ref name=&quot;trent2017&quot;&gt;Trent, James W. Jr. (2017). ''Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Intellectual Disability in the United States''. Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199396184}}&lt;/ref&gt; daga kalmar Tsohon Girkanci (''Moors''), wanda ke nufin &quot;dull&quot;  kuma ana amfani dashi don bayyana mutumin da ke da shekaru na hankali a cikin balaga tsakanin 7 da 10 a kan sikelin Binet.  An taɓa amfani da shi ga mutanen da ke da ƙididdigar hankali (IQ) na 51-70, kasancewa mafi girma a digiri ɗaya zuwa &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOw&quot;&gt;Wauta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (IQ na 26-50) kuma mafi girma a cikin digiri biyu zuwa &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwPQ&quot;&gt;wawa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (IQ of 0-25). Kalmar moron, tare da wasu ciki har da &quot;wauta&quot;, &quot;marasa hankali&quot;, &quot;wauta&quot; da &quot;mai rauni&quot;, a baya an dauke su mai bayyanawa a cikin al'ummar ilimin halayyar dan adam, amma yanzu masana halayyar mutum sun yi amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenderland2001&quot;&gt;Zenderland, Leila (2001). ''Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing''. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-00363-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tsohuwar rarrabawar likita (ICD-9, 1977), an ce masu hankali da marasa hankali suna da &quot;Rashin hankali mai sauƙi&quot;, &quot;rashin daidaituwa na hankali&quot; ko &quot;rashin lafiya mai girma&quot; tare da IQ a cikin kewayon 50-70. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICD9-1977&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan adawa da yunkurin Goddard na fadada ra'ayoyinsa,  Goddard ya karkatar da ikirarin da ya yi a baya game da moron: &quot;Har yanzu ana iya ƙin cewa iyayen moron suna da yara marasa hankali ko wawaye. Babu wata shaida da yawa cewa wannan shine lamarin. Hadarin mai yiwuwa ba a manta da shi ba. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;chase1977&quot;&gt;Chase, Allan (1977). ''The Legacy of Malthus: The Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism''. Knopf/Random House, {{ISBN|978-0-394-48045-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar ƙarancin iodine na haihuwa
* Eugenics a Amurka
* Yankin motsa jiki

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Jerin Manyan Makarantu a Jihar Gombe</title>
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        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352281076|List of Higher Institutions in Gombe State]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6147" sha1="1df8x16vseaj6ar1a51u6plgs5ae4qe" xml:space="preserve">[[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC) ita Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya Ita ce babbar hukumar da ke ba da izini da kuma tsarawa wacce ke tilasta daidaitattun daidaitattun tufafi da kuma saita damar shiga kowace jami'a a Najeriya. [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] 

Jerin ya ƙunshi kwalejoji, polytechnics, da [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya, Gwamnatin Jiha da Masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Educational Institutions in Gombe State |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/lists/educational-institutions/state/16/gombe-state |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Educational Institutions in Gombe {{!}} Nigeria Directory, A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies {{!}} Nigeria Yellow Pages |url=https://www.directory.org.ng/list-educational_institution?st=gombe |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.directory.org.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Universities in Gombe {{!}} 2021 Gombe University Ranking |url=https://www.unirank.org/ng/gombe/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.unirank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kolejoji ==

* Kwalejin Nazarin Shari'a ta Jihar Gombe, Nafada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gombe State College of Education and Legal Studies, Nafada |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107485097 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe, Billiri 
* [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Gombe]]
* [[Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Tarayya, Dadin]] Kowa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal College Of Horticulture, Dadin Kowa - Myschool |url=https://myschool.ng/institutions/federal-college-of-horticulture-dadin-kowa |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa|Kwalejin Jinya da Midwifery ta Jihar Gombe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Nursing and Midwifery Gombe |url=https://conmgombe.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610235711/https://conmgombe.com/ |archive-date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Umma &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=STATE |first=UMMAH COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, G. R. A. GOMBE |title=UMMAH COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, G.R.A GOMBE STATE |url=https://uchstg.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223233557/https://www.uchstg.org/ |archive-date=2022-12-23 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=uchstg.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta JIBWIS . 
* Kwalejin JIBWIS ta Larabci da Ilimin Musulunci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jibwis College Of Arabic And Islamic Education, Gombe (jcaie) |url=https://projectrim.com/index.php?_route_=Jibwis%20College%20Of%20Arabic%20And%20Islamic%20Education,%20Gombe%20(jcaie) |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=projectrim.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abubakar Garba Zagada - Kwalejin Ilimi ta Zagada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Academy |first=Samphina |date=2021-12-23 |title=List of Accredited Colleges of Education in Gombe State |url=https://samphina.com.ng/federalstate-private-colleges-education-gombe-state/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Samphina Academy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Fountain, Gombe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-reopens-seven-private-health-learning-institutions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106202047/https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-reopens-seven-private-health-learning-institutions/ |archive-date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2022-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ayyuka na Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha, [[Billiri]] 
* Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Garkuwa Gombe 
* Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Dukku]] 
* Haruna Rasheed Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Dukku 
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kimiyya da Fasaha, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ILIMI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GOMBE LTD - RC-1733464 - Nigeria |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-college-of-health-science-and-technology-gombe-ltd--RC-1733464 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=ILIMI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GOMBE LTD - RC-1733464 - Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gombe State College of Health Sciences and Technology, Kaltungo|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe, Kaltungo]]
* Makarantar Lafiya ta Lamido, Liji 
* Kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta Gombe, Gombe.

== Polytechnics ==

* [[Makarantar Polytechnic ta Tarayya, Kaltungo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal Polytechnic Kaltungo – Website |url=https://fedpolyklt.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gombe State Polytechnic|Gombe State Polytechnic Bajoga]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=List Of Federal, State And Private Polytechnics In Gombe State – NBTE Approved Polytechnics |url=https://schoolings.org/list-of-federal-state-and-private-polytechnics-in-gombe-state/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'a ==

* [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Kashere|Jami'ar Tarayya Kashere]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal University, Kashere fuk{{!}} School Fees, Courses &amp; Admission info |url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/universities/federal-university-kashere.php |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=universitycompass.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jami'ar jihar Gombe|Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe, Kumo|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Jami'ar Pen Resource|Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas]]
* [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Open University Study Gombe Center Gombe State, Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://soamaps.com/country/NG/356708/national-open-university-study-gombe-center-gombe-state |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=soamaps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'ar Jewel

== Manazarta ==
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      <text bytes="5945" sha1="3eknk3ja7avapstatqwnnzy3d6rhyky" xml:space="preserve">[[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC) Ita ce babbar hukumar da ke ba da izini da kuma tsarawa wacce ke tilasta daidaitattun daidaitattun tufafi da kuma saita damar shiga kowace jami'a a Najeriya. [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] 

Jerin ya ƙunshi kwalejoji, polytechnics, da [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya, Gwamnatin Jiha da Masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Educational Institutions in Gombe State |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/lists/educational-institutions/state/16/gombe-state |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Educational Institutions in Gombe {{!}} Nigeria Directory, A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies {{!}} Nigeria Yellow Pages |url=https://www.directory.org.ng/list-educational_institution?st=gombe |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.directory.org.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Universities in Gombe {{!}} 2021 Gombe University Ranking |url=https://www.unirank.org/ng/gombe/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.unirank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kolejoji ==

* Kwalejin Nazarin Shari'a ta Jihar Gombe, Nafada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gombe State College of Education and Legal Studies, Nafada |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107485097 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe, Billiri 
* [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Gombe]]
* [[Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Tarayya, Dadin]] Kowa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal College Of Horticulture, Dadin Kowa - Myschool |url=https://myschool.ng/institutions/federal-college-of-horticulture-dadin-kowa |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa|Kwalejin Jinya da Midwifery ta Jihar Gombe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Nursing and Midwifery Gombe |url=https://conmgombe.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610235711/https://conmgombe.com/ |archive-date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Umma &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=STATE |first=UMMAH COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, G. R. A. GOMBE |title=UMMAH COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, G.R.A GOMBE STATE |url=https://uchstg.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223233557/https://www.uchstg.org/ |archive-date=2022-12-23 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=uchstg.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta JIBWIS . 
* Kwalejin JIBWIS ta Larabci da Ilimin Musulunci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jibwis College Of Arabic And Islamic Education, Gombe (jcaie) |url=https://projectrim.com/index.php?_route_=Jibwis%20College%20Of%20Arabic%20And%20Islamic%20Education,%20Gombe%20(jcaie) |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=projectrim.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abubakar Garba Zagada - Kwalejin Ilimi ta Zagada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Academy |first=Samphina |date=2021-12-23 |title=List of Accredited Colleges of Education in Gombe State |url=https://samphina.com.ng/federalstate-private-colleges-education-gombe-state/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Samphina Academy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Fountain, Gombe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-reopens-seven-private-health-learning-institutions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106202047/https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-reopens-seven-private-health-learning-institutions/ |archive-date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2022-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ayyuka na Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha, [[Billiri]] 
* Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Garkuwa Gombe 
* Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Dukku]] 
* Haruna Rasheed Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Dukku 
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kimiyya da Fasaha, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ILIMI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GOMBE LTD - RC-1733464 - Nigeria |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-college-of-health-science-and-technology-gombe-ltd--RC-1733464 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=ILIMI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GOMBE LTD - RC-1733464 - Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gombe State College of Health Sciences and Technology, Kaltungo|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe, Kaltungo]]
* Makarantar Lafiya ta Lamido, Liji 
* Kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta Gombe, Gombe.

== Polytechnics ==

* [[Makarantar Polytechnic ta Tarayya, Kaltungo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal Polytechnic Kaltungo – Website |url=https://fedpolyklt.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gombe State Polytechnic|Gombe State Polytechnic Bajoga]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=List Of Federal, State And Private Polytechnics In Gombe State – NBTE Approved Polytechnics |url=https://schoolings.org/list-of-federal-state-and-private-polytechnics-in-gombe-state/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'a ==

* [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Kashere|Jami'ar Tarayya Kashere]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal University, Kashere fuk{{!}} School Fees, Courses &amp; Admission info |url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/universities/federal-university-kashere.php |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=universitycompass.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jami'ar jihar Gombe|Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe, Kumo|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Jami'ar Pen Resource|Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas]]
* [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Open University Study Gombe Center Gombe State, Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://soamaps.com/country/NG/356708/national-open-university-study-gombe-center-gombe-state |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=soamaps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'ar Jewel

== Manazarta ==
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[[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC) Ita ce babbar hukumar da ke ba da izini da kuma tsarawa wacce ke tilasta daidaitattun daidaitattun tufafi da kuma saita damar shiga kowace jami'a a Najeriya. [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] 

Jerin ya ƙunshi kwalejoji, polytechnics, da [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya, Gwamnatin Jiha da Masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Educational Institutions in Gombe State |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/lists/educational-institutions/state/16/gombe-state |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Educational Institutions in Gombe {{!}} Nigeria Directory, A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies {{!}} Nigeria Yellow Pages |url=https://www.directory.org.ng/list-educational_institution?st=gombe |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.directory.org.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Universities in Gombe {{!}} 2021 Gombe University Ranking |url=https://www.unirank.org/ng/gombe/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.unirank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kolejoji ==

* Kwalejin Nazarin Shari'a ta Jihar Gombe, Nafada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gombe State College of Education and Legal Studies, Nafada |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107485097 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe, Billiri 
* [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Gombe]]
* [[Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Tarayya, Dadin]] Kowa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal College Of Horticulture, Dadin Kowa - Myschool |url=https://myschool.ng/institutions/federal-college-of-horticulture-dadin-kowa |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa|Kwalejin Jinya da Midwifery ta Jihar Gombe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Nursing and Midwifery Gombe |url=https://conmgombe.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610235711/https://conmgombe.com/ |archive-date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Umma &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=STATE |first=UMMAH COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, G. R. A. GOMBE |title=UMMAH COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, G.R.A GOMBE STATE |url=https://uchstg.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223233557/https://www.uchstg.org/ |archive-date=2022-12-23 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=uchstg.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta JIBWIS . 
* Kwalejin JIBWIS ta Larabci da Ilimin Musulunci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jibwis College Of Arabic And Islamic Education, Gombe (jcaie) |url=https://projectrim.com/index.php?_route_=Jibwis%20College%20Of%20Arabic%20And%20Islamic%20Education,%20Gombe%20(jcaie) |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=projectrim.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abubakar Garba Zagada - Kwalejin Ilimi ta Zagada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Academy |first=Samphina |date=2021-12-23 |title=List of Accredited Colleges of Education in Gombe State |url=https://samphina.com.ng/federalstate-private-colleges-education-gombe-state/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Samphina Academy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Fountain, Gombe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-reopens-seven-private-health-learning-institutions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106202047/https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-reopens-seven-private-health-learning-institutions/ |archive-date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2022-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ayyuka na Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha, [[Billiri]] 
* Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Garkuwa Gombe 
* Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Dukku]] 
* Haruna Rasheed Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Dukku 
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kimiyya da Fasaha, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ILIMI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GOMBE LTD - RC-1733464 - Nigeria |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-college-of-health-science-and-technology-gombe-ltd--RC-1733464 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=ILIMI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GOMBE LTD - RC-1733464 - Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gombe State College of Health Sciences and Technology, Kaltungo|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe, Kaltungo]]
* Makarantar Lafiya ta Lamido, Liji 
* Kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta Gombe, Gombe.

== Polytechnics ==

* [[Makarantar Polytechnic ta Tarayya, Kaltungo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal Polytechnic Kaltungo – Website |url=https://fedpolyklt.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gombe State Polytechnic|Gombe State Polytechnic Bajoga]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=List Of Federal, State And Private Polytechnics In Gombe State – NBTE Approved Polytechnics |url=https://schoolings.org/list-of-federal-state-and-private-polytechnics-in-gombe-state/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'a ==

* [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Kashere|Jami'ar Tarayya Kashere]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal University, Kashere fuk{{!}} School Fees, Courses &amp; Admission info |url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/universities/federal-university-kashere.php |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=universitycompass.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jami'ar jihar Gombe|Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe, Kumo|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Jami'ar Pen Resource|Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas]]
* [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Open University Study Gombe Center Gombe State, Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://soamaps.com/country/NG/356708/national-open-university-study-gombe-center-gombe-state |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=soamaps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'ar Jewel

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858380</id>
      <parentid>858377</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
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      <text bytes="6188" sha1="obxgwvdbla067pqvbrzxqifmggkspdw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC) Ita ce babbar hukumar da ke ba da izini da kuma tsarawa wacce ke tilasta daidaitattun daidaitattun tufafi da kuma saita damar shiga kowace jami'a a Najeriya. [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=National Universities Commission |date=2022-12-08 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Universities_Commission&amp;oldid=1126314448 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jerin ya ƙunshi kwalejoji, polytechnics, da [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya, Gwamnatin Jiha da Masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Educational Institutions in Gombe State |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/lists/educational-institutions/state/16/gombe-state |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Educational Institutions in Gombe {{!}} Nigeria Directory, A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies {{!}} Nigeria Yellow Pages |url=https://www.directory.org.ng/list-educational_institution?st=gombe |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.directory.org.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Universities in Gombe {{!}} 2021 Gombe University Ranking |url=https://www.unirank.org/ng/gombe/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.unirank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kolejoji ==

* Kwalejin Nazarin Shari'a ta Jihar Gombe, Nafada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gombe State College of Education and Legal Studies, Nafada |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107485097 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe, Billiri 
* [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Gombe]]
* [[Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Tarayya, Dadin]] Kowa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal College Of Horticulture, Dadin Kowa - Myschool |url=https://myschool.ng/institutions/federal-college-of-horticulture-dadin-kowa |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa|Kwalejin Jinya da Midwifery ta Jihar Gombe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Nursing and Midwifery Gombe |url=https://conmgombe.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610235711/https://conmgombe.com/ |archive-date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Umma &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=STATE |first=UMMAH COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, G. R. A. GOMBE |title=UMMAH COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, G.R.A GOMBE STATE |url=https://uchstg.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223233557/https://www.uchstg.org/ |archive-date=2022-12-23 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=uchstg.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta JIBWIS . 
* Kwalejin JIBWIS ta Larabci da Ilimin Musulunci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jibwis College Of Arabic And Islamic Education, Gombe (jcaie) |url=https://projectrim.com/index.php?_route_=Jibwis%20College%20Of%20Arabic%20And%20Islamic%20Education,%20Gombe%20(jcaie) |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=projectrim.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abubakar Garba Zagada - Kwalejin Ilimi ta Zagada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Academy |first=Samphina |date=2021-12-23 |title=List of Accredited Colleges of Education in Gombe State |url=https://samphina.com.ng/federalstate-private-colleges-education-gombe-state/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Samphina Academy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Fountain, Gombe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-reopens-seven-private-health-learning-institutions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106202047/https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-reopens-seven-private-health-learning-institutions/ |archive-date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2022-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Ayyuka na Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha, [[Billiri]] 
* Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Garkuwa Gombe 
* Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Dukku]] 
* Haruna Rasheed Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Dukku 
* Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kimiyya da Fasaha, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ILIMI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GOMBE LTD - RC-1733464 - Nigeria |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-college-of-health-science-and-technology-gombe-ltd--RC-1733464 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=ILIMI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GOMBE LTD - RC-1733464 - Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gombe State College of Health Sciences and Technology, Kaltungo|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe, Kaltungo]]
* Makarantar Lafiya ta Lamido, Liji 
* Kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta Gombe, Gombe.

== Polytechnics ==

* [[Makarantar Polytechnic ta Tarayya, Kaltungo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal Polytechnic Kaltungo – Website |url=https://fedpolyklt.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gombe State Polytechnic|Gombe State Polytechnic Bajoga]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=List Of Federal, State And Private Polytechnics In Gombe State – NBTE Approved Polytechnics |url=https://schoolings.org/list-of-federal-state-and-private-polytechnics-in-gombe-state/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'a ==

* [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Kashere|Jami'ar Tarayya Kashere]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal University, Kashere fuk{{!}} School Fees, Courses &amp; Admission info |url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/universities/federal-university-kashere.php |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=universitycompass.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jami'ar jihar Gombe|Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe, Kumo|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Jami'ar Pen Resource|Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas]]
* [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Open University Study Gombe Center Gombe State, Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://soamaps.com/country/NG/356708/national-open-university-study-gombe-center-gombe-state |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=soamaps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'ar Jewel

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bernards Neda Imasuen</title>
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      <id>858378</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:28:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355089482|Neda Imasuen]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Neda Bernards Imasuen''' Sanata ce ta Tarayyar Najeriya daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York ta kore shi a shekarar 2010 saboda rashin halin kwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=In Re: Neda B. Imasuen (2010) |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/ny-supreme-court/1523995.html |accessdate=10 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Edo a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]]. Shi memba ne na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nseyen |first=Nsikak |date=27 February 2023 |title=Election result: Labour Party wins Edo South Senatorial seat |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/election-result-labour-party-wins-edo-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Daily Post |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((((Imasuen started his primary education from St. Thomas' Catholic School, in Benin City, Edo State where he obtained his Primary School Leaving Certificate. He proceeded to the Edo Boys High School, also Benin City and obtained the West African School Certificate. After his secondary education, he proceeded to the University of Maiduguri where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree. He was certified and enrolled as a Solicitor and Advocate of the Supreme Court of Nigeria in 1985￼

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Imasuen ya fara karatun firamare daga Makarantar Katolika ta St. Thomas, a Birnin Benin, Jihar Edo inda ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar firamare. Ya ci gaba zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Edo Boys, kuma Benin City kuma ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka. Bayan karatun sakandare, ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Maiduguri inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a. An tabbatar da shi kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin mai ba da shawara da lauya na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya a shekarar 1985. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Long Island, Brooklyn Campus a shekara ta 2004.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nedaimasuen.com/about&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A cikin Babban zaben Najeriya na 2023, Imasuen na 'yan tsiraru na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]] Party ya ci Matthew Iduoriyekemwen na [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] da Valentine Asuen na [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] don zama sanata wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Edo ta Kudu a majalisar dattijai ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Okoro |first=Churchhill |date=2023-02-27 |title=LP wins Edo South senatorial district, oredo federal constituency |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lp-wins-edo-south-senatorial-district-oredo-federal-constituency/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ewepu |first=Gabriel |date=14 June 2023 |title=CSO congratulates Imasuen, Omoruyi, Iyawe, calls on minority to ensure effective representation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/cso-congratulates-imasuen-omoruyi-iyawe-calls-on-minority-to-ensure-effective-representation/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Vanguard |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Imasuen ta yi aure tare da yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=theconclaveng |date=2023-03-18 |title=Neda Imasuen the Edo South Senatorial District &quot;Star Boy&quot;, By Augustine Osayande |url=https://www.theconclaveng.com/neda-imasuen-the-edo-south-senatorial-district-star-boy-by-augustine-osayande/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=The Conclave Online Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zargin Cin Hanci da rashawa ==
Imasuen ya fuskanci zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa biyo bayan rahotanni cewa shi da Sanata [[Victor Umeh]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya taro a gidan baƙi na Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai [[Godswill Akpabio]]. A cewar Sahara Reporters, a lokacin wannan taron, sanatoci 87 da ake zargin sun karɓi biyan kuɗi daga $ 5,000 zuwa $ 10,000 kowannensu don samun goyon bayan majalisa ga sanarwar Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] game da dokar ta baci a Jihar Rivers......&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Exclusive: Akpabio's Guest House Hosts 'Dollar Rain' As Senators Pocket $10,000, $5,000 To Back Tinubu's Rivers State Emergency Plan |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/03/20/exclusive-akpabios-guest-house-hosts-dollar-rain-senators-pocket-10000-5000-back-tinubus |access-date=March 21, 2025 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>ffxdhx2tegquwctt0jwi36r275y7r4m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858388</id>
      <parentid>858378</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:42:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355089482|Neda Imasuen]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858388</origin>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Neda Bernards Imasuen''' Sanata ce ta Tarayyar Najeriya daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York ta kore shi a shekarar 2010 saboda rashin halin kwararru. An zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Edo a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]]. Shi memba ne na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar]] Labour......&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nseyen |first=Nsikak |date=27 February 2023 |title=Election result: Labour Party wins Edo South Senatorial seat |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/election-result-labour-party-wins-edo-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Daily Post |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Imasuen ya fara karatun firamare daga Makarantar Katolika ta St. Thomas, a Birnin Benin, Jihar Edo inda ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar firamare. Ya ci gaba zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Edo Boys, kuma Benin City kuma ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka. Bayan karatun sakandare, ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Maiduguri inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a. An tabbatar da shi kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin mai ba da shawara da lauya na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya a shekarar 1985. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Long Island, Brooklyn Campus a shekara ta 2004.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nedaimasuen.com/about&lt;/ref&gt;((((((Imasuen started his primary education from St. Thomas' Catholic School, in Benin City, Edo State where he obtained his Primary School Leaving Certificate. He proceeded to the Edo Boys High School, also Benin City and obtained the West African School Certificate. After his secondary education, he proceeded to the University of Maiduguri where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree. He was certified and enrolled as a Solicitor and Advocate of the Supreme Court of Nigeria in 1985. He graduated with a Master's￼

== Ayyuka ==
A cikin Babban zaben Najeriya na 2023, Imasuen na 'yan tsiraru na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]] Party ya ci Matthew Iduoriyekemwen na [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] da Valentine Asuen na [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] don zama sanata wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Edo ta Kudu a majalisar dattijai ta Najeriya..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Okoro |first=Churchhill |date=2023-02-27 |title=LP wins Edo South senatorial district, oredo federal constituency |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lp-wins-edo-south-senatorial-district-oredo-federal-constituency/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ewepu |first=Gabriel |date=14 June 2023 |title=CSO congratulates Imasuen, Omoruyi, Iyawe, calls on minority to ensure effective representation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/cso-congratulates-imasuen-omoruyi-iyawe-calls-on-minority-to-ensure-effective-representation/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Vanguard |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Imasuen ta yi aure tare da yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=theconclaveng |date=2023-03-18 |title=Neda Imasuen the Edo South Senatorial District &quot;Star Boy&quot;, By Augustine Osayande |url=https://www.theconclaveng.com/neda-imasuen-the-edo-south-senatorial-district-star-boy-by-augustine-osayande/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=The Conclave Online Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zargin Cin Hanci da rashawa ==
Imasuen ya fuskanci zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa biyo bayan rahotanni cewa shi da Sanata [[Victor Umeh]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya taro a gidan baƙi na Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai [[Godswill Akpabio]]. A cewar Sahara Reporters, a lokacin wannan taron, sanatoci 87 da ake zargin sun karɓi biyan kuɗi daga $ 5,000 zuwa $ 10,000 kowannensu don samun goyon bayan majalisa ga sanarwar Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] game da dokar ta baci a Jihar Rivers........ 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:42:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
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'''Neda Bernards Imasuen''' Sanata ce ta Tarayyar Najeriya daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York ta kore shi a shekarar 2010 saboda rashin halin kwararru. An zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Edo a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]]. Shi memba ne na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar]] Labour......&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nseyen |first=Nsikak |date=27 February 2023 |title=Election result: Labour Party wins Edo South Senatorial seat |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/election-result-labour-party-wins-edo-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Daily Post |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Imasuen ya fara karatun firamare daga Makarantar Katolika ta St. Thomas, a Birnin Benin, Jihar Edo inda ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar firamare. Ya ci gaba zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Edo Boys, kuma Benin City kuma ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka. Bayan karatun sakandare, ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Maiduguri inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a. An tabbatar da shi kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin mai ba da shawara da lauya na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya a shekarar 1985. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Long Island, Brooklyn Campus a shekara ta 2004.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nedaimasuen.com/about&lt;/ref&gt;((((((Imasuen started his primary education from St. Thomas' Catholic School, in Benin City, Edo State where he obtained his Primary School Leaving Certificate. He proceeded to the Edo Boys High School, also Benin City and obtained the West African School Certificate. After his secondary education, he proceeded to the University of Maiduguri where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree. He was certified and enrolled as a Solicitor and Advocate of the Supreme Court of Nigeria in 1985. He graduated with a Master's￼

== Ayyuka ==
A cikin Babban zaben Najeriya na 2023, Imasuen na 'yan tsiraru na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]] Party ya ci Matthew Iduoriyekemwen na [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] da Valentine Asuen na [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] don zama sanata wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Edo ta Kudu a majalisar dattijai ta Najeriya..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Okoro |first=Churchhill |date=2023-02-27 |title=LP wins Edo South senatorial district, oredo federal constituency |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lp-wins-edo-south-senatorial-district-oredo-federal-constituency/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ewepu |first=Gabriel |date=14 June 2023 |title=CSO congratulates Imasuen, Omoruyi, Iyawe, calls on minority to ensure effective representation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/cso-congratulates-imasuen-omoruyi-iyawe-calls-on-minority-to-ensure-effective-representation/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Vanguard |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Imasuen ta yi aure tare da yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=theconclaveng |date=2023-03-18 |title=Neda Imasuen the Edo South Senatorial District &quot;Star Boy&quot;, By Augustine Osayande |url=https://www.theconclaveng.com/neda-imasuen-the-edo-south-senatorial-district-star-boy-by-augustine-osayande/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=The Conclave Online Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zargin Cin Hanci da rashawa ==
Imasuen ya fuskanci zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa biyo bayan rahotanni cewa shi da Sanata [[Victor Umeh]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya taro a gidan baƙi na Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai [[Godswill Akpabio]]. A cewar Sahara Reporters, a lokacin wannan taron, sanatoci 87 da ake zargin sun karɓi biyan kuɗi daga $ 5,000 zuwa $ 10,000 kowannensu don samun goyon bayan majalisa ga sanarwar Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] game da dokar ta baci a Jihar Rivers........ 

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Yunta, Kudancin Australia</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356525941|Yunta, South Australia]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3236" sha1="pjgqk1vwstf31c57wdnkbqgsnl576x7" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani Yunta''' wani gari ne da ke cikin jihar Australiya ta Kudu Australia wanda ke da nisan kilomita 275 (171  arewa maso gabashin babban birnin jihar Adelaide . Cibiyar sabis ce, tana tallafawa yankin da matafiya da ke wucewa a kan Hanyar Barrier. Yana kudu maso yammacin Broken Hill da arewa maso gabashin Peterborough .

== Tarihi ==
Rubutun farko na garin shine Yanta . A shekara ta 1866 an san gundumar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tattawappa da Yanta Run . 

An kafa garin Yunta a shekara ta 1887 bayan gano zinariya a wuraren da ke kusa da Teetulpa da Waukaringa, lokacin da sama da masu hakar ma'adinai 5000 suka shiga nan. Daga farkon shekarun 1890 ƙauyen ƙaramin gari ne amma mai cike da jirgin ƙasa a kan layin 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) mai ƙanƙanta tsakanin Cockburn da Port Augusta (Cockburn shine garin da ke kan iyakar jihar wanda jiragen ƙasa daga Broken Hill, New South Wales suka kawo ma'adinin azurfa-lead-zinc). 

Daga 1934, Yunta ita ce tushe ga sanannen mai ba da izini da kuma kwangila Henry Edgar (Harry) Ding . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mincham |first=Hans |date=1996 |title=Ding, Henry Edgar (Harry) (1907–1976) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ding-henry-edgar-harry-10019 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau Yunta ƙaramar cibiyar sabis ce ga matafiya da kadarorin da ke kewaye. Yunta kuma tana ba da wata hanya ta daban zuwa Flinders Ranges da bayan. Filin iskar gas a Gidgealpa da Moomba sun haifar da inganta hanyoyin samun dama zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin Kudancin Australia.

== Gidajen ==
[[Fayil:Remote_areas_ahead.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a farkon Hanyar Itacen Tea zuwa Arkaroola]]
Gidajen ƙauyen sun haɗa da otal da ke ba da abinci da masauki, gidaje biyu (ɗaya tare da rukunin motoci), tashoshin man fetur guda biyu, ofishin gidan waya, Cibiyar Ma'amala ta Karkara da ke ba wa intanet, tashar 'yan sanda, tashar iska da makarantar firamare. A gaban otal ɗin akwai wurin hutawa tare da bayan gida na jama'a wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don zama kyauta (kyauta) na dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta Rest Area |url=https://planner.hemax.com/Place/Details?id=2393df96-2726-43ab-96b3-0f81001e44a8 |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=HemaX Planner}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban taron shekara-shekara shine Yunta Picnic Races da gymkhana da aka gudanar a watan Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.southaustralia.com/9005787.aspx |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=South Australian Visitor &amp; Travel Centre.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Yunta tana cikin sashen tarayya na Grey, gundumar zaɓe ta jihar Stuart da kuma yankin Pastoral Unincorporated na Kudancin Australia.   Ya zuwa 2018, al'umma a cikin Yunta sun sami sabis na birni daga wata hukumar gwamnatin Kudancin Australia, Hukumar Kula da Al'ummomin waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;OCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.oca.sa.gov.au/Yunta |access-date=8 February 2018 |publisher=Outback Communities Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline}}
*  </text>
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      <text bytes="3099" sha1="azrljjso52ar7onhvfhj06fvfyhnxon" xml:space="preserve">'''Yunta''' wani gari ne da ke cikin jihar Australiya ta Kudu Australia wanda ke da nisan kilomita 275 (171  arewa maso gabashin babban birnin jihar Adelaide . Cibiyar sabis ce, tana tallafawa yankin da matafiya da ke wucewa a kan Hanyar Barrier. Yana kudu maso yammacin Broken Hill da arewa maso gabashin Peterborough .

== Tarihi ==
Rubutun farko na garin shine Yanta . A shekara ta 1866 an san gundumar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tattawappa da Yanta Run . 

An kafa garin Yunta a shekara ta 1887 bayan gano zinariya a wuraren da ke kusa da Teetulpa da Waukaringa, lokacin da sama da masu hakar ma'adinai 5000 suka shiga nan. Daga farkon shekarun 1890 ƙauyen ƙaramin gari ne amma mai cike da jirgin ƙasa a kan layin 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) mai ƙanƙanta tsakanin Cockburn da Port Augusta (Cockburn shine garin da ke kan iyakar jihar wanda jiragen ƙasa daga Broken Hill, New South Wales suka kawo ma'adinin azurfa-lead-zinc). 

Daga 1934, Yunta ita ce tushe ga sanannen mai ba da izini da kuma kwangila Henry Edgar (Harry) Ding . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mincham |first=Hans |date=1996 |title=Ding, Henry Edgar (Harry) (1907–1976) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ding-henry-edgar-harry-10019 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau Yunta ƙaramar cibiyar sabis ce ga matafiya da kadarorin da ke kewaye. Yunta kuma tana ba da wata hanya ta daban zuwa Flinders Ranges da bayan. Filin iskar gas a Gidgealpa da Moomba sun haifar da inganta hanyoyin samun dama zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin Kudancin Australia.

== Gidajen ==
[[Fayil:Remote_areas_ahead.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a farkon Hanyar Itacen Tea zuwa Arkaroola]]
Gidajen ƙauyen sun haɗa da otal da ke ba da abinci da masauki, gidaje biyu (ɗaya tare da rukunin motoci), tashoshin man fetur guda biyu, ofishin gidan waya, Cibiyar Ma'amala ta Karkara da ke ba wa intanet, tashar 'yan sanda, tashar iska da makarantar firamare. A gaban otal ɗin akwai wurin hutawa tare da bayan gida na jama'a wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don zama kyauta (kyauta) na dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta Rest Area |url=https://planner.hemax.com/Place/Details?id=2393df96-2726-43ab-96b3-0f81001e44a8 |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=HemaX Planner}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban taron shekara-shekara shine Yunta Picnic Races da gymkhana da aka gudanar a watan Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.southaustralia.com/9005787.aspx |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=South Australian Visitor &amp; Travel Centre.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Yunta tana cikin sashen tarayya na Grey, gundumar zaɓe ta jihar Stuart da kuma yankin Pastoral Unincorporated na Kudancin Australia.   Ya zuwa 2018, al'umma a cikin Yunta sun sami sabis na birni daga wata hukumar gwamnatin Kudancin Australia, Hukumar Kula da Al'ummomin waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;OCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.oca.sa.gov.au/Yunta |access-date=8 February 2018 |publisher=Outback Communities Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline}}
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'''Yunta''' wani gari ne da ke cikin jihar Australiya ta Kudu Australia wanda ke da nisan kilomita 275 (171  arewa maso gabashin babban birnin jihar Adelaide . Cibiyar sabis ce, tana tallafawa yankin da matafiya da ke wucewa a kan Hanyar Barrier. Yana kudu maso yammacin Broken Hill da arewa maso gabashin Peterborough .

== Tarihi ==
Rubutun farko na garin shine Yanta . A shekara ta 1866 an san gundumar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tattawappa da Yanta Run . 

An kafa garin Yunta a shekara ta 1887 bayan gano zinariya a wuraren da ke kusa da Teetulpa da Waukaringa, lokacin da sama da masu hakar ma'adinai 5000 suka shiga nan. Daga farkon shekarun 1890 ƙauyen ƙaramin gari ne amma mai cike da jirgin ƙasa a kan layin 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) mai ƙanƙanta tsakanin Cockburn da Port Augusta (Cockburn shine garin da ke kan iyakar jihar wanda jiragen ƙasa daga Broken Hill, New South Wales suka kawo ma'adinin azurfa-lead-zinc). 

Daga 1934, Yunta ita ce tushe ga sanannen mai ba da izini da kuma kwangila Henry Edgar (Harry) Ding . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mincham |first=Hans |date=1996 |title=Ding, Henry Edgar (Harry) (1907–1976) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ding-henry-edgar-harry-10019 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau Yunta ƙaramar cibiyar sabis ce ga matafiya da kadarorin da ke kewaye. Yunta kuma tana ba da wata hanya ta daban zuwa Flinders Ranges da bayan. Filin iskar gas a Gidgealpa da Moomba sun haifar da inganta hanyoyin samun dama zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin Kudancin Australia.

== Gidajen ==
[[Fayil:Remote_areas_ahead.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a farkon Hanyar Itacen Tea zuwa Arkaroola]]
Gidajen ƙauyen sun haɗa da otal da ke ba da abinci da masauki, gidaje biyu (ɗaya tare da rukunin motoci), tashoshin man fetur guda biyu, ofishin gidan waya, Cibiyar Ma'amala ta Karkara da ke ba wa intanet, tashar 'yan sanda, tashar iska da makarantar firamare. A gaban otal ɗin akwai wurin hutawa tare da bayan gida na jama'a wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don zama kyauta (kyauta) na dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta Rest Area |url=https://planner.hemax.com/Place/Details?id=2393df96-2726-43ab-96b3-0f81001e44a8 |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=HemaX Planner}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban taron shekara-shekara shine Yunta Picnic Races da gymkhana da aka gudanar a watan Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.southaustralia.com/9005787.aspx |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=South Australian Visitor &amp; Travel Centre.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Yunta tana cikin sashen tarayya na Grey, gundumar zaɓe ta jihar Stuart da kuma yankin Pastoral Unincorporated na Kudancin Australia.   Ya zuwa 2018, al'umma a cikin Yunta sun sami sabis na birni daga wata hukumar gwamnatin Kudancin Australia, Hukumar Kula da Al'ummomin waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;OCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.oca.sa.gov.au/Yunta |access-date=8 February 2018 |publisher=Outback Communities Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline}}
*  </text>
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'''Yunta''' wani gari ne da ke cikin jihar Australiya ta Kudu Australia wanda ke da nisan kilomita 275 (171  arewa maso gabashin babban birnin jihar Adelaide . Cibiyar sabis ce, tana tallafawa yankin da matafiya da ke wucewa a kan Hanyar Barrier. Yana kudu maso yammacin Broken Hill da arewa maso gabashin Peterborough .

== Tarihi ==
Rubutun farko na garin shine Yanta . A shekara ta 1866 an san gundumar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tattawappa da Yanta Run . 

An kafa garin Yunta a shekara ta 1887 bayan gano zinariya a wuraren da ke kusa da Teetulpa da Waukaringa, lokacin da sama da masu hakar ma'adinai 5000 suka shiga nan. Daga farkon shekarun 1890 ƙauyen ƙaramin gari ne amma mai cike da jirgin ƙasa a kan layin 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) mai ƙanƙanta tsakanin Cockburn da Port Augusta (Cockburn shine garin da ke kan iyakar jihar wanda jiragen ƙasa daga Broken Hill, New South Wales suka kawo ma'adinin azurfa-lead-zinc). 

Daga 1934, Yunta ita ce tushe ga sanannen mai ba da izini da kuma kwangila Henry Edgar (Harry) Ding . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mincham |first=Hans |date=1996 |title=Ding, Henry Edgar (Harry) (1907–1976) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ding-henry-edgar-harry-10019 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau Yunta ƙaramar cibiyar sabis ce ga matafiya da kadarorin da ke kewaye. Yunta kuma tana ba da wata hanya ta daban zuwa Flinders Ranges da bayan. Filin iskar gas a Gidgealpa da Moomba sun haifar da inganta hanyoyin samun dama zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin Kudancin Australia.

== Gidajen ==
[[Fayil:Remote_areas_ahead.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a farkon Hanyar Itacen Tea zuwa Arkaroola]]
Gidajen ƙauyen sun haɗa da otal da ke ba da abinci da masauki, gidaje biyu (ɗaya tare da rukunin motoci), tashoshin man fetur guda biyu, ofishin gidan waya, Cibiyar Ma'amala ta Karkara da ke ba wa intanet, tashar 'yan sanda, tashar iska da makarantar firamare. A gaban otal ɗin akwai wurin hutawa tare da bayan gida na jama'a wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don zama kyauta (kyauta) na dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta Rest Area |url=https://planner.hemax.com/Place/Details?id=2393df96-2726-43ab-96b3-0f81001e44a8 |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=HemaX Planner}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban taron shekara-shekara shine Yunta Picnic Races da gymkhana da aka gudanar a watan Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.southaustralia.com/9005787.aspx |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=South Australian Visitor &amp; Travel Centre.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Yunta tana cikin sashen tarayya na Grey, gundumar zaɓe ta jihar Stuart da kuma yankin Pastoral Unincorporated na Kudancin Australia.   Ya zuwa 2018, al'umma a cikin Yunta sun sami sabis na birni daga wata hukumar gwamnatin Kudancin Australia, Hukumar Kula da Al'ummomin waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;OCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.oca.sa.gov.au/Yunta |access-date=8 February 2018 |publisher=Outback Communities Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Manazarta ==
{{databox}}

== Haɗin waje ==

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'''Yunta''' wani gari ne da ke cikin jihar Australiya ta Kudu Australia wanda ke da nisan kilomita 275 (171  arewa maso gabashin babban birnin jihar Adelaide . Cibiyar sabis ce, tana tallafawa yankin da matafiya da ke wucewa a kan Hanyar Barrier. Yana kudu maso yammacin Broken Hill da arewa maso gabashin Peterborough .

== Tarihi ==
Rubutun farko na garin shine Yanta . A shekara ta 1866 an san gundumar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tattawappa da Yanta Run . 

An kafa garin Yunta a shekara ta 1887 bayan gano zinariya a wuraren da ke kusa da Teetulpa da Waukaringa, lokacin da sama da masu hakar ma'adinai 5000 suka shiga nan. Daga farkon shekarun 1890 ƙauyen ƙaramin gari ne amma mai cike da jirgin ƙasa a kan layin 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) mai ƙanƙanta tsakanin Cockburn da Port Augusta (Cockburn shine garin da ke kan iyakar jihar wanda jiragen ƙasa daga Broken Hill, New South Wales suka kawo ma'adinin azurfa-lead-zinc). 

Daga 1934, Yunta ita ce tushe ga sanannen mai ba da izini da kuma kwangila Henry Edgar (Harry) Ding . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mincham |first=Hans |date=1996 |title=Ding, Henry Edgar (Harry) (1907–1976) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ding-henry-edgar-harry-10019 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau Yunta ƙaramar cibiyar sabis ce ga matafiya da kadarorin da ke kewaye. Yunta kuma tana ba da wata hanya ta daban zuwa Flinders Ranges da bayan. Filin iskar gas a Gidgealpa da Moomba sun haifar da inganta hanyoyin samun dama zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin Kudancin Australia.

== Gidajen ==
[[Fayil:Remote_areas_ahead.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a farkon Hanyar Itacen Tea zuwa Arkaroola]]
Gidajen ƙauyen sun haɗa da otal da ke ba da abinci da masauki, gidaje biyu (ɗaya tare da rukunin motoci), tashoshin man fetur guda biyu, ofishin gidan waya, Cibiyar Ma'amala ta Karkara da ke ba wa intanet, tashar 'yan sanda, tashar iska da makarantar firamare. A gaban otal ɗin akwai wurin hutawa tare da bayan gida na jama'a wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don zama kyauta (kyauta) na dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta Rest Area |url=https://planner.hemax.com/Place/Details?id=2393df96-2726-43ab-96b3-0f81001e44a8 |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=HemaX Planner}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban taron shekara-shekara shine Yunta Picnic Races da gymkhana da aka gudanar a watan Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.southaustralia.com/9005787.aspx |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=South Australian Visitor &amp; Travel Centre.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Yunta tana cikin sashen tarayya na Grey, gundumar zaɓe ta jihar Stuart da kuma yankin Pastoral Unincorporated na Kudancin Australia.   Ya zuwa 2018, al'umma a cikin Yunta sun sami sabis na birni daga wata hukumar gwamnatin Kudancin Australia, Hukumar Kula da Al'ummomin waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;OCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.oca.sa.gov.au/Yunta |access-date=8 February 2018 |publisher=Outback Communities Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Manazarta ==
{{databox}}

== Haɗin waje ==

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      <text bytes="3118" sha1="72mo807w1d4a1g9mj0921qhtgpn5n2b" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Yunta''' wani gari ne da ke cikin jihar Australiya ta Kudu Australia wanda ke da nisan kilomita 275 (171  arewa maso gabashin babban birnin jihar Adelaide . Cibiyar sabis ce, tana tallafawa yankin da matafiya da ke wucewa a kan Hanyar Barrier. Yana kudu maso yammacin Broken Hill da arewa maso gabashin Peterborough .

== Tarihi ==
Rubutun farko na garin shine Yanta . A shekara ta 1866 an san gundumar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tattawappa da Yanta Run . 

An kafa garin Yunta a shekara ta 1887 bayan gano zinariya a wuraren da ke kusa da Teetulpa da Waukaringa, lokacin da sama da masu hakar ma'adinai 5000 suka shiga nan. Daga farkon shekarun 1890 ƙauyen ƙaramin gari ne amma mai cike da jirgin ƙasa a kan layin 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) mai ƙanƙanta tsakanin Cockburn da Port Augusta (Cockburn shine garin da ke kan iyakar jihar wanda jiragen ƙasa daga Broken Hill, New South Wales suka kawo ma'adinin azurfa-lead-zinc). 

Daga 1934, Yunta ita ce tushe ga sanannen mai ba da izini da kuma kwangila Henry Edgar (Harry) Ding . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mincham |first=Hans |date=1996 |title=Ding, Henry Edgar (Harry) (1907–1976) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ding-henry-edgar-harry-10019 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau Yunta ƙaramar cibiyar sabis ce ga matafiya da kadarorin da ke kewaye. Yunta kuma tana ba da wata hanya ta daban zuwa Flinders Ranges da bayan. Filin iskar gas a Gidgealpa da Moomba sun haifar da inganta hanyoyin samun dama zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin Kudancin Australia.

== Gidajen ==
[[Fayil:Remote_areas_ahead.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a farkon Hanyar Itacen Tea zuwa Arkaroola]]
Gidajen ƙauyen sun haɗa da otal da ke ba da abinci da masauki, gidaje biyu (ɗaya tare da rukunin motoci), tashoshin man fetur guda biyu, ofishin gidan waya, Cibiyar Ma'amala ta Karkara da ke ba wa intanet, tashar 'yan sanda, tashar iska da makarantar firamare. A gaban otal ɗin akwai wurin hutawa tare da bayan gida na jama'a wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don zama kyauta (kyauta) na dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta Rest Area |url=https://planner.hemax.com/Place/Details?id=2393df96-2726-43ab-96b3-0f81001e44a8 |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=HemaX Planner}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban taron shekara-shekara shine Yunta Picnic Races da gymkhana da aka gudanar a watan Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.southaustralia.com/9005787.aspx |access-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=South Australian Visitor &amp; Travel Centre.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Yunta tana cikin sashen tarayya na Grey, gundumar zaɓe ta jihar Stuart da kuma yankin Pastoral Unincorporated na Kudancin Australia.   Ya zuwa 2018, al'umma a cikin Yunta sun sami sabis na birni daga wata hukumar gwamnatin Kudancin Australia, Hukumar Kula da Al'ummomin waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;OCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yunta |url=http://www.oca.sa.gov.au/Yunta |access-date=8 February 2018 |publisher=Outback Communities Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
{{Weather box}}

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

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    <title>Ƙungiyar Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate</title>
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        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321721444|Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5548" sha1="asbm6odwu2y6nemzfk17x3fbb3l148u" xml:space="preserve">{{Reflist}}Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba amma qaddara ta riga fata domin kuwa Amurka ta yi kira ga kasashen Afirka The Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate ('''NDGJM''') kungiya ce mai fafutuka da ke aiki a yankin Niger Delta na [[Najeriya]]. An kafa kungiyar ne a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 2016 a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] kuma ta kunshi galibi 'yan kabilar [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobos]], da kuma adadi mai yawa na mambobi na kabilar [[Mutanen Isoko|Isoko]].

Bayan tsagaita wuta da abokansu na kusa, Neja Delta Avengers, suka ayyana, a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2016 NDGJM yanzu ita ce mafi aiki daga dukkan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Neja Delta, bayan sun kai hare-hare da yawa a kan wuraren samar da mai tun lokacin da aka kafa su a farkon watan Agusta. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta ba da maganganu da yawa, suna ba'a da abin da ake kira &quot;Operation Crocodile Smiles&quot; na sojojin Najeriya, wanda aka fara a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, suna kiransa zamba ne kuma babu wani abu da ya faru da ya kamata ya kira duk kamfanonin man fetur na kasashen waje da suka daina aiki a cikin delta tun lokacin da NDA ta yi yakin fashewar bam a tsakiyar shekara ta 2016.

A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2016 kungiyar ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta ayyana yakin basasa a kan gwamnatin Najeriya, mai suna &quot;Operation Hammurabi Code&quot;, kuma ta yi gargadin cewa duk sojojin Najeriya da abokan kamfanoni na kasashen waje za a fitar da su ba tare da tausayi ba kuma a kawar da su idan aka sami suna aiki a cikin delta.

== Jerin ayyukan ==

=== 2016 ===

* Agusta 10 - 'yan bindigar NDGJM sun fashe tashar mai mai ta Uzere-Eriemu, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke [[Isoko ta Kudu]] LGA, Jihar Delta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=John |title=Nigeria Security Tracker Weekly Update: August 6 – August 12 {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/nigeria-security-tracker-weekly-update-august-6-august-12 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin ya ciyar da mai mai yawa zuwa Eriemu Manifold kafin a hallaka shi.
* Agusta 19 - Da misalin karfe 2:00 na safe, mayakan NDGJM sun fashe bututun mai guda biyu na Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya da ke kusa da ƙauyen Owhrode, [[Udu (Nijeriya)|Udu LGA]], Jihar Delta. Ana iya ganin babban ball na wuta yana tashi daga wurin fashewar mil da yawa.
* Agusta 30 - Da misalin karfe 3:00 na safe kungiyar NDGJM ''Uproot Strike Team B'' ta fashe bututun mai na Ogor-Oteri, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Jihar Delta.
* Satumba 13 - Da misalin karfe 1:00 na safe, mayakan NDGJM sun fashe bututun mai na Afiesere-Iwhrenene, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta.
* Satumba 18 - Da misalin karfe 11:30 na yamma, mayakan NDGJM sun fashe bututun mai na Afiesere-Ekiugbo, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta.
* Satumba 29 - Da misalin karfe 1:00 na safe kungiyar NDGJM Opudo Strike Team ta fashe bututun mai na Unenurhie-Evwreni, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, a wurare biyu daban-daban, tare da fashewa daya da ke faruwa a Ughelli North LGA da kuma wani a Ugheli South LGA.
* Oktoba 13 - Da misalin karfe 9:00 na yamma kungiyar NDGJM Akuma Strike Team ta fashe bututun mai na Iwhremaro-Ughelli Quality Control Center, ta bayyana cewa sun kuma fara Operation Hammurabi Code don mayar da martani ga Sojojin Najeriya da ake kira Operation Crocodile Smiles. Jirgin mai na Iwhremaro-Ughelli QCC, wanda Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya ke sarrafawa kuma mallakar shi, yana karɓar bakuncin gonakin tankin mai daban-daban guda 4, yana karɓar mai daga filayen mai 6 a cikin yankin Oil Mining Lease 30 na Jihar Delta, kuma yana ciyar da mai zuwa tashar [[Forcados]] da kuma refineries da ke cikin [[Warri]] da [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]].
* Oktoba 14 - Da misalin karfe 11:00 na yamma kungiyar NDGJM Akuma Strike Team ta fashe bututun mai na Oviri-Ogor, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke kusa da bakin teku a Ughelli South LGA. Jirgin Oviri-Ogor ya ciyar da mai kai tsaye zuwa bututun Iwhremaro-Ughelli QCC wanda wannan ƙungiyar yajin aikin NDGJM ta lalata sa'o'i 26 da suka gabata.
* Oktoba 30 - Kungiyar yajin aiki ta NDGJM Akuma ta fashe bututun iskar gas mai inci 32 na Effurun-Otor, wanda Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya ke sarrafawa, wanda ke cikin [[Uvwie]] LGA, Jihar Delta. Jirgin mai na Effurun-Otor kai tsaye yana da alaƙa da Utorogu Gas Plant, wani tashar gas wanda ke canza iskar gas, kamar [[methane]], zuwa wutar lantarki don samar da wasu yankunan [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da wutar lantarki.
* Nuwamba 1 - 'yan bindigar NDGJM sun fashe wani bangare na bututun mai na Trans Forcados, mallakar Royal Dutch Shell, kusa da [[Warri]], Jihar Delta. Jirgin mai na Trans Forcados yana ciyar da mai mai mai yawa a kowace rana zuwa tashar fitar da Forcados, wanda zai iya aiki a 400,000 / BPD a matsakaicin ƙarfin.
* Nuwamba 8 - A farkon sa'o'i na Nuwamba 8 ƙungiyar yajin aiki ta NDGJM ta fashe wani sashi na bututun mai na Trans Forcados, mallakar Royal Dutch Shell, wanda ya sa bututun ya zama ba zai iya aiki ba. Fararen hula sun ba da rahoton ganin tarkace daga bututun mai yana iyo mil mil daga wurin fashewar. Wannan shi ne fashewa ta biyu da ta rushe bututun Trans Forcados a cikin kwanaki 8.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5308" sha1="2n1ys74tr4qpq3od5rxswb01jkfnsg0" xml:space="preserve">'''The Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate ('''NDGJM''')''' kungiya ce mai fafutuka da ke aiki a yankin Niger Delta na [[Najeriya]]. An kafa kungiyar ne a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 2016 a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] kuma ta kunshi galibi 'yan kabilar [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobos]], da kuma adadi mai yawa na mambobi na kabilar [[Mutanen Isoko|Isoko]].

Bayan tsagaita wuta da abokansu na kusa, Neja Delta Avengers, suka ayyana, a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2016 NDGJM yanzu ita ce mafi aiki daga dukkan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Neja Delta, bayan sun kai hare-hare da yawa a kan wuraren samar da mai tun lokacin da aka kafa su a farkon watan Agusta. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta ba da maganganu da yawa, suna ba'a da abin da ake kira &quot;Operation Crocodile Smiles&quot; na sojojin Najeriya, wanda aka fara a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, suna kiransa zamba ne kuma babu wani abu da ya faru da ya kamata ya kira duk kamfanonin man fetur na kasashen waje da suka daina aiki a cikin delta tun lokacin da NDA ta yi yakin fashewar bam a tsakiyar shekara ta 2016.

A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2016 kungiyar ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta ayyana yakin basasa a kan gwamnatin Najeriya, mai suna &quot;Operation Hammurabi Code&quot;, kuma ta yi gargadin cewa duk sojojin Najeriya da abokan kamfanoni na kasashen waje za a fitar da su ba tare da tausayi ba kuma a kawar da su idan aka sami suna aiki a cikin delta.

== Jerin ayyukan ==

=== 2016 ===

* Agusta 10 - 'yan bindigar NDGJM sun fashe tashar mai mai ta Uzere-Eriemu, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke [[Isoko ta Kudu]] LGA, Jihar Delta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=John |title=Nigeria Security Tracker Weekly Update: August 6 – August 12 {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/nigeria-security-tracker-weekly-update-august-6-august-12 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin ya ciyar da mai mai yawa zuwa Eriemu Manifold kafin a hallaka shi.
* Agusta 19 - Da misalin karfe 2:00 na safe, mayakan NDGJM sun fashe bututun mai guda biyu na Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya da ke kusa da ƙauyen Owhrode, [[Udu (Nijeriya)|Udu LGA]], Jihar Delta. Ana iya ganin babban ball na wuta yana tashi daga wurin fashewar mil da yawa.
* Agusta 30 - Da misalin karfe 3:00 na safe kungiyar NDGJM ''Uproot Strike Team B'' ta fashe bututun mai na Ogor-Oteri, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Jihar Delta.
* Satumba 13 - Da misalin karfe 1:00 na safe, mayakan NDGJM sun fashe bututun mai na Afiesere-Iwhrenene, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta.
* Satumba 18 - Da misalin karfe 11:30 na yamma, mayakan NDGJM sun fashe bututun mai na Afiesere-Ekiugbo, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta.
* Satumba 29 - Da misalin karfe 1:00 na safe kungiyar NDGJM Opudo Strike Team ta fashe bututun mai na Unenurhie-Evwreni, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, a wurare biyu daban-daban, tare da fashewa daya da ke faruwa a Ughelli North LGA da kuma wani a Ugheli South LGA.
* Oktoba 13 - Da misalin karfe 9:00 na yamma kungiyar NDGJM Akuma Strike Team ta fashe bututun mai na Iwhremaro-Ughelli Quality Control Center, ta bayyana cewa sun kuma fara Operation Hammurabi Code don mayar da martani ga Sojojin Najeriya da ake kira Operation Crocodile Smiles. Jirgin mai na Iwhremaro-Ughelli QCC, wanda Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya ke sarrafawa kuma mallakar shi, yana karɓar bakuncin gonakin tankin mai daban-daban guda 4, yana karɓar mai daga filayen mai 6 a cikin yankin Oil Mining Lease 30 na Jihar Delta, kuma yana ciyar da mai zuwa tashar [[Forcados]] da kuma refineries da ke cikin [[Warri]] da [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]].
* Oktoba 14 - Da misalin karfe 11:00 na yamma kungiyar NDGJM Akuma Strike Team ta fashe bututun mai na Oviri-Ogor, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke kusa da bakin teku a Ughelli South LGA. Jirgin Oviri-Ogor ya ciyar da mai kai tsaye zuwa bututun Iwhremaro-Ughelli QCC wanda wannan ƙungiyar yajin aikin NDGJM ta lalata sa'o'i 26 da suka gabata.
* Oktoba 30 - Kungiyar yajin aiki ta NDGJM Akuma ta fashe bututun iskar gas mai inci 32 na Effurun-Otor, wanda Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya ke sarrafawa, wanda ke cikin [[Uvwie]] LGA, Jihar Delta. Jirgin mai na Effurun-Otor kai tsaye yana da alaƙa da Utorogu Gas Plant, wani tashar gas wanda ke canza iskar gas, kamar [[methane]], zuwa wutar lantarki don samar da wasu yankunan [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da wutar lantarki.
* Nuwamba 1 - 'yan bindigar NDGJM sun fashe wani bangare na bututun mai na Trans Forcados, mallakar Royal Dutch Shell, kusa da [[Warri]], Jihar Delta. Jirgin mai na Trans Forcados yana ciyar da mai mai mai yawa a kowace rana zuwa tashar fitar da Forcados, wanda zai iya aiki a 400,000 / BPD a matsakaicin ƙarfin.
* Nuwamba 8 - A farkon sa'o'i na Nuwamba 8 ƙungiyar yajin aiki ta NDGJM ta fashe wani sashi na bututun mai na Trans Forcados, mallakar Royal Dutch Shell, wanda ya sa bututun ya zama ba zai iya aiki ba. Fararen hula sun ba da rahoton ganin tarkace daga bututun mai yana iyo mil mil daga wurin fashewar. Wannan shi ne fashewa ta biyu da ta rushe bututun Trans Forcados a cikin kwanaki 8.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''The Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate ('''NDGJM''')''' kungiya ce mai fafutuka da ke aiki a yankin Niger Delta na [[Najeriya]]. An kafa kungiyar ne a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 2016 a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] kuma ta kunshi galibi 'yan kabilar [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobos]], da kuma adadi mai yawa na mambobi na kabilar [[Mutanen Isoko|Isoko]].

Bayan tsagaita wuta da abokansu na kusa, Neja Delta Avengers, suka ayyana, a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2016 NDGJM yanzu ita ce mafi aiki daga dukkan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Neja Delta, bayan sun kai hare-hare da yawa a kan wuraren samar da mai tun lokacin da aka kafa su a farkon watan Agusta. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta ba da maganganu da yawa, suna ba'a da abin da ake kira &quot;Operation Crocodile Smiles&quot; na sojojin Najeriya, wanda aka fara a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, suna kiransa zamba ne kuma babu wani abu da ya faru da ya kamata ya kira duk kamfanonin man fetur na kasashen waje da suka daina aiki a cikin delta tun lokacin da NDA ta yi yakin fashewar bam a tsakiyar shekara ta 2016.

A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2016 kungiyar ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta ayyana yakin basasa a kan gwamnatin Najeriya, mai suna &quot;Operation Hammurabi Code&quot;, kuma ta yi gargadin cewa duk sojojin Najeriya da abokan kamfanoni na kasashen waje za a fitar da su ba tare da tausayi ba kuma a kawar da su idan aka sami suna aiki a cikin delta.

== Jerin ayyukan ==

=== 2016 ===

* Agusta 10 - 'yan bindigar NDGJM sun fashe tashar mai mai ta Uzere-Eriemu, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke [[Isoko ta Kudu]] LGA, Jihar Delta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=John |title=Nigeria Security Tracker Weekly Update: August 6 – August 12 {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/nigeria-security-tracker-weekly-update-august-6-august-12 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin ya ciyar da mai mai yawa zuwa Eriemu Manifold kafin a hallaka shi.
* Agusta 19 - Da misalin karfe 2:00 na safe, mayakan NDGJM sun fashe bututun mai guda biyu na Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya da ke kusa da ƙauyen Owhrode, [[Udu (Nijeriya)|Udu LGA]], Jihar Delta. Ana iya ganin babban ball na wuta yana tashi daga wurin fashewar mil da yawa.
* Agusta 30 - Da misalin karfe 3:00 na safe kungiyar NDGJM ''Uproot Strike Team B'' ta fashe bututun mai na Ogor-Oteri, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Jihar Delta.
* Satumba 13 - Da misalin karfe 1:00 na safe, mayakan NDGJM sun fashe bututun mai na Afiesere-Iwhrenene, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta.
* Satumba 18 - Da misalin karfe 11:30 na yamma, mayakan NDGJM sun fashe bututun mai na Afiesere-Ekiugbo, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta.
* Satumba 29 - Da misalin karfe 1:00 na safe kungiyar NDGJM Opudo Strike Team ta fashe bututun mai na Unenurhie-Evwreni, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, a wurare biyu daban-daban, tare da fashewa daya da ke faruwa a Ughelli North LGA da kuma wani a Ugheli South LGA.
* Oktoba 13 - Da misalin karfe 9:00 na yamma kungiyar NDGJM Akuma Strike Team ta fashe bututun mai na Iwhremaro-Ughelli Quality Control Center, ta bayyana cewa sun kuma fara Operation Hammurabi Code don mayar da martani ga Sojojin Najeriya da ake kira Operation Crocodile Smiles. Jirgin mai na Iwhremaro-Ughelli QCC, wanda Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya ke sarrafawa kuma mallakar shi, yana karɓar bakuncin gonakin tankin mai daban-daban guda 4, yana karɓar mai daga filayen mai 6 a cikin yankin Oil Mining Lease 30 na Jihar Delta, kuma yana ciyar da mai zuwa tashar [[Forcados]] da kuma refineries da ke cikin [[Warri]] da [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]].
* Oktoba 14 - Da misalin karfe 11:00 na yamma kungiyar NDGJM Akuma Strike Team ta fashe bututun mai na Oviri-Ogor, mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya, wanda ke kusa da bakin teku a Ughelli South LGA. Jirgin Oviri-Ogor ya ciyar da mai kai tsaye zuwa bututun Iwhremaro-Ughelli QCC wanda wannan ƙungiyar yajin aikin NDGJM ta lalata sa'o'i 26 da suka gabata.
* Oktoba 30 - Kungiyar yajin aiki ta NDGJM Akuma ta fashe bututun iskar gas mai inci 32 na Effurun-Otor, wanda Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya ke sarrafawa, wanda ke cikin [[Uvwie]] LGA, Jihar Delta. Jirgin mai na Effurun-Otor kai tsaye yana da alaƙa da Utorogu Gas Plant, wani tashar gas wanda ke canza iskar gas, kamar [[methane]], zuwa wutar lantarki don samar da wasu yankunan [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da wutar lantarki.
* Nuwamba 1 - 'yan bindigar NDGJM sun fashe wani bangare na bututun mai na Trans Forcados, mallakar Royal Dutch Shell, kusa da [[Warri]], Jihar Delta. Jirgin mai na Trans Forcados yana ciyar da mai mai mai yawa a kowace rana zuwa tashar fitar da Forcados, wanda zai iya aiki a 400,000 / BPD a matsakaicin ƙarfin.
* Nuwamba 8 - A farkon sa'o'i na Nuwamba 8 ƙungiyar yajin aiki ta NDGJM ta fashe wani sashi na bututun mai na Trans Forcados, mallakar Royal Dutch Shell, wanda ya sa bututun ya zama ba zai iya aiki ba. Fararen hula sun ba da rahoton ganin tarkace daga bututun mai yana iyo mil mil daga wurin fashewar. Wannan shi ne fashewa ta biyu da ta rushe bututun Trans Forcados a cikin kwanaki 8.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fitar da kurkuku na Kuje</title>
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        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358627234|Kuje prison break]]&quot;</comment>
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Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2022, [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] ta kaddamar da hari a gidan yarin Kuje, kusa da babban birnin Najeriya na [[Abuja]]. Harin ya kashe mutane biyar kuma ya saki fursunoni 879, kodayake kusan rabin an sake kama su a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

== Gabatarwa ==
Kurkukun Kuje yana daya daga cikin manyan kurkuku a Abuja, kuma a cikin watanni da suka kai ga harin, an saki fursunoni sama da 5,000 a cikin kurkuku da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Hundreds of Prisoners at Large in Nigeria After Armed Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hundreds-of-prisoners-at-large-in-nigeria-after-armed-attack/6647756.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar harin, akwai sojoji 65, 'yan sanda, da masu tsaron kurkuku a kurkuku. Kafin harin, an yi rajistar fursunoni 994 a matsayin lokacin hidima a Kuje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin fursunonin sun hada da manyan wadanda ake zargi kamar tsohon babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya Abba Kyari, wanda ake tuhuma da aikin karkatar da kudi, tare da masu fafutukar Jihar Islama da 'yan ta'adda na Boko Haram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-07-11 |title=Kuje prison break: is Nigeria out of security options? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/kuje-prison-break-is-nigeria-out-of-security-options |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, babu wani fim na CCTV a cikin kurkuku kafin harin. Wani tsohon fursuna na Boko Haram yana magana da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ya bayyana cewa yana hulɗa da membobin ISWAP a waje da kurkuku ta hanyar wayoyin salula, kuma suna &quot;sadarwa cikin sauƙi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Hari ==
A daren 5 ga Yuli, mayakan Islama, tare da taimakon [[Ansaru]], sun kaddamar da hare-hare uku a lokaci guda a bangarori daban-daban na kurkukun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan kafin fashewar, shugabannin ISIS da aka daure sun ba da wa'azi na minti 15 ga sauran mambobin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Owoyemi |first=Sade |date=2022-07-06 |title=THE INSIDER: Boko Haram Gave 15-Min Quranic Lecture to Kuje Inmates Before Setting Them Free |url=https://fij.ng/article/the-insider-boko-haram-gave-15-min-quranic-lecture-to-kuje-inmates-before-setting-them-free/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Foundation For Investigative Journalism |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin amfani da ƙananan makamai da na'urori masu fashewa, kusan masu kai hari 100 sun shiga, sun lalata sassan kurkuku kuma sun ƙone motoci takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Islamic State claims prison break outside of Nigeria's capital {{!}} FDD's Long War Journal |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/islamic-state-claims-prison-break-outside-of-nigerias-capital.php |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.longwarjournal.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bam a ƙofofin gaba ya kashe wani mai tsaron gidan yarin Najeriya kuma ya ji wa wasu mutane uku rauni, kuma an kashe fursunoni hudu yayin harin. Gabaɗaya, jimlar jami'ai 16 da fursunoni sun ji rauni a harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin 994 da ke wurin a lokacin harin, fursunoni 879 sun tsere, duk da haka an sake kama 443 a rana mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o &quot;Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility&quot;]. ''BBC News Pidgin''. 2022-07-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Har yanzu ba a san manyan mambobi da yawa ba a cikin kwanaki bayan fitowar kurkuku, ciki har da Kyari, [[Joshua Dariye]] da [[Jolly Nyame]], tsoffin gwamnonin jihohin Plateau da [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]] bi da bi. Harin ya ɗauki minti 50 daga farawa zuwa ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, fursunoni 443 har yanzu suna cikin saki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje Prison Break: Over 400 inmates missing - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-prison-break-over-400-missing/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Manjo Janar Bashir Magashi ya fitar da hotuna na manyan fursunoni 69 har yanzu ba a san su ba, gami da yawancin mambobin Boko Haram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-08 |title=Kuje Prison: FG reveals identities of 69 Boko Haram escapees - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-fg-reveals-69-boko-haram-escapees/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lambar ta ragu zuwa 64 a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ &quot;Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners&quot;]. ''The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center''. 2022-07-17&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daular Islama ta dauki alhakin harin a ranar da aka kai hari, ta kira shi &quot;Yakin Kashe Ganuwar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

An sake kama Abba Kyari a ranar 20 ga Yuli. Wani shugaban siyasa a Jihar Plateau, Elkanah Garang, ya yi kira da a saki wasu wadanda ake zargi nan da nan, saboda shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya gafarta musu a farkon shekarar. Buhari ya yi iƙirarin fitar da cikakken rahoto game da harin a watan Nuwamba, kodayake wannan bai faru ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;9°04′N 7°29′E﻿ / ﻿9.06°N 7.49°E﻿ / 9.06; 7.49</text>
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      <id>858396</id>
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        <id>13085</id>
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      <comment>/* Hari */</comment>
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Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2022, [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] ta kaddamar da hari a gidan yarin Kuje, kusa da babban birnin Najeriya na [[Abuja]]. Harin ya kashe mutane biyar kuma ya saki fursunoni 879, kodayake kusan rabin an sake kama su a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

== Gabatarwa ==
Kurkukun Kuje yana daya daga cikin manyan kurkuku a Abuja, kuma a cikin watanni da suka kai ga harin, an saki fursunoni sama da 5,000 a cikin kurkuku da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Hundreds of Prisoners at Large in Nigeria After Armed Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hundreds-of-prisoners-at-large-in-nigeria-after-armed-attack/6647756.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar harin, akwai sojoji 65, 'yan sanda, da masu tsaron kurkuku a kurkuku. Kafin harin, an yi rajistar fursunoni 994 a matsayin lokacin hidima a Kuje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin fursunonin sun hada da manyan wadanda ake zargi kamar tsohon babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya Abba Kyari, wanda ake tuhuma da aikin karkatar da kudi, tare da masu fafutukar Jihar Islama da 'yan ta'adda na Boko Haram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-07-11 |title=Kuje prison break: is Nigeria out of security options? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/kuje-prison-break-is-nigeria-out-of-security-options |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, babu wani fim na CCTV a cikin kurkuku kafin harin. Wani tsohon fursuna na Boko Haram yana magana da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ya bayyana cewa yana hulɗa da membobin ISWAP a waje da kurkuku ta hanyar wayoyin salula, kuma suna &quot;sadarwa cikin sauƙi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Hari ==
A daren 5 ga Yuli, mayakan Islama, tare da taimakon [[Ansaru]], sun kaddamar da hare-hare uku a lokaci guda a bangarori daban-daban na kurkukun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan kafin fashewar, shugabannin ISIS da aka daure sun ba da wa'azi na minti 15 ga sauran mambobin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Owoyemi |first=Sade |date=2022-07-06 |title=THE INSIDER: Boko Haram Gave 15-Min Quranic Lecture to Kuje Inmates Before Setting Them Free |url=https://fij.ng/article/the-insider-boko-haram-gave-15-min-quranic-lecture-to-kuje-inmates-before-setting-them-free/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Foundation For Investigative Journalism |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin amfani da ƙananan makamai da na'urori masu fashewa, kusan masu kai hari 100 sun shiga, sun lalata sassan kurkuku kuma sun ƙone motoci takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Islamic State claims prison break outside of Nigeria's capital {{!}} FDD's Long War Journal |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/islamic-state-claims-prison-break-outside-of-nigerias-capital.php |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.longwarjournal.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bam a ƙofofin gaba ya kashe wani mai tsaron gidan yarin Najeriya kuma ya ji wa wasu mutane uku rauni, kuma an kashe fursunoni hudu yayin harin. Gabaɗaya, jimlar jami'ai 16 da fursunoni sun ji rauni a harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin 994 da ke wurin a lokacin harin, fursunoni 879 sun tsere, duk da haka an sake kama 443 a rana mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Har yanzu ba a san manyan mambobi da yawa ba a cikin kwanaki bayan fitowar kurkuku, ciki har da Kyari, [[Joshua Dariye]] da [[Jolly Nyame]], tsoffin gwamnonin jihohin Plateau da [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]] bi da bi. Harin ya ɗauki minti 50 daga farawa zuwa ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, fursunoni 443 har yanzu suna cikin saki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje Prison Break: Over 400 inmates missing - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-prison-break-over-400-missing/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Manjo Janar Bashir Magashi ya fitar da hotuna na manyan fursunoni 69 har yanzu ba a san su ba, gami da yawancin mambobin Boko Haram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-08 |title=Kuje Prison: FG reveals identities of 69 Boko Haram escapees - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-fg-reveals-69-boko-haram-escapees/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lambar ta ragu zuwa 64 a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ &quot;Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners&quot;]. ''The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center''. 2022-07-17&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daular Islama ta dauki alhakin harin a ranar da aka kai hari, ta kira shi &quot;Yakin Kashe Ganuwar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

An sake kama Abba Kyari a ranar 20 ga Yuli. Wani shugaban siyasa a Jihar Plateau, Elkanah Garang, ya yi kira da a saki wasu wadanda ake zargi nan da nan, saboda shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya gafarta musu a farkon shekarar. Buhari ya yi iƙirarin fitar da cikakken rahoto game da harin a watan Nuwamba, kodayake wannan bai faru ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;9°04′N 7°29′E﻿ / ﻿9.06°N 7.49°E﻿ / 9.06; 7.49</text>
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        <id>13085</id>
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      <comment>/* Sakamakon haka */</comment>
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Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2022, [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] ta kaddamar da hari a gidan yarin Kuje, kusa da babban birnin Najeriya na [[Abuja]]. Harin ya kashe mutane biyar kuma ya saki fursunoni 879, kodayake kusan rabin an sake kama su a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

== Gabatarwa ==
Kurkukun Kuje yana daya daga cikin manyan kurkuku a Abuja, kuma a cikin watanni da suka kai ga harin, an saki fursunoni sama da 5,000 a cikin kurkuku da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Hundreds of Prisoners at Large in Nigeria After Armed Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hundreds-of-prisoners-at-large-in-nigeria-after-armed-attack/6647756.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar harin, akwai sojoji 65, 'yan sanda, da masu tsaron kurkuku a kurkuku. Kafin harin, an yi rajistar fursunoni 994 a matsayin lokacin hidima a Kuje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin fursunonin sun hada da manyan wadanda ake zargi kamar tsohon babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya Abba Kyari, wanda ake tuhuma da aikin karkatar da kudi, tare da masu fafutukar Jihar Islama da 'yan ta'adda na Boko Haram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-07-11 |title=Kuje prison break: is Nigeria out of security options? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/kuje-prison-break-is-nigeria-out-of-security-options |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, babu wani fim na CCTV a cikin kurkuku kafin harin. Wani tsohon fursuna na Boko Haram yana magana da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ya bayyana cewa yana hulɗa da membobin ISWAP a waje da kurkuku ta hanyar wayoyin salula, kuma suna &quot;sadarwa cikin sauƙi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Hari ==
A daren 5 ga Yuli, mayakan Islama, tare da taimakon [[Ansaru]], sun kaddamar da hare-hare uku a lokaci guda a bangarori daban-daban na kurkukun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan kafin fashewar, shugabannin ISIS da aka daure sun ba da wa'azi na minti 15 ga sauran mambobin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Owoyemi |first=Sade |date=2022-07-06 |title=THE INSIDER: Boko Haram Gave 15-Min Quranic Lecture to Kuje Inmates Before Setting Them Free |url=https://fij.ng/article/the-insider-boko-haram-gave-15-min-quranic-lecture-to-kuje-inmates-before-setting-them-free/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Foundation For Investigative Journalism |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin amfani da ƙananan makamai da na'urori masu fashewa, kusan masu kai hari 100 sun shiga, sun lalata sassan kurkuku kuma sun ƙone motoci takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Islamic State claims prison break outside of Nigeria's capital {{!}} FDD's Long War Journal |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/islamic-state-claims-prison-break-outside-of-nigerias-capital.php |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.longwarjournal.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bam a ƙofofin gaba ya kashe wani mai tsaron gidan yarin Najeriya kuma ya ji wa wasu mutane uku rauni, kuma an kashe fursunoni hudu yayin harin. Gabaɗaya, jimlar jami'ai 16 da fursunoni sun ji rauni a harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin 994 da ke wurin a lokacin harin, fursunoni 879 sun tsere, duk da haka an sake kama 443 a rana mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Har yanzu ba a san manyan mambobi da yawa ba a cikin kwanaki bayan fitowar kurkuku, ciki har da Kyari, [[Joshua Dariye]] da [[Jolly Nyame]], tsoffin gwamnonin jihohin Plateau da [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]] bi da bi. Harin ya ɗauki minti 50 daga farawa zuwa ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, fursunoni 443 har yanzu suna cikin saki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje Prison Break: Over 400 inmates missing - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-prison-break-over-400-missing/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Manjo Janar Bashir Magashi ya fitar da hotuna na manyan fursunoni 69 har yanzu ba a san su ba, gami da yawancin mambobin Boko Haram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-08 |title=Kuje Prison: FG reveals identities of 69 Boko Haram escapees - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-fg-reveals-69-boko-haram-escapees/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lambar ta ragu zuwa 64 a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daular Islama ta dauki alhakin harin a ranar da aka kai hari, ta kira shi &quot;Yakin Kashe Ganuwar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

An sake kama Abba Kyari a ranar 20 ga Yuli. Wani shugaban siyasa a Jihar Plateau, Elkanah Garang, ya yi kira da a saki wasu wadanda ake zargi nan da nan, saboda shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya gafarta musu a farkon shekarar. Buhari ya yi iƙirarin fitar da cikakken rahoto game da harin a watan Nuwamba, kodayake wannan bai faru ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;9°04′N 7°29′E﻿ / ﻿9.06°N 7.49°E﻿ / 9.06; 7.49</text>
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        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
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Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2022, [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] ta kaddamar da hari a gidan yarin Kuje, kusa da babban birnin Najeriya na [[Abuja]]. Harin ya kashe mutane biyar kuma ya saki fursunoni 879, kodayake kusan rabin an sake kama su a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

== Gabatarwa ==
Kurkukun Kuje yana daya daga cikin manyan kurkuku a Abuja, kuma a cikin watanni da suka kai ga harin, an saki fursunoni sama da 5,000 a cikin kurkuku da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Hundreds of Prisoners at Large in Nigeria After Armed Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hundreds-of-prisoners-at-large-in-nigeria-after-armed-attack/6647756.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar harin, akwai sojoji 65, 'yan sanda, da masu tsaron kurkuku a kurkuku. Kafin harin, an yi rajistar fursunoni 994 a matsayin lokacin hidima a Kuje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin fursunonin sun hada da manyan wadanda ake zargi kamar tsohon babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya Abba Kyari, wanda ake tuhuma da aikin karkatar da kudi, tare da masu fafutukar Jihar Islama da 'yan ta'adda na Boko Haram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-07-11 |title=Kuje prison break: is Nigeria out of security options? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/kuje-prison-break-is-nigeria-out-of-security-options |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, babu wani fim na CCTV a cikin kurkuku kafin harin. Wani tsohon fursuna na Boko Haram yana magana da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ya bayyana cewa yana hulɗa da membobin ISWAP a waje da kurkuku ta hanyar wayoyin salula, kuma suna &quot;sadarwa cikin sauƙi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Hari ==
A daren 5 ga Yuli, mayakan Islama, tare da taimakon [[Ansaru]], sun kaddamar da hare-hare uku a lokaci guda a bangarori daban-daban na kurkukun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan kafin fashewar, shugabannin ISIS da aka daure sun ba da wa'azi na minti 15 ga sauran mambobin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Owoyemi |first=Sade |date=2022-07-06 |title=THE INSIDER: Boko Haram Gave 15-Min Quranic Lecture to Kuje Inmates Before Setting Them Free |url=https://fij.ng/article/the-insider-boko-haram-gave-15-min-quranic-lecture-to-kuje-inmates-before-setting-them-free/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Foundation For Investigative Journalism |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin amfani da ƙananan makamai da na'urori masu fashewa, kusan masu kai hari 100 sun shiga, sun lalata sassan kurkuku kuma sun ƙone motoci takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Islamic State claims prison break outside of Nigeria's capital {{!}} FDD's Long War Journal |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/islamic-state-claims-prison-break-outside-of-nigerias-capital.php |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.longwarjournal.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bam a ƙofofin gaba ya kashe wani mai tsaron gidan yarin Najeriya kuma ya ji wa wasu mutane uku rauni, kuma an kashe fursunoni hudu yayin harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-06 |title=JUST IN: Five die, 551 Kuje prison inmates at large |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-five-die-551-kuje-prison-inmates-at-large/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, jimlar jami'ai 16 da fursunoni sun ji rauni a harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin 994 da ke wurin a lokacin harin, fursunoni 879 sun tsere, duk da haka an sake kama 443 a rana mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Har yanzu ba a san manyan mambobi da yawa ba a cikin kwanaki bayan fitowar kurkuku, ciki har da Kyari, [[Joshua Dariye]] da [[Jolly Nyame]], tsoffin gwamnonin jihohin Plateau da [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]] bi da bi. Harin ya ɗauki minti 50 daga farawa zuwa ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, fursunoni 443 har yanzu suna cikin saki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje Prison Break: Over 400 inmates missing - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-prison-break-over-400-missing/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Manjo Janar Bashir Magashi ya fitar da hotuna na manyan fursunoni 69 har yanzu ba a san su ba, gami da yawancin mambobin Boko Haram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-08 |title=Kuje Prison: FG reveals identities of 69 Boko Haram escapees - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-fg-reveals-69-boko-haram-escapees/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lambar ta ragu zuwa 64 a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daular Islama ta dauki alhakin harin a ranar da aka kai hari, ta kira shi &quot;Yakin Kashe Ganuwar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

An sake kama Abba Kyari a ranar 20 ga Yuli. Wani shugaban siyasa a Jihar Plateau, Elkanah Garang, ya yi kira da a saki wasu wadanda ake zargi nan da nan, saboda shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya gafarta musu a farkon shekarar. Buhari ya yi iƙirarin fitar da cikakken rahoto game da harin a watan Nuwamba, kodayake wannan bai faru ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;9°04′N 7°29′E﻿ / ﻿9.06°N 7.49°E﻿ / 9.06; 7.49</text>
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        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
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A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2022, [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] ta kaddamar da hari a gidan yarin Kuje, kusa da babban birnin Najeriya na [[Abuja]]. Harin ya kashe mutane biyar kuma ya saki fursunoni 879, kodayake kusan rabin an sake kama su a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

== Gabatarwa ==
Kurkukun Kuje yana daya daga cikin manyan kurkuku a Abuja, kuma a cikin watanni da suka kai ga harin, an saki fursunoni sama da 5,000 a cikin kurkuku da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Hundreds of Prisoners at Large in Nigeria After Armed Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hundreds-of-prisoners-at-large-in-nigeria-after-armed-attack/6647756.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar harin, akwai sojoji 65, 'yan sanda, da masu tsaron kurkuku a kurkuku. Kafin harin, an yi rajistar fursunoni 994 a matsayin lokacin hidima a Kuje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin fursunonin sun hada da manyan wadanda ake zargi kamar tsohon babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya Abba Kyari, wanda ake tuhuma da aikin karkatar da kudi, tare da masu fafutukar Jihar Islama da 'yan ta'adda na Boko Haram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-07-11 |title=Kuje prison break: is Nigeria out of security options? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/kuje-prison-break-is-nigeria-out-of-security-options |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, babu wani fim na CCTV a cikin kurkuku kafin harin. Wani tsohon fursuna na Boko Haram yana magana da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ya bayyana cewa yana hulɗa da membobin ISWAP a waje da kurkuku ta hanyar wayoyin salula, kuma suna &quot;sadarwa cikin sauƙi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Hari ==
A daren 5 ga Yuli, mayakan Islama, tare da taimakon [[Ansaru]], sun kaddamar da hare-hare uku a lokaci guda a bangarori daban-daban na kurkukun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan kafin fashewar, shugabannin ISIS da aka daure sun ba da wa'azi na minti 15 ga sauran mambobin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Owoyemi |first=Sade |date=2022-07-06 |title=THE INSIDER: Boko Haram Gave 15-Min Quranic Lecture to Kuje Inmates Before Setting Them Free |url=https://fij.ng/article/the-insider-boko-haram-gave-15-min-quranic-lecture-to-kuje-inmates-before-setting-them-free/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Foundation For Investigative Journalism |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin amfani da ƙananan makamai da na'urori masu fashewa, kusan masu kai hari 100 sun shiga, sun lalata sassan kurkuku kuma sun ƙone motoci takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Islamic State claims prison break outside of Nigeria's capital {{!}} FDD's Long War Journal |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/islamic-state-claims-prison-break-outside-of-nigerias-capital.php |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.longwarjournal.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bam a ƙofofin gaba ya kashe wani mai tsaron gidan yarin Najeriya kuma ya ji wa wasu mutane uku rauni, kuma an kashe fursunoni hudu yayin harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-06 |title=JUST IN: Five die, 551 Kuje prison inmates at large |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-five-die-551-kuje-prison-inmates-at-large/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, jimlar jami'ai 16 da fursunoni sun ji rauni a harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin 994 da ke wurin a lokacin harin, fursunoni 879 sun tsere, duk da haka an sake kama 443 a rana mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Har yanzu ba a san manyan mambobi da yawa ba a cikin kwanaki bayan fitowar kurkuku, ciki har da Kyari, [[Joshua Dariye]] da [[Jolly Nyame]], tsoffin gwamnonin jihohin Plateau da [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]] bi da bi. Harin ya ɗauki minti 50 daga farawa zuwa ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, fursunoni 443 har yanzu suna cikin saki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje Prison Break: Over 400 inmates missing - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-prison-break-over-400-missing/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Manjo Janar Bashir Magashi ya fitar da hotuna na manyan fursunoni 69 har yanzu ba a san su ba, gami da yawancin mambobin Boko Haram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-08 |title=Kuje Prison: FG reveals identities of 69 Boko Haram escapees - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-fg-reveals-69-boko-haram-escapees/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lambar ta ragu zuwa 64 a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daular Islama ta dauki alhakin harin a ranar da aka kai hari, ta kira shi &quot;Yakin Kashe Ganuwar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

An sake kama Abba Kyari a ranar 20 ga Yuli. Wani shugaban siyasa a Jihar Plateau, Elkanah Garang, ya yi kira da a saki wasu wadanda ake zargi nan da nan, saboda shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya gafarta musu a farkon shekarar. Buhari ya yi iƙirarin fitar da cikakken rahoto game da harin a watan Nuwamba, kodayake wannan bai faru ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;9°04′N 7°29′E﻿ / ﻿9.06°N 7.49°E﻿ / 9.06; 7.49</text>
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        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
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A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2022, [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] ta kaddamar da hari a gidan yarin Kuje, kusa da babban birnin Najeriya na [[Abuja]]. Harin ya kashe mutane biyar kuma ya saki fursunoni 879, kodayake kusan rabin an sake kama su a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

== Gabatarwa ==
Kurkukun Kuje yana daya daga cikin manyan kurkuku a Abuja, kuma a cikin watanni da suka kai ga harin, an saki fursunoni sama da 5,000 a cikin kurkuku da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Hundreds of Prisoners at Large in Nigeria After Armed Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hundreds-of-prisoners-at-large-in-nigeria-after-armed-attack/6647756.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar harin, akwai sojoji 65, 'yan sanda, da masu tsaron kurkuku a kurkuku. Kafin harin, an yi rajistar fursunoni 994 a matsayin lokacin hidima a Kuje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin fursunonin sun hada da manyan wadanda ake zargi kamar tsohon babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya Abba Kyari, wanda ake tuhuma da aikin karkatar da kudi, tare da masu fafutukar Jihar Islama da 'yan ta'adda na Boko Haram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-07-11 |title=Kuje prison break: is Nigeria out of security options? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/kuje-prison-break-is-nigeria-out-of-security-options |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, babu wani fim na CCTV a cikin kurkuku kafin harin. Wani tsohon fursuna na Boko Haram yana magana da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ya bayyana cewa yana hulɗa da membobin ISWAP a waje da kurkuku ta hanyar wayoyin salula, kuma suna &quot;sadarwa cikin sauƙi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Hari ==
A daren 5 ga Yuli, mayakan Islama, tare da taimakon [[Ansaru]], sun kaddamar da hare-hare uku a lokaci guda a bangarori daban-daban na kurkukun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan kafin fashewar, shugabannin ISIS da aka daure sun ba da wa'azi na minti 15 ga sauran mambobin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Owoyemi |first=Sade |date=2022-07-06 |title=THE INSIDER: Boko Haram Gave 15-Min Quranic Lecture to Kuje Inmates Before Setting Them Free |url=https://fij.ng/article/the-insider-boko-haram-gave-15-min-quranic-lecture-to-kuje-inmates-before-setting-them-free/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Foundation For Investigative Journalism |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin amfani da ƙananan makamai da na'urori masu fashewa, kusan masu kai hari 100 sun shiga, sun lalata sassan kurkuku kuma sun ƙone motoci takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Islamic State claims prison break outside of Nigeria's capital {{!}} FDD's Long War Journal |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/islamic-state-claims-prison-break-outside-of-nigerias-capital.php |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.longwarjournal.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bam a ƙofofin gaba ya kashe wani mai tsaron gidan yarin Najeriya kuma ya ji wa wasu mutane uku rauni, kuma an kashe fursunoni hudu yayin harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-06 |title=JUST IN: Five die, 551 Kuje prison inmates at large |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-five-die-551-kuje-prison-inmates-at-large/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, jimlar jami'ai 16 da fursunoni sun ji rauni a harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin 994 da ke wurin a lokacin harin, fursunoni 879 sun tsere, duk da haka an sake kama 443 a rana mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Har yanzu ba a san manyan mambobi da yawa ba a cikin kwanaki bayan fitowar kurkuku, ciki har da Kyari, [[Joshua Dariye]] da [[Jolly Nyame]], tsoffin gwamnonin jihohin Plateau da [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]] bi da bi. Harin ya ɗauki minti 50 daga farawa zuwa ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, fursunoni 443 har yanzu suna cikin saki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje Prison Break: Over 400 inmates missing - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-prison-break-over-400-missing/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Manjo Janar Bashir Magashi ya fitar da hotuna na manyan fursunoni 69 har yanzu ba a san su ba, gami da yawancin mambobin Boko Haram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-08 |title=Kuje Prison: FG reveals identities of 69 Boko Haram escapees - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-fg-reveals-69-boko-haram-escapees/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lambar ta ragu zuwa 64 a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daular Islama ta dauki alhakin harin a ranar da aka kai hari, ta kira shi &quot;Yakin Kashe Ganuwar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

An sake kama Abba Kyari a ranar 20 ga Yuli. Wani shugaban siyasa a Jihar Plateau, Elkanah Garang, ya yi kira da a saki wasu wadanda ake zargi nan da nan, saboda shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya gafarta musu a farkon shekarar. Buhari ya yi iƙirarin fitar da cikakken rahoto game da harin a watan Nuwamba, kodayake wannan bai faru ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;9°04′N 7°29′E﻿ / ﻿9.06°N 7.49°E﻿ / 9.06; 7.49</text>
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A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2022, [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] ta kaddamar da hari a gidan yarin Kuje, kusa da babban birnin Najeriya na [[Abuja]]. Harin ya kashe mutane biyar kuma ya saki fursunoni 879, kodayake kusan rabin an sake kama su a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

== Gabatarwa ==
Kurkukun Kuje yana daya daga cikin manyan kurkuku a Abuja, kuma a cikin watanni da suka kai ga harin, an saki fursunoni sama da 5,000 a cikin kurkuku da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Hundreds of Prisoners at Large in Nigeria After Armed Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hundreds-of-prisoners-at-large-in-nigeria-after-armed-attack/6647756.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar harin, akwai sojoji 65, 'yan sanda, da masu tsaron kurkuku a kurkuku. Kafin harin, an yi rajistar fursunoni 994 a matsayin lokacin hidima a Kuje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje prison attack, Abba Kyari: Buhari blame intelligence failure, IS claim responsibility |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c6pzk1x18p7o |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin fursunonin sun hada da manyan wadanda ake zargi kamar tsohon babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya Abba Kyari, wanda ake tuhuma da aikin karkatar da kudi, tare da masu fafutukar Jihar Islama da 'yan ta'adda na Boko Haram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-07-11 |title=Kuje prison break: is Nigeria out of security options? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/kuje-prison-break-is-nigeria-out-of-security-options |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, babu wani fim na CCTV a cikin kurkuku kafin harin. Wani tsohon fursuna na Boko Haram yana magana da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ya bayyana cewa yana hulɗa da membobin ISWAP a waje da kurkuku ta hanyar wayoyin salula, kuma suna &quot;sadarwa cikin sauƙi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Hari ==
A daren 5 ga Yuli, mayakan Islama, tare da taimakon [[Ansaru]], sun kaddamar da hare-hare uku a lokaci guda a bangarori daban-daban na kurkukun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Break-in to Kuje Prison in Nigeria: another ISIS activity to liberate prisoners |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/break-in-to-kuje-prison-in-nigeria-another-isis-activity-to-liberate-prisoners/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan kafin fashewar, shugabannin ISIS da aka daure sun ba da wa'azi na minti 15 ga sauran mambobin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Owoyemi |first=Sade |date=2022-07-06 |title=THE INSIDER: Boko Haram Gave 15-Min Quranic Lecture to Kuje Inmates Before Setting Them Free |url=https://fij.ng/article/the-insider-boko-haram-gave-15-min-quranic-lecture-to-kuje-inmates-before-setting-them-free/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Foundation For Investigative Journalism |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin amfani da ƙananan makamai da na'urori masu fashewa, kusan masu kai hari 100 sun shiga, sun lalata sassan kurkuku kuma sun ƙone motoci takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Islamic State claims prison break outside of Nigeria's capital {{!}} FDD's Long War Journal |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/islamic-state-claims-prison-break-outside-of-nigerias-capital.php |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.longwarjournal.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bam a ƙofofin gaba ya kashe wani mai tsaron gidan yarin Najeriya kuma ya ji wa wasu mutane uku rauni, kuma an kashe fursunoni hudu yayin harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-06 |title=JUST IN: Five die, 551 Kuje prison inmates at large |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-five-die-551-kuje-prison-inmates-at-large/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, jimlar jami'ai 16 da fursunoni sun ji rauni a harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin 994 da ke wurin a lokacin harin, fursunoni 879 sun tsere, duk da haka an sake kama 443 a rana mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Har yanzu ba a san manyan mambobi da yawa ba a cikin kwanaki bayan fitowar kurkuku, ciki har da Kyari, [[Joshua Dariye]] da [[Jolly Nyame]], tsoffin gwamnonin jihohin Plateau da [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]] bi da bi. Harin ya ɗauki minti 50 daga farawa zuwa ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, fursunoni 443 har yanzu suna cikin saki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-06 |title=Kuje Prison Break: Over 400 inmates missing - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-prison-break-over-400-missing/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Manjo Janar Bashir Magashi ya fitar da hotuna na manyan fursunoni 69 har yanzu ba a san su ba, gami da yawancin mambobin Boko Haram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Great |first=David |date=2022-07-08 |title=Kuje Prison: FG reveals identities of 69 Boko Haram escapees - Chronicle.ng |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2022/07/kuje-fg-reveals-69-boko-haram-escapees/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lambar ta ragu zuwa 64 a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Daular Islama ta dauki alhakin harin a ranar da aka kai hari, ta kira shi &quot;Yakin Kashe Ganuwar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

An sake kama Abba Kyari a ranar 20 ga Yuli. Wani shugaban siyasa a Jihar Plateau, Elkanah Garang, ya yi kira da a saki wasu wadanda ake zargi nan da nan, saboda shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya gafarta musu a farkon shekarar. Buhari ya yi iƙirarin fitar da cikakken rahoto game da harin a watan Nuwamba, kodayake wannan bai faru ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;9°04′N 7°29′E﻿ / ﻿9.06°N 7.49°E﻿ / 9.06; 7.49</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pontocerebellar hypoplasia</title>
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    <id>157869</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338211955|Pontocerebellar hypoplasia]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = Non-syndromic pontocerebellar hypoplasia
| image         = Autosomal recessive - en.svg
| alt           = 
| caption       = Pontocerebellar hypoplasia is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = neurology
| symptoms      = [[Intellectual disability]], movement problems
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = Unknown
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Gallery/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Pontocerebellar hypoplasia''' ('''PCH''') rukuni ne mai banbanci na cututtukan neurodegenerative da ba a saba gani ba wanda ya haifar da maye gurbi kwayoyin halitta kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar ci gaba da raguwa na sassa daban-daban na [[kwakwalwa]] kamar Cerebellum ko ƙwaƙwalwa (musamman Pons). &lt;ref name=&quot;Millen2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Millen KJ, Gleeson JG |date=February 2008 |title=Cerebellar development and disease |journal=Curr Opin Neurobiol |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=12–9 |doi=10.1016/j.conb.2008.05.010 |pmc=2474776 |pmid=18513948}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inda aka sani, waɗannan cututtukan ana gadon su ne a cikin hanyar autosomal recessive. Babu sanannen magani ga PCH.{{R|GHR}}

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Akwai alamomi da alamomi daban-daban don nau'ikan hypoplasia na pontocerebellar, akalla shida daga cikinsu masu bincike sun bayyana su. Dukkanin siffofi sun haɗa da ci gaban kwakwalwa mara kyau, wanda ke haifar da jinkirin ci gaba, matsalolin motsi, da Rashin hankali.{{R|GHR}}
  

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia ya samo asali ne daga maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta ciki har da kwayar halitta, VRK1 (PCH1); TSEN2, TSEN34 (PCH2); [[RARS2]] (PCH6); da TSEN54 (PCH2 da PCH4). Har yanzu ba a gano kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da PCH3 da PCH5 ba.{{R|GHR}}

Kwayoyin halittar da suka canza a cikin PCH sune autosomal recessive, wanda ke nufin cewa iyaye na yaron da ya kamu da cutar kowannensu yana ɗauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da ta lalace. A cikin kowane iyaye ɗayan kwafin yana yin aikinsa mai kyau kuma ba sa nuna alamun PCH. Yaro wanda ya gaji kwafin kwafin kwayar halitta guda biyu zai shafi PCH.{{R|GHR}}

== Hanyar aiki ==
Canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da PCH suna haifar da kurakurai a cikin samar da sunadarai, yawanci enzymes, waɗanda ake buƙata don ci gaban ƙwayoyin jijiya (neurons) da kuma sarrafa RNA yadda ya kamata, wanda ake buƙata ga kowane tantanin halitta ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata. Ba a fahimci ainihin hanyar da PCH ke shafar ci gaban cerebellum da pons ba.{{R|GHR}}

== Binciken ganewa ==

=== Rarraba ===
An rarraba hypoplasia na Pontocerebellar kamar haka: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Irin wannan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |OMIM
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Gene
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Locus
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Abubuwa masu ban sha'awa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sauran sunaye
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH1A
|607596
|''VRK1''
|14q32
|Farkon ƙaho na jariri wanda ke haifar da ci gaba da raguwar tsoka; yayi kama da ci gaba na ƙashin ƙashin ƙashi na jariri 
|''Atrophy na tsoka na kashin baya tare da hypocerebellar hypoplasia (SMA-PCH) ''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH1B
|614678
|''EXOSC3''
|9p13.2
|Cerebellar da spinal motor neuron degeneration fara da haihuwa kuma yana haifar da raguwar sautin jiki, Rashin isasshen numfashi, atrophy na tsoka, ci gaba microcephaly da jinkirin ci gaba duniya 
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH2A
|277470
|''TSEN54''
|17q25.1
|Motsi na Dyskinetic, fashewa (sau da yawa) 
|''Cutar neurodegenerative ta Volendam''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH2B
|612389
|''TSEN2''
|3p25.2
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH2C
|612390
|''TSEN34''
|19q13.42
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH2D
|613811
|''SEPSECS''
|4p15.2
|
|''Ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (PCCA) ''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH2E
|615851
|''VPS53''
|17p13.3
|Rashin hankali mai zurfi, ci gaba da microcephaly, spasticity, da [[Farfaɗiya|farfajiya]] da farko 
|
|-
!PCH2F
|617026
|''TSEN15''
|1q25.3
|Alamomi da alamun jijiyoyi masu canzawa, gami da jinkirin fahimta da motsi, talauci ko rashin magana, fashewa, da spasticity
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH3
|608027
|''PCLO''
|7q11-q21
|Cutar, gajeren tsayi, atrophy na gani, microcephaly mai ci gaba, [[Rashin ci gaba|jinkirin ci gaba]] mai tsanani; wanda aka bayyana kawai a cikin lokuta kaɗan.
|''CLAM-PCH'', ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da ci gaba mai ci gaba''Cerebellar atrophy tare da ci gaba microcephaly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH4
|225753
|''TSEN54''
|17q25.1
|Hanyar PCH2 mai tsanani tare da ruwa mai yawa a cikin jakar amniotic, ƙuntatawar tsoka, ɗan gajeren tsokoki ba tare da son rai ba, ɗan gajere ba tare da numfashi ba, da kuma mutuwar da wuri bayan haihuwa
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH5
|610204
|''TSEN54''
|17q25.1
|Hanyar haihuwa mai tsanani, wanda aka bayyana a cikin iyali ɗaya
|''Olivopontocerebellar hypoplasia (OPCH) ''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH6
|611523
|''[[RARS2]]''
|6q15
|Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa mai tsanani a cikin jariri tare da hypotonia, kuma ba tare da bata lokaci ba: ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙuƙwalwar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarancin matakan lactate, lahani na sarkar numfashi na mitochondrialRashin lalacewar sarkar numfashi na mitochondrial
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH7
|614969
|''TOE1''
|1p34.1
|Hypotonia, abubuwan da suka faru na apneic, fashewa, ɓacewar gwajin  {{R|Anderson 2011|Namavar 2011}}
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH8
|614961
|''CHMP1A''
|16q24.3
|Rashin gagarumin jinkirin motsi, motsi mara kyau, hypotonia, spasticity, da kuma kuskuren gani 
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH9
|615809
|''AMPD2''
|1p13.3
|Yawan jinkirin ci gaban psychomotor, ci gaba da microcephaly, spasticity, convulsions, da kuma ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, gami da ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙanƙantaccen ƙwaƙwalwa callosum, da jinkirin myelination 
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |PCH10
|615803
|''[[CLP1]]''
|11q12.1
|Yawan jinkirin ci gaban psychomotor, ci gaba da microcephaly, spasticity, convulsions, da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, gami da ƙwaƙwalwa da jinkirin myelination 
|
|}
Hakanan ana lura da hypoplasia na Pontine da cerebellar a wasu nau'ikan X-linked mental retardation - wanda ake kira MICPCH.

Wani kwayar halitta da aka haɗa da wannan Yankin shine coenzyme A synthase (COASY). 

== Sakamakon ==
Matsalolin nau'o'i daban-daban na PCH sun bambanta, amma yara da yawa da suka gaji kwayar halitta da ke da alhakin ba su tsira daga jariri &lt;ref name=&quot;Basson2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Basson MA, Wingate RJ |date=September 2013 |title=Congenital hypoplasia of the cerebellum: developmental causes and behavioral consequences |journal=Front Neuroanat |volume=7 |pages=29 |doi=10.3389/fnana.2013.00029 |pmc=3759752 |pmid=24027500 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko ƙuruciya; duk da haka, wasu mutanen da aka haifa tare da PCH sun kai ga balaga. {{R|GHR}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rashin hankali da microcephaly tare da pontine da cerebellar hypoplasia

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Bisi Egbeyemi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356834193|Bisi Egbeyemi]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Otunba '''Bisi Egbeyemi''' (8 ga Mayu 1944 - 18 ga Maris 2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Oluwole |first=Josiah |date=18 March 2023 |title=Ex-Ekiti deputy governor, Bisi Egbeyemi, is dead |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/588398-ex-ekiti-deputy-governor-bisi-egbeyemi-is-dead.html |access-date=29 August 2024 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ekiti daga 2018 zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Oyebode |first=Yinka |date=13 October 2018 |title=Otunba Bisi Egbeyemi's Profile (Incoming Deputy Governor Of Ekiti State) |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/271560/otunba-bisi-egbeyemis-profile-incoming-deputy-governor-of.html |access-date=29 August 2024 |newspaper=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Afolabi |first=Ayodele |date=21 February 2022 |title=Deputy Governor leads committee to woo aggrieved aspirants over Ekiti guber primary |url=https://guardian.ng/news/deputy-governor-leads-committee-to-woo-aggrieved-aspirants-over-ekiti-guber-primary/ |access-date=29 August 2024 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 March 2019 |title=Egbeyemi urges Buhari to allocate oil wells to states |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/egbeyemi-urges-buhari-to-allocate-oil-wells-to-states/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Bisi Egbeyemi ta halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Saviour, Ado-Ekiti da Makarantar Anglican ta Triniti Mai Tsarki Ilawe-Ekiti (1958) da kuma Makarantar Baptist, Ado-Ebiti (1959). Daga baya ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta zamani ta Harding Memorial inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar zamani a shekarar 1962.((((((&lt;((((Bisi Egbeyemi attended St. Saviour's Primary School, Ado-Ekiti and Holy Trinity Anglican School Ilawe-Ekiti (1958) and Baptist School, Ado-Ekiti (1959). He later attended Harding Memorial Secondary Modern School where he obtained his Modern School Certificate

Egbeyemi ya yi karatu a asirce yayin da yake mataimakin dakin gwaje-gwaje a Kwalejin Ekiti Parapo, Ido-Ekiti, 1965, kuma lokacin da yake bursar a makarantar Notre Dame Grammar School Usi-Ekiti daga 1969 zuwa 1972 lokacin da ya wuce jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a matsayin dalibi mai zaman kansa da duka jarrabawar G.C.E. 'O'Level da Advanced Level. Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jami'ar Legas inda ya karanta Biology da Ilimin Jiki kuma ya wuce tare da Bambanci a Ilimin Jika. Ya karanta doka a Jami'ar Ife (Yanzu Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo) daga 1977 zuwa 1980  kuma ya kasance a Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya Victoria Island, Legas tsakanin 1980 da 1981 inda ya sami takardar shaidar lauya a Shari'a kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar a 1981 a matsayin Solicitor da Lauyan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya.

== Ayyuka ==
Da farko a cikin aikinsa a matsayin jagora, Bisi Egbeyemi ya kasance Shugaban Kungiyar Daliban Shari'a, Jami'ar Ife a zaman 1978-1979. An nada shi Kwamishinan Shari'a da Babban Lauyan a Jihar Ekiti (2002-2003) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2018 |title=Fayemi Picks Ex-Commissioner As Running Mate |url=https://www.metronews.ng/fayemi-picks-ex-commissioner-as-running-mate/ |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=metronewsng}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya kasance Shugaban Kungiyar Dalibai ta Ilimi ta Jiki na Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jami'ar Legas, Akoka Legas (1974-1975). Ya kasance Darakta na Owena Motels a Jihar Ondo da kuma Darakta ne na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Odua Limited tsakanin 2010 da 2014. Ya yi takara tare da Gwamna Kayode Fayemi a zaben Gwamna na Ekiti a shekarar 2017 a karkashin All Progressive Congress kuma sun lashe zaben.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Ojomoyela |first=Rotimi |date=31 May 2018 |title=Egbeyemi emerges as Fayemi's running mate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/05/egbeyemi-emerges-fayemis-running-mate/ |access-date=29 August 2024 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Shawarwarin Kayode Fayemi na sanya masa suna a matsayin Mataimakinsa ya fuskanci zargi kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka yi tunanin ya yi kira ga hakan. Duk da haka ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyarsa ta zaɓe shi saboda suna jin idan an ambaci sunansa a Ado Ekiti da kuma a Ekiti gaba ɗaya cewa mutane za su goyi bayansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=21 June 2020 |title=No cold war between Fayemi and I - Ekiti Deputy Governor |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/no-cold-war-between-fayemi-and-i-ekiti-deputy-governor/ |access-date=17 July 2020 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya karyata jita-jita na tsige shi bayan wasu hukumomin yada labarai sun ba da rahoton cewa Gwamnan zai tsige shi. Ya bayyana jita-jita a matsayin ƙwayoyin ƙarya da mugunta ga mutane marasa laifi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=21 June 2020 |title=No cold war between Fayemi and I - Ekiti Deputy Governor |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/no-cold-war-between-fayemi-and-i-ekiti-deputy-governor/ |access-date=17 July 2020 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Ekiti ==
Kayode Fayemi ya zaɓi Bisi Egbeyemi a matsayin abokin takararsa na zaben gwamnan jihar Ekiti na 2018 a karkashin APC  kuma a ranar Lahadi, 15 ga Yuli 2018, Kayode Fayimi da Bisi Egbeemi sun ayyana su a matsayin wadanda suka lashe zaben Gwamnan jihar Ekini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=16 October 2014 |title=Fayemi Sworn in As Ekiti State Governor |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201810170035.html |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |via=[[allAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun samu kuri'u 197,459 don lashe PDP wanda ya samu 178,121. An rantsar da shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Ekiti a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2018 a Ado-Ekiti, Babban Birnin Jihar Ekini . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
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Otunba '''Bisi Egbeyemi''' (8 ga Mayu 1944 - 18 ga Maris 2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Oluwole |first=Josiah |date=18 March 2023 |title=Ex-Ekiti deputy governor, Bisi Egbeyemi, is dead |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/588398-ex-ekiti-deputy-governor-bisi-egbeyemi-is-dead.html |access-date=29 August 2024 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ekiti daga 2018 zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Oyebode |first=Yinka |date=13 October 2018 |title=Otunba Bisi Egbeyemi's Profile (Incoming Deputy Governor Of Ekiti State) |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/271560/otunba-bisi-egbeyemis-profile-incoming-deputy-governor-of.html |access-date=29 August 2024 |newspaper=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Afolabi |first=Ayodele |date=21 February 2022 |title=Deputy Governor leads committee to woo aggrieved aspirants over Ekiti guber primary |url=https://guardian.ng/news/deputy-governor-leads-committee-to-woo-aggrieved-aspirants-over-ekiti-guber-primary/ |access-date=29 August 2024 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 March 2019 |title=Egbeyemi urges Buhari to allocate oil wells to states |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/egbeyemi-urges-buhari-to-allocate-oil-wells-to-states/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Bisi Egbeyemi ta halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Saviour, Ado-Ekiti da Makarantar Anglican ta Triniti Mai Tsarki Ilawe-Ekiti (1958) da kuma Makarantar Baptist, Ado-Ebiti (1959). Daga baya ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta zamani ta Harding Memorial inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar zamani a shekarar 1962.

Egbeyemi ya yi karatu a asirce yayin da yake mataimakin dakin gwaje-gwaje a Kwalejin Ekiti Parapo, Ido-Ekiti, 1965, kuma lokacin da yake bursar a makarantar Notre Dame Grammar School Usi-Ekiti daga 1969 zuwa 1972 lokacin da ya wuce jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a matsayin dalibi mai zaman kansa da duka jarrabawar G.C.E. 'O'Level da Advanced Level. Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jami'ar Legas inda ya karanta Biology da Ilimin Jiki kuma ya wuce tare da Bambanci a Ilimin Jika. Ya karanta doka a Jami'ar Ife (Yanzu Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo) daga 1977 zuwa 1980  kuma ya kasance a Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya Victoria Island, Legas tsakanin 1980 da 1981 inda ya sami takardar shaidar lauya a Shari'a kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar a 1981 a matsayin Solicitor da Lauyan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya.

== Ayyuka ==
Da farko a cikin aikinsa a matsayin jagora, Bisi Egbeyemi ya kasance Shugaban Kungiyar Daliban Shari'a, Jami'ar Ife a zaman 1978-1979. An nada shi Kwamishinan Shari'a da Babban Lauyan a Jihar Ekiti (2002-2003) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2018 |title=Fayemi Picks Ex-Commissioner As Running Mate |url=https://www.metronews.ng/fayemi-picks-ex-commissioner-as-running-mate/ |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=metronewsng}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya kasance Shugaban Kungiyar Dalibai ta Ilimi ta Jiki na Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jami'ar Legas, Akoka Legas (1974-1975). Ya kasance Darakta na Owena Motels a Jihar Ondo da kuma Darakta ne na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Odua Limited tsakanin 2010 da 2014. Ya yi takara tare da Gwamna Kayode Fayemi a zaben Gwamna na Ekiti a shekarar 2017 a karkashin All Progressive Congress kuma sun lashe zaben.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Ojomoyela |first=Rotimi |date=31 May 2018 |title=Egbeyemi emerges as Fayemi's running mate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/05/egbeyemi-emerges-fayemis-running-mate/ |access-date=29 August 2024 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Shawarwarin Kayode Fayemi na sanya masa suna a matsayin Mataimakinsa ya fuskanci zargi kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka yi tunanin ya yi kira ga hakan. Duk da haka ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyarsa ta zaɓe shi saboda suna jin idan an ambaci sunansa a Ado Ekiti da kuma a Ekiti gaba ɗaya cewa mutane za su goyi bayansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=21 June 2020 |title=No cold war between Fayemi and I - Ekiti Deputy Governor |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/no-cold-war-between-fayemi-and-i-ekiti-deputy-governor/ |access-date=17 July 2020 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya karyata jita-jita na tsige shi bayan wasu hukumomin yada labarai sun ba da rahoton cewa Gwamnan zai tsige shi. Ya bayyana jita-jita a matsayin ƙwayoyin ƙarya da mugunta ga mutane marasa laifi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=21 June 2020 |title=No cold war between Fayemi and I - Ekiti Deputy Governor |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/no-cold-war-between-fayemi-and-i-ekiti-deputy-governor/ |access-date=17 July 2020 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Ekiti ==
Kayode Fayemi ya zaɓi Bisi Egbeyemi a matsayin abokin takararsa na zaben gwamnan jihar Ekiti na 2018 a karkashin APC  kuma a ranar Lahadi, 15 ga Yuli 2018, Kayode Fayimi da Bisi Egbeemi sun ayyana su a matsayin wadanda suka lashe zaben Gwamnan jihar Ekini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=16 October 2014 |title=Fayemi Sworn in As Ekiti State Governor |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201810170035.html |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |via=[[allAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun samu kuri'u 197,459 don lashe PDP wanda ya samu 178,121. An rantsar da shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Ekiti a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2018 a Ado-Ekiti, Babban Birnin Jihar Ekini . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>a4ekc40o39o4n601ntsstcl3vnnhqzq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scale na Halin Halitta na Vineland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858400</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:58:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1215072356|Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858400</origin>
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{{Infobox diagnostic|name=Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale|image=|alt=|caption=|pronounce=|purpose=assess intellectual disability|test of=|based on=|synonyms=|reference_range=|calculator=|DiseasesDB=&lt;!--{{DiseasesDB2|numeric_id}}--&gt;|ICD10=&lt;!--{{ICD10|Group|Major|minor|LinkGroup|LinkMajor}} or {{ICD10PCS|code|char1/char2/char3/char4}}--&gt;|ICD9=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background-color: lightblue; color:inherit;&quot; |Scale na Halin Halin Halitta na Vineland
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Manufar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |tantance nakasa ta hankali
|}
'''Scale na Halin Halin Halitta na Vineland''' kayan aiki ne na psychometric wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin [[Kula da kwakwalwa ga yara da matasa|ilimin halayyar yara da matasa]] da ilimin halayya na asibiti. Ana amfani dashi musamman a cikin kimantawa na mutane da ke da nakasa ta hankali, rikicewar ci gaba, da sauran nau'ikan jinkirin ci gaba.

== Tarihi ==
An fara buga Scale na Halin Halin Vineland a shekarar 1984,  a matsayin bita na Scale na Matattu na Vineland, wanda ake kira bayan Makarantar Horar da Vineland a Vineland, New Jersey inda Edgar Doll ya bunkasa shi.

A shekara ta 2005, an buga Vineland-II, wanda ya kara da yanki na 4 na ƙwarewar mota, kuma a cikin 2016 an buga Vinland-3, inda yawan abubuwa a kan sikelin ya karu da kashi 34%.&lt;ref name=&quot;farmer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Farmer |first=Cristan |last2=Adedipe |first2=Dee |last3=Bal |first3=Vanessa |last4=Chlebowski |first4=Colby |last5=Thurm |first5=Audrey |date=January 2020 |title=Concordance of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second and Third Editions |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |doi=10.1111/jir.12691 |issn=0964-2633 |pmc=6941197 |pmid=31657503}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufar ==
Scale na Halin Halin Halitta na Vineland yana kimanta matakin daidaitawa na aiki ta hanyar daidaitaccen hira da mutum ko mai kula da su ta hanyar ayyukan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun kamar tafiya, magana, yin ado, zuwa makaranta, shirya abinci, da dai sauransu. Tattaunawar Vineland ta asali ta kimanta fannoni uku: sadarwa, zamantakewa da rayuwar yau da kullun, wanda ya dace da yankuna 3 na aiki na daidaitawa wanda Ƙungiyar Amurka ta gane a kan ƙwarewar kai da ƙwarewar zamantakewa, ƙwarewa ta yau da ƙwarewa, ƙididdigar rayuwa, ƙwarewar jama'a, ƙware.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability |url=https://www.mentalhelp.net/intellectual-disorders/aaidd-diagnostic-criteria-for-intellectual-disability/ |access-date=2022-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙuntatawa ==
Tun da babu ma'auni na zinariya don kimanta halayyar daidaitawa, ba a san ingancin gwajin wannan kayan aikin ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;farmer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Farmer |first=Cristan |last2=Adedipe |first2=Dee |last3=Bal |first3=Vanessa |last4=Chlebowski |first4=Colby |last5=Thurm |first5=Audrey |date=January 2020 |title=Concordance of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second and Third Editions |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |doi=10.1111/jir.12691 |issn=0964-2633 |pmc=6941197 |pmid=31657503}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Scale na Girman Jama'a

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin ci gaban jijiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da TRPM3</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858402</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:00:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335026591|TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858402</origin>
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      <text bytes="15425" sha1="5is2n9oh55j5dr7e0pau9xo0ha821ie" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = &lt;!-- or |synonym= --&gt;
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = Neurology
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Rashin ci gaban jijiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da TRPM3
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Neurology
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder &lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot; /&gt; shine ci gaban ci gaba da ciwon [[Farfaɗiya|farfajiya]] wanda ke shafar tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;burglen&quot; /&gt; Halin da ya dace ya haɗa da jinkirin ci gaban duniya, nakasa ta hankali, farfajiya, ƙarancin tsoka, canzawar ra'ayi na ciwo, ataxia, hypotonia, nystagmus, da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;burglen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dyment&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dyment |first=David A. |last2=Terhal |first2=Paulien A. |last3=Rustad |first3=Cecilie F. |last4=Tveten |first4=Kristian |last5=Griffith |first5=Christopher |last6=Jayakar |first6=Parul |last7=Shinawi |first7=Marwan |last8=Ellingwood |first8=Sara |last9=Smith |first9=Rosemarie |last10=van Gassen |first10=Koen |last11=McWalter |first11=Kirsty |last12=Innes |first12=A. Micheil |last13=Lines |first13=Matthew A. |display-authors=3 |date=2019 |title=De novo substitutions of TRPM3 cause intellectual disability and epilepsy |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1611–1618 |doi=10.1038/s41431-019-0462-x |pmc=6777445 |pmid=31278393 |s2cid=195804345}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lines&quot; /&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamar farko don rikicewar ci gaban jijiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da TRPM3 yawanci hypotonia ne na haihuwa. An kuma bayar da rahoton matsalolin ciyar da jarirai ciki har da dysphagia da Gastroesophageal reflux.&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dyment |first=David |last2=Lines |first2=Matthew |last3=Innes |first3=A Micheil |date=2023-02-23 |title=TRPM3-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589387/ |publisher=University of Washington, Seattle |pmid=36821706}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsawon jinkirin ci gaban duniya kusan koyaushe yana nan tare da nakasa ta hankali mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani. &lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;burglen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burglen |first=Lydie |last2=Van Hoeymissen |first2=Evelien |last3=Qebibo |first3=Leila |last4=Barth |first4=Magalie |last5=Belnap |first5=Newell |last6=Boschann |first6=Felix |last7=Depienne |first7=Christel |last8=De Clercq |first8=Katrien |last9=Douglas |first9=Andrew GL |last10=Fitzgerald |first10=Mark P |last11=Foulds |first11=Nicola |last12=Garel |first12=Catherine |last13=Helbig |first13=Ingo |last14=Held |first14=Katharina |last15=Horn |first15=Denise |display-authors=3 |date=2023 |title=Gain-of-function variants in the ion channel gene TRPM3 underlie a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=eLife |volume=12 |doi=10.7554/elife.81032 |pmc=9886277 |pmid=36648066 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lines&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lines |first=Matthew A. |last2=Goldenberg |first2=Paula |last3=Wong |first3=Ashley |last4=Srivastava |first4=Siddharth |last5=Bayat |first5=Allan |last6=Hove |first6=Hanne |last7=Karstensen |first7=Helena Gásdal |last8=Anyane-Yeboa |first8=Kwame |last9=Liao |first9=Jun |last10=Jiang |first10=Nan |last11=May |first11=Alison |last12=Guzman |first12=Edwin |last13=Morleo |first13=Manuela |last14=D'Arrigo |first14=Stefano |last15=Ciaccio |first15=Claudia |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Phenotypic spectrum of the recurrent TRPM3 p.( Val837Met ) substitution in seven individuals with global developmental delay and hypotonia |url=https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/da/publications/29c6a551-d9c8-4cf5-a411-163a5cad88c4 |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=188 |issue=6 |pages=1667–1675 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.62673 |pmid=35146895 |s2cid=246749002}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton farfajiya a cikin kashi 50% na shari'o'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;burglen&quot; /&gt;

Sauran alamun rikicewar neurodevelopmental da ke da alaƙa da TRPM3 sune fasalulluka na fuska, scoliosis, hip dysplasia, exotropia, strabismus, nystagmus, ataxia, da kuma canzawar ra'ayi na ciwo.&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dyment |first=David |last2=Lines |first2=Matthew |last3=Innes |first3=A Micheil |date=2023-02-23 |title=TRPM3-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589387/ |publisher=University of Washington, Seattle |pmid=36821706}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;burglen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burglen |first=Lydie |last2=Van Hoeymissen |first2=Evelien |last3=Qebibo |first3=Leila |last4=Barth |first4=Magalie |last5=Belnap |first5=Newell |last6=Boschann |first6=Felix |last7=Depienne |first7=Christel |last8=De Clercq |first8=Katrien |last9=Douglas |first9=Andrew GL |last10=Fitzgerald |first10=Mark P |last11=Foulds |first11=Nicola |last12=Garel |first12=Catherine |last13=Helbig |first13=Ingo |last14=Held |first14=Katharina |last15=Horn |first15=Denise |display-authors=3 |date=2023 |title=Gain-of-function variants in the ion channel gene TRPM3 underlie a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=eLife |volume=12 |doi=10.7554/elife.81032 |pmc=9886277 |pmid=36648066 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
TRPM3 da ke da alaƙa da rashin haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta cuta ce ta autosomal ta mamaye kwayoyin halitta.[1] Yana faruwa ne ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar TRPM3.[1][2] Tun da yawan jama'a yana da bambance-bambancen bambance-bambance masu yawa da microdeletions a ko'ina cikin TRPM3, tsarin da ke tattare da rashin lafiyar neurodevelopmental ba shine rashin isa ba.[3]

Bincike ya nuna cewa maye gurbin da ke da alaƙa da cututtuka yana haifar da riba. Canjin maye gurbin yana haifar da karuwar aikin basal na tashar ion ta TRPM3 da kuma karuwar martani ga sinadarai da abubuwan zafi masu guba. Samun aiki yana haifar da karuwar intracellular Ca{{Sup|2+}}. Yana yiwuwa cewa wannan karuwar aikin tashar da / ko lalacewar jijiyoyin Ca{{Sup|2+}} na iya zama tushen cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;zhao&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Siyuan |last2=Yudin |first2=Yevgen |last3=Rohacs |first3=Tibor |date=2020 |title=Disease-associated mutations in the human TRPM3 render the channel overactive via two distinct mechanisms |journal=eLife |volume=9 |doi=10.7554/elife.55634 |pmc=7255801 |pmid=32343227 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vanhoeymissen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Van Hoeymissen |first=Evelien |last2=Held |first2=Katharina |last3=Nogueira Freitas |first3=Ana Cristina |last4=Janssens |first4=Annelies |last5=Voets |first5=Thomas |last6=Vriens |first6=Joris |date=19 May 2020 |title=Gain of channel function and modified gating properties in TRPM3 mutants causing intellectual disability and epilepsy |journal=eLife |volume=9 |doi=10.7554/eLife.57190 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=7253177 |pmid=32427099 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;burglen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burglen |first=Lydie |last2=Van Hoeymissen |first2=Evelien |last3=Qebibo |first3=Leila |last4=Barth |first4=Magalie |last5=Belnap |first5=Newell |last6=Boschann |first6=Felix |last7=Depienne |first7=Christel |last8=De Clercq |first8=Katrien |last9=Douglas |first9=Andrew GL |last10=Fitzgerald |first10=Mark P |last11=Foulds |first11=Nicola |last12=Garel |first12=Catherine |last13=Helbig |first13=Ingo |last14=Held |first14=Katharina |last15=Horn |first15=Denise |display-authors=3 |date=2023 |title=Gain-of-function variants in the ion channel gene TRPM3 underlie a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=eLife |volume=12 |doi=10.7554/elife.81032 |pmc=9886277 |pmid=36648066 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
Ana yin ganewar asali ta hanyar Gwajin kwayar halitta ta amfani da nakasa ta hankali ko kwamitin multigene na [[Farfaɗiya|farfajiya]] wanda ya haɗa da TRPM3 ko tsarin tsari na exome gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dyment |first=David |last2=Lines |first2=Matthew |last3=Innes |first3=A Micheil |date=2023-02-23 |title=TRPM3-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589387/ |publisher=University of Washington, Seattle |pmid=36821706}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan gano maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta ta TRPM3, ana kimanta canje-canje a cikin aikin tashar ta amfani da gwaje-gwaje na lantarki da hoton calcium  &lt;ref name=&quot;burglen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burglen |first=Lydie |last2=Van Hoeymissen |first2=Evelien |last3=Qebibo |first3=Leila |last4=Barth |first4=Magalie |last5=Belnap |first5=Newell |last6=Boschann |first6=Felix |last7=Depienne |first7=Christel |last8=De Clercq |first8=Katrien |last9=Douglas |first9=Andrew GL |last10=Fitzgerald |first10=Mark P |last11=Foulds |first11=Nicola |last12=Garel |first12=Catherine |last13=Helbig |first13=Ingo |last14=Held |first14=Katharina |last15=Horn |first15=Denise |display-authors=3 |date=2023 |title=Gain-of-function variants in the ion channel gene TRPM3 underlie a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=eLife |volume=12 |doi=10.7554/elife.81032 |pmc=9886277 |pmid=36648066 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;vanhoeymissen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Van Hoeymissen |first=Evelien |last2=Held |first2=Katharina |last3=Nogueira Freitas |first3=Ana Cristina |last4=Janssens |first4=Annelies |last5=Voets |first5=Thomas |last6=Vriens |first6=Joris |date=19 May 2020 |title=Gain of channel function and modified gating properties in TRPM3 mutants causing intellectual disability and epilepsy |journal=eLife |volume=9 |doi=10.7554/eLife.57190 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=7253177 |pmid=32427099 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zhao&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Siyuan |last2=Yudin |first2=Yevgen |last3=Rohacs |first3=Tibor |date=2020 |title=Disease-associated mutations in the human TRPM3 render the channel overactive via two distinct mechanisms |journal=eLife |volume=9 |doi=10.7554/elife.55634 |pmc=7255801 |pmid=32343227 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
A halin yanzu babu wani magani ko magani da aka sani don rikicewar ci gaban jijiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da TRPM3. Magani ga bayyanar bayyanar cututtuka na mutum na iya bin daidaitattun kulawa (Magungunan rigakafin farfajiya don fashewa, [[Gyaran jiki|maganin jiki]], maganin aiki, maganin magana, da dai sauransu). &lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dyment |first=David |last2=Lines |first2=Matthew |last3=Innes |first3=A Micheil |date=2023-02-23 |title=TRPM3-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589387/ |publisher=University of Washington, Seattle |pmid=36821706}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nazarin guda ɗaya yana nuni ga primidone na anti-convulsant a matsayin maganin kashe lakabin.[1] Primidone sanannen mai adawa ne na TRPM3.[2]

== Hasashen da aka yi ==
A bayyane yake cewa tsawon rayuwa ba ya shafar rikicewar ci gaban jijiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da TRPM3. Babu isasshen bayanai a halin yanzu don fahimtar ci gaban cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dyment |first=David |last2=Lines |first2=Matthew |last3=Innes |first3=A Micheil |date=2023-02-23 |title=TRPM3-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589387/ |publisher=University of Washington, Seattle |pmid=36821706}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
A halin yanzu akwai kusan mutane 50 da aka ruwaito na rikicewar ci gaban jijiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da TRPM3.&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dyment |first=David |last2=Lines |first2=Matthew |last3=Innes |first3=A Micheil |date=2023-02-23 |title=TRPM3-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589387/ |publisher=University of Washington, Seattle |pmid=36821706}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lines&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lines |first=Matthew A. |last2=Goldenberg |first2=Paula |last3=Wong |first3=Ashley |last4=Srivastava |first4=Siddharth |last5=Bayat |first5=Allan |last6=Hove |first6=Hanne |last7=Karstensen |first7=Helena Gásdal |last8=Anyane-Yeboa |first8=Kwame |last9=Liao |first9=Jun |last10=Jiang |first10=Nan |last11=May |first11=Alison |last12=Guzman |first12=Edwin |last13=Morleo |first13=Manuela |last14=D'Arrigo |first14=Stefano |last15=Ciaccio |first15=Claudia |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Phenotypic spectrum of the recurrent TRPM3 p.( Val837Met ) substitution in seven individuals with global developmental delay and hypotonia |url=https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/da/publications/29c6a551-d9c8-4cf5-a411-163a5cad88c4 |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=188 |issue=6 |pages=1667–1675 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.62673 |pmid=35146895 |s2cid=246749002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;burglen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burglen |first=Lydie |last2=Van Hoeymissen |first2=Evelien |last3=Qebibo |first3=Leila |last4=Barth |first4=Magalie |last5=Belnap |first5=Newell |last6=Boschann |first6=Felix |last7=Depienne |first7=Christel |last8=De Clercq |first8=Katrien |last9=Douglas |first9=Andrew GL |last10=Fitzgerald |first10=Mark P |last11=Foulds |first11=Nicola |last12=Garel |first12=Catherine |last13=Helbig |first13=Ingo |last14=Held |first14=Katharina |last15=Horn |first15=Denise |display-authors=3 |date=2023 |title=Gain-of-function variants in the ion channel gene TRPM3 underlie a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=eLife |volume=12 |doi=10.7554/elife.81032 |pmc=9886277 |pmid=36648066 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gauthier |first=LW |last2=Chatron |first2=N |last3=Cabet |first3=S |last4=Labalme |first4=A |last5=Carneiro |first5=M |last6=Poirot |first6=I |last7=Delvert |first7=C |last8=Gleizal |first8=A |last9=Lesca |first9=G |last10=Putoux |first10=A |date=November 2021 |title=Description of a novel patient with the TRPM3 recurrent p.Val837Met variant. |journal=European Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=64 |issue=11 |doi=10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104320 |pmid=34438093 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kang |first=Q |last2=Yang |first2=L |last3=Liao |first3=H |last4=Yang |first4=S |last5=Kuang |first5=X |last6=Ning |first6=Z |last7=Liao |first7=C |last8=Chen |first8=B |date=1 June 2021 |title=A Chinese patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) carrying a TRPM3 gene mutation: a paediatric case report. |journal=BMC Pediatrics |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=256 |doi=10.1186/s12887-021-02719-8 |pmc=8167971 |pmid=34074259 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sundaramurthi |first=JC |last2=Bagley |first2=AM |last3=Blau |first3=H |last4=Carmody |first4=L |last5=Crandall |first5=A |last6=Danis |first6=D |last7=Gargano |first7=M |last8=Gustafson |first8=AG |last9=Raney |first9=EM |last10=Shingle |first10=M |last11=Davids |first11=JR |last12=Robinson |first12=PN |date=8 September 2023 |title=De novo TRPM3 missense variant associated with neurodevelopmental delay and manifestations of cerebral palsy. |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Molecular Case Studies |volume=9 |issue=4 |doi=10.1101/mcs.a006293 |pmc=10815282 |pmid=37684057 |s2cid=261620692 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a san abin da yaduwar wannan cuta ke faruwa a duk duniya ba.

== Sauran albarkatun ==
[https://www.trpm3.org Gidauniyar TRPM3]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Trisomy 22</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:02:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331699724|Trisomy 22]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6671" sha1="a8mul98y39e5dp1wfqkoxcvyl0elnu2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Trisomy 22
| synonym       = 
| image         = File:Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 22 cropped.png
| caption       = Chromosome 22
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Medical genetics]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = Prenatal
| duration      = Lifelong
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = Generally miscarried in the first trimester
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
'''Trisomy 22''' cuta ce ta chromosomal inda kwafin chromosome 22 guda uku suke maimakon biyu. Yana da sau da yawa dalilin zubar da [[Juna biyu|ciki]] a lokacin farkon watanni uku na ciki. Ci gaba zuwa watanni uku na biyu da haihuwa masu rai ba su da yawa. Ana samun wannan cuta a cikin mutane tare da ƙarin kwafin ko bambancin chromosome 22 a wasu ko duk sel na jikinsu.

== Rashin lafiya da ke tattare da shi ==
Akwai cututtuka iri-iri da yawa da ke da alaƙa da trisomy 22:

* An sanya sunan Emanuel syndrome &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EmanuelSyndrome.org |url=https://c22c.org/chromosome-22-disorders/emanuel-syndrome/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |publisher=chromosome 22 central}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan gudummawar kwayar halitta da mai bincike Dr. Beverly Emanuel ya yi. Wannan yanayin an sanya shi ga mutanen da aka haifa tare da rashin daidaituwa 11/22 translocation. Wato, wani yanki na chromosome 11 an motsa shi, ko kuma an canza shi, zuwa chromosome 22.
* Cutar sharewa ta 22q11  wani yanayi ne mai ban mamaki wanda ke faruwa a cikin kusan daya daga cikin haihuwa 4000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=22q11 Deletion Syndrome |url=https://c22c.org/chromosome-22-disorders/22q11-deletion-syndrome/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |publisher=chromosome 22 central}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana gano wannan yanayin lokacin da ƙungiyar a cikin ɓangaren q11.2 na hannun chromosome 22 ya ɓace ko kuma an share shi. Wannan yanayin yana da sunaye daban-daban: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, conotruncal anomaly face syndrome, Opitz G / BBB syndrome, da Cayler cardiofacial disease. Sakamakon wannan cuta ya bambanta a cikin kowane mutum, amma akwai kamanceceniya, kamar lahani na zuciya, matsalolin tsarin rigakafi, bayyanar fuska ta musamman, ƙalubalen ilmantarwa, ƙarancin baki, asarar ji, matsalolin koda, hypocalcemia, kuma wani lokacin matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa.
* 22q11 microduplication syndrome  akasin 22q11 deletion syndrome; a cikin wannan yanayin, ƙungiyar q.11.2 sashi na chromosome 22 an ninka shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=22q11 Microduplication |url=https://c22c.org/chromosome-22-disorders/22q11-2-microduplication/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |publisher=Chromosome 22 central}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke ɗauke da wannan rashi suna da &quot;al'ada&quot;, kamar yadda ba su da wata babbar lahani ta haihuwa ko manyan cututtukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan microduplication ya fi yawa fiye da sharewa; wannan na iya danganta da nau'in nau'in mutane.
* Cutar sharewa ta 22q13 (Cutar Felian-McDermid)  wani yanayi ne wanda ya haifar da sharewar ƙarshen hannu na q akan chromosome 22.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Phelan-McDermid Syndrome / 22q13 Deletion Syndrome |url=https://c22c.org/chromosome-22-disorders/phelan-mcdermid-syndrome-22q13-deletion-syndrome/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |publisher=Chromosome 22 Central}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da wannan cuta suna fuskantar jinkirin fahimta, sautin tsoka, da barci, cin abinci, da kuma al'amuran halayyar.
* Ring chromosome 22  cuta ce mai ban mamaki da ta haifar da raguwa da sake haɗuwa da ƙarshen chromosome 22, suna samar da zobe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Chromosome 22 Ring |url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/chromosome-22-ring/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=National Organization for Rare Disorders}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ga mutumin da ke da wannan cuta ya dogara da adadin bayanan kwayar halitta da aka rasa yayin aikin. Babban halaye na wannan cuta shine nakasa ta hankali, raunin tsoka, da rashin daidaituwa.
* Cutar ido ta cat (Schmid Fraccaro syndrome)  yanayin da ya haifar da wani ɓangare na trisomy ko tetrasomy a cikin chromosome 22.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cat Eye Syndrome / Schmid Fraccaro Syndrome |url=https://c22c.org/chromosome-22-disorders/cat-eye-syndrome/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |publisher=Chromosome 22 Central}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sami karamin karin chromosome, wanda ya kunshi rabin saman chromosome 22 da wani ɓangare na q hannu a lokacin hutu na q11.2. Ana iya samun wannan chromosome sau uku ko hudu. Ana kiran wannan ciwon &quot;idan cat&quot; saboda bayyanar ido na mutanen da aka ruwaito wadanda ke da coloboma na iris, amma wannan fasalin ana ganin shi ne kawai a kusan rabin shari'o'in.
* Mosaic trisomy 22  cuta ce wacce ake samun karin chromosome 22 ne kawai a wasu sel na jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mosaic Trisomy 22 |url=https://c22c.org/chromosome-22-disorders/mosaic-trisomy-22/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |publisher=Chromosome 22 Central}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin kowane shari'a an ƙayyade shi ta yawan sel tare da wannan ƙarin kwafin. Wasu halaye na mutanen da ke da wannan yanayin sune cututtukan zuciya, jinkirin girma, jinkirin tunani, da dai sauransu.
* Cikakken trisomy 22,  ya bambanta da mosaic trisomy 22, ana nuna shi da ƙarin kwafin chromosome 22 da aka samu a kowane tantanin halitta na jikin mutumin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Complete Trisomy 22 |url=https://c22c.org/chromosome-22-disorders/complete-trisomy-22/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |publisher=Chromosome 22 Central}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, an bayar da rahoton mutane 29 da aka haifa da rai, tare da dukansu suna mutuwa kafin su kai watanni 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kehinde, FI |date=December 2014 |title=Co-occurrence of non-mosaic trisomy 22 and inherited balanced t(4;6)(q33;q23.3) in a liveborn female: case report and review of the literature. |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A |volume=164A |issue=12 |pages=3187–93 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.36778 |pmid=25257307 |s2cid=23905695}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Mokate T, Leask K, Mehta S, etal |year=2006 |title=Non-mosaic trisomy 22: a report of 2 cases |journal=Prenat. Diagn. |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=962–5 |doi=10.1002/pd.1537 |pmid=16906599 |s2cid=43499352}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=32684|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=}}

* [http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?page=article&amp;id_article=6236 Humpath 6236]
{{Chromosomal abnormalities}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Rashin Glutathione synthetase</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:05:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324944523|Glutathione synthetase deficiency]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6686" sha1="p0mchlnv8udbug8h2d869oj2vkbgi3n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| synonym       = Pyroglutamicaciduria, 5-Oxoprolinuria, Oxoprolinase deficiency, Pyroglutamic aciduria
| name          = Glutathione synthetase deficiency
| image         = Glutathion.svg
| caption       = [[Glutathione]]
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = 
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Rashin Glutathione synthetase
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Pyroglutamicaciduria, 5-Oxoprolinuria, ƙarancin Oxoprolinase, Pyroglutamic aciduria
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:Glutathion.svg|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[Glutathione]]
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Rashin glutathione synthetase''' ('''GSD''') wani cuta ne mai saurin kamuwa da cuta wanda ke hana samar da glutathione.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Njålsson |first=Runa |last2=Ristoff |first2=Ellinor |last3=Carlsson |first3=Katarina |last4=Winkler |first4=Andreas |last5=Larsson |first5=Agne |last6=Norgren |first6=Svante |year=2005 |title=Genotype, enzyme activity, glutathione level, and clinical phenotype in patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency |journal=Human Genetics |volume=116 |issue=5 |pages=384–9 |doi=10.1007/s00439-005-1255-6 |pmid=15717202 |s2cid=19707969}}&lt;/ref&gt; Glutathione yana taimakawa wajen hana lalacewar sel ta hanyar kawar da kwayoyin cutarwa da aka samar yayin samar da makamashi. Glutathione kuma tana taka rawa wajen sarrafa magunguna da mahadi masu haifar da ciwon daji (carcinogens), da kuma gina DNA, sunadarai, da sauran mahimman abubuwan salula.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
 

== Halitta ==
[[Fayil:Autorecessive.svg|right|thumb|Rashin Glutathione synthetase yana da tsarin gado na autosomal recessive.]]
Canje-canje a cikin kwayar halitta ta ''GSS'' suna haifar da karancin glutathione synthetase. Wannan kwayar halitta tana ba da umarni don yin enzyme glutathione synthetase. Wannan enzyme yana da hannu a cikin wani tsari da ake kira gamma-glutamyl sake zagayowar, wanda ke faruwa a mafi yawan sel na jiki. Wannan sake zagayowar ya zama dole don samar da kwayar da ake kira glutathione. Glutathione yana kare sel daga lalacewar da ke haifar da kwayoyin da ke dauke da iskar oxygen, waɗanda ke samar da makamashi. Glutathione ana kiranta Antioxidant saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen kare sel daga lalacewar tasirin waɗannan kwayoyin da ba su da ƙarfi waɗanda ke samar da makamashi. Canje-canje a cikin kwayar halitta ta ''GSS'' suna hana sel yin isasshen matakan glutathione, wanda ke haifar da alamomi da alamun karancin glutathiona synthetase.

Wannan cuta an gada ta a cikin tsarin recessive na autosomal, wanda ke nufin kwayar halitta mai lahani tana kan kwayar halitta, kuma ana buƙatar kwafin kwayar halitta guda biyu - ɗaya daga kowane iyaye - don a haife shi tare da cuta. Iyayen mutum da ke fama da cutar autosomal recessive kowannensu yana ɗauke da kwafin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya, amma yawanci cutar ba ta shafar su.

== Binciken ganewa ==
Rashin Glutathione synthetase ana iya rarraba shi zuwa nau'o'i uku: mai sauƙi, matsakaici da mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pmid&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Njålsson |first=R. |year=2005 |title=Glutathione synthetase deficiency |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=62 |issue=17 |pages=1938–45 |doi=10.1007/s00018-005-5163-7 |pmc=11139123 |pmid=15990954 |s2cid=59244}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Rashin ƙarancin glutathione synthetase yawanci yana haifar da lalacewar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini (hemolytic anemia). Ba sau da yawa, mutanen da abin ya shafa suna fitar da adadi mai yawa na fili da ake kira 5-oxoproline (wanda ake kira pyroglutamic acid, ko pyroglutamate) a cikin fitsarin su (5-oxoprolinuria). Wannan fili yana tarawa lokacin da ba a sarrafa glutathione daidai a cikin sel ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pmid&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Njålsson |first=R. |year=2005 |title=Glutathione synthetase deficiency |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=62 |issue=17 |pages=1938–45 |doi=10.1007/s00018-005-5163-7 |pmc=11139123 |pmid=15990954 |s2cid=59244}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mutanen da ke da karancin glutathione synthetase na iya fuskantar alamun da suka fara jim kadan bayan haihuwa ciki har da anemia hemolytic, 5-oxoprolinuria, da kuma hauhawar acidity a cikin jini da kyallen takarda (metabolic acidosis). &lt;ref name=&quot;nlm&quot; /&gt;
* Baya ga siffofin da ke cikin matsakaiciyar ƙarancin glutathione synthetase, mutanen da ke fama da mummunar nau'in wannan cuta na iya fuskantar alamun jijiyoyi. Wadannan matsalolin na iya haɗawa da fashewa; raguwar halayen jiki, motsi, da magana (rashin hankali); nakasa ta hankali; da asarar daidaitawa (ataxia). Wasu mutanen da ke fama da karancin glutathione synthetase ''mai tsanani'' suna ci gaba da kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;nlm&quot; /&gt;

== Magani ==
Ya zuwa 2018, babu magani ga GSD, kuma an ƙuntata magani don sarrafa alamomi da matsalolin da ke tattare da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;nih1&quot; /&gt; Don haka, ana ba da shawarar sodium bicarbonate don magance metabolic acidosis, da antioxidants, daga cikinsu bitamin E da C, na iya rage lalacewar oxidative.&lt;ref name=&quot;nih1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NIH |date=May 13, 2018 |title=Glutathione synthetase deficiency |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10047/glutathione-synthetase-deficiency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126005251/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10047/glutathione-synthetase-deficiency |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=January 24, 2020 |publisher=NIH/GARD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Glutathione synthetase deficiencyaNLMHalitta na Gida
* {{Cite journal |last=Beutler |first=E |last2=Gelbart |first2=T |last3=Pegelow |first3=C |year=1986 |title=Erythrocyte glutathione synthetase deficiency leads not only to glutathione but also to glutathione-S-transferase deficiency |journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1172/JCI112298 |pmc=423305 |pmid=3944259}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=29839|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICDO=|OMIM=266130|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=ped|eMedicineTopic=867|MeshID=C536835|Orphanet=32|SNOMED CT=234589002}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ƙarfafa burin</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:06:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334432092|Goal attainment scaling]]&quot;</comment>
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Ƙididdigar cimma burin ('''GAS''') hanya ce ta warkewa wacce ke nufin ci gaban jagorar bin diddigin da aka rubuta tsakanin abokin ciniki da mai ba da shawara da aka yi amfani da ita don saka idanu kan ci gaban abokin ciniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=David L. |year=1976 |title=Goal Attainment Scaling as an Adjunct to Counseling |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=22–27 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.23.1.22}}&lt;/ref&gt; GAS ta fara kirkirar ne daga Thomas Kiresuk da Robert Sherman don mayar da martani ga nau'ikan kimantawa iri-iri game da rashin lafiya da magani. Tare da zuwan GAS, Kiresuk da Sherman sun nemi ƙirƙirar shirin kimantawa wanda zai iya auna tasiri a hanyoyi daban-daban da kuma tabbatar da albarkatun tattalin arziki da aiki bisa ga tasiri. Ayyukan kimantawa suna da mahimmanci don tabbatarwa da tallafi ga ayyuka, musamman a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Hanyoyin kimantawa na yanzu suna da matsaloli a cikin ma'anar da ma'auni, kuma kowane cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta hankali ta yi amfani da ma'anonin ta da ma'ana don kimantawa. Wannan ya haifar da kimantawa da ba a bayyana ba kuma na al'ada. Hanyoyin kimantawa iri-iri sun kuma sa kwatancen ba zai yiwu ba. Don haka, ana buƙatar sake fasalin kimantawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiresuk&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiresuk |first=Thomas J. |last2=Robert E. Sherman |year=1968 |title=Goal Attainment Scaling: A General Method for Evaluating Comprehensive Community Mental Health Programs |journal=Community Mental Health Journal |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=443–453 |doi=10.1007/BF01530764 |pmid=24185570 |s2cid=25750989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaban sikelin ==
Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan manufofi da aka bayyana, za'a iya daidaitawa da manufofin shirin. Wadannan manufofi ana daidaita su a kan ƙirar kimantawa ta asali wanda ya zama ruwan dare a duk yankuna. Kiresuk da Sherman &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiresuk&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiresuk |first=Thomas J. |last2=Robert E. Sherman |year=1968 |title=Goal Attainment Scaling: A General Method for Evaluating Comprehensive Community Mental Health Programs |journal=Community Mental Health Journal |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=443–453 |doi=10.1007/BF01530764 |pmid=24185570 |s2cid=25750989}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun haɓaka matakai uku wajen haɓaka da gwada GAS:

# Zaɓin burin da haɓaka
# Aika mai haƙuri ba zato ba tsammani zuwa ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin magani
# Binciken kowane mai haƙuri dangane da burin da ƙimar da aka zaɓa a lokacin cin abinci

Ana zaɓar takamaiman burin a kan sikelin da aka haɗa wanda ya kasance daga mafi ƙanƙanta zuwa mafi kyawun sakamako. Akalla maki biyu a kan sikelin ya kamata su sami cikakkun bayanai da ma'ana don kowa ya fahimci matsayin abokin ciniki. Ana ba da maki na lambobi (-2 don mafi ƙarancin sakamako, 0 don yiwuwar sakamako na magani, da +2 don mafi kyawun sakamako na magani). Don haka, wannan sikelin yana da matsakaicin darajar sifili da daidaitattun karkatarwa na ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiresuk&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiresuk |first=Thomas J. |last2=Robert E. Sherman |year=1968 |title=Goal Attainment Scaling: A General Method for Evaluating Comprehensive Community Mental Health Programs |journal=Community Mental Health Journal |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=443–453 |doi=10.1007/BF01530764 |pmid=24185570 |s2cid=25750989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaban manufa ==
An ƙayyade damuwar abokin ciniki, kuma tsammanin halayyar da ke daga mafi muni zuwa mafi kyawun sakamako ana lissafa shi ga kowane burin. Wannan yana ba da damar ƙididdigar bayanai masu inganci dangane da nasarar abokin ciniki wajen cimma tsammanin canji. Tun da masu ba da shawara da abokan ciniki galibi suna da manufofi da suka bambanta, ƙirƙirar manufofi tare suna inganta tsarin ba da shawara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=A. |last2=R. Zimmerman |year=1969 |title=Goals of Counseling: Whose? When? |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |volume=16 |issue=2, Pt.1 |pages=121–125 |doi=10.1037/h0027202}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an nuna GAS don inganta sakamakon shawarwari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=David L. |year=1976 |title=Goal Attainment Scaling as an Adjunct to Counseling |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=22–27 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.23.1.22}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi amfani da GAS ga mutane da yawa daban-daban da damuwa ciki har da yara masu nakasa, [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], shawarwarin mutum da rukuni, da yara masu fama da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don ambaci kaɗan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maloney |first=Patrick F. |last2=Penny Mirrett |date=September 1978 |title=Use of the Goal Attainment Scale in the treatment and ongoing evaluation of neurologically handicapped children |journal=American Journal of Occupational Therapy |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=505–510 |pmid=151501}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beidel |first=Deborah C. |author-link=Deborah Beidel |date=March 1983 |title=Using the Goal Attainment Scale to measure treatment outcome in schizophrenia |journal=International Journal of Partial Hospitalization |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=33–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolwine |first=Andrew J. |year=2011 |title=Goal Attainment Scaling to determine effectiveness of individual and group counseling |journal=Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=72 |issue=6–A |page=1869}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elliott |first=Catherine M. |last2=Siobhan L. Reid |year=2011 |title=Lycra arm splints in conjunction with goal-directed training can improve movement in children with cerebral palsy |journal=NeuroRehabilitation |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=47–54 |doi=10.3233/NRE-2011-0631 |pmid=21335677}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da tasiri ==
Kowane sikelin takamaiman ne ga mutum, kuma abubuwan da aka bayyana suna da alaƙa da manufofin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Saboda haka GAS na iya zama mutum, duk da haka na duniya a cikin ma'anarsa. Ana ba da damar sadarwa ta hanyar takamaiman bayanai da kuma yanayin da aka ƙayyade ma'auni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiresuk&quot; /&gt; A matsayin hanyar kimantawa, GAS yana da amfani da yawa. Ana iya amfani da GAS don kwatanta jiyya ko kawai kimanta tasirin magani tare da abokin ciniki ɗaya. Ana amfani da GAS don daidaita burin magani, sannan kuma ana auna matakin cimma su. Sakamakon magani ne mai inganci da kuma kimanta shirin. Bugu da ƙari, GAS mai sauƙi ne, mai ƙarancin farashi, dabarar kimantawa. Kamar yadda jiyya da yawa za su haɗa da manufofi da yawa, ana iya amfani da GAS don bin diddigin manufofi masu yawa. Ana iya ba da fifiko ga burin kuma ana ɗaukar nauyin bambanci don nuna manufofin magani. Wannan kayan aikin ma'auni na manufa yana haifar da takamaiman alamun aiki na ci gaba kuma yana iya mayar da hankali ga tsarawa da magani. Wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da sakamako mafi kyau. GAS yana haifar da takamaiman alamun cimma burin, yana sa tasiri ya bayyana. Har ila yau, yana inganta kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da ci gaba zuwa ga burin, wanda ke ci gaba da taimakawa wajen cimma burin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weinstein |first=Malcolm S. |last2=Frances A. Ricks |year=1977 |title=Goal attainment scaling: Planning and outcome |journal=Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1037/h0081604}}&lt;/ref&gt; GAS ya haɗu da ma'anar halayyar, ma'anar manufofi na juna, tsammanin da ci gaba da kimantawa don inganta sakamakon abokin ciniki da kuma auna canji yadda ya kamata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot; /&gt;

Misali don burin asarar nauyi:

* -2 (mafi yawan sakamako mara kyau): samun fam 5 a cikin wata 1
* -1 (kasa da sakamakon da ake tsammani): kiyaye nauyi a cikin wata 1
* 0 (sakamakon da ake tsammani): rasa fam 5 a cikin wata 1
* +1 (mafi girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani): rasa fam 10 a cikin wata 1
* +2 (mafi kyawun sakamako mai yiwuwa): rasa fam 15 a cikin wata 1

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Bode Thomas</title>
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Cif '''Bode Thomas''' (an haife shi Olabode Akanbi Thomas; Oktoba 1919 - 23 Nuwamba 1953) [[lauya]] ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan aristocrat na gargajiya. Thomas ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka da Protectorate na Najeriya kuma Mai daraja da kuma mai ba da shawara na tarihi na Oyo Kingdom of Yorubaland a lokacin da kasarsa ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya kafin samun 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960. Shi ne Ministan Sufuri na farko na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=The Tale of Olabode Akanbi Thomas {{!}} Oyo State News |url=https://oyoaffairs.net/the-tale-of-olabode-akanbi-thomas/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=oyoaffairs.net |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Olabode Thomas ne a cikin iyalin Andrew Thomas, wani attajiri kuma mai siyarwa wanda asalinsa daga [[Oyo (birni)|Oyo]] ne amma ya koma Legas. Ya kasance jikan Alaafin [[Abiodun (Sarkin Oyo)|Abiodun na Oyo]] . Ya halarci makarantar CMS Grammar School, makarantar mishan da Thomas Babington Macaulay da James Pinson Labulo Davies suka kafa. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin magatakarda a [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Najeriya]] amma zuwa ƙarshen shekara, ya yi murabus daga nadinsa kuma ya tafi London don nazarin doka. An kira shi zuwa kotun a 1942 kuma ya koma Najeriya don kafa abin da ya zama aikin nasara a Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garigue |first=Philip |year=1954 |title=Changing Political Leadership in West Africa |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=220–232 [p. 224–225] |doi=10.2307/1156426 |jstor=1156426}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1948, tare da Cif [[Frederick Rotimi Williams]] da Cif [[Remi Fani-Kayode|Remilekun Fani-Kayode]] ya kafa kamfanin lauya na Najeriya, wanda ake kira &quot;Thomas, Williams da Kayode&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Femi Fani-Kayode |title=In remembrance of Fani Power |url=http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229031542/http://nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm |archive-date=29 December 2012 |access-date=3 October 2014 |publisher=Niger Delta Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((((((Andrew Thomas, a wealthy trader and auctioneer who was originally from Oyo but moved to Lagos. He was a great-grandson of the Alaafin Abiodun of Oyo. He attended C.M.S. Grammar School, a missionary school founded by Thomas Babington Macaulay and James Pinson Labulo Davies. After completing his studies, he served as a junior clerk at the Nigerian Railway Corporation but towards the end of the year, he resigned his appointment and went to London to study law. He was called to the bar in 1942 and returned to Nigeria to establish what became a successful￼

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
A shekara ta 1946, ya zama mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga [[Egbe Omo Oduduwa]] kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar Action Group. Kafin ya shiga Action Group, ya kasance [[lauya]] mai cin nasara a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] kuma ya kasance memba na [[Ƙungiyar Matasan Najeriya]]. An yaba shi a matsayin fitaccen dan Najeriya na farko na 'yan siyasa a lokacin mulkin mallaka don yin hukunci mai karfi ga jam'iyyun siyasa na yanki, wanda, ya yi imanin cewa za a sanye shi da ilimin da ake bukata don bunkasa yankunansu kuma ya kafa hadin gwiwa a tsakiyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sklar p 1032&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard L.|last=Sklar|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|location=Trenton, NJ|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2004|page=103|isbn=1-59221-209-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya kuma kasance babban mai ba da shawara don kawo Shugabannin kabilanci da [[Sarki|Sarakuna]] cikin fadada ƙungiyar Action Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard L.|last=Sklar|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|location=Trenton, NJ|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2004|page=104|isbn=1-59221-209-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ga wannan manufofin, babu shakka ya ba da yawancin kwarewarsa a matsayin ''Balogun'' na Oyo - taken da ya karɓa a 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabarun daga baya ya zama tsari mai ƙarfi don tattara jama'a a wasu garuruwa. Thomas da [[Obafemi Awolowo|Awolowo]] wani lokacin suna da ra'ayoyin siyasa masu adawa, da yawa daga cikinsu ba a taɓa daidaita su ba kafin mutuwarsa. Yawancin ra'ayoyinsa game da jam'iyyun yanki, waɗanda suka ƙare sun zama kusan tare da tsarin siyasa na farko na gwamnati, ba su taɓa sulhunta da ra'ayoyen Awolowo ba, waɗanda suka dogara da tarayya.

A shekara ta 1951, Thomas ya wakilci [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Yankin Yamma]] a matsayin Ministan Sufuri a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na McPherson kuma mai ba da shawara ga mulkin kai a Najeriya. Ya yi murabus daga ofishin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a watan Maris na shekara ta 1953. Daga baya ya zama Ministan Ayyuka bayan Taron Tsarin Mulki a London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ifeoma |first=Peter |date=2018 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Bode Thomas |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073625/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date= |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dauki Thomas a matsayin mutum mai basira amma mai girman kai wanda ya lalata dangantaka da wasu shugabannin yankin kamar Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Alaafin]] Adeyemi II. An ce ya kasance mara kyau ga Alaafin a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Oyo saboda Alaafin bai tsaya a cikin girmamawa a gare shi ba (shi ne shugaban majalisa yayin da Alaafin memba ne, amma wannan a cikin kansa kuskure ne - kamar yadda Balogun na Oyo, Cif Thomas ya kasance a al'adance ɗaya daga cikin masu riƙe Alaafin).  Ya kasance jagora na ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da mafi yawan Oyo Mesi waɗanda ke adawa da mulkin Alaafin Adeyemi a kan dalilin cewa Alaafin yana adawa da harajin da aka yi amfani da shi don tallafawa ilimi da kiwon lafiya.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Thomas ya auri Lucretia Shobola Odunsi . Daga cikin 'ya'yansa akwai Eniola, Dapo, Vera da Tokunbo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=The Tale of Olabode Akanbi Thomas {{!}} Oyo State News |url=https://oyoaffairs.net/the-tale-of-olabode-akanbi-thomas/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=oyoaffairs.net |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance shugaban Ikilisiyar Afirka ta Najeriya kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin edita na Daily Service . Wani lokaci yana magana ba tare da la'akari ba kuma wannan ya sa ya jawo abokan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Bode Thomas |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=Dnel Legal and Style}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya ==
A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1953, bayan ya dawo daga Oyo, Thomas ya yi rashin lafiya a gidansa na Legas. An kai shi Ijebu-Igbo don magani amma daga ƙarshe ya mutu a Ijebu -Igbo a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1953 wanda shine ranar haihuwar 'yarsa ta biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Post|first1=Ken|last2=Jenkins|first2=George D.|title=The Price of Liberty: Personality and Politics in Colonial Nigeria|date=1973|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-08503-8|pages=220–221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djE9AAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Bode%20Thomas%20november%201953&amp;pg=PA220|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]]</text>
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Cif '''Bode Thomas''' (an haife shi Olabode Akanbi Thomas; Oktoba 1919 - 23 Nuwamba 1953) [[lauya]] ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan aristocrat na gargajiya. Thomas ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka da Protectorate na Najeriya kuma Mai daraja da kuma mai ba da shawara na tarihi na Oyo Kingdom of Yorubaland a lokacin da kasarsa ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya kafin samun 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960. Shi ne Ministan Sufuri na farko na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=The Tale of Olabode Akanbi Thomas {{!}} Oyo State News |url=https://oyoaffairs.net/the-tale-of-olabode-akanbi-thomas/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=oyoaffairs.net |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;((((((((((Olabode Thomas was born to the family of Andrew Thomas, a wealthy trader and auctioneer who was originally from Oyo but moved to Lagos. He was a great-grandson of the Alaafin Abiodun of Oyo. He attended C.M.S. Grammar School, a missionary school founded by Thomas Babington Macaulay and James Pinson Labulo Davies. After completing his studies, he served as a junior clerk at the Nigerian Railway Corporation but towards the end of the year, he resigned his appointment and￼

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Olabode Thomas ne a cikin iyalin Andrew Thomas, wani attajiri kuma mai siyarwa wanda asalinsa daga [[Oyo (birni)|Oyo]] ne amma ya koma Legas. Ya kasance jikan Alaafin [[Abiodun (Sarkin Oyo)|Abiodun na Oyo]] . Ya halarci makarantar CMS Grammar School, makarantar mishan da Thomas Babington Macaulay da James Pinson Labulo Davies suka kafa. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin magatakarda a [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Najeriya]] amma zuwa ƙarshen shekara, ya yi murabus daga nadinsa kuma ya tafi London don nazarin doka. An kira shi zuwa kotun a 1942 kuma ya koma Najeriya don kafa abin da ya zama aikin nasara a Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garigue |first=Philip |year=1954 |title=Changing Political Leadership in West Africa |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=220–232 [p. 224–225] |doi=10.2307/1156426 |jstor=1156426}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1948, tare da Cif [[Frederick Rotimi Williams]] da Cif [[Remi Fani-Kayode|Remilekun Fani-Kayode]] ya kafa kamfanin lauya na Najeriya, wanda ake kira &quot;Thomas, Williams da Kayode&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Femi Fani-Kayode |title=In remembrance of Fani Power |url=http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229031542/http://nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm |archive-date=29 December 2012 |access-date=3 October 2014 |publisher=Niger Delta Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1946, ya zama mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga [[Egbe Omo Oduduwa]] kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar Action Group. Kafin ya shiga Action Group, ya kasance [[lauya]] mai cin nasara a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] kuma ya kasance memba na [[Ƙungiyar Matasan Najeriya]]. An yaba shi a matsayin fitaccen dan Najeriya na farko na 'yan siyasa a lokacin mulkin mallaka don yin hukunci mai karfi ga jam'iyyun siyasa na yanki, wanda, ya yi imanin cewa za a sanye shi da ilimin da ake bukata don bunkasa yankunansu kuma ya kafa hadin gwiwa a tsakiya. Ya kuma kasance babban mai ba da shawara don kawo Shugabannin kabilanci da [[Sarki|Sarakuna]] cikin fadada ƙungiyar Action Group. Ga wannan manufofin, babu shakka ya ba da yawancin kwarewarsa a matsayin ''Balogun'' na Oyo - taken da ya karɓa a 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabarun daga baya ya zama tsari mai ƙarfi don tattara jama'a a wasu garuruwa. Thomas da [[Obafemi Awolowo|Awolowo]] wani lokacin suna da ra'ayoyin siyasa masu adawa, da yawa daga cikinsu ba a taɓa daidaita su ba kafin mutuwarsa. Yawancin ra'ayoyinsa game da jam'iyyun yanki, waɗanda suka ƙare sun zama kusan tare da tsarin siyasa na farko na gwamnati, ba su taɓa sulhunta da ra'ayoyen Awolowo ba, waɗanda suka dogara da tarayya.

A shekara ta 1951, Thomas ya wakilci [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Yankin Yamma]] a matsayin Ministan Sufuri a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na McPherson kuma mai ba da shawara ga mulkin kai a Najeriya. Ya yi murabus daga ofishin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a watan Maris na shekara ta 1953. Daga baya ya zama Ministan Ayyuka bayan Taron Tsarin Mulki a London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ifeoma |first=Peter |date=2018 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Bode Thomas |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073625/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date= |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dauki Thomas a matsayin mutum mai basira amma mai girman kai wanda ya lalata dangantaka da wasu shugabannin yankin kamar Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Alaafin]] Adeyemi II. An ce ya kasance mara kyau ga Alaafin a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Oyo saboda Alaafin bai tsaya a cikin girmamawa a gare shi ba (shi ne shugaban majalisa yayin da Alaafin memba ne, amma wannan a cikin kansa kuskure ne - kamar yadda Balogun na Oyo, Cif Thomas ya kasance a al'adance ɗaya daga cikin masu riƙe Alaafin).  Ya kasance jagora na ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da mafi yawan Oyo Mesi waɗanda ke adawa da mulkin Alaafin Adeyemi a kan dalilin cewa Alaafin yana adawa da harajin da aka yi amfani da shi don tallafawa ilimi da kiwon lafiya.

Thomas ya auri Lucretia Shobola Odunsi . Daga cikin 'ya'yansa akwai Eniola, Dapo, Vera da Tokunbo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=The Tale of Olabode Akanbi Thomas {{!}} Oyo State News |url=https://oyoaffairs.net/the-tale-of-olabode-akanbi-thomas/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=oyoaffairs.net |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance shugaban Ikilisiyar Afirka ta Najeriya kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin edita na Daily Service . Wani lokaci yana magana ba tare da la'akari ba kuma wannan ya sa ya jawo abokan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Bode Thomas |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=Dnel Legal and Style}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1953, bayan ya dawo daga Oyo, Thomas ya yi rashin lafiya a gidansa na Legas. An kai shi Ijebu-Igbo don magani amma daga ƙarshe ya mutu a Ijebu -Igbo a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1953 wanda shine ranar haihuwar 'yarsa ta biyu..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Post|first1=Ken|last2=Jenkins|first2=George D.|title=The Price of Liberty: Personality and Politics in Colonial Nigeria|date=1973|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-08503-8|pages=220–221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djE9AAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Bode%20Thomas%20november%201953&amp;pg=PA220|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]]</text>
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 {{Databox}}

Cif '''Bode Thomas''' (an haife shi Olabode Akanbi Thomas; Oktoba 1919 - 23 Nuwamba 1953) [[lauya]] ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan aristocrat na gargajiya. Thomas ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka da Protectorate na Najeriya kuma Mai daraja da kuma mai ba da shawara na tarihi na Oyo Kingdom of Yorubaland a lokacin da kasarsa ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya kafin samun 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960. Shi ne Ministan Sufuri na farko na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=The Tale of Olabode Akanbi Thomas {{!}} Oyo State News |url=https://oyoaffairs.net/the-tale-of-olabode-akanbi-thomas/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=oyoaffairs.net |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Olabode Thomas ne a cikin iyalin Andrew Thomas, wani attajiri kuma mai siyarwa wanda asalinsa daga [[Oyo (birni)|Oyo]] ne amma ya koma Legas. Ya kasance jikan Alaafin [[Abiodun (Sarkin Oyo)|Abiodun na Oyo]] . Ya halarci makarantar CMS Grammar School, makarantar mishan da Thomas Babington Macaulay da James Pinson Labulo Davies suka kafa. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin magatakarda a [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Najeriya]] amma zuwa ƙarshen shekara, ya yi murabus daga nadinsa kuma ya tafi London don nazarin doka. An kira shi zuwa kotun a 1942 kuma ya koma Najeriya don kafa abin da ya zama aikin nasara a Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garigue |first=Philip |year=1954 |title=Changing Political Leadership in West Africa |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=220–232 [p. 224–225] |doi=10.2307/1156426 |jstor=1156426}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1948, tare da Cif [[Frederick Rotimi Williams]] da Cif [[Remi Fani-Kayode|Remilekun Fani-Kayode]] ya kafa kamfanin lauya na Najeriya, wanda ake kira &quot;Thomas, Williams da Kayode&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Femi Fani-Kayode |title=In remembrance of Fani Power |url=http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229031542/http://nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm |archive-date=29 December 2012 |access-date=3 October 2014 |publisher=Niger Delta Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1946, ya zama mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga [[Egbe Omo Oduduwa]] kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar Action Group. Kafin ya shiga Action Group, ya kasance [[lauya]] mai cin nasara a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] kuma ya kasance memba na [[Ƙungiyar Matasan Najeriya]]. An yaba shi a matsayin fitaccen dan Najeriya na farko na 'yan siyasa a lokacin mulkin mallaka don yin hukunci mai karfi ga jam'iyyun siyasa na yanki, wanda, ya yi imanin cewa za a sanye shi da ilimin da ake bukata don bunkasa yankunansu kuma ya kafa hadin gwiwa a tsakiya. Ya kuma kasance babban mai ba da shawara don kawo Shugabannin kabilanci da [[Sarki|Sarakuna]] cikin fadada ƙungiyar Action Group. Ga wannan manufofin, babu shakka ya ba da yawancin kwarewarsa a matsayin ''Balogun'' na Oyo - taken da ya karɓa a 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabarun daga baya ya zama tsari mai ƙarfi don tattara jama'a a wasu garuruwa. Thomas da [[Obafemi Awolowo|Awolowo]] wani lokacin suna da ra'ayoyin siyasa masu adawa, da yawa daga cikinsu ba a taɓa daidaita su ba kafin mutuwarsa. Yawancin ra'ayoyinsa game da jam'iyyun yanki, waɗanda suka ƙare sun zama kusan tare da tsarin siyasa na farko na gwamnati, ba su taɓa sulhunta da ra'ayoyen Awolowo ba, waɗanda suka dogara da tarayya.

A shekara ta 1951, Thomas ya wakilci [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Yankin Yamma]] a matsayin Ministan Sufuri a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na McPherson kuma mai ba da shawara ga mulkin kai a Najeriya. Ya yi murabus daga ofishin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a watan Maris na shekara ta 1953. Daga baya ya zama Ministan Ayyuka bayan Taron Tsarin Mulki a London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ifeoma |first=Peter |date=2018 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Bode Thomas |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073625/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date= |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dauki Thomas a matsayin mutum mai basira amma mai girman kai wanda ya lalata dangantaka da wasu shugabannin yankin kamar Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Alaafin]] Adeyemi II. An ce ya kasance mara kyau ga Alaafin a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Oyo saboda Alaafin bai tsaya a cikin girmamawa a gare shi ba (shi ne shugaban majalisa yayin da Alaafin memba ne, amma wannan a cikin kansa kuskure ne - kamar yadda Balogun na Oyo, Cif Thomas ya kasance a al'adance ɗaya daga cikin masu riƙe Alaafin).  Ya kasance jagora na ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da mafi yawan Oyo Mesi waɗanda ke adawa da mulkin Alaafin Adeyemi a kan dalilin cewa Alaafin yana adawa da harajin da aka yi amfani da shi don tallafawa ilimi da kiwon lafiya.

Thomas ya auri Lucretia Shobola Odunsi . Daga cikin 'ya'yansa akwai Eniola, Dapo, Vera da Tokunbo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=The Tale of Olabode Akanbi Thomas {{!}} Oyo State News |url=https://oyoaffairs.net/the-tale-of-olabode-akanbi-thomas/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=oyoaffairs.net |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance shugaban Ikilisiyar Afirka ta Najeriya kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin edita na Daily Service . Wani lokaci yana magana ba tare da la'akari ba kuma wannan ya sa ya jawo abokan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Bode Thomas |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-bode-thomas/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=Dnel Legal and Style}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1953, bayan ya dawo daga Oyo, Thomas ya yi rashin lafiya a gidansa na Legas. An kai shi Ijebu-Igbo don magani amma daga ƙarshe ya mutu a Ijebu -Igbo a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1953 wanda shine ranar haihuwar 'yarsa ta biyu..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Post|first1=Ken|last2=Jenkins|first2=George D.|title=The Price of Liberty: Personality and Politics in Colonial Nigeria|date=1973|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-08503-8|pages=220–221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djE9AAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Bode%20Thomas%20november%201953&amp;pg=PA220|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naƙasassun da ke shafar ƙwarewar hankali</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332589104|Disabilities affecting intellectual abilities]]&quot;</comment>
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Akwai nakasa iri-iri da ke shafar ikon ilimi. Wannan babban ra'ayi ne wanda ya kunshi ''Rashin hankali'' ko na fahimta, gami da nakasa ta hankali (wanda ake kira jinkirin hankali), nakasa mai sauƙi don cancanta a matsayin nakasa ta ilimi, da matsalolin da aka samu daga baya a rayuwa ta hanyar raunin kwakwalwa ko Cututtukan neurodegenerative kamar dementia.

Yawancin waɗannan nakasa suna da tasiri ga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda shine ikon tunawa da abin da aka koya a tsawon lokaci. Yawanci ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana motsawa daga ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ajiya zuwa ƙwaƙwalwalwar ajiyar ajiya, sannan a ƙarshe zuwa ƙwaƙwalwa ta dogon lokaci. Mutanen da ke da nakasa na fahimta yawanci za su sami matsala tare da ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inclusive Education |url=http://twbonline.pbworks.com/w/page/30889203/Inclusive%20Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722155412/http://twbonline.pbworks.com/w/page/30889203/Inclusive%20Education |archive-date=2017-07-22 |access-date=2017-10-24 |website=Teachers Without Borders Resources |publisher=PBworks |format=Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin hankali ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
''Rashin hankali'', wanda aka fi sani da nakasa ta ilmantarwa gaba ɗaya,  kuma a baya an san shi da jinkirin tunani (wani lokaci yanzu ana ɗaukarsa mai banƙyama), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Alan S. Kaufman}}&lt;/ref&gt;  cuta ce ta gaba ɗaya da ke nuna rashin aiki da raunin fahimta da rashi a cikin halaye biyu ko fiye waɗanda suka bayyana kafin balaga. An bayyana shi a tarihi a matsayin ƙididdigar Intelligence Quotient (IQ) a ƙarƙashin 70, amma ma'anar yanzu ta haɗa da bangare ɗaya da ke da alaƙa da aikin tunani da ɗaya da ke tattare da ƙwarewar aiki na mutane a cikin mahallinsu, don haka IQ ba shine kawai dalilin ba.

Dole ne nakasa ta hankali ta bayyana a lokacin ci gaba, ba kawai a matsayin babba ba. Sabanin haka, mutanen da ke da Rashin fahimta sun kasance, ko a baya suna da, IQ na yau da kullun, amma yanzu suna nuna rikice-rikice, mantuwa da wahalar mai da hankali; raunin fahimta ya zama ruwan dare ga raunin kwakwalwa, sakamako masu illa daga magunguna, da [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]].

== Raunin kwakwalwa da aka samu ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Rashin rauni na kwakwalwa (ABI) shine lalacewar kwakwalwa wanda abubuwan da suka faru bayan haihuwa suka haifar, maimakon a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|kwayar halitta]] ko rikicewar haihuwa. Yawancin lokaci yana shafar fahimta, jiki, [[Emotion|motsin rai]], zamantakewa ko aiki mai zaman kansa. ABIs na iya haifar da ko dai rauni na kwakwalwa ko rauni wanda ba ya rauni kamar [[bugun jini]], kamuwa da cuta ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Yawancin ma'anar ABI sun cire cututtukan neurodegenerative.

Mutanen da ke da rauni a kwakwalwa na iya samun wahalar sarrafawa, daidaitawa da sadarwa da tunaninsu da ayyukansu. Suna iya ko ba za su iya riƙe ƙwarewarsu ba, dangane da nau'in da girman raunin. Koyaya, iyawar hankali na mutumin da ke da rauni na kwakwalwa na iya tsoma baki ta hanyar daidaitawar tunani da matsalolin sadarwa, wanda zai iya sa ya zama da wahala a gare su su bayyana kansu a hanyar da za a iya fahimta ga wasu. Wannan na iya ba da ra'ayi na ƙarya na lalacewar hankali har ma a cikin mutanen da ke da ikon ilimi na yau da kullun.

== Cututtukan jijiyoyi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}Cututtukan neurodegenerative duk sun haɗa da ci gaba da asarar tsari ko aikin neurons, gami da mutuwar neurons. Yawancin cututtukan neurodegenerative ciki har da [[Cutar Parkinson|Parkinson's]], Alzheimer's, da Huntington's suna faruwa ne sakamakon hanyoyin neurodegeneraative. Yayin da bincike ke ci gaba, kamanceceniya da yawa sun bayyana wanda ke danganta waɗannan cututtukan da juna a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta. Gano waɗannan kamanceceniya yana ba da bege ga ci gaban warkewa wanda zai iya inganta cututtuka da yawa a lokaci guda.

Dementia mummunar asarar ikon fahimta ce a cikin mutumin da ba shi da rauni a baya, fiye da abin da za a iya tsammani daga tsufa na al'ada. Dukkanin masu ilimin jijiyoyi sun bayyana [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] da nakasa na hankali kamar yadda suke da IQ wanda shine daidaitattun daidaito guda biyu a ƙasa da matsakaici (a ƙasa da kusan 70, lokacin da 100 shine matsakaici); bambancin tsakanin waɗannan rarrabuwa biyu don nakasa ta hankali shine ko ƙananan IQ yana wakiltar yanayin rayuwa (nakasa ta hankali), ko yanayin da aka samu daga baya (mahimmanci). 

Dementia na iya zama mai tsayawa, sakamakon raunin kwakwalwa na musamman na duniya, ko ci gaba, wanda ke haifar da raguwa na dogon lokaci saboda lalacewa ko cuta a cikin jiki. A farkon matakan cutar Alzheimer, wanda alamun cutar hauka ake kira rauni mai sauƙi, mutumin yawanci yana rasa maki 8 zuwa 10 na IQ a kowace shekara, tare da sakamakon cewa mutumin da ke da hankali na yau da kullun a baya yawanci ya zama nakasa a hankali a cikin ƙasa da shekaru biyar.

== Rayuwa tare da nakasa ta hankali ==
Bincike ya rubuta muhimmancin samar da wadanda ke da nakasa ta hankali wasu wurare da mahallin inda suke jin an haɗa su kuma suna iya tabbatar da ma'anar kansu game da iyawa da abin da yake &quot;al'ada&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adkins Summerville 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adkins |first=B. |last2=Summerville |first2=J. |last3=Knox |first3=M. |last4=Brown |first4=A. R. |last5=Dillon |first5=S. |year=2012 |title=Digital technologies and musical participation for people with intellectual disabilities |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/218700/1/54209.pdf |journal=New Media &amp; Society |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=501–518 |doi=10.1177/1461444812457338 |oclc=829241491 |s2cid=174536 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Rashin motsin rai ko halayyar mutum</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297366450|Emotional or behavioral disability]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Rashin motsin rai ko halayyar nakasa ce da ke tasiri ga ikon mutum na ganewa, fassara, sarrafawa, da kuma bayyana ainihin motsin zuciyarsa. Dokar Ilimi ta Mutum da ke da nakasa ta 2004 ta nuna rukunin nakasassu a matsayin Rashin Motsin rai (ED). Wannan kalmar tana da rikice-rikice, kamar yadda wasu ke ganin ta ware - ko ma nuna bambanci - ɗalibai da ke da batutuwan halayyar kuma suna mai da hankali kan fannoni na motsin rai kawai.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}

== Halaye ==
Wannan rukuni na nakasassu yana da wuyar rarrabawa yayin da ƙididdigar ke faruwa wanda zai iya haifar da wasu ɗalibai waɗanda ba su dace da takamaiman ƙa'idodin bincike ba, amma har yanzu suna da nakasa, ba a ƙaddara su cancanci ayyukan [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] ba. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba ƙungiyar zuwa halayen ciki, halayen waje da halayen ƙarancin abin da ya faru. Ana lura da halayen ciki a cikin ɗaliban da ke cikin baƙin ciki, janyewa da damuwa. Ana ganin halayen waje a cikin ɗalibai waɗanda suke da tsananin fushi kuma suna aiki. Irin wannan hali za a rarraba shi a matsayin Disruptive Behavioral Disorder (DBD). Halin da ba shi da yawa shine halayen da ke faruwa ne kawai a cikin wasu abubuwan muhalli, kamar takamaiman mutum ko magana. Wasu dalibai na iya samun rukuni daya kawai kuma wasu suna da nau'ikan gauraye.

== Ayyuka ==
Dalibai tare da ED sau da yawa suna da ganewar asali na farko tsakanin gundumomin makaranta. Wannan shi ne saboda malamai suna fara aiwatar da turawa tsakanin damuwa game da halayyar a cikin aji. Sau da yawa, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na makaranta yana amfani da DSM-IV, wanda zai iya gudanar da tambayoyi da rarraba bincike a matsayin wani ɓangare na kimantawar zamantakewa.

Lokacin da aka ƙaddara ED ɗalibin zai sami Tsarin Ilimi na Mutum. Dalibai kuma na iya samun wasu tallafi a karkashin Dokar Rehabilitation ta 1973, wanda ake kira shirin 504. Wannan sau da yawa ya haɗa da burin zuwa ga halayyar da ta dace, dabarun jimrewa masu amfani da ƙwarewar ilimi. Ayyuka masu inganci ya kamata su mai da hankali kan waɗannan, kuma suna iya ba da umarni ga mataimakin ilimi don tallafawa a cikin azuzuwan ilimi na yau da kullun, samun damar shiga ɗakin hanya don koyarwa ta mutum, gudanar da magunguna da ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiya ya bayar, da kuma shawarwari mutum. Dalibai da ke fama da ED galibi ana ɗaukar su cikin haɗari don barin makaranta, kashe kansa da aikata laifuka, da kuma gano su da nakasa na ilmantarwa. Duk da haka, tare da tallafin da ya dace, an nuna dalibai tare da ED suna da babbar damar samun nasara.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Cutar bipolar|Rashin lafiya na Bipolar]]
* Rashin ilmantarwa
* Gidan kayan aiki
* [[Ilimi Na Musamman|Ilimi na musamman]]

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* Rashin jituwa ta hanyar IDEA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100505041039/http://cecp.air.org/resources/20th/eligchar.asp Dalibai da ke da rikice-rikice na motsin rai: cancanta da halaye]
{{Disability navbox}}
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351084092|Imbecile]]&quot;</comment>
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Kalmar imbecile ta kasance likitocin masu tabin hankali sun taɓa amfani da ita don nuna nau'in mutanen da ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin nakasa, da kuma nau'in mai laifi.[1][2] Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin imbecillus, ma'ana mai rauni, ko mai rauni.[3] Asali yana magana ne ga mutanen tsari na biyu a cikin wani tsohon kuma wanda aka jefar da shi na nakasa hankali, tare da shekarun hankali na shekaru uku zuwa bakwai da IQ na 25–50, sama da “wawa” (IQ a ƙasa 25) kuma ƙasa da “moron” (IQ na 51-70).[4]. A cikin rarrabuwa na likitanci (ICD-9, 1977), an ce waɗannan mutane suna da &quot;matsakaicin raƙuman tunani&quot; ko &quot;matsakaicin ƙarancin tunani&quot; tare da IQ na 35-49, kamar yadda yawanci suke da ikon yin wani mataki na sadarwa, suna kare kansu daga haɗari da yin ayyuka masu sauƙi na inji ƙarƙashin kulawa.[5] [6]

An kara inganta ma'anar zuwa cikin rashin hankali da halin kirki. Ka'idodin &quot;haukaci na ɗabi'a&quot;, &quot;haukace na ɗabiʼa&quot;, da &quot;haukacin ɗabi'u&quot; sun haifar da fitowar fannin ilimin laifuka na [[Eugenics|eugenic]], wanda ya ɗauka cewa ana iya rage aikata laifuka ta hanyar hana mutane &quot;mai rauni&quot; daga haifuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;rafter1998&quot;&gt;Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1998). ''Creating Born Criminals''. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|978-0-252-06741-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Imbecile&quot; a matsayin rarrabuwa ta kankare ta masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Henry H. Goddard  kuma mai shari'ar [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. ya yi amfani da ita a 1927 a cikin hukunce-hukuncensa a cikin shari'ar tilasta-sterilization Buck v. Bell, 274 US 200 (1927). &lt;ref name=&quot;lombardo&quot;&gt;Lombardo, Paul A. (2008). ''Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell''. JHU Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8018-9010-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da Wauta-linkid=&quot;30&quot; href=&quot;./Psychology&quot; id=&quot;mwVw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Psychology&quot;&gt;ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilimin halayya, ilimin laifuka, da [[eugenics]]. Koyaya, kalmar imbecile da sauri ta shiga cikin amfani da yaren a matsayin kalma mai banƙyama. Ya fadi daga amfani da kwararru a cikin karni na 20 don tallafawa jinkirin tunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaplan2008&quot;&gt;Kaplan, Robert M.; Saccuzzo, Dennis P. (2008). ''Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues''. Cengage Learning. {{ISBN|978-0-495-09555-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmomi irin su &quot;rashin hankali&quot;, &quot;rashin tunani&quot;, da kuma &quot;rashin lokaci&quot; suma suna ƙarƙashin Wauta-linkid=&quot;38&quot; href=&quot;./Euphemism#Lifespan&quot; id=&quot;mwYw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Euphemism&quot;&gt;euphemism treadmill: da farko an yi amfani da su ta hanyar likita, a hankali sun ɗauki ma'anar raini. Wannan ya faru ne tare da ma'anar da suka gabata (alal misali, ''Moron'', imbecile, ''Cretin'', da ''wawa'', waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a matsayin kalmomin kimiyya a farkon karni na 20). Kwararrun sun nemi maye gurbin masu tsaka-tsaki. A Amurka, &quot;Dokar Rosa&quot; ta canza nassoshi a cikin ka'idojin tarayya da yawa zuwa &quot;rashin hankali&quot; don komawa maimakon &quot;nakasa hankali&quot;.

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    <title>Motsawar jijiyoyi na farko</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317314416|Trigeminal nerve stimulation]]&quot;</comment>
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Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) ko waje Trigemical nerve stimulation, eTNS) magani ne mai banƙyama, wanda ba magani ba don cutar Attention deficit hyperactivity da [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta amince da shi a Amurka don maganin ADHD a cikin yara masu shekaru 7-12. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Commissioner |first=Office of the |date=2020-03-24 |title=FDA permits marketing of first medical device for treatment of ADHD |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-first-medical-device-treatment-adhd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515120128/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-first-medical-device-treatment-adhd |archive-date=May 15, 2019 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=US Food and Drug Administration |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGough |first=J. J. |last2=Sturm |first2=A. |last3=Cowen |first3=J. |last4=Tung |first4=K. |last5=Salgari |first5=G. C. |last6=Leuchter |first6=A. F. |last7=Cook |first7=I. A. |last8=Sugar |first8=C. A. |last9=Loo |first9=S. K. |date=2019 |title=Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=403–411.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.013 |pmc=6481187 |pmid=30768393}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greenbaum |first=Zara |date=2019-08-01 |title=A new device for treating ADHD in children |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/adhd-children |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=American Psychological Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana amfani dashi ba tare da lakabi ba don magance ADHD a cikin manya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monarch eTNS |url=https://www.fermata.health/etns |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Fermata Health |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Motsawar jijiyoyin waje (eTNS) yayi kama da motsawar jijiyar lantarki ta transcutaneous (TENS), magani don ciwo mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nnoaham |first=Kelechi E. |last2=Kumbang |first2=Jharna |date=2008-07-16 |title=Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003222.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmid=18646088}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan na'urar tana ba da wutar lantarki ga electrodes waɗanda aka sanya a fata. Na'urar tana iya daidaita ƙarfin da mitar motsin wutar lantarki da aka kawo zuwa ƙarshen jijiyoyi a cikin fata.

Akwai ci gaba da bincike da bincike game da amfani da motsawar jijiya na trigeminal don magance wasu cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa, kamar baƙin ciki da PTSD .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cook |first=I. A. |last2=Abrams |first2=M. |last3=Leuchter |first3=A. F. |date=2016 |title=Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder |journal=Neuromodulation |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=299–305 |doi=10.1111/ner.12399 |pmid=26818103 |s2cid=457569}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Keren |last2=Lin |first2=Kanheng |last3=Tambo |first3=Willians |last4=Saavedra |first4=Andrea Palomo |last5=Sciubba |first5=Daniel |last6=Al Abed |first6=Yousef |last7=Li |first7=Chunyan |date=2023-12-13 |title=Trigeminal nerve stimulation: a current state-of-the-art review |journal=Bioelectronic Medicine |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=30 |doi=10.1186/s42234-023-00128-z |issn=2332-8886 |pmc=10717521 |pmid=38087375 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Ƙoƙarin Rx</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336635077|EndeavorRx]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox video game|title={{ubl|EndeavorRx|EndeavorOTC}}|image=|caption=|developer=[[Adam Gazzaley#Industry|Akili Interactive Labs, Inc.]]|publisher=|composer=|series=|platforms=[[iOS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Android (operating system)|Android]]|released=|genre=|modes=[[Single-player video game|Single-player]]|engine=Akili Selective Stimulus Management}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox video game/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
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* Ƙoƙarin Rx
* Ƙoƙarin Ƙari
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|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mai haɓaka
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Akili Interactive Labs, Inc.
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Injin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Gudanar da Zaɓin Ƙarfafawa na Akili
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Dandalin dandamali
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |iOS&lt;br /&gt;[[Android]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Yanayi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mai kunnawa guda ɗaya
|}
EndeavorRx da EndeavorOTC wasanni ne na bidiyo da ake amfani da su don magance Rashin Haɓaka Haɓaka Haɓakawa wanda Akili Interactive ya haɓaka. Ya dogara ne akan wani wasan kwaikwayo mai suna NeuroRacer wanda Adam Gazzaley ya ƙirƙira kuma masu bincike a Jami'ar California San Francisco suka yi nazari.[1] Wasan yana gudana ne akan injin da aka sani da injin Akili Selective Stimulus Management.[2] EndeavorRx an san shi da AKL-T01 ko Project: EVO ADHD Jiyya yayin haɓakarsa.[3] A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2020, ya zama wasan bidiyo na farko da FDA ta share. An yarda da yin amfani da shi azaman magani ga yara masu ADHD tare da kewayon shekaru 8-12.[4][5][6] An gudanar da bincike biyar akan yara sama da 600 don auna tasirin EndeavorRx.[7] Sun sami &quot;haɓaka 36% a cikin akalla ma'auni ɗaya na hankali.&quot; Abubuwan da masu binciken suka gano sun haɗa da takaici, [8] dizziness, ciwon kai, da tashin hankali.[9]

A cikin wasan, ana ba mai kunnawa aikin tashi da sararin samaniya a matakai da yawa. Mai kunnawa yana fuskantar ayyuka da yawa kamar gano abubuwan tattarawa ko kama dabbobi. Wasan zai canza manufofinsa bisa ga aikin mai kunnawa. Yana iya ƙara sabbin lada da manufofi ko canza saurin wasan daidai da saurin mai kunnawa. EndeavorRx da EndeavorOTC suna ƙoƙari su kalubalanci mai kunnawa kuma su tilasta musu su koyi yin aiki da yawa kuma su yi watsi da abubuwan jan hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ADHD Treatment For Kids {{!}} Digital Therapeutic Video Game for ADHD |url=https://www.endeavorrx.com/about-endeavorrx/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=EndeavorRx |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake ana iya sauke EndeavorRx da EndeavorOTC don na'urorin hannu, ba za a iya buga EndeavorSX ba tare da takardar sayan magani daga likitan yara ba yayin da ake sayar da EndeavourOTC a kan teburin kuma ana iya buga shi ba tare da magani ba kodayake ana amfani da shi ga manya ba yara ba. An ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a buga wasan na minti 25 a rana, kwanaki 5 a mako, na makonni 4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=An FDA-Approved 'Prescription' Video Game? |url=https://sfstandard.com/public-health/meet-the-local-family-using-the-first-fda-approved-video-game-to-treat-their-sons-adhd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414010345/https://sfstandard.com/public-health/meet-the-local-family-using-the-first-fda-approved-video-game-to-treat-their-sons-adhd/ |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=The San Francisco Standard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da zarar an buga wasan don lokacin da aka ba shi ba zai bari mai kunnawa ya ci gaba ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Tom Huddleston |date=2020-06-17 |title=See the first-ever video game approved by the FDA as a mental health treatment |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/17/video-endeavorrx-is-first-video-game-approved-by-fda-to-treat-adhd.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115122426/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/17/video-endeavorrx-is-first-video-game-approved-by-fda-to-treat-adhd.html |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2023, Akili ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a saki wasan bidiyo a matsayin OTC don Manya da ke da ADHD.  Wasan ya sami amincewar FDA shekara guda bayan haka a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024. 

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    <title>Mai karɓar adrenergic Alpha-2A</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334963481|Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor]]&quot;</comment>
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 {{Infobox gene}}'''mai karɓar adrenergic alpha-&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;''' (α2A adrenoceptor), wanda aka fi sani da '''ADRA2A''', Mai karɓar α&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwLA&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-adrenergic ne, kuma yana nuna kwayar halittar ɗan adam da ke ƙunshe da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: ADRA2A adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=150}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai karɓa ==
Masu karɓar α&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-adrenergic sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku: α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, da α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;. Wadannan masu karɓa suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita sakin Neurotransmitter daga jijiyoyin tausayi da kuma daga neurons na adrenergic a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Nazarin da aka yi a cikin beraye ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar nau'ikan α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt; da α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt; don kulawar pre-synaptic na al'ada na sakin mai watsawa daga jijiyoyin tausayi a cikin [[zuciya]] da kuma daga neurons na tsakiya na noradrenergic; α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt; subtype ya hana sakin mai watsa a manyan mita, yayin da α2 C subtype ya daidaita neurotransmission a ƙananan matakan aikin jijiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hein L, Altman JD, Kobilka BK |date=November 1999 |title=Two functionally distinct alpha2-adrenergic receptors regulate sympathetic neurotransmission |journal=Nature |volume=402 |issue=6758 |pages=181–184 |bibcode=1999Natur.402..181H |doi=10.1038/46040 |pmid=10647009 |s2cid=205047992}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gene ==
Wannan kwayar halitta tana ƙunshe da nau'in α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt; kuma ba ta ƙunshe ba a cikin ko dai ƙididdigar ta ko jerin abubuwan da ba a fassara su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: ADRA2A adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=150}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ligands ==

=== Masu fama da cutar ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== Masu adawa ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Mai karɓar Adrenergic

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Refbegin/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Cite web |title=α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;-adrenoceptor |url=http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142451/http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2181 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2008-11-25 |website=IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels |publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology}}
* Human ADRA2AYanayin kwayar halitta daADRA2ABayanan kwayoyin halitta a cikinUCSC Genome Browser.
* Human ZNF32Yanayin kwayar halitta daZNF32Bayanan kwayoyin halitta a cikinUCSC Genome Browser.
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=150}}{{G protein-coupled receptors}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Mai karɓar Dopamine D3</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358305490|Dopamine receptor D3]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox gene}}{{G protein-coupled receptors}}'''Mai karɓar dopamine D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;''' (''DRD3'') furotin ne na dangin mai karɓar dopamine na Masu karɓar furotin G. A cikin mutane, an tsara shi ta hanyar kwayar halitta ta DRD3 da ke kan chromosome 3q13.3 . &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1916765&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Le Coniat M, Sokoloff P, Hillion J, Martres MP, Giros B, Pilon C, Schwartz JC, Berger R |date=September 1991 |title=Chromosomal localization of the human D3 dopamine receptor gene |journal=Human Genetics |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=618–620 |doi=10.1007/bf00209024 |pmid=1916765 |s2cid=28411786}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: DRD3 dopamine receptor D3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1814}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
Mai karɓar D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; yana cikin iyalin mai karɓar D2, wanda ya haɗa da masu karɓar D2 da D4. Yana haɗuwa da farko ga sunadarai na Gi / Go, wanda ke haifar da hana adenylyl cyclase da rage matakan cAMP na intracellular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Missale C, Nash SR, Robinson SW, Jaber M, Caron MG |date=January 1998 |title=Dopamine receptors: from structure to function |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=189–225 |doi=10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.189 |pmid=9457173}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mai karɓar D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; yana nuna mafi girman haɗin kai ga dopamine tsakanin nau'ikan masu karɓar dopamine, yana mai da shi babban mai kula da siginar dopamine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robinson SW, Jarvie KR, Caron MG |date=August 1994 |title=High affinity agonist binding to the dopamine D3 receptor: chimeric receptors delineate a role for intracellular domains |journal=Molecular Pharmacology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=352–356 |doi=10.1016/S0026-895X(25)09690-7 |pmid=7915820}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magana ==
Ana bayyana masu karɓar D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; da farko a cikin yankunan kwakwalwa na limbic kamar su nucleus accumbens, tsibirin Calleja, da tarin ƙanshi. Rarraba su a cikin tsofaffin wuraren kwakwalwa suna nuna muhimmiyar rawa a cikin motsin rai, motsawa, da fahimta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sokoloff P, Giros B, Martres MP, Bouthenet ML, Schwartz JC |date=September 1990 |title=Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics |journal=Nature |volume=347 |issue=6289 |pages=146–151 |doi=10.1038/347146a0 |pmid=1975644}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan mai karɓar D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; yana tsara sakin dopamine kuma yana daidaita ƙarancin jijiyoyin jiki. Nazarin preclinical da na asibiti sun nuna shi a cikin:

* Cutar Parkinson - D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; agonists kamar su pramipexole da rotigotine suna nuna tasirin neuroprotective, rage haɗin alpha-synuclein, da inganta alamun motsi da wadanda ba motsi ba.
* Cutar Neuropsychiatric - Canjin siginar DRD&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; an haɗa shi da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], rikicewar bipolar, da [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban bakin ciki]]. Wasu D3 ligands suna haifar da tasirin antidepressant a cikin samfuran dabbobi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Breuer ME, Groenink L, Oosting RS, Buerger E, Korte M, Ferger B, Olivier B |date=August 2009 |title=Antidepressant effects of pramipexole, a dopamine D3/D2 receptor agonist, and 7-OH-DPAT, a dopamine D3 receptor agonist, in olfactory bulbectomized rats |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=616 |issue=1–3 |pages=134–140 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.029 |pmid=19549514}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jaraba - masu karɓar D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; suna daidaita hanyoyin lada; masu adawa kamar SB-277011-A suna nuna alkawari wajen rage halayyar neman miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin samfuran preclinical.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xi ZX, Gardner EL |year=2007 |title=Pharmacological actions of NGB 2904, a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, in animal models of drug addiction |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=240–259 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00013.x |pmc=3771110 |pmid=17627675}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Polymorphisms na kwayoyin halitta ==
DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism (rs6280) yana canza halaye masu karɓa kuma an yi nazari dangane da:

* Rashin damuwa a cikin cutar Parkinson &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhi Y, Yuan Y, Si Q, Wang M, Shen Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Zhang K |date=2019 |title=The Association between DRD3 Ser9Gly Polymorphism and Depression Severity in Parkinson's Disease |journal=Parkinson's Disease |volume=2019 |doi=10.1155/2019/1642087 |pmc=6501220 |pmid=31143436 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin kula da motsi da jarabawar halayyar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krishnamoorthy S, Rajan R, Banerjee M, Kumar H, Sarma G, Krishnan S, Sarma S, Kishore A |date=September 2016 |title=Dopamine D3 receptor Ser9Gly variant is associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease patients |journal=Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders |volume=30 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.06.005 |pmid=27325396}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Magunguna ==
D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ligands sun hada da:

* Agonists: pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, 7-OH-DPAT, apomorphine
* Ƙananan agonists: aripiprazole, brexpiprazole.cariprazine
* Masu adawa: Amisulpride, haloperidol, [[NGB-2904]], SB-277011-A
* Allosteric modulators: SB269652

Yawancin waɗannan ligands ana amfani da su a asibiti a cikin [[Cutar Parkinson]] ko [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], yayin da wasu ke ci gaba da gwaji.

== Ma'amala da furotin ==
An nuna mai karɓar D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; don hulɗa tare da:

* CLIC6, furotin na intracellular chloride &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffon N, Jeanneteau F, Prieur F, Diaz J, Sokoloff P |date=September 2003 |title=CLIC6, a member of the intracellular chloride channel family, interacts with dopamine D(2)-like receptors |journal=Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=47–57 |doi=10.1016/S0169-328X(03)00283-3 |pmid=14499480}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* EPB41L1, furotin na cytoskeletal da ke cikin membrane na GPCRs &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Binda AV, Kabbani N, Lin R, Levenson R |date=September 2002 |title=D2 and D3 dopamine receptor cell surface localization mediated by interaction with protein 4.1N |journal=Molecular Pharmacology |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=507–513 |doi=10.1124/mol.62.3.507 |pmid=12181426}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==

* Manufar warkewa - Saboda rawar da take takawa a cikin kula da motsi, motsawa, da lada, DRD3 manufa ce ta warkewa ga cutar Parkinson, schizophrenia, da cututtukan amfani da kwayoyi.
* Tsarin magani - Ana bin manyan magungunan zaɓaɓɓu don D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; don rage tasirin da ke tattare da toshewar mai karɓar D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.
* Biomarker yiwuwar - Polymorphisms a cikin DRD3 suna karkashin bincike a matsayin kwayoyin halitta don amsawar magani da rauni na hankali.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Mai karɓar Dopamine D2
* Mai karɓar Dopamine D4
* [[Cutar Parkinson]]
* [[Hauka|Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Cite web |title=Dopamine Receptors: D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; |url=http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2256 |website=IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels |publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1111556262|Kwana Island]]&quot;</comment>
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⁷ 

'''Tsibirin Kwana''' (Dutch: ''Kwana Eiland'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Suriname Total Adventure Tours &amp;#124; Kwana eiland |url=http://surinametotaladventuretours.com/tourkwana.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830072814/http://surinametotaladventuretours.com/tourkwana.php |archive-date=2011-08-30 |access-date=2011-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;) shine sunan tsibirin da ke kudu maso yammacin tafkin Brokopondo ko tafkin Brakopondo (Brokopondostuwmeer, wanda aka fi sani da tafkin Blommestein ko tafkin B) a cikin Gundumar Brokopundo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=.: Sudamérica, Surinam, Distrikt Brokopondo, Distrikt Brokopondo – Lugares recónditos del mundo &amp;#124; Mapas, fotografias, videos, efemérides, celebridades, comentarios y accidentes geográficos. Sudamérica, Surinam, Distrikt Brokopondo, Distrikt Brokopondo |url=http://www.worldatlaspedia.com/es/sudamerica-surinam-distrikt-brokopondo-distrikt-brokopondo/fotografias/detalleFotografia?idLocalizacion=6976918 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316121348/http://www.worldatlaspedia.com/es/sudamerica-surinam-distrikt-brokopondo-distrikt-brokopondo/fotografias/detalleFotografia?idLocalizacion=6976918 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |access-date=2011-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Yankin Brokopondo) shine na biyu mafi girma a ƙasar da ke gabashin yankinsu. Sunan &quot;Kwana&quot; ya samo asali ne daga nau'in kifaye na gida, yana da bishiyoyin dabino, wasu ɗakunan yawon buɗe ido da rairayin bakin teku masu launin fari, kuma masunta ma suna zuwa wurin shakatawa. Tsibirin ya zama wurin hutu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwana Eiland |url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/kwanaeiland/posts/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=Kwana Eiland via Facebook |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1111556262|Kwana Island]]&quot;</comment>
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⁷ 

'''Tsibirin Kwana''' (Dutch: ''Kwana Eiland'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Suriname Total Adventure Tours &amp;#124; Kwana eiland |url=http://surinametotaladventuretours.com/tourkwana.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830072814/http://surinametotaladventuretours.com/tourkwana.php |archive-date=2011-08-30 |access-date=2011-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;) shine sunan tsibirin da ke kudu maso yammacin tafkin Brokopondo ko tafkin Brakopondo (Brokopondostuwmeer, wanda aka fi sani da tafkin Blommestein ko tafkin B) a cikin Gundumar Brokopundo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=.: Sudamérica, Surinam, Distrikt Brokopondo, Distrikt Brokopondo – Lugares recónditos del mundo &amp;#124; Mapas, fotografias, videos, efemérides, celebridades, comentarios y accidentes geográficos. Sudamérica, Surinam, Distrikt Brokopondo, Distrikt Brokopondo |url=http://www.worldatlaspedia.com/es/sudamerica-surinam-distrikt-brokopondo-distrikt-brokopondo/fotografias/detalleFotografia?idLocalizacion=6976918 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316121348/http://www.worldatlaspedia.com/es/sudamerica-surinam-distrikt-brokopondo-distrikt-brokopondo/fotografias/detalleFotografia?idLocalizacion=6976918 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |access-date=2011-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Yankin Brokopondo) shine na biyu mafi girma a ƙasar da ke gabashin yankinsu. Sunan &quot;Kwana&quot; ya samo asali ne daga nau'in kifaye na gida, yana da bishiyoyin dabino, wasu ɗakunan yawon buɗe ido da rairayin bakin teku masu launin fari, kuma masunta ma suna zuwa wurin shakatawa. Tsibirin ya zama wurin hutu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwana Eiland |url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/kwanaeiland/posts/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=Kwana Eiland via Facebook |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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⁷ 
{{Databox}}
'''Tsibirin Kwana''' (Dutch: ''Kwana Eiland'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Suriname Total Adventure Tours &amp;#124; Kwana eiland |url=http://surinametotaladventuretours.com/tourkwana.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830072814/http://surinametotaladventuretours.com/tourkwana.php |archive-date=2011-08-30 |access-date=2011-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;) shine sunan tsibirin da ke kudu maso yammacin tafkin Brokopondo ko tafkin Brakopondo (Brokopondostuwmeer, wanda aka fi sani da tafkin Blommestein ko tafkin B) a cikin Gundumar Brokopundo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=.: Sudamérica, Surinam, Distrikt Brokopondo, Distrikt Brokopondo – Lugares recónditos del mundo &amp;#124; Mapas, fotografias, videos, efemérides, celebridades, comentarios y accidentes geográficos. Sudamérica, Surinam, Distrikt Brokopondo, Distrikt Brokopondo |url=http://www.worldatlaspedia.com/es/sudamerica-surinam-distrikt-brokopondo-distrikt-brokopondo/fotografias/detalleFotografia?idLocalizacion=6976918 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316121348/http://www.worldatlaspedia.com/es/sudamerica-surinam-distrikt-brokopondo-distrikt-brokopondo/fotografias/detalleFotografia?idLocalizacion=6976918 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |access-date=2011-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Yankin Brokopondo) shine na biyu mafi girma a ƙasar da ke gabashin yankinsu. Sunan &quot;Kwana&quot; ya samo asali ne daga nau'in kifaye na gida, yana da bishiyoyin dabino, wasu ɗakunan yawon buɗe ido da rairayin bakin teku masu launin fari, kuma masunta ma suna zuwa wurin shakatawa. Tsibirin ya zama wurin hutu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwana Eiland |url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/kwanaeiland/posts/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=Kwana Eiland via Facebook |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350495660|Motor disorder]]&quot;</comment>
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| specialty     = Neurology
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| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Neurology
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Rashin motsi''' shine rikice-rikice na tsarin juyayi wanda ke haifar da motsi mara kyau da ba tare da son rai ba. Suna iya haifar da lalacewar tsarin motar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Knierim J |date= |title=Chapter 6: Disorders of the Motor System |url=http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117025917/http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter06.html |archive-date=November 17, 2017 |access-date=October 5, 2013 |publisher=The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayyana rikice-rikicen motsi a cikin bugu na biyar na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) - wanda aka buga a cikin 2013 don maye gurbin bita na huɗu (DSM-IV-TR) - a matsayin sabon rukuni na rikice-rikice na neurodevelopmental. Cututtukan motsi na DSM-5 sun haɗa da rikicewar daidaitawa na ci gaba (dyspraxia), rikicewar motsi, da rikice-rikice na tic ciki har da Ciwon Tourette . 

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Rikicin mota rashin aiki ne na tsarin jijiya wanda ke haifar da motsi ko ayyukan jiki na son rai ko rashin kulawa.[1] Wadannan cututtuka na iya haifar da rashin motsin da aka yi niyya ko kuma yawan motsin da ba na son rai ba[2]. Alamomin rashin lafiyar mota sun haɗa da rawar jiki, jijjiga, twitches, spasms, contractions, ko matsalolin gait. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Girgizar ƙasa ita ce girgizar hannu ko kafa. Twitches ko jerks na sassan jiki na iya faruwa saboda sauti mai ban mamaki ko ba zato ba tsammani, ciwo na kwatsam. Spasms da raguwa matsayi ne na wucin gadi na wucindmaki na hannu ko ƙafa. Spasms na wucin gadi ne yayin da raguwa na iya zama na dindindin. Matsalolin tafiya matsaloli ne tare da yadda mutum yake tafiya ko gudu. Wannan na iya nufin saurin da ba a daidaita ba ko jan ƙafafun tare da wasu yiwuwar rashin daidaito.

Ta hanyar aiwatar da ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya da yawa na iya taimakawa wajen gano cututtukan motsi. Ana iya yin gwaje-gwaje na jijiyoyi don gano cututtukan motsi. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar MRI ko CT ko electromyography, waɗanda gwaje-gwaje ne da aka yi don kimanta aikin tsokoki da jijiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Movement disorders: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Treatment |url=https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/movement-disorders/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=continentalhospitals.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ikan cututtukan motsi na yau da kullun ==
Ataxia wani nau'i ne na rikice-rikice na motsi wanda ke shafar ma'auni na mutum ta hanyar motsi mara daidaituwa na makamai da kafafu, da kuma shafar maganar su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Movement disorders - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chorea wani nau'i ne na rikicewar motsi wanda ke haifar da motsi mai sauri da ba da gangan ba wanda ke faruwa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Cutar Huntington ita ce mafi yawan nau'in kwayar halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Movement disorders - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dystonia yana haifar da raguwar tsoka da girgizar kai. Wannan yana haifar da motsi ko maimaitawa ko matsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo2025&quot; /&gt; Rashin motsi na aiki (FMD) yanayin da ke nuna motsi mara kyau da ba na son rai ba; duk da haka FMD ba ta haifar da cutar jijiyoyin jiki ba. Rashin motsi na aiki ba na dogon lokaci ba ne kuma ana iya magance shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo2025&quot; /&gt; Multiple system atrophy (MSA) cuta ce ta neurodegenerative wacce ba ta da sanannen dalilin. MSA yana shafar motsi na mutum, ma'anar daidaituwa, da kuma tsarin ayyukan jiki. Rashin hawan jini, kula da hanji da hanji mara kyau, da matsalolin numfashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Knierim J |date= |title=Chapter 6: Disorders of the Motor System |url=http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117025917/http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter06.html |archive-date=November 17, 2017 |access-date=October 5, 2013 |publisher=The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Canje-canje na cututtukan wasu sassan kwakwalwa sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mafi yawan cututtuken motsi. Dalilan cututtukan motsi ta hanyar maye gurbin kwayar halitta yawanci yana shafar ƙwaƙwalwa. Hanyar da mutane ke motsawa tana buƙatar sassa da yawa na kwakwalwa don yin aiki tare don yin tsari mai rikitarwa. Dole ne kwakwalwa ta aika sakonni ga tsokoki tana umurtar su da yin wani aiki. Akwai alamomi na yau da kullun da ake aikawa zuwa da kuma daga kwakwalwa da tsokoki waɗanda ke tsara cikakkun bayanai game da motsi kamar saurin da shugabanci, don haka lokacin da wani ɓangare na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ya lalace, alamun na iya zama ba daidai ba ko ba za a iya sarrafawa ba wanda ke haifar da ayyukan ko motsi ba tare da son rai ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mandal&quot; /&gt;

== Abubuwan haɗari ==
Rashin daidaito na motsi na jiki, kamar girgizar ƙasa da motsi a hannaye, hannaye, kafafu, da kai, gami da fuska, na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da daidaitawa da daidaitawa. Matsalar daidaitawa da daidaitawa na iya haifar da matsalolin kwanciyar hankali wanda zai iya haifar da faduwa da rauni. Rashin motsi na iya haifar da raguwa a cikin jiki wanda zai iya zama mai gajiyarwa kuma yana da wuyar mutane su iya rayuwa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Movement disorders: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Treatment |url=https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/movement-disorders/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=continentalhospitals.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Neuroscience}}{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Albie Casiño</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157886</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858429</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354651496|Albie Casiño]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858429</origin>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Alan Benedict''' &quot;'''Albie'''&quot; '''Lee Casiño''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Filipino wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Kirista a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Mara Clara'' (2010). An kuma san shi sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a kan On the Wings of Love (2015-2016), ''Pusong Ligaw'' (2017-2018), Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Los Bastardos (2018-2019), ''Linlang'' (2023), da Can't Buy Me Love (2023-2024).

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Casiño ya shiga cikin gardama tare da tsohuwar budurwa Andi Eigenmann . Eigenmann ta kasance da ciki kusan watanni biyar a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2011. Daga nan sai ta bayyana cewa mahaifin ɗanta shine saurayinta na &quot;na farko&quot;, tare da Albie yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ake zargi.

A halin yanzu, saurayin Eigenmann na yanzu, Jake Ejercito, ya riga ya musanta cewa shi ne mahaifin yayin da mahaifiyar Albie ba ta tabbatar ko musanta cewa Albie shine mahaifin yaron da ba a haifa ba. Koyaya, a cikin wata hira da mahaifin Eigenmann, Mark Gil, ya nuna cewa mahaifin yaron shine saurayi na farko kuma kawai na Eigenmann; ya kuma ce Ejercito ba mahaifin ba ne kuma yana girmama shi saboda kasancewa a can. A ƙarshe, bayan jayayya ta shekaru 5, a watan Satumbar 2016, 'yar'uwar Eigenmanns ta tabbatar da ita a cikin kwasfan fayiloli, cewa Jake Ejercito, shine mahaifin da aka tabbatar, kuma an dauki gwajin iyaye, ba tare da sanin Casiño ba.

A watan Agustan 2015, Casiño ya bayyana gwagwarmayarsa da rikicewar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] ko ADHD, yana mai nuna shi a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya tashi daga [[ABS-CBN]].

Casiño ya shiga gidan Pinoy Big Brother (PBB) a cikin fitowar Celebrity na 2021 na reality show,  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=C |first=Toff |date=October 16, 2021 |title=Kyle Echarri, Chie Filomeno, and Albie Casino are the new celebrity housemates of 'PBB: Kumunity season 10' |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/2021/10/16/fresh-scoops/kyle-echarri-chie-filomeno-and-albie-casino-are-196371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016150224/https://push.abs-cbn.com/2021/10/16/fresh-scoops/kyle-echarri-chie-filomeno-and-albie-casino-are-196371 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |access-date=October 16, 2021 |website=[[ABS-CBN Digital Media|Push]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya buɗe game da gwagwarmayarsa da ADHD  wanda ya haifar da rikici tare da abokin zama Alexa Ilacad  Rashin jituwa game da halinsa na zaman kansa ya haifar da korarsa daga wasan kwaikwayon da aka ambata.&lt;ref name=&quot;2nd Eviction&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basco |first=Karl Cedrick |date=November 13, 2021 |title=Albie Casiño ika-2 evictee sa 'Pinoy Big Brother' house |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/11/13/21/albie-casio-nagpaalam-na-sa-pbb-house |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113134329/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/11/13/21/albie-casio-nagpaalam-na-sa-pbb-house |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |access-date=November 13, 2021 |website=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=tl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Casiño daga baya ya kasance cikin dangantaka da mai fafatawa da Michelle Arceo daga 2016 zuwa 2019 kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin dangantaka da Michelina tun 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bernardino |first=Stephanie |date=May 17, 2023 |title=Albie Casiño flaunts new GF |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/5/16/albie-casino-introduces-new-gf |access-date=June 12, 2024 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2024, Casiño ya sanar da cewa Michelina ta haifi ɗansu, Roman Andrew, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deveza |first=Reyma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Albie Casiño is now a father |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/2024/6/11/albie-casi-o-is-now-a-father-735 |access-date=June 12, 2024 |website=[[ABS-CBN]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan sun yi aure a shekarar 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2025 |title=Albie Casiño is engaged to non-showbiz partner |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/familyandrelationships/970323/albie-casi-o-engaged/story/ |access-date=December 21, 2025 |website=[[GMA News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin mashaya da hari ===
A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2012, Andi Eigenmann ya ga Casiño a wani mashaya a Makati kuma an ruwaito cewa ya jefa ruwan inabi a fuskar Casiño kuma ya buge shi. Casiño ya tafi bayan gida &quot;don tsaftace kansa&quot; tare da niyyar barin mashaya bayan haka amma shi da abokinsa an bi su kuma abokan Eigenmann sun kai musu hari a filin ajiye motoci. Daga baya wani mai tsaron gida ya dakatar da tashin hankali. Abokan Eigenmann sun hada da Frank Magalona, ɗan rapper Francis Magalona, da Jeck-Jeck Lacson, ɗan siyasa Ping Lacson . 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|''Waƙoƙin Ku: Gimik 2010''
|Albie Marquez
|-
|''Maynila: Misa na Gallo''
|Mart
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010–2011
|''Mara Clara''
|Kirista Torralba
|-
|''Nuhu''
|Levi (matashi) 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2011
|''Kwanaki 100 zuwa Sama''
|Reggie
|-
|''Wansapanataym: Wallet''
|Vincent
|-
|''Maalaala Mo Kaya: Toga''
|Phil Lipp Peene
|-
|2012
|''Maynila: Ang Choosy Mong Heart''
|Daani
|-
|2013
|''Cassandra: Mala'ika Mai Soja''
|Yahuza Solcruz
|-
|2014
|''Furci na Wani Mahimmanci''
|Jack Malaqui
|-
|2015
|''A kan Fuka-fukan Soyayya''
|Diego &quot;Jigs&quot; Fausto
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|''FPJ's Ang Probinsyano''
|Richmond Subito
|-
|''Wansapanataym: Kawai Ka samu Laki''
|Jake
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2017
|''Karelasyon: Magnanakaw Ng Puso''
|Gilbert
|-
|''Wagas: Padyak don pag-Ibig''
|matashi Alfredo
|-
|''Kareliya: Bugso''
|Joel / Land
|-
|''Ipaglaban Mo: Putol''
|Vincent
|-
|2017–2018
|''Pusong Ligaw''
|Leon Del Mundo
|-
|2018
|''Wagas: Ƙauna Bayan HIV''
|Cris
|-
|2018–2019
|''Zuciya Mai Kyau Romances Gabatarwa: Los Bastards''
|Lucas Aguilar-Kadinal
|-
|2019
|''Ipaglaban Mo: Biyaheng Langit''
|Sarkin
|-
|2020
|''Ang sa Iyo ay Akin''
|Victor Montelibano
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021
|''Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10''
|Abokin Gida
|-
|''Init sa Magdamag''
|Raymund
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022
|''Wanda aka zaba: Soap Opera''
|Iliya Docomos
|-
|''Bola Bola''
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|''Ka ja Kai da Ni''
|Ricardo &quot;Ricky&quot; Sabas Jr.
|-
|''Linlang''
|Ricky
|-
|2023–2024
|''Ba za a iya saya ni soyayya ba''
|Charleston Young Tiu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''Batang Quiapo na FPJ''
|Iñigo Guerrero / Montenegro-Torres
|-
|''Yana da kyau kada a yi kyau''
|Junjun
|-
|2026
|''Jinin da Aiki''
|SPO3 Liam Rodriguez
|}

=== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
|-
|2009–2010
|''SOP''
|Shi da kansa / Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|2012
|''Yipee Yehey mai farin ciki!''
|Shi da kansa / Baƙo
|-
|2013
|''Nunin Tim Yap''
|Shi da kansa / Baƙo
|-
|2017
|''Rashin daidaituwa''
|Shi da kansa (memba na ASAP Coverboys) 
|-
|2022
|''Babban aji''
|Mai karɓar bakuncin
|-
|2024-2025
|''Fuska da Fuska Harapan''
|Mai maye gurbin mai masaukin baki
|-
|}

=== Jerin yanar gizo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
|-
|2022
|''Yadda za a ci gaba cikin kwanaki 30''
|Jake
|}

=== Fim din ===

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Kyautar
!Shekara
!Sashe
!Ayyuka
!Sakamakon
!Tabbacin.
|-
|Fim Ambassadors Night
|2020
|An girmama shi
|''Rana ta Haske''|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2020 |title=FDCP Announces Honorees for 4th Film Ambassadors' Night |url=https://fdcp.ph/updates/fdcp-announces-honorees-4th-film-ambassadors-night |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428004342/https://fdcp.ph/updates/fdcp-announces-honorees-4th-film-ambassadors-night |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=April 28, 2024 |website=Film Development Council of the Philippines |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Gawad Tanglaw
|2017
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Aiki guda
|''MMK: Hoton''|| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2017 |title=ABS-CBN nangharos sa Gawad Tanglaw! |url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/2017/04/27/1689073/abs-cbn-nangharos-sa-gawad-tanglaw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428004345/https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/2017/04/27/1689073/abs-cbn-nangharos-sa-gawad-tanglaw |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=April 28, 2024 |website=The Philippine Star |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Manhattan
|2019
|Mafi kyawun Haɗin Kai
|''Rana ta Haske''|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2020 |title=Albie Casiño, &quot;maalat&quot; ang Valentine's Day ngayong taon |url=https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/pep-troika/149277/albie-casino-valentines-day-a4118-20200210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428004344/https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/pep-troika/149277/albie-casino-valentines-day-a4118-20200210 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=April 28, 2024 |website=PEP.ph |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|PMPC Star Awards don fina-finai
|2012
|Sabon Dan wasan fim na Shekara
|''Aswang''|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2012 |title=Star Magic artists dominate award-giving bodies |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2012/03/14/786671/star-magic-artists-dominate-award-giving-bodies |access-date=April 28, 2024 |website=The Philippine Star |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Philippines]] OMG! Kyaututtuka
|2011
|Mafi Kyawun Matashi Mai Kyau
|''Mara Clara''|| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2011 |title=Piolo, Jennylyn top OMG! Awards |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2011/07/01/701233/piolo-jennylyn-top-omg-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428004343/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2011/07/01/701233/piolo-jennylyn-top-omg-awards |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=April 28, 2024 |website=The Philippine Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|3979341}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Catieosaurus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157887</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858430</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:46:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347829922|Catieosaurus]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Catie Osborn, wanda aka sani da sunan mai amfani Catieosaurus, marubucin Ba'amurke ne, mai magana, TikToker, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai watsa shirye-shiryen podcast, mai koyar da jima'i, da mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar hankali da nakasa, wanda ke zaune a Atlanta, Jojiya.[1][2] Yawancin aikinta [ƙananan-alpha 1] yana kan batun rayuwa tare da ADHD, musamman tasirin sa akan jima'i da alaƙa. Tun lokacin da ta shiga TikTok a cikin Nuwamba 2020, ta sami mabiya sama da miliyan ɗaya [3] [4] [5] kasancewar ta kafofin watsa labarun ya haɗa da Twitter, YouTube, Twitch, da OnlyFans.[6] Bugu da ƙari, ta dauki nauyin faifan podcast Yi hakuri, Na rasa Wannan: Komai Jagora ga ADHD da Dangantaka tare da Cate Osborn wanda Understood.org ya samar, [7] kuma ya dauki nauyin podcast Catie da Erik's Infinite Quest tare da Erik Gude.[8] An san sharhinta don mai da hankali kan tsaka-tsakin ADHD, nau'in neurodiversity, da kink.[9][10][11]

== Ayyuka ==

=== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo ===
Osborn ta halarci Jami'ar Mary Baldwin, inda ta sami Master of Fine Arts da Master of Letters a Shakespeare da Performance . &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-30 |title=Catie Osborn |url=https://americanshakespearecenter.com/people/catie-osborn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326231258/https://americanshakespearecenter.com/people/catie-osborn/ |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=American Shakespeare Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta na mataki sun haɗa da Cressida / Hector a cikin ''Troilus da Cressida'' da Puck a cikin A Midsummer Night's Dream, duka tare da Compass Shakespeare Ensemble, da kuma samar da Mary Baldwin na 2015 na Mary Zimmerman's &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwYA&quot;&gt;Metamorphoses&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Jan 27, 2015 |title=Mary Baldwin University Theatre Presents Metamorphoses |url=https://marybaldwin.edu/news/2015/01/27/mary-baldwin-college-theatre-presents-metamorphoses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326231258/https://marybaldwin.edu/news/2015/01/27/mary-baldwin-college-theatre-presents-metamorphoses/ |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=marybaldwin.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki don Babban Kogin Shakespeare Festival a matsayin mai zane-zane na ilimi da mai zane-zanen hoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Kafin aikinta na kan layi, Osborn ta kasance manajan wasan kwaikwayo na kwararru kuma ta yi aiki ga kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearean]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perlman |first=Justin |date=2022-10-11 |title=ADHD After Dark - TikTok Star Catieosaurus on Sex, Relationships &amp; Neurodivergence |url=https://philadelphiaweekly.com/adhd-after-dark-tiktok-star-catieosaurus-on-sex-relationships-neurodivergence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319080655/https://philadelphiaweekly.com/adhd-after-dark-tiktok-star-catieosaurus-on-sex-relationships-neurodivergence/ |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[Philadelphia Weekly]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kafofin sada zumunta ===
An sallami Osborn yayin bala'in COVID-19 kuma ta shiga TikTok a cikin Nuwamba 2020, ƙanwarta ta ƙarfafa ta kuma tana son wani abu ya wuce lokacin.[1][2] Ta fara tattaunawa game da ADHD dinta akan app saboda takaici, jin cewa abubuwan da ke faruwa a kan cutar ba su nuna irin abubuwan da ta samu ba kuma ba a tattauna tasirinta akan jima'i, kink, da alaƙa ba.[3][4][5]

A farkon 2021, Osborn ya shiga cikin Ships of the Northern Fleet, aikin haɓaka aikin haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu TikTokers da yawa waɗanda ke kewaye da littafin fantasy na ɗan fashin teku da babu shi da jerin talabijin daga 2000s; A cikin wannan kwatancin, Osborn ya yi iƙirarin ya buga Annie Wreyburn, wasan kwaikwayon na jagorar bisexual wanda aka kashe shi da jayayya.[1][2][3][4] Masu amfani da TikTok sun buga tare ta hanyar ƙirƙirar fandom na gaske don wasan kwaikwayo na hasashe.[2][4] Bugu da ƙari, Osborn da sauran &quot;mambobin simintin gyare-gyare&quot; sun gudanar da rayayyun Q&amp;A na cikin-halaye akan Twitch da YouTube.[2][3]

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Osborn ba ta da binary &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; i=&quot;&quot;&gt;ita/ta-cx=&quot;{}&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-23&quot;,&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=\&quot;mw:Transclusion\&quot; data-mw=\&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;name&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;attrs&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;src&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;body&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;extsrc&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Cite tweet &amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Cite_tweet&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;last&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Osborn&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;first&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Catie&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;user&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;CatieOsaurus&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;number&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;1680006452595900416&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;15 July 2023&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;It's #NonbinaryAwarenessDay and I'm here to remind you that there is no one right way to do gender. It took me until after 30 to start comfortably identifying as non-binary. I still feel like that flexes and changes sometimes. It isn't a race. You're okay, and you're not alone.&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;11 October 2024&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;link&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;quote&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;ref&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAkc\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt82\&quot; class=\&quot;citation web cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFOsborn2023\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Osborn, Catie [@CatieOsaurus] (15 July 2023). &lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://twitter.com/CatieOsaurus/status/1680006452595900416\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAkg\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;It's #NonbinaryAwarenessDay and I'm here to remind you that there is no one right way to do gender. It took me until after 30 to start comfortably identifying as non-binary. I still feel like that flexes and changes sometimes. It isn't a race. You're okay, and you're not alone\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;205\&quot; href=\&quot;./Tweet_(social_media)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAkk\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;Tweet (social media)\&quot;&gt;Tweet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAko\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAks\&quot;&gt;11 October&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 2024&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwAkw\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; via &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;206\&quot; href=\&quot;./Twitter\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAk0\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;Twitter\&quot;&gt;Twitter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-23&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Catieosaurus#cite_note-23 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; kuma tana amfani da ita / ita da sunayen ''su / su'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perlman |first=Justin |date=2022-10-11 |title=ADHD After Dark - TikTok Star Catieosaurus on Sex, Relationships &amp; Neurodivergence |url=https://philadelphiaweekly.com/adhd-after-dark-tiktok-star-catieosaurus-on-sex-relationships-neurodivergence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319080655/https://philadelphiaweekly.com/adhd-after-dark-tiktok-star-catieosaurus-on-sex-relationships-neurodivergence/ |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[Philadelphia Weekly]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma girmamawa mai zaman kansa na jinsi ''Mx'' .  Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin polyamorous, bisexual, Pansex da kuma rabin / greysexual .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=CatieOsaurus|title=As a bi,demi/greysexual with cis male partners, I often don't see myself reflected in LGBTQ spaces....|date=Jun 5, 2022|access-date=Apr 17, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aure  kuma tana da kare mai suna Bailey. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

An gano Osborn da ADHD ranar da ta cika shekaru 30 da haihuwa. Bayan an cire ta daga barwar ovary saboda karkatar da ovarian, ta sami rashin daidaituwa na hormonal wanda ya kara tsanantawa da ADHD, yana da matukar tasiri ga ƙwaƙwalwarta da mayar da hankali. Osborn da farko ya yi imanin cewa tana fama da rashin hankali har sai aboki mai cutar ADHD ya ba da shawarar cewa tana iya samun cutar, wanda ya sa ta nemi kimantawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koenig |first=Ronnie |date=March 7, 2022 |title='A lightbulb went off': Women share what it's like to be diagnosed with ADHD as an adult |url=https://www.today.com/health/mind-body/adhd-girls-women-3-people-share-diagnosis-stories-rcna18883 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327000817/https://www.today.com/health/mind-body/adhd-girls-women-3-people-share-diagnosis-stories-rcna18883 |archive-date=2023-03-27 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=[[TODAY.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perlman |first=Justin |date=2022-10-11 |title=ADHD After Dark - TikTok Star Catieosaurus on Sex, Relationships &amp; Neurodivergence |url=https://philadelphiaweekly.com/adhd-after-dark-tiktok-star-catieosaurus-on-sex-relationships-neurodivergence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319080655/https://philadelphiaweekly.com/adhd-after-dark-tiktok-star-catieosaurus-on-sex-relationships-neurodivergence/ |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[Philadelphia Weekly]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Key |first=Laura |date=Jan 10, 2023 |title=ADHD and Hormones (Catie's Story) |url=https://www.understood.org/en/podcasts/adhd-aha/adhd-hormones-catie-osborn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418024458/https://www.understood.org/en/podcasts/adhd-aha/adhd-hormones-catie-osborn |archive-date=2023-04-18 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=ADHD Aha! |series= |publisher=Understood.org |language=en |type=podcast w/ transcript}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ce ta &quot;yi girma a duk rayuwata tana gaskata cewa na lalace kuma ban mamaki kuma ba daidai ba ne kuma kowa da kowa yana da bayanin kuma ban yi ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Baya ga ADHD, Osborn tana da dystonia na myoclonic kuma tana fuskantar spasms na tsoka da ciwo mai tsanani; tana ganin aikinta na BDSM a wani bangare kamar yadda take kula da ciwo na kullum da ADHD.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perlman |first=Justin |date=2022-10-11 |title=ADHD After Dark - TikTok Star Catieosaurus on Sex, Relationships &amp; Neurodivergence |url=https://philadelphiaweekly.com/adhd-after-dark-tiktok-star-catieosaurus-on-sex-relationships-neurodivergence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319080655/https://philadelphiaweekly.com/adhd-after-dark-tiktok-star-catieosaurus-on-sex-relationships-neurodivergence/ |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[Philadelphia Weekly]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma sha wahala daga bulimia tun tana 'yar shekara 15 har zuwa fara magani a cikin shekaru 30, kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa alamun ADHD na dysfunction na zartarwa da rashin daidaituwa na motsin rai sun ba da gudummawa ga rashin cin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Key |first=Laura |date=Jan 10, 2023 |title=ADHD and Hormones (Catie's Story) |url=https://www.understood.org/en/podcasts/adhd-aha/adhd-hormones-catie-osborn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418024458/https://www.understood.org/en/podcasts/adhd-aha/adhd-hormones-catie-osborn |archive-date=2023-04-18 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=ADHD Aha! |series= |publisher=Understood.org |language=en |type=podcast w/ transcript}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://catieosaurus.com/}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kulawa mai hanawa</title>
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      <id>858431</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:48:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350099177|Inhibitory control]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Excerpt/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Neuropsychology sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Inhibitory control, wanda aka fi sani da amsawar hanawa, tsari ne na fahimta - kuma, mafi mahimmanci, aikin zartarwa - wanda ke ba da damar mutum ya hana motsin zuciyarsa da na halitta, na al'ada, ko amsawar halayyar da ta fi dacewa ga motsawa (a.k.a. amsawar prepotent) don zaɓar halayyar kirki da ta dace da kammala burinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cognitive and motivational effects&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ |year=2015 |title=Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&amp;context=neuroethics_pubs |journal=J Cogn Neurosci |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00776 |pmid=25591060 |s2cid=15788121 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Executive functions&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diamond A |year=2013 |title=Executive functions |journal=Annu Rev Psychol |volume=64 |pages=135–168 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 |pmc=4084861 |pmid=23020641 |quote=Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control{{snd}}resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances).&amp;nbsp;... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten &amp; Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker &amp; Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo &amp; Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not. You can see the deleterious effects of stress, sadness, loneliness, and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs (poorer reasoning and problem solving, forgetting things, and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self-control).&amp;nbsp;...&lt;br /&gt;EFs can be improved (Diamond &amp; Lee 2011, Klingberg 2010).&amp;nbsp;... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved, including in the elderly and in infants. There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness (Erickson &amp; Kramer 2009, Voss et al. 2011)&amp;nbsp;... Inhibitory control (one of the core EFs) involves being able to control one’s attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure, and instead do what’s more appropriate or needed. Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses, old habits of thought or action (conditioned responses), and/or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that. Thus, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit. It doesn’t make it easy. Indeed, we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize, but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice.&amp;nbsp;... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding (Frank 2006).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kula da kai wani muhimmin bangare ne na hanawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cognitive and motivational effects&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Executive functions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;exercise benefits&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiney H, Machado L |date=February 2013 |title=Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations |journal=Psychon Bull Rev |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |doi=10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4 |pmid=23229442 |quote=Executive functions are strategic in nature and depend on higher-order cognitive processes that underpin planning, sustained attention, selective attention, resistance to interference, volitional inhibition, working memory, and mental flexibility&amp;nbsp;... Data to date from studies of aging provide strong evidence of exercise-linked benefits related to task switching, selective attention, inhibition of prepotent responses, and working memory capacity; furthermore, cross-sectional fitness data suggest that working memory updating could potentially benefit as well. In young adults, working memory updating is the main executive function shown to benefit from regular exercise, but cross-sectional data further suggest that task-switching and post-error performance may also benefit. In children, working memory capacity has been shown to benefit, and cross-sectional data suggest potential benefits for selective attention and inhibitory control.&amp;nbsp;... Support for the idea that higher levels of aerobic activity may be associated with superior brain structure has been gained through cross-sectional studies in older adults and children (for a recent review, see Voss, Nagamatsu, et al., 2011).&amp;nbsp;... only those in the aerobic exercise group exhibited improved connectivity between the left and right prefrontal cortices, two areas that are crucial to the effective functioning of the fronto-executive network.&amp;nbsp;... &lt;!--Selective attention--&gt;Together, these studies provide evidence that regular aerobic exercise benefits control over responses during selective attention in older adults.&amp;nbsp;... &lt;!--Inhibitory control--&gt;aerobic fitness is a good predictor of performance on tasks that rely relatively heavily on inhibitory control over prepotent responses (e.g., Colcombe et al., 2004, Study 1; Prakash et al., 2011) and also that regular aerobic exercise ''improves'' performance on such tasks&amp;nbsp;... &lt;!--Working memory--&gt;Overall, the results from the span and Sternberg tasks suggest that regular exercise can also confer benefits for the volume of information that children and older adults can hold in mind at one time. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cognitive control of exercise&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP |year=2014 |title=Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior |journal=Front Hum Neurosci |volume=8 |page=747 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747 |pmc=4179677 |pmid=25324754 |quote=Recent theory (e.g., Temporal Self-Regulation Theory; Hall and Fong, 2007, 2010, 2013) and evidence suggest that the relation between physical activity and cognitive control is reciprocal (Daly et al., 2013). Most research has focused on the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on executive functions-the set of neural processes that define cognitive control. Considerable evidence shows that regular physical activity is associated with enhanced cognitive functions, including attention, processing speed, task switching&lt;!--cognitive flexibility--&gt;, inhibition of prepotent responses&lt;!--inhibitory control--&gt; and declarative memory (for reviews see Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; Smith et al., 2010; Guiney and Machado, 2013; McAuley et al., 2013). Recent research demonstrates a dose-response relationship between fitness and spatial memory (Erickson et al., 2011)&amp;nbsp;... The effects of physical activity on cognitive control appear to be underpinned by a variety of brain processes including: increased hippocampal volume, increased gray matter density in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), upregulation of neurotrophins and greater microvascular density&amp;nbsp;... Together, this research suggests that an improvement in control processes, such as attention and inhibition or interference control, is associated with an improvement in self-regulation of physical activity.&amp;nbsp;... Increasingly, research shows that cognitive control abilities are malleable, and that cognitive training can produce positive cognitive outcomes and improvements in daily function (Willis et al., 2006; Hertzog et al., 2008) that can have long-lasting effects (Rebok et al., 2014). Approaches to cognitive training are numerous and varied; however, the relative superiority of different approaches with regard to training and transfer continue to be debated. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, samun nasarar murkushe halayyar halitta don cin cake lokacin da mutum yake sha'awar shi yayin cin abinci yana buƙatar amfani da sarrafawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Executive functions&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

An san prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, da subthalamic nucleus don tsara ƙwarewar sarrafawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Executive functions&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diamond A |year=2013 |title=Executive functions |journal=Annu Rev Psychol |volume=64 |pages=135–168 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 |pmc=4084861 |pmid=23020641 |quote=Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control{{snd}}resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances).&amp;nbsp;... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten &amp; Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker &amp; Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo &amp; Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not. You can see the deleterious effects of stress, sadness, loneliness, and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs (poorer reasoning and problem solving, forgetting things, and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self-control).&amp;nbsp;...&lt;br /&gt;EFs can be improved (Diamond &amp; Lee 2011, Klingberg 2010).&amp;nbsp;... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved, including in the elderly and in infants. There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness (Erickson &amp; Kramer 2009, Voss et al. 2011)&amp;nbsp;... Inhibitory control (one of the core EFs) involves being able to control one’s attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure, and instead do what’s more appropriate or needed. Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses, old habits of thought or action (conditioned responses), and/or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that. Thus, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit. It doesn’t make it easy. Indeed, we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize, but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice.&amp;nbsp;... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding (Frank 2006).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kulawar hanawa tana da rauni a cikin [[Addiction|jaraba]] da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Executive functions&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-Cognitive Control&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19710631&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Koob GF, Volkow ND |year=2010 |title=Neurocircuitry of addiction |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=217–238 |doi=10.1038/npp.2009.110 |pmc=2805560 |pmid=19710631 |quote=Animal and human imaging studies have revealed&amp;nbsp;... a key role in the preoccupation/anticipation stage for a widely distributed network involving the orbitofrontal cortex-dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and insula involved in craving and the cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior frontal cortices in disrupted inhibitory control.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin manya masu lafiya da mutane na ADHD, sarrafawa yana ingantawa a cikin gajeren lokaci tare da ƙananan allurai na methylphenidate ko amphetamine.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Cognitive and motivational effects&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ |year=2015 |title=Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&amp;context=neuroethics_pubs |journal=J Cogn Neurosci |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00776 |pmid=25591060 |s2cid=15788121 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Unambiguous PFC D1 A2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW |date=June 2015 |title=The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=940–950 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013 |pmc=4377121 |pmid=25499957 |quote=Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). This information has potentially important clinical implications as well as relevance for public health policy regarding the widespread clinical use of psychostimulants and for the development of novel pharmacologic treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation.&amp;nbsp;... In particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana iya inganta kulawar hanawa a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar motsa jiki na motsa jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Executive functions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;exercise benefits&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiney H, Machado L |date=February 2013 |title=Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations |journal=Psychon Bull Rev |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |doi=10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4 |pmid=23229442 |quote=Executive functions are strategic in nature and depend on higher-order cognitive processes that underpin planning, sustained attention, selective attention, resistance to interference, volitional inhibition, working memory, and mental flexibility&amp;nbsp;... Data to date from studies of aging provide strong evidence of exercise-linked benefits related to task switching, selective attention, inhibition of prepotent responses, and working memory capacity; furthermore, cross-sectional fitness data suggest that working memory updating could potentially benefit as well. In young adults, working memory updating is the main executive function shown to benefit from regular exercise, but cross-sectional data further suggest that task-switching and post-error performance may also benefit. In children, working memory capacity has been shown to benefit, and cross-sectional data suggest potential benefits for selective attention and inhibitory control.&amp;nbsp;... Support for the idea that higher levels of aerobic activity may be associated with superior brain structure has been gained through cross-sectional studies in older adults and children (for a recent review, see Voss, Nagamatsu, et al., 2011).&amp;nbsp;... only those in the aerobic exercise group exhibited improved connectivity between the left and right prefrontal cortices, two areas that are crucial to the effective functioning of the fronto-executive network.&amp;nbsp;... &lt;!--Selective attention--&gt;Together, these studies provide evidence that regular aerobic exercise benefits control over responses during selective attention in older adults.&amp;nbsp;... &lt;!--Inhibitory control--&gt;aerobic fitness is a good predictor of performance on tasks that rely relatively heavily on inhibitory control over prepotent responses (e.g., Colcombe et al., 2004, Study 1; Prakash et al., 2011) and also that regular aerobic exercise ''improves'' performance on such tasks&amp;nbsp;... &lt;!--Working memory--&gt;Overall, the results from the span and Sternberg tasks suggest that regular exercise can also confer benefits for the volume of information that children and older adults can hold in mind at one time. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cognitive control of exercise&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP |year=2014 |title=Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior |journal=Front Hum Neurosci |volume=8 |page=747 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747 |pmc=4179677 |pmid=25324754 |quote=Recent theory (e.g., Temporal Self-Regulation Theory; Hall and Fong, 2007, 2010, 2013) and evidence suggest that the relation between physical activity and cognitive control is reciprocal (Daly et al., 2013). Most research has focused on the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on executive functions-the set of neural processes that define cognitive control. Considerable evidence shows that regular physical activity is associated with enhanced cognitive functions, including attention, processing speed, task switching&lt;!--cognitive flexibility--&gt;, inhibition of prepotent responses&lt;!--inhibitory control--&gt; and declarative memory (for reviews see Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; Smith et al., 2010; Guiney and Machado, 2013; McAuley et al., 2013). Recent research demonstrates a dose-response relationship between fitness and spatial memory (Erickson et al., 2011)&amp;nbsp;... The effects of physical activity on cognitive control appear to be underpinned by a variety of brain processes including: increased hippocampal volume, increased gray matter density in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), upregulation of neurotrophins and greater microvascular density&amp;nbsp;... Together, this research suggests that an improvement in control processes, such as attention and inhibition or interference control, is associated with an improvement in self-regulation of physical activity.&amp;nbsp;... Increasingly, research shows that cognitive control abilities are malleable, and that cognitive training can produce positive cognitive outcomes and improvements in daily function (Willis et al., 2006; Hertzog et al., 2008) that can have long-lasting effects (Rebok et al., 2014). Approaches to cognitive training are numerous and varied; however, the relative superiority of different approaches with regard to training and transfer continue to be debated. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin jijiyoyi ==
Yankunan cortical na kwakwalwa suna da hannu akai-akai a cikin kulawar hanawa. A cikin lobe na gaba, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex da dama ventral prefrontal cartex suna nuna matakan aiki a lokacin gwaje-gwaje na hanawa. Gyri na tsakiya da na ƙasa na gaba, tare da yankin limbic na gaba, suma an haɗa su da hana amsawa.

== Gwaje-gwaje ==

== Bambancin jinsi ==
Mata suna da karfin iko don yin amfani da hanawa akan halayen da ba a so ko na al'ada kuma suna amsawa daban ga abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli da maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inhibitory control sex differences&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mansouri FA, Fehring DJ, Gaillard A, Jaberzadeh S, Parkington H |year=2016 |title=Sex dependency of inhibitory control functions |journal=Biol Sex Differ |volume=7 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/s13293-016-0065-y |pmc=4746892 |pmid=26862388 |quote=Inhibition of irrelevant responses is an important aspect of cognitive control of a goal-directed behavior. Females and males show different levels of susceptibility to neuropsychological disorders such as impulsive behavior and addiction, which might be related to differences in inhibitory brain functions.&amp;nbsp;... Here, we show a significant difference in executive control functions and their modulation by contextual factors between females and males |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=Helen |last2=Zinkivskay |first2=Ann |last3=Evans |first3=Kelly |last4=Campbell |first4=Anne |date=2006-05-01 |title=Gender differences in social representations of aggression: The phenomenological experience of differences in inhibitory control? |journal=British Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=139–153 |doi=10.1348/000712605X63073 |issn=2044-8295 |pmid=16613646}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, sauraron kiɗa yana inganta yawan hana amsawa a cikin mata, amma yana rage yawan hana amsawar a cikin maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inhibitory control sex differences&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Hukunce-hukunce # Hukunce
* Tasirin Neurobiological na motsa jiki # Kula da hankali da ƙwaƙwalwa
* Hana dawowa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haɗarin ƙwaƙwalwa na hypocalemic</title>
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    <id>157889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858432</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:49:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316743884|Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6672" sha1="74oosxn1l1ko5fd56aqqv1xi9l19x1t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Neurology]]
| symptoms      = [[Sensory overload]], relative resistance to [[lidocaine]] local anesthesia
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = Disorders of ion channels
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[pulpitis]]
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = [[Potassium gluconate]], avoiding high [[carbohydrate]] meals
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Haɗarin ƙwaƙwalwa na hypocalemic
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Neurology]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Signs and symptoms|Alamomi]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Sensory overload|Yawan ji]], juriya ta dangi ga maganin rigakafi na gida na [[lidocaine]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Cause (medicine)|Dalilan da suka haifar]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Rashin jituwa na tashoshin ion
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Differential diagnosis|Binciken bambance-bambance]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|Rashin kulawa]] Rashin saurin aiki, [[pulpitis]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Magani
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Potassium gluconate]], guje wa abinci mai yawa
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation cuta ce ta jijiyoyin da ke nuna kwarewar ra'ayi na yawan ji da kuma juriya ga Magana maganin maganin maganin rigakafi na gida na lidocaine. Ana iya magance yawan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da gluconate na potassium na baki. Mutanen da ke da wannan yanayin wani lokacin ana gano su da rikicewar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD), wanda ke haifar da yiwuwar cewa wani nau'in ADHD yana da dalilin da za'a iya fahimta ta hanyar inji kuma a bi da shi ta hanyar sabon hanya.

It is not to be confused with hot tooth syndrome.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Segal da abokan aiki ne suka kirkiro kalmar hypokalemic sensory overstimulation (2014) don bayyana ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, rashin tasiri na lidocaine na gida, kuma a cikin mata, ciwon ƙwayar cuta (PMS). &lt;ref name=&quot;jcn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Segal |first=M. M |last2=Rogers |first2=G. F |last3=Needleman |first3=H. L |last4=Chapman |first4=C. A |year=2007 |title=Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1408–10 |doi=10.1177/0883073807307095 |pmid=18174562 |s2cid=35659227}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rahoto na farko ya biyo bayan tattaunawa a cikin labarin na biyu na iyalai da yawa tare da gado mai rinjaye na autosomal na wannan yanayin.&lt;ref name=&quot;pn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Segal |first=Michael M |year=2014 |title=We Cannot Say Whether Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Exists, but We Can Find its Molecular Mechanisms |url=https://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(14)00256-2/fulltext |journal=Pediatric Neurology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.04.014 |pmid=24938135 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana kamanceceniya a asibiti zuwa ADHD da kuma hanyar inji da warkewa ga cututtukan Tashoshin ion, musamman ga cututsin tsoka na lokaci. Wasu mata da ke fama da cutar pre-menstrual na iya samun irin wannan cuta ta autosomal wanda ke haifar da alamun su.&lt;ref name=&quot;pn&quot; /&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
An bayyana gwajin rashin inganci na lidocaine a takaice a cikin takarda na 2014, &lt;ref name=&quot;pn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Segal |first=Michael M |year=2014 |title=We Cannot Say Whether Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Exists, but We Can Find its Molecular Mechanisms |url=https://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(14)00256-2/fulltext |journal=Pediatric Neurology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.04.014 |pmid=24938135 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSegal2014&quot;&gt;Segal, Michael M (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(14)00256-2/fulltext &quot;We Cannot Say Whether Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Exists, but We Can Find its Molecular Mechanisms&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Pediatric Neurology''. '''51''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15–&lt;/span&gt;16. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.04.014|10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.04.014]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24938135 24938135].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; amma ba a kammala gwajin da aka sarrafa ba. 

== Magani ==
Amfani da potassium na baki da guje wa abinci mai yawa na carbohydrate na iya taimakawa wajen Magana shi bisa ga gwaje-gwaje na baya-bayan nan, bin wannan hanyar da ta dace da cutar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2008 |title=What causes ADHD? Some intriguing findings |url=https://healthbusinessgroup.com/blog/2008/01/11/what-causes-adhd-some-intriguing-findings/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001855/https://healthbusinessgroup.com/blog/2008/01/11/what-causes-adhd-some-intriguing-findings/ |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=13 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Levitt |first=Jacob O. |date=21 April 2008 |title=Practical aspects in the management of hypokalemic periodic paralysis |journal=Journal of Translational Medicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1479-5876-6-18 |pmc=2374768 |pmid=18426576 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun da wannan yanayin ya haɗa da rashin tasiri na lidocaine mai toshewa na sodium-channel, an gwada maganin anesthetic na gida na amide-type da aka yi amfani da shi a kula da hakora, Articaine, kuma an gano yana da tasiri a cikin ɗaya daga cikin dangin.&lt;ref name=&quot;jcn&quot; /&gt; Babu wani bayani game da wasu magungunan rigakafi na gida da ke da tasiri a cikin waɗannan mutane don hanyoyin da ba na haƙori ba a buga su ba.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}} {{ADHD pharmacotherapies}}{{Nervous system}}{{Anesthesia}}
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  <page>
    <title>Infodumping</title>
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    <id>157890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858434</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:50:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359322791|Infodumping]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Infodumping''' shine samar da adadi mai yawa (kuma sau da yawa mai yawa) na bayanai, duk a lokaci guda. An fara amfani da kalmar ne a shekarar 1978 a cikin Proceedings of the Southeastcon Region 3 Conference 353. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author-link=Oxford English Dictionary |date=July 2023 |title=Info-dump, N. |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/3631480232 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford UP |language=en |doi=10.1093/OED/3631480232}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tsawon lokaci, an karɓi kalmar &quot;infodumping&quot; a cikin mahallin wallafe-wallafen (musamman a cikin fantasy da fiction kimiyya ) da kuma al'ummar autistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=infodump |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810105132667 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glossary |url=https://reframingautism.org.au/service/glossary-terms/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Reframing Autism |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infodumping a cikin wallafe-wallafen ==
A cikin mahallin wallafe-wallafen, infodumping shine lokacin da marubuci ya rubuta ɓangarori masu mahimmanci na fallasawa, musamman idan sun kasance marasa amfani ko marasa amfani ga labarin. Wannan na iya haifar da bushewa, rashin shiga cikin rubutu. Sau da yawa ana tattauna shi tsakanin marubutan almara da fantasy saboda duka nau'ikan suna buƙatar Gina duniya, wanda zai iya zama ƙalubale ga marubutan su yi aiki tare da makircin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richard |first=Moriah |date=2023-02-03 |title=Writing Mistakes Writers Make: Info Dumping |url=https://www.writersdigest.com/write-better-fiction/writing-mistakes-writers-make-info-dumping |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Writer&amp;#039;s Digest |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanyar ba da labari &quot;nuna, kada ka fada&quot; na iya taimaka wa marubuta rage ƙididdigar wallafe-wallafen, yayin da yake ƙarfafa amfani da ayyuka, kalmomi, subtext, tunani, ji, da ji maimakon fallasawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-02-18 |title=New York Times New York City Poll, August 2004 |url=https://doi.org/10.3886/icpsr04156 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=ICPSR Data Holdings}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infodumping a matsayin salon sadarwa na neurodivergent ==
[[Fayil:Wikipedia_infodump_autism_meme.jpg|thumb|Wani meme na intanet a cikin bangarori uku. A wata hira da aiki, mai tambayoyin ya karanta Ci gaba kuma ya tambayi abin da mutumin da aka yi hira da shi ke nufi da &quot;autism&quot;. Ta amsa tare da infodumping sashin jagora na labarin [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] game da Wikipedia.]]
&quot;Infodumping&quot; an fahimta a matsayin wani bangare na maganganun autistic, musamman kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da batutuwan da suke sha'awa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Jennifer |date=May 25, 2022 |title=An Analysis of Self-published Novels by Autistic Authors as a Form of Advocacy |url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/ought/vol3/iss2/5 |journal=Ought: The Journal of Autistic Culture |volume=3 |issue=2 |doi=10.9707/2833-1508.1090 |issn=2833-1508 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cola |first=Meredith |last2=Zampella |first2=Casey J. |last3=Yankowitz |first3=Lisa D. |last4=Plate |first4=Samantha |last5=Petrulla |first5=Victoria |last6=Tena |first6=Kimberly |last7=Russell |first7=Alison |last8=Pandey |first8=Juhi |last9=Schultz |first9=Robert T. |last10=Parish-Morris |first10=Julia |date=2022 |title=Conversational adaptation in children and teens with autism: Differences in talkativeness across contexts |journal=Autism Research |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1090–1108 |doi=10.1002/aur.2693 |issn=1939-3792 |pmc=9167260 |pmid=35199482}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin mutanen da ke fama da autism, infodumping yana taka rawa a cikin haɗin kai saboda hanya ce ta raba abubuwan sha'awa. Mutanen da ke fama da autistic sun fi maraba da infodumping kuma suna kallon shi a matsayin kyakkyawan hali a wasu fiye da takwarorinsu na allistic (marasa autistic).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Duffin |first=Suzanne J. |last2=Bath |first2=Peter A. |last3=Sbaffi |first3=Laura |date=2025-08-14 |title=The role of online groups for autistic people in users’ autism information journeys |url=https://www.emerald.com/jd/article/81/4/1095/1268602/The-role-of-online-groups-for-autistic-people-in |journal=Journal of Documentation |language=en |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1124 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2025-0022 |issn=0022-0418 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda mutanen da ke fama da cutar sun fi ganin yadda ake amfani da shi a matsayin mummunan hali, mutanen da ke dauke da cutar autistic na iya jin matsin su don &quot;&quot;mask&quot;&quot; sha'awar su sosai ga batun. Za su iya rage matakin farin cikin su ko kuma su guji magana game da wani batu gaba ɗaya idan sun yi zargin abokin tattaunawar su ba ya son jin labarin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Rue Mae |date=April 25, 2025 |title=&quot;Ultimately, it's a matter of safety, and resisting ostracization&quot;: Understanding Neurodivergent Masking with Online Communities. |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/full/10.1145/3706598.3714094 |journal=CHI '25: Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. |pages=1-14 |via=Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magana da Magana na iya zama wuri mai fa'ida ga mutanen da ke fama da autistic don &quot;bayyana komai&quot; da ke faruwa a rayuwarsu ba tare da tsoron hukunci mara kyau ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pappagianopoulos |first=Jessica |last2=Brunt |first2=Sophie |last3=Smith |first3=Jessica V. |last4=Menezes |first4=Michelle |last5=Howard |first5=Mya |last6=Sadikova |first6=Elonora |last7=Burroughs |first7=Christina |last8=Mazurek |first8=Micah O. |date=November 29, 2024 |title=‘Therapy Through the Lens of Autism’: Qualitative exploration of autistic adults' therapy experiences. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/capr.12861 |journal=Counselling &amp; Psychotherapy Research |volume=25 |issue=2 |via=Wiley Online Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Infodumping kuma yana da alaƙa da rikicewar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]].

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rashin sadarwa
* Matsalar tausayi sau biyu
* Al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu na autism
* Magana mai laushi
* Bayyanawa (bayani) 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{ADHD|state=collapsed}}{{Autism spectrum|state=collapsed}}
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    <title>Ka'idar ƙarancin tashin hankali</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350166420|Low arousal theory]]&quot;</comment>
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Ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar tashin hankali shine ka'idar tunani mai bayyana cewa mutanen da ke da matsalar rashin hankali (ADHD) da kuma rashin zaman lafiya [1]  suna neman kuzari ta hanyar wuce gona da iri don wuce yanayin ƙaramar haɓakarsu. Wannan ƙananan sha'awar yana haifar da gazawa ko wahala don ɗaukar hankali ga kowane aiki na raguwar haɓakawa ko sabon abu, da kuma bayyana halayen ɗabi'a na tilastawa[2].

Mutumin da ke da ƙananan motsa jiki ba ya amsa ƙasa da abubuwan motsa jiki fiye da wanda ba tare da shi ba. Wannan mutum, bisa ga Kurege (1970)[1] [shafi da ake buƙata] yana “cikin yanayin ‘yunwa na yau da kullun’”.[2] [shafi da ake buƙata] [shafi da ake buƙata] Don ƙarin bayani, Mawson and Mawson (1977)[3] sun yi iƙirarin cewa mutum yana buƙatar ƙarin &quot;matsalolin ji&quot; don jin al'ada.[2]

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Masu bincike ba su da tabbacin abin da ke haifar da ƙarancin tashin hankali. Masu bincike sun gabatar da ra'ayoyi uku waɗanda zasu iya ba da labarin ƙarancin tashin hankali. Ka'idar farko ta jaddada cewa tashin hankali na motsin rai yana da kwayar halitta sosai. Abu na biyu, wasu tare da ƙarancin tashin hankali suna nuna rashin tashin hankali na hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). HPA axis ne ke da alhakin amsawar damuwa ta jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tardner |first=P. |date=2023-11-07 |title=Piracetam For ADHD: Does it work? |url=https://www.ijest.org/nootropics/piracetam-for-adhd/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda ana zaton yana da underarousal na HPA axis, binciken ya nuna cewa wannan yana haifar da rage ɓoyewar epinephrine da cortisol. Wadannan hormones guda biyu suna da alhakin amsawar jiki ga barazana. Na uku, ƙarancin motsin rai sau da yawa yana haifar da hypoactivity na amygdala. Amygdala a cikin kwakwalwa wani bangare ne na Tsarin limbic, kuma yana da alhakin sarrafawa da daidaita motsin rai. Wannan na iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wadanda ke da ƙarancin tashin hankali sau da yawa ba su da tausayi da kuma halin da ake ciki ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weis, R. 2014 pp. 302-303&quot; /&gt;

== Rashin jituwa na mutum ==
Rashin mutuntaka na Antisocial (ASPD) ana nuna shi ta hanyar maimaita yaudara, motsin rai, fushi, da tashin hankali tun yana da shekaru 15. Mutanen da aka gano suna da wannan cuta  sau da yawa suna samun ƙarancin yanayin tsoro.  Rashin tausayi da ke da alaƙa da ASPD ana zaton yana da alaƙa ne da ka'idar ƙarancin tashin hankali. Binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa mutanen da aka gano suna da ASPD sun nuna rashin jin daɗin halayyar mutum ga hotuna na mutane suna kuka fiye da mutanen da ba su da.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Jill M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ADHD sau da yawa shine farkon ASPD. ADHD sau da yawa yana faruwa tare da rikice-rikice na hali 30-50% na lokaci; wannan na iya haifar da ci gaban halayyar tashin hankali wanda ke nuna yiwuwar mutum yana ci gaba da ASPD.

== Sauti da wasan kwaikwayon ==
ADHD yana da alaƙa da [[dopamine]]_system&quot; id=&quot;mwVQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Dopamine system&quot;&gt;Tsarin dopamine mara kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Solanto |first=Mary V |date=March 2002 |title=Dopamine dysfunction in AD/HD: integrating clinical and basic neuroscience research |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166432801004314 |journal=Behavioural Brain Research |language=en |volume=130 |issue=1–2 |pages=65–71 |doi=10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00431-4 |pmid=11864719 |s2cid=12349066 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin binciken, an nuna mafi kyawun aikin lokacin da motsawa ya haifar da wani adadin tashin hankali na tunani. Lokacin amfani da sauti don taimakawa aikin kwakwalwa, wanda aka fi sani da sautin stochastic, an gano cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin hayaniya don inganta aikin waɗanda ke da ADHD, tunda suna da ƙananan dopamine (hypodopaminergia). &lt;ref name=&quot;Sikström-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sikström |first=S. |last2=Söderlund |first2=G. |date=October 2007 |title=Stimulus-dependent dopamine release in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. |journal=Psychological Review |volume=114 |issue=4 |pages=1047–75 |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.1047 |pmid=17907872}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Neophile - Irin mutum wanda aka kwatanta da dangantaka da sabon abu
* Novelty seeking - Halin mutum
* Sensation seeking - Halin mutum
* Yerkes–Dodson law - Dangantaka tsakanin damuwa da aiki

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316580351|Connors form]]&quot;</comment>
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''''''Tsarin Conners'''''' (wanda aka rubuta nau'in Conners ko nau'in conner) kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin saitunan asibiti da makaranta don tambayoyin da suka hada da ma'aunin ƙididdigar Conners, kayan aikin ƙididdigari na halayyar da aka saba amfani da su don tantance alamun [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] da matsalolin da suka shafi yara da [[Samartaka|matasa]]. An buga siffofin a cikin bugu da yawa, gami da Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) da Conners 'Teacher Rating Scales (CTRS), ''Conners 3'', Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Sicals (Conners CBRS), da ''Conners 4''. Wadannan kayan aiki sun hada da iyaye, malami, da kuma Rahoton kai kuma an tsara su don a haɗa su tare da tambayoyin asibiti da sauran bayanai don yanke shawara na bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Conners |first=C. Keith |last2=Sitarenios |first2=G. |last3=Parker |first3=J. D. A. |last4=Epstein |first4=J. N. |date=August 1998 |title=The revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9700518/ |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=257–268 |doi=10.1023/a:1022602400621 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Conners |first=C. Keith |last2=Sitarenios |first2=G. |last3=Parker |first3=J. D. A. |last4=Epstein |first4=J. N. |date=August 1998 |title=Revision and restandardization of the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9700520/ |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=279–291 |doi=10.1023/a:1022606501530 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Izzo |first=Viola Angela |last2=Donati |first2=Maria Anna |last3=Novello |first3=Federica |last4=Maschietto |first4=Dino |date=10 May 2019 |title=The Conners 3-short forms: Evaluating the adequacy of brief versions to assess ADHD symptoms and related problems |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31074289/ |journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=791–808 |doi=10.1177/1359104519846602 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morales-Hidalgo |first=Paula |last2=Hernández-Martínez |first2=Carmen |last3=Ferrer |first3=Mariona |last4=Voltas |first4=Nil |date=2017 |title=Psychometric properties of the Conners-3 and Conners Early Childhood Indices in a Spanish school population |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6236327/ |journal=International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=221–229 |doi=10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.05.001 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 August 2024 |title=Conners 4th Edition is Now Available! |url=https://mhs.com/blog/conners-4th-edition-is-now-available/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=MHS |publisher=Multi-Health Systems}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalmomin ==
A cikin sadarwa ta asibiti ta yau da kullun, &quot;Form Connors&quot; yawanci yana nufin takamaiman tambayoyin da iyaye, malami, ko matasa suka kammala (alal misali, nau'in iyaye ko nau'in malami). Masu bugawa da wallafe-wallafen bincike suna amfani da sunayen al'ada don iyalai da kayan aiki (misali, ''Conners CBRS'', ''Conners 3'', ''Conners 4'').&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Izzo |first=Viola Angela |last2=Donati |first2=Maria Anna |last3=Novello |first3=Federica |last4=Maschietto |first4=Dino |date=10 May 2019 |title=The Conners 3-short forms: Evaluating the adequacy of brief versions to assess ADHD symptoms and related problems |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31074289/ |journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=791–808 |doi=10.1177/1359104519846602 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Conners CBRS® |url=https://storefront.mhs.com/collections/conners-cbrs |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Multi-Health Systems |publisher=Multi-Health Systems}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyi da bugu ==
Iyaye, Malami, da Rahoton Kai sun wanzu a duk faɗin bugu don kama halayyar a cikin saituna da yawa; ma'auni sun dace da Tsarin bincike na zamani kuma sun haɗa da alamun inganci da matakan raunin.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Conners |first=C. Keith |last2=Sitarenios |first2=G. |last3=Parker |first3=J. D. A. |last4=Epstein |first4=J. N. |date=August 1998 |title=The revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9700518/ |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=257–268 |doi=10.1023/a:1022602400621 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Conners |first=C. Keith |last2=Sitarenios |first2=G. |last3=Parker |first3=J. D. A. |last4=Epstein |first4=J. N. |date=August 1998 |title=Revision and restandardization of the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9700520/ |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=279–291 |doi=10.1023/a:1022606501530 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Conners 3'' da ''Conners CBRS'' sun fadada ɗaukar hoto zuwa Matsalolin da ke faruwa tare kuma sun gabatar da gajerun siffofi da alamomi; binciken yana tallafawa amincinsu da inganci a duk faɗin al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Izzo |first=Viola Angela |last2=Donati |first2=Maria Anna |last3=Novello |first3=Federica |last4=Maschietto |first4=Dino |date=10 May 2019 |title=The Conners 3-short forms: Evaluating the adequacy of brief versions to assess ADHD symptoms and related problems |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31074289/ |journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=791–808 |doi=10.1177/1359104519846602 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morales-Hidalgo |first=Paula |last2=Hernández-Martínez |first2=Carmen |last3=Ferrer |first3=Mariona |last4=Voltas |first4=Nil |date=2017 |title=Psychometric properties of the Conners-3 and Conners Early Childhood Indices in a Spanish school population |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6236327/ |journal=International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=221–229 |doi=10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.05.001 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Conners 4'' na yanzu (shekaru 6-18) yana sabunta ka'idoji da tsarin sikelin, yana ƙara raunin da matakan sakamako na aiki, kuma yana ba da rahoto na dijital mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 August 2024 |title=Conners 4th Edition is Now Available! |url=https://mhs.com/blog/conners-4th-edition-is-now-available/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=MHS |publisher=Multi-Health Systems}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 October 2022 |title=CONNERS4 |url=https://cdn.mhs.com/mhsdocs/Marketing_Files/Conners4/Conners4_FAQ_Digital_17_October_2022_R4.pdf |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Multi-Health Systems |publisher=Multi-Health Systems}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Conners 4® |url=https://storefront.mhs.com/collections/conners-4 |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Multi-Health Systems |publisher=Multi-Health Systems}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da shi ==
Ana amfani da siffofin Connors azaman ƙididdigar halayyar daidaitawa don tallafawa kimantawar ADHD da rarrabewar ganewar asali, yawanci tare da tambayoyi, lura, bayanan ilimi, da matakan aiki (misali, Conners CPT-3).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Conners |first=C. Keith |date=April 2004 |title=VALIDATION OF ADHD RATING SCALES |url=https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(09)61568-9/fulltext |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=452–457 |doi=10.1097/00004583-200404000-00007 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Conners CPT 3™ |url=https://storefront.mhs.com/collections/conners-cpt-3 |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Multi-Health Systems |publisher=Multi-Health Systems}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaidar meta-analytic ta nuna cewa ma'aunin malami yana ba da inganci, ƙididdigar lokaci-lokaci na alamun ADHD na aji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Staff |first=Anouck I. |last2=Oosterlaan |first2=Jaap |last3=van der Oord |first3=Saskia |last4=Hoekstra |first4=Pieter J. |date=2021 |title=The Validity of Teacher Rating Scales for the Assessment of ADHD Symptoms in the Classroom: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32390490/ |journal=Journal of Attention Disorders |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=1701–1716 |doi=10.1177/1087054720920295 |access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Psychometrics ==
A cikin bugu, Nazarin bincike-bincike ya goyi bayan tsarin da yawa don iyaye da malamai, tare da karɓar daidaito na ciki da amintaccen gwajin-maimaitawa; Nazarin al'adu gabaɗaya suna tallafawa amintacce da ingancin fassarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot; /&gt; Ga ''Conners 4'', takardun masu bugawa sun ba da rahoton sabunta ka'idoji, bincike na tabbatarwa, da ingancin haɗuwa tare da matakan da aka kafa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Chapter 4: Step-by-Step Interpretation Guidelines |url=https://mhscdn.blob.core.windows.net/mhs-web/MHS-WordPress/Learn.MHS/Manuals/conners_4_html_manual_full/part3/ch4_interpretation.html |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Conners 4 – HTML Manual |publisher=Multi-Health Systems}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Scale na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na Vanderbilt
* SNAP-IV
* Scale na ƙididdigar ADHD
* Ilimin halayyar asibiti
* Psychometrics

== Manazarta ==
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349366808|Roing Assembly constituency]]&quot;</comment>
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 {{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Roing&lt;ref name=&quot;Roing (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Roing (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/roing |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531140733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/roing |archive-date=31 May 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Roing&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Roing |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0243.htm |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607043457/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0243.htm |archive-date=7 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roing Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Mutchu Mithi emerges as winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Roing Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Mutchu Mithi emerges as winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/roing-assembly-election-results-2024-roing-arunachal-pradesh-elections-polls-result-winner/articleshow/110631526.cms |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607043516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/roing-assembly-election-results-2024-roing-arunachal-pradesh-elections-polls-result-winner/articleshow/110631526.cms |archive-date=7 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link||candidate=[[Mutchu Mithi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=11,815|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=National People's Party (India)|swing=}}
{{End}}Roing na ɗaya daga cikin mazabu 60 na [[Arunachal Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly&quot;&gt;Majalisar dokoki na jihar Arunachal Pradesh a [[Indiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ceoarunachal-ACs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts &amp; ACs |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |archive-date=2020-06-27 |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=ceoarunachal.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana cikin gundumar Lower Dibang Valley kuma an keɓe shi ga 'yan takara daga cikin ƙabilun da aka tsara.

== Mambobin Majalisar Dokoki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Zaɓuɓɓuka
!memba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jam'iyyar
|-
|1978
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ka kasance da Lego|| {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
|1980
|-
|1984
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mukut Mithi|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1990
|-
|1995
|-
|1999
|-
|2004
|-
|2009
|Laeta Umbrey|| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|2014
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mutchu Mithi|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2019|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|2024|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Sakamakon zaben ==

=== Zaben Majalisar 2024 ===
{{Election box begin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box margin of victory}}
{{Election box turnout}}
{{Election box registered electors}}
{{Election box hold with party link}}
{{End}}{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858439</id>
      <parentid>858438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:56:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3687" sha1="hzg0rc1eul244bl9dnif9m4ggsx4rzm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 {{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Roing&lt;ref name=&quot;Roing (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Roing (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/roing |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531140733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/roing |archive-date=31 May 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Roing&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Roing |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0243.htm |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607043457/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0243.htm |archive-date=7 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roing Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Mutchu Mithi emerges as winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Roing Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Mutchu Mithi emerges as winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/roing-assembly-election-results-2024-roing-arunachal-pradesh-elections-polls-result-winner/articleshow/110631526.cms |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607043516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/roing-assembly-election-results-2024-roing-arunachal-pradesh-elections-polls-result-winner/articleshow/110631526.cms |archive-date=7 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link||candidate=[[Mutchu Mithi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=11,815|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=National People's Party (India)|swing=}}
{{End}}Roing na ɗaya daga cikin mazabu 60 na [[Arunachal Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly&quot;&gt;Majalisar dokoki na jihar Arunachal Pradesh a [[Indiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ceoarunachal-ACs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts &amp; ACs |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |archive-date=2020-06-27 |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=ceoarunachal.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana cikin gundumar Lower Dibang Valley kuma an keɓe shi ga 'yan takara daga cikin ƙabilun da aka tsara.

== Mambobin Majalisar Dokoki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Zaɓuɓɓuka
!memba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jam'iyyar
|-
|1978
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ka kasance da Lego|| {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
|1980
|-
|1984
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mukut Mithi|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1990
|-
|1995
|-
|1999
|-
|2004
|-
|2009
|Laeta Umbrey|| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|2014
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mutchu Mithi|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2019|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|2024|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Sakamakon zaben ==

=== Zaben Majalisar 2024 ===
{{Election box begin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box margin of victory}}
{{Election box turnout}}
{{Election box registered electors}}
{{Election box hold with party link}}
{{End}}{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858441</id>
      <parentid>858439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>858441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1613" sha1="o0epdgzuaoitgxkvxdrgrdn3amgm8ub" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Roing na ɗaya daga cikin mazabu 60 na [[Arunachal Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly&quot;&gt;Majalisar dokoki na jihar Arunachal Pradesh a [[Indiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ceoarunachal-ACs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts &amp; ACs |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |archive-date=2020-06-27 |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=ceoarunachal.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana cikin gundumar Lower Dibang Valley kuma an keɓe shi ga 'yan takara daga cikin ƙabilun da aka tsara.

== Mambobin Majalisar Dokoki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Zaɓuɓɓuka
!memba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jam'iyyar
|-
|1978
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ka kasance da Lego|| {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
|1980
|-
|1984
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mukut Mithi|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1990
|-
|1995
|-
|1999
|-
|2004
|-
|2009
|Laeta Umbrey|| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|2014
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mutchu Mithi|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2019|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|2024|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Sakamakon zaben ==

=== Zaben Majalisar 2024 ===
{{Election box begin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box margin of victory}}
{{Election box turnout}}
{{Election box registered electors}}
{{Election box hold with party link}}
{{End}}{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Acetaminophen autism mass tort</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858440</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349557456|Acetaminophen autism mass tort]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6560" sha1="274ol33t6dz2hbpelpxgbgz3fwn1mum" xml:space="preserve">
[[Paracetamol|acetaminophen]] mass tort yana nufin shari'ar da ake yi wa Amurka game da abin da ake yi na alhakin cewa &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwCA&quot;&gt;a cikin mahaifa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ga acetaminophen (wanda aka fi sani da [[paracetamol]] kuma ana siyar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunayen alama ciki har da ''Tylenol'') ya kara haɗarin cutar autism spectrum (ASD) da / ko [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a cikin yara. Yawancin shari'o'in tarayya sun kasance a cikin shari'ar gundumomi da yawa (MDL) a cikin Kudancin Gundumar New York, amma an kori MDL sosai bayan kotun ta cire masana masu shigar da kara a karkashin ka'idodin shaidar tarayya, yanke shawara wanda daga baya ya zama batun sake dubawa da ci gaba da gardamar jama'a.

== Tarihi ==
Acetaminophen magani ne da ake amfani da shi sosai da kuma maganin rigakafi, gami da lokacin daukar [[Juna biyu|ciki]]. Binciken kimiyya game da bayyanar acetaminophen da Sakamakon ci gaban jijiyoyi ya samar da nasarori masu rikitarwa, tare da wasu binciken lura da ke ba da rahoton ƙungiyoyi da wasu ba su sami wata alaƙa ba da zarar an magance abubuwan iyali da rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;JAMA2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahlqvist |first=V. H. |date=2024 |title=Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy and Children's Risk of Autism, ADHD, and Intellectual Disability |journal=JAMA |volume=331 |issue=14 |pages=1205–1214 |doi=10.1001/jama.2024.3172 |pmc=11004836 |pmid=38592388}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=D'Antonio |first=F. |date=2025 |title=Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanogw/article/PIIS3050-5038(25)00211-0/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Regional Health – Europe |access-date=February 23, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, Kwalejin likitocin haihuwa da likitocin mata na Amurka (ACOG) sun bayyana cewa shaidar ba ta isa ba don kafa dangantaka tsakanin amfani da acetaminophen a cikin ciki da sakamakon ci gaban jijiyoyi, yayin da suke ba da shawara ga likitoci da marasa lafiya su yi amfani da magunguna kawai kamar yadda ake buƙata kuma kamar yadda aka ba da umarni.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACOG2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2025 |title=Acetaminophen Use in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes |url=https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2025/09/acetaminophen-use-in-pregnancy-and-neurodevelopmental-outcomes |access-date=February 23, 2026 |website=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'ar Tarayya ==
A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2022, Kwamitin Shari'a na Amurka kan Shari'ar Gundumar Multidistrict (JPML) ya sauya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Transfer Order |url=https://www.jpml.uscourts.gov/sites/jpml/files/MDL-3043-Initial-Transfer-Order-9-22.pdf |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation}}&lt;/ref&gt; wasu shari'o'in autism da ADHD  ga Babban Alkalin Gundumar Denise Cote a Kudancin Gundumar New York, don haka ya karfafa duk irin waɗannan shari'o-tauran rashin lafiya na haihuwa na acetaminophen a cikin babban laifi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Irvin |date=2022-10-06 |title=Acetaminophen Lawsuits Over Autism and ADHD Risks Centralized in Federal MDL |url=https://www.aboutlawsuits.com/acetaminophen-lawsuits-over-autism-centralized/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=AboutLawsuits.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shari'ar musamman ta shafi rashin gargadi game da amfani da mahaifa. A ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, Alkalin Cote, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa, ya yanke hukunci a kan gardamar da aka yi wa Walmart (wanda sau da yawa ake tayar da shi a cikin shari'o'in cin zarafin magunguna). Alkalin Cote ya kuma yi hukunci a kan Johnson &amp;amp;amp; Johnson a watan Afrilun 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2023 |title=Acetaminophen on trial over possible links to autism, ADHD |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/acetaminophen-on-trial-over-possible-links-to-autism-adhd/ |website=Spectrum &amp;#124; Autism Research News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka ba da mahimmancin hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da tallata aikin aji yana karɓa, ana sa ran yawan masu shigar da kara ya karu sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Auchmuty |first=Matthew |date=2022-11-20 |title=Settlements for Tylenol Autism Lawsuits |url=https://www.dolmanlaw.com/blog/settlements-for-tylenol-autism-lawsuits/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Dolman Law Group |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ronald V. |last2=Jr. |date=2022-11-19 |title=Tylenol Autism Lawsuit |url=https://www.lawsuit-information-center.com/tylenol-autism-lawsuit.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Lawsuit Information Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fitar da karar ne a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, 2023, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mulvaney |first=Erin |date=19 December 2023 |title=Court Rejects Claims Linking Tylenol to Autism, ADHD |url=https://www.wsj.com/health/pharma/court-rejects-claims-linking-tylenol-ingredient-to-autism-adhd-307eccb5 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da Alkalin Cote ya rubuta a cikin hukunce-hukuncen shafi 148. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Sep 23, 2025 |title=Opinion &amp;#124; Trump, Tylenol and the Plaintiffs Bar |url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tylenol-acetaminophen-autism-donald-trump-rfk-jr-fda-pregnant-women-548bb877 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Hanyar da ba a tsara ta hanyar masana masu shigar da kara sun ba da izinin karɓar sheri, sun ba da damar nazarin sakamakon, kuma sun rufe rikitarwa, rashin daidaituwa, da raunin da ke cikin bayanan da ke tattare da su... &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IN RE: Acetaminophen – ASD-ADHD Products Liability Litigation |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.587481/gov.uscourts.nysd.587481.1381.0.pdf |access-date=2024-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da suka danganci jihar ==
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Babban Lauyan Texas ya shigar da karar kare mabukaci a kan Johnson &amp; Johnson da Kenvue (wanda ke sayar da Tylenol a Amurka), yana zargin sayar da yaudara na acetaminophen a matsayin mai aminci a lokacin daukar ciki kuma yana tabbatar da alaƙa da autism da sauran rikice-rikice na ci gaba; labaran labarai sun bayyana alaƙar kimiyya kamar yadda ba a tabbatar da ita ba kuma sun lura cewa an kori yawancin shari'o'in tarayya masu alaƙa daukaka kara.

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* Halin Autism
* [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]]
* Shari'ar Gundumar da yawa

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>274ol33t6dz2hbpelpxgbgz3fwn1mum</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashin ci gaban jijiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da GRIN2B</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858442</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338211823|GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6961" sha1="jw20q386sctz0z14js20ybszml6pzja" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder
| synonym       = GRIM2B-associated disorder
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Medical genetics]], [[Pediatry]], [[Neurology]]
| symptoms      = Mainly developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, craniofacial dysmorphisms, behavioural problems and muscle tone anomalies
| onset         = Birth
| duration      = Lifelong
| causes        = [[Genetic mutation]]
| risks         = &lt;!-- or |risk= --&gt;
| diagnosis     = [[Genetic testing]] and physical examination
| differential  = 
| prevention    = None
| treatment     = &lt;!-- or |management= --&gt;
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = Medium
| frequency     = Rare, only 100 cases have been described in medical literature
| deaths        = -
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Rashin ci gaban jijiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da GRIN2B
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Rashin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da GRIM2B
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Medical genetics|Kwayoyin kiwon lafiya]], ilimin yara, ilimin jijiyoyi[[Neurology]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Signs and symptoms|Alamomi]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Yawanci jinkirin ci gaba, nakasa ta hankali, dysmorphisms na gashin kai, matsalolin halayyar da kuma ƙarancin sautin tsoka
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Complication (medicine)|Matsalolin]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Learning disability|Rashin ilmantarwa]], jinkirin sadarwa, rashin jin daɗi na zamantakewa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Farko na yau da kullun
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Haihuwar
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tsawon lokaci
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Rayuwa ta Dā
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Cause (medicine)|Dalilan da suka haifar]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Genetic mutation|Canjin kwayar halitta]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical diagnosis|Hanyar ganewa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Genetic testing|Gwajin kwayar halitta]] da jarrabawar jiki
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rigakafi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Babu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Prognosis|Hasashen da aka yi]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Matsakaici
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Matsakaicin lokaci
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Rare, kawai 100 cases aka bayyana a cikin litattafan likita
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mutuwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | -
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder ne mai rare neurodevelopemental disorder wanda aka nuna ta hanyar ci gaba da kuma hankali na digiri daban-daban, muscle tone anomalies, ciyarwa matsaloli, da halayyar halayyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Philadelphia |first=The Children's Hospital of |date=2020-05-19 |title=GRIN2B-Related Disorders |url=https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/grin2b-related-disorders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214063807/https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/grin2b-related-disorders |archive-date=2021-12-14 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.chop.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Jerin da ke biyowa ya ƙunshi mafi yawan alamun mutanen da ke da GRIN2B suna nunawa: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GRIN2B related syndrome |url=https://rarediseases.org/gard-rare-disease/grin2b-related-syndrome/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513131836/https://rarediseases.org/gard-rare-disease/grin2b-related-syndrome/ |archive-date=2022-05-13 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder: MedlinePlus Genetics |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/grin2b-related-neurodevelopmental-disorder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023001247/https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/grin2b-related-neurodevelopmental-disorder/ |archive-date=2021-10-23 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Rashin hankali (mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani) 
* jinkirin ci gaba (mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani) 
* Rashin fahimta
* [[Farfaɗiya|Cutar farfajiya]]
* Rashin rikicewar Autism
* Halin autistic
* Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta
* Yawan aiki
* Halin da ake yi
* Rashin jin daɗi
* Matsalolin ciyarwa

Alamomin da ba a saba gani ba sun haɗa da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=Ghayda M.|url-status=Pagon|access-date=Wallace}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Makanta|Rashin gani]]
* Dystonia
* Dyskinesia
* Sauran rikice-rikice na motsi

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne daga maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta ta GRIN2B, wanda ke cikin chromosome 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pruebas genéticas - Alteración del desarrollo neurológico asociado con GRIN2B (GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder) – Gen GRIN2B. - IVAMI |url=https://www.ivami.com/es/pruebas-geneticas-mutaciones-de-genes-humanos-enfermedades-neoplasias-y-farmacogenetica/5780-pruebas-geneticas-alteracion-del-desarrollo-neurologico-asociado-con-grin2b-grin2b-related-neurodevelopmental-disorder-gen-grin2b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701210046/https://www.ivami.com/es/pruebas-geneticas-mutaciones-de-genes-humanos-enfermedades-neoplasias-y-farmacogenetica/5780-pruebas-geneticas-alteracion-del-desarrollo-neurologico-asociado-con-grin2b-grin2b-related-neurodevelopmental-disorder-gen-grin2b |archive-date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.ivami.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan kwayar halitta tana ba da umarnin yadda za a yi furotin da ake kira GluN2B, wani nau'in mai karɓar NMDA, wanda ake samu a cikin neurons na kwakwalwa yayin ci gaban kwakwalwa. Yana da hannu a cikin ci gaban kwakwalwa da aiki daidai, daidaita ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, filastik na synaptic da ikon ilmantarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GRIN2B gene: MedlinePlus Genetics |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/grin2b/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422222703/https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/grin2b/ |archive-date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
An bayyana kusan shari'o'i 100 a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GRIN2B-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder |url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701210049/https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3954 |archive-date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=encyclopedia.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ciwon DHX30</title>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359137081|DHX30 syndrome]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = &lt;!-- or |synonym= --&gt;
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| specialty     = Medical genetics
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| frequency     = Rare
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Ciwon DHX30
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kwayoyin kiwon lafiya
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Matsakaicin lokaci
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Abin mamaki
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;DHX30 syndrome (OMIM * 616423) cuta ce mai ban sha'awa da ke shafar ci gaban kwakwalwa wanda ke haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta mai dogara da ATP RNA helicase DHX30 (wanda ake kira DHX30). Ana rarraba '''Ciwon DHX30''' a matsayin cuta ta ci gaban jijiyoyi kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar jinkirin ci gaba duniya, nakasa ta hankali, mummunar Rashin magana, Rashin daidaituwa na tafiya, sautin tsoka, bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa, rashin daidaito na ido, fasalulluka na autistic, da fashewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lessel |first=Davor |last2=Schob |first2=Claudia |last3=Küry |first3=Sébastien |last4=Reijnders |first4=Margot R.F. |last5=Harel |first5=Tamar |last6=Eldomery |first6=Mohammad K. |last7=Coban-Akdemir |first7=Zeynep |last8=Denecke |first8=Jonas |last9=Edvardson |first9=Shimon |last10=Colin |first10=Estelle |last11=Stegmann |first11=Alexander P.A. |last12=Gerkes |first12=Erica H. |last13=Tessarech |first13=Marine |last14=Bonneau |first14=Dominique |last15=Barth |first15=Magalie |date=November 2017 |title=De Novo Missense Mutations in DHX30 Impair Global Translation and Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=716–724 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.014 |pmc=5673606 |pmid=29100085}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Alamomi da tsananin su sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin mutane. Mutane da yawa da abin ya shafa suna nuna alamun a jariri. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar DHX30 suna da maye gurbin da ba na iyali ba (de novo) a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30 wanda ke haifar da rushewa a cikin ikon enzyme na RNA helicase (wanda ake kira DHX30) don yin aikin helicase yadda ya kamata  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dörner |first=Kerstin |last2=Hondele |first2=Maria |date=2024-08-02 |title=The Story of RNA Unfolded: The Molecular Function of DEAD- and DExH-Box ATPases and Their Complex Relationship with Membraneless Organelles |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-121259 |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=79–108 |doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-121259 |issn=0066-4154 |pmid=38594920 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane da yawa ba a gano su ba har sai bayan sun rasa ci gaba ko kuma sun fara samun fashewa, kuma ganewar asali yana buƙatar tsarin kwayar halitta. Babu magani ga cutar DHX30 a halin yanzu, kuma magani yana mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe alamun.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Akwai alamun bayyanar cututtuka da tsananin bayyanar cututtukan DHX30, kuma mutane na iya samun wasu ko duk alamun da aka sani, kuma suna iya gabatar da su a matsayin masu sauƙi zuwa masu tsanani. Babban fasalulluka na cutar DHX30 sune: jinkirin ci gaba duniya, Rashin magana, sautin tsoka mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (hypotonia) , nakasa ta hankali, fashewa, strabismus, hypermobility na Haɗin gwiwa, ƙalubalen ciyarwa, rikicewar bacci, fasalullukan autistic da bambancin halayyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lessel |first=Davor |last2=Schob |first2=Claudia |last3=Küry |first3=Sébastien |last4=Reijnders |first4=Margot R.F. |last5=Harel |first5=Tamar |last6=Eldomery |first6=Mohammad K. |last7=Coban-Akdemir |first7=Zeynep |last8=Denecke |first8=Jonas |last9=Edvardson |first9=Shimon |last10=Colin |first10=Estelle |last11=Stegmann |first11=Alexander P.A. |last12=Gerkes |first12=Erica H. |last13=Tessarech |first13=Marine |last14=Bonneau |first14=Dominique |last15=Barth |first15=Magalie |date=November 2017 |title=De Novo Missense Mutations in DHX30 Impair Global Translation and Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=716–724 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.014 |pmc=5673606 |pmid=29100085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Yawancin cututtukan DHX30 suna haifar da maye gurbi cututtukani a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30. A mafi yawan lokuta, maye gurbin DHX30 ya zama de novo, yana faruwa ne a cikin kwai, maniyyi, ko wani lokaci a farkon rayuwar tayin, kuma ba a [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|gado]] shi daga kowanne iyaye ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Wasu mutane na iya gaji maye gurbin DHX30 daga daya ko duka iyayensu wadanda bazai nuna alamun kansu ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sabon abu, inda wannan maye gurbin zai iya samun sakamako daban-daban a cikin mutane daban-daban, ana kiransa penetrance ko expressivity kuma yana da rikitarwa sosai kuma ba a fahimta sosai ba. Iyaye tare da germline mosaicism na iya ɗaukar maye gurbin DHX30 ba tare da saninsa ba kawai a wasu ƙwai ko kwayar halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An gano marasa lafiya tare da Bambance-bambance na missense (wanda zai iya haifar da riba-aiki) da kuma bambance-naren frameshift da wauta wanda ke haifar da haploinsufficiency ko furotin truncation &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Halitta ==
Kwayar halittar DHX30 (OMIM*616423), taswirar zuwa 3p21.31, tana tsara tsarin RNA helicase mai dogara da ATP DHX30, wani nau'in RNA helicase enzyme, wanda aka bayyana a cikin kwakwalwa. Canjin da aka lura a cikin mutane da ke fama da cutar DHX30 ana lura da su don lalata aikin DHX30 na ATPase da helicase kuma suna haifar da samar da damuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Irin wannan cututtukan tare da taron damuwa mai mahimmanci da kuma sharewa da raunin fassarar duniya sun haɗa da amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, Fragile X syndrome, da Renpenning syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran kwayoyin halitta na DEAD-box da DEAH-box RNA helicase da ke cikin irin wannan rikice-rikicen ci gaba sun haɗa da DDX3X, DDX6, EIF4A2, DDX23, DDX54, DDX59, EIF4A3, DHX9, DHX37, DHX16, da DHX34 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fiorenzani |first=Chiara |last2=Mossa |first2=Adele |last3=De Rubeis |first3=Silvia |date=May 2025 |title=DEAD/DEAH-box RNA helicases shape the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Trends in Genetics |language=en |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=437–449 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2024.12.006 |pmc=12055483 |pmid=39828505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
Binciken DHX30 ba wani bangare ne na gwajin haihuwa ba. Alamomin kawai ba su isa ba don ganewar asali saboda cutar DHX30 tana kama da sauran cututtukan neurodevelopmental.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; . Ana iya yin ganewar asali ne kawai ta hanyar jerin kwayoyin halitta da kuma gano kwayar cuta, mai yiwuwa kwayar cutaa, ko bambancin da ba a sani ba a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ana amfani da tsari na exome ko tsari na kwayoyin halitta gaba ɗaya &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
A halin yanzu, magani yana mai da hankali kan kulawa da alamomi. Bincike na yanzu an sadaukar da shi don fahimtar cutar DHX30 da haɓaka warkewa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Hypercalculia</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:01:23Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355196089|Hypercalculia]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Hypercalculia''' wani takamaiman Yanayin ci gaba ne wanda ke da ikon lissafin lissafi wanda ya fi karfin ikon ilmantarwa na mutum da kuma karatun makaranta a lissafi. Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da cutar autism spectrum (ASD) da kuma Ciwon masanin kimiyya. Nazarin Neuroimaging ya ba da shawarar alaƙa da yanayin; alal misali, binciken neuroimaging na 2002 na yaro tare da hypercalculia ya lura da girman kwakwalwa a cikin lobe na dama. Serial SPECT scans sun kuma nuna hyperperfusion a kan Yankunan parietal na dama yayin aikin ayyukan lissafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=González-Garrido |last2=Andrés Antonio |display-authors=etal |date=November–December 2002 |title=Hypercalculia in savant syndrome: central executive failure? |journal=Archives of Medical Research |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=586–589 |doi=10.1016/S0188-4409(02)00404-6 |pmid=12505107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halaye da yaduwa ==
Hypercalculia an dauke shi wani nau'i na iyawar masanin kimiyya. Duk da yake yara na iya nuna ƙarfi a cikin kowane harshe ko lissafi, haɗuwa da ƙwarewa ta musamman a duka biyun yana da wuya. Koyaya, binciken shari'a ya rubuta mutane da ke nuna hypercalculia tare da hyperlexia (ikon karatu na farko) da hypermnesia (ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta musamman). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pacheva |first=Iliyana |last2=Panov |first2=Georgi |last3=Gillberg |first3=Christopher |last4=Neville |first4=Brian |date=2014 |title=A Girl with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Presenting with Severe Epilepsy and Electrical Status Epilepticus During Sleep, and with High-Functioning Autism and Mutism |journal=[[Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology]] |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=88–95 |doi=10.1097/WNN.0000000000000026 |issn=1543-3633 |pmid=24968009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincike game da bayanan nasarorin yara masu fama da cututtukan autism (ASD) ya gano alamu daban-daban na ilimi. Binciken 2014 na yara masu shekaru 6-9 tare da ASD sun sami nasarori huɗu: mafi girma (39%), hyperlexia (9%), hypercalculia (20%), da ƙananan (32%). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wei |first=Xin |last2=Christiano |first2=Elizabeth RA |last3=Yu |first3=Jennifer W. |last4=Wagner |first4=Mary |last5=Spiker |first5=Donna |date=February 1, 2015 |orig-date=January 21, 2014 |title=Reading and math achievement profiles and longitudinal growth trajectories of children with an autism spectrum disorder |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259847841 |journal=[[Autism (journal)|Autism]] |publisher=SAGE |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=200–210 |doi=10.1177/1362361313516549 |pmid=24449604 |s2cid=3287820}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike na farko daga 2009 ya kiyasta yaduwar hypercalculia tsakanin matasa tare da ASD a kusan 16.2%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Catherine R. G. |last2=Happé |first2=Francesca |author-link2=Francesca Happé |last3=Golden |first3=Hannah |last4=Marsden |first4=Anita J. S. |last5=Tregay |first5=Jenifer |last6=Simonoff |first6=Emily |author-link6=Emily Simonoff |last7=Pickles |first7=Andrew |last8=Baird |first8=Gillian |last9=Charman |first9=Tony |date=November 2009 |title=Reading and arithmetic in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Peaks and dips in attainment |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10003341/1/Jones2009Reading718.pdf |journal=[[Neuropsychology (journal)|Neuropsychology]] |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=718–728 |doi=10.1037/a0016360 |pmid=19899830}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da wadannan binciken, ana iya watsi da hypercalculia a cikin saitunan ilimi, mai yiwuwa saboda mafi girman mayar da hankali kan hyperlexia ko sakamakon gwaji daban-daban wanda ya kasance daga matsakaicin ƙwarewa zuwa kashi 99 a kan daidaitattun matakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Hanyoyi da fahimta ==
Abubuwan da ke haifar da hypercalculia da sauran ƙwarewar masanin kimiyya sun kasance batun muhawara ta kimiyya. Wasu masu bincike suna tunanin cewa dabi'un damuwa da ke cikin ASD na iya sa mutane su mai da hankali sosai ga takamaiman yankuna, kamar kalandar, lambobi, ko ƙidaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=González-Garrido |last2=Andrés Antonio |display-authors=etal |date=November–December 2002 |title=Hypercalculia in savant syndrome: central executive failure? |journal=Archives of Medical Research |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=586–589 |doi=10.1016/S0188-4409(02)00404-6 |pmid=12505107}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Allman |first=Melissa J. |last2=Pelphrey |first2=Kevin A. |last3=Meck |first3=Warren H. |date=2012 |title=Developmental neuroscience of time and number: implications for autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities |journal=[[Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience]] |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.3389/fnint.2012.00007 |issn=1662-5145 |pmc=3294544 |pmid=22408612 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran suna ba da shawarar cewa ƙwarewar masanin kimiyya suna amfani da matakai daban-daban na jijiyoyi ko ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar aiki idan aka kwatanta da ƙwarewar ƙwaƙwalwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Dangane da dabarun fahimta, mutane da ke da hypercalculia na iya amfani da sashi ko hanyoyin &quot;chunking&quot; don aiwatar da bayanai. Misali, wasu &quot;masu ilimin lambobi na farko&quot; suna gano lambobi na asali ta hanyar tsara ƙididdigar ƙididdiga zuwa ƙananan abubuwan don ƙayyade rarrabuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Gregory L. |date=October 14, 2008 |title=Neuropsychological Studies of Savant Skills: Can They Inform the Neuroscience of Giftedness? |journal=Roeper Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.1080/02783190802363901 |issn=0278-3193 |s2cid=50859311}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalmomin da tarihi ==
Rarraba iyawar masanin kimiyya ya samo asali ne tun daga karni na 19. A cikin 1887, Dokta John Langdon Down ya kirkiro kalmar &quot;masanin ilimin wauta&quot; don bayyana mutanen da ke da ƙarancin IQ (yawanci ƙasa da 25) waɗanda duk da haka suka nuna takamaiman baiwa a fannoni kamar lissafi ko kiɗa. Wannan kalmar yanzu ana ɗaukar ta tsoho kuma mai banƙyama. An yi amfani da kalmar &quot;masanin kimiyya na autistic&quot; daga baya, kodayake ba a amfani da shi a duk duniya ba, kamar yadda kusan rabin waɗanda ke da cutar masanin kimiyya suna da yanayin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya ban da autism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Treffert |first=Darold A. |date=May 27, 2009 |title=The savant syndrome: an extraordinary condition. A synopsis: past, present, future |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B|Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] |volume=364 |issue=1522 |pages=1351–1357 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0326 |pmc=2677584 |pmid=19528017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Syndun Salaman&quot; a halin yanzu shine kalmar da aka fi so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Bincike da ilimi ==
Ana gano hypercalculia sau da yawa a cikin mahallin ƙididdigar autism. A karkashin ka'idojin DSM-IV, binciken da ya dace ya haɗa da rikicewar autistic, rikicewar Asperger, da rikice-rikicen ci gaba da ba a ƙayyade ba (PDD-NOS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Faras Hadeel |last2=Al Ateeqi Nahed |last3=Tidmarsh Lee |date=July 1, 2010 |title=Autism spectrum disorders |journal=[[Annals of Saudi Medicine]] |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=295–300 |doi=10.4103/0256-4947.65261 |pmc=2931781 |pmid=20622347 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin halayyar yara da aka ambata a asibiti sun lura cewa waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar ilimi a kan bakan na iya nuna janyewar zamantakewa kamar waɗanda ke da ƙananan ƙwarewar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guénolé |first=Fabian |last2=Louis |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Creveuil |first3=Christian |last4=Baleyte |first4=Jean-Marc |last5=Montlahuc |first5=Claire |last6=Fourneret |first6=Pierre |last7=Revol |first7=Olivier |date=July 10, 2013 |title=Behavioral Profiles of Clinically Referred Children with Intellectual Giftedness |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/540153 |pmc=3722901 |pmid=23956988 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanin ilimi game da ƙwarewar ilimi ya karu a ƙarshen karni na 20. Koyaya, ƙarancin yanayi kamar hypercalculia na iya sa ya zama da wahala a aiwatar da albarkatun ilimi na musamman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Donnelly |first=Julie A. |last2=Altman |first2=Reuben |date=1994 |title=The autistic savant: Recognizing and serving the gifted child with autism |journal=Roeper Review |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=252–256 |doi=10.1080/02783199409553591}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne malamai sau da yawa su magance rashin haɗin kai tsakanin saurin lissafin ɗalibi da ikon su na amfani da waɗannan ƙwarewar a cikin mahallin da ya dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Acalculia
* Rashin jituwa
* Mai lissafin tunani
* Ilimin lambobi
* Ciwon Masanin kimiyya

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}{{Autism resources}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin lafiya na GRIN</title>
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      <id>858447</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:03:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345050603|GRIN disorder]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Rashin lafiya na GRIN''' (abbreviation for glutamate Receptor Ionotropic, NMDA related disorders) rukuni ne na cututtukan neurodevelopmental waɗanda ke haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta don subunits na Mai karɓar N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) , wanda ke haifar da rashin aiki na siginar glutamate. Rashin lafiya na GRIN a duk duniya ana nuna shi ta hanyar jinkirin ci gaba da nakasa ta hankali, da kuma fashewar farfajiya. Sauran fasalulluka na asibiti sun bambanta dangane da kwayar halitta da ta shafa kuma suna iya haɗawa da hypotonia na tsoka, spasticity, da rikicewar motsi. Ana tabbatar da cututtukan GRIN tare da Gwajin kwayar halitta kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar alamomi tunda a halin yanzu babu magani ga cutar.

 
== Gabatarwa ==
Siffofin asibiti na cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da GRIN yawanci sun haɗa da nakasar tunani da farfaɗiya tare da wasu nau'ikan jijiya da / ko yanayin tabin hankali, irin su rikicewar motsi, rikicewar bakan Autism, da matsaloli tare da sautin tsoka.[1] Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ɗauke da wasu alamomi waɗanda za su iya kasancewa a cikin rashin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman kwayoyin halitta, amma faruwar da tsananin waɗannan alamun suna da sauyi. Akwai 'yan lokuta kaɗan kawai da aka ruwaito don cutar da ke da alaƙa da GRIN2D ya zuwa yanzu; don haka, fasalulluka da aka lissafa ƙila ba za su yi daidai da nau'in binciken da aka samu a cikin wannan cuta ba. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Fasali
!GRIN1 
!GRIN2A  &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid23933819&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Lemke JR, Lal D, Reinthaler EM, Steiner I, Nothnagel M, Alber M |year=2013 |title=Mutations in GRIN2A cause idiopathic focal epilepsy with rolandic spikes. |journal=Nat Genet |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=1067–72 |doi=10.1038/ng.2728 |pmc= |pmid=23933819 |s2cid=1564780}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!GRIN2B  [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] 
!GRIN2D &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30280376&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Tsuchida N, Hamada K, Shiina M, Kato M, Kobayashi Y, Tohyama J |year=2018 |title=GRIN2D variants in three cases of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. |journal=Clin Genet |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=538–547 |doi=10.1111/cge.13454 |pmid=30280376 |s2cid=52911522 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Farawar fashewa
|Haihuwar zuwa shekaru 11 (tsakiyar watanni 22.5) 
|Yawanci daga shekaru 3 zuwa 6
|Haihuwar zuwa shekaru 9 (tsakanin shekaru 3) 
|Wata 1 zuwa shekaru 2
|-
|Nau'in farfajiya
|Mahimmanci da / ko rarrabewar gaba ɗaya na nau'o'i daban-daban (misali, rarrabewar tonic-clonic, atonic, rarrabewa ta myoclonic, rarrabe ta ido ta biyu, Glastic) 
|Rashin farfajiya na yara tare da spikes na tsakiya Ci gaba da raƙuman ruwa a lokacin jinkirin barci Landau-Kleffner syndrome&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Ciwon Landau-Kleffner]]
|Yaduwa da / ko mayar da hankali spasms na farfajiya&lt;br /&gt;
|Atonic seizures Janar-janar tonic-clonic seizure&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|Alamun fahimta
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Yawanci jinkirin ci gaba mai tsanani da nakasa ta hankali
|-
|Sauran alamun
|Rashin motsi (chorea da / ko dystonia) Rashin gani na Cortical Rashin ƙarfi na tsoka (ko dai hypotonia ko, mafi ƙaranci, spasticity) Rashin fahimta na Cortical Crisis Oculogyric&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|Rashin magana (misali, aphasia, agnosia, dyspraxia na magana) 
|Autism spectrum disorder Motsi disorder (Chorea da / ko Dystonia) Cortical visual impairmentRashin ƙarfi (ko dai hypotonia ko, mafi wuya, spasticity) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|Rashin motsi na HypotoniaMovement (Chorea, athetosis) Rashin fashewar Autism&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rashin rikicewar Autism
|-
|Binciken MRI
|polymicrogyria mai yaduwa
|Yawancin lokaci na yau da kullun
|Corpus callosum hypoplasia PolymicrogyriaHippocampal dysplasia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|Yawancin lokaci na yau da kullun
|}

== Ilimin jiki ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Masu karɓar NMDA rukuni ne na masu karɓa na ionotropic glutamate. Ana tattara masu karɓa a cikin membran postsynaptic na neurons kuma sun haɗa da subunits huɗu, waɗanda ke samar da pore wanda ke ba da izinin wucewar cations, gami da Ca2+, Na+, da K+. Yawanci, Mg2+ yana toshe ramin mai karɓa ta hanyar dogaro da wutar lantarki. Kunna mai karɓa yana buƙatar ɗaure babban agonist, glutamate, da kuma co-agonist, glycine. Bayan ɗaure glutamate da glycine da depolarization na membran postsynaptik wanda wani nau'in mai karɓa na ionotropic, mai karɓar AMPA, Mg2 + ya haifar da toshe yana da sauƙi. Wannan yana ba da damar wucewar Ca2 + da Na + ciki da K+ a waje da tantanin halitta, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin ƙaddamarwar membrane na postsynaptic da kunna hanyoyin sigina da yawa na ƙasa. Ayyukan al'ada na masu karɓar NMDA suna da mahimmanci don haɓakar neuronal, filastik synaptic, koyo, da ƙwaƙwalwa. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Mai karɓar NMDA ya ƙunshi sassan huɗu waɗanda aka tattara daga bakwai masu yiwuwa (GluN1, GluN2 A zuwa D, da GluN3A da Glun3B). &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30037851&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=et al. |vauthors=Hansen KB, Yi F, Perszyk RE, Furukawa H, Wollmuth LP, Gibb AJ |year=2018 |title=Structure, function, and allosteric modulation of NMDA receptors. |journal=J Gen Physiol |volume=150 |issue=8 |pages=1081–1105 |doi=10.1085/jgp.201812032 |pmc=6080888 |pmid=30037851}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai karɓar NMDA na al'ada ya haɗa da GluN1 guda biyu da Glu N2 guda biyu. Matsayin wani nau'in subunits, GluN3, bai riga ya bayyana ba, kodayake duka nau'ikansa (GluN3A da GluN3B) an nuna su yi kama da subunits na GluN1 a tsarin kuma su taru tare da ƙarshen suna samar da mai karɓa mai aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30425244&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grand T, Abi Gerges S, David M, Diana MA, Paoletti P |year=2018 |title=Unmasking GluN1/GluN3A excitatory glycine NMDA receptors. |journal=Nat Commun |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.4769G |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07236-4 |pmc=6233196 |pmid=30425244}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subunits na mai karɓar NMDA suna ƙunshe da kwayoyin GRIN:

* Lambobin GRIN1 don GluN1;
* GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN3C, da lambar GRIN2D don GluN2 A zuwa D;
* GRIN3A da GRIN3B lambar don GluN3A da GluN 3B.

Mishe da bambance-bambance na waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya shafar aikin mai karɓar NMDA kuma yana iya haifar da kewayon neurological da neuropsychiatric sequelae. Bambance-bambance a cikin GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, da GRIN2D an nuna cewa suna da alaƙa da takamaiman cututtukan asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29756080&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=XiangWei W, Jiang Y, Yuan H |year=2018 |title=De Novo Mutations and Rare Variants Occurring in NMDA Receptors. |journal=Curr Opin Physiol |volume=2 |issue= |pages=27–35 |doi=10.1016/j.cophys.2017.12.013 |pmc=5945193 |pmid=29756080}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
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== Magani ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

* [http://grin-portal.broadinstitute.org/ Tashar yanar gizo ta GRIN]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>iw5jw9vuzdx97xefghc0vkvmup8us6a</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwayar Fork</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858448</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:04:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316140134|Fork cell]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858448</origin>
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Kwayar fork, wanda aka fi sani da neuron fork, wani nau'in neuron ne da aka samo a cikin kwakwalwar mutum, wanda ke cikin cortex cingulate na baya (ACC) da frontoinsular cortex (FI). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taniguchi |first=Manabu |last2=Iwahashi |first2=Misaki |last3=Oka |first3=Yuichiro |last4=Tiong |first4=Sheena Y. X. |last5=Sato |first5=Makoto |date=2022 |title=Fezf2-positive fork cell-like neurons in the mouse insular cortex |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=17 |issue=9 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1774170T |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0274170 |pmc=9447900 |pmid=36067159 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan nau'in neuron yana da halaye na kansa - dendrites na farko guda biyu, yana ba su bayyanar 'forked'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Evrard |first=Henry C. |date=June 2018 |title=Von Economo and fork neurons in the monkey insula, implications for evolution of cognition |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352154617301249 |journal=[[Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences]] |series=The Evolution of Language |volume=21 |pages=182–190 |doi=10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.05.006 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun ƙwayoyin Fork a cikin mutane da wasu nau'o'in da suka samo asali sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=A Dijkstra |first=Anke |last2=Lin |first2=Li-Chun |last3=L Nana |first3=Alissa |last4=E Gaus |first4=Stephanie |last5=W Seeley |first5=William |date=2 December 2016 |title=Von Economo Neurons and Fork Cells: A Neurochemical Signature Linked to Monoaminergic Function |url=https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/28/1/131/2627131 |journal=[[American University of Paris]] |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=131–144 |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhw358 |pmc=6075576 |pmid=27913432}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Von Economo neuron

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar WOREE</title>
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      <id>858449</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:05:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315396815|WOREE syndrome]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858449</origin>
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WWOX-related epileptic encephalopathy, wanda aka fi sani da WOREE syndrome, cuta ce mai saurin ci gaban kwayar halitta. Sakamakon sa sun hada da farfajiya mai tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi, jinkirin ci gaba, ataxia, da mutuwar da ba ta dace ba a shekaru 2-4. [1] [2][3] Yana daya daga cikin cututtuka da yawa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da lahani a cikin kwayar halitta ta WWOX . [4]

Cutar ce mai ban mamaki, tare da an gano mutane 60 kawai a shekarar 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dong |first=Xing-sheng |last2=Wen |first2=Xiao-jun |last3=Zhang |first3=Sheng |last4=Wang |first4=De-gang |last5=Xiong |first5=Yi |last6=Li |first6=Zhi-ming |date=2023-11-16 |title=Identification of compound heterozygous deletion of the WWOX gene in WOREE syndrome |journal=BMC Medical Genomics |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=291 |doi=10.1186/s12920-023-01731-4 |issn=1755-8794 |pmc=10652538 |pmid=37974179 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar Witteveen-Kolk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858451</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:07:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301259932|Witteveen–Kolk syndrome]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858451</origin>
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Ciwon Witteveen-Kolk, wanda aka fi sani da WITKOS da kuma ciwon microdeletion na 15q24, cuta ce mai ban sha'awa ta ci gaban jijiyoyi wanda ke nuna jinkirin ci gaba / nakasa ta hankali, dysmorphisms na fuska, da gajeren tsayi. Cutar ta samo asali ne daga asarar aiki na mai sauyawa-marasa rikodin 3 memba na iyali A (''SIN3A'').&lt;ref name=&quot;nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Witteveen |first=Josefine S. |last2=Willemsen |first2=Marjolein H. |last3=Dombroski |first3=Thaís C. D. |last4=van Bakel |first4=Nick H. M. |last5=Nillesen |first5=Willy M. |last6=van Hulten |first6=Josephus A. |last7=Jansen |first7=Eric J. R. |last8=Verkaik |first8=Dave |last9=Veenstra-Knol |first9=Hermine E. |last10=van Ravenswaaij-Arts |first10=Conny M. A. |last11=Wassink-Ruiter |first11=Jolien S. Klein |date=August 2016 |title=Haploinsufficiency of MeCP2-interacting transcriptional co-repressor SIN3A causes mild intellectual disability by affecting the development of cortical integrity |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=877–887 |doi=10.1038/ng.3619 |issn=1546-1718 |pmid=27399968 |s2cid=12799434 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dongen |first=Linde C. M. van |last2=Wingbermühle |first2=Ellen |last3=Dingemans |first3=Alexander J. M. |last4=Bos-Roubos |first4=Anja G. |last5=Vermeulen |first5=Karlijn |last6=Pop-Purceleanu |first6=Monica |last7=Kleefstra |first7=Tjitske |last8=Egger |first8=Jos I. M. |date=2020 |title=Behavior and cognitive functioning in Witteveen–Kolk syndrome |url= |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |language=en |volume=182 |issue=10 |pages=2384–2390 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.61775 |issn=1552-4833 |pmc=7540409 |pmid=32783353}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana kimiyyar kwakwalwa Josefine S. Witteveen, PhD da Sharon M. Kolk, PhD, ne suka gano cutar a cikin 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;nature&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Medicine|state=collapsed}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ulna hypoplasia-ƙasassun hankali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858452</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:09:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340494055|Ulna hypoplasia-intellectual disability syndrome]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858452</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3864" sha1="t5t3tuwdwu472motd42k3zy7oru5810" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Ulna hypoplasia-intellectual disability syndrome
| synonym       = 
| image         = Ulnare Hemimelie mit Synostose von Humerus und Radius mit Fraktur 27M - CR ap - 001.jpg
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Medical genetics]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = &lt;!-- or |cause= --&gt;
| risks         = &lt;!-- or |risk= --&gt;
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = none
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = Poor
| frequency     = very rare, only 2 cases have been described in medical literature
| deaths        = 2
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Ulna hypoplasia-ƙasassun hankali
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:Ulnare_Hemimelie_mit_Synostose_von_Humerus_und_Radius_mit_Fraktur_27M_-_CR_ap_-_001.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Medical genetics|Kwayoyin kiwon lafiya]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rigakafi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |babu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Prognosis|Hasashen da aka yi]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Talakawa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Matsakaicin lokaci
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |da wuya sosai, kawai 2 cases aka bayyana a cikin litattafan likita
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mutuwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;Ulna hypoplasia-intellectual disability syndrome dangi cuta ne mai ban sha'awa wanda aka kwatanta da gajarta makamai da ke da alaƙa da ulnar Aplasia / hypoplasía, ƙafafun da aka yi da juna biyu, yaduwar aplasia na ƙusa / hypoplesia, da kuma jinkirin psychomotor mai tsanani tare da nakasa ta hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ulna hypoplasia-intellectual disability syndrome - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5398/ulna-hypoplasia-intellectual-disability-syndrome |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=RESERVED |first=INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS |title=Orphanet: Ulna hypoplasia intellectual disability syndrome |url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=2249&amp;lng=EN |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=www.orpha.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=hpojaxorg |url=https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/disease/ORPHA:2249 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012184335/https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/disease/ORPHA:2249 |archive-date=2023-10-12 |access-date=2022-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana shi ne kawai a cikin 'yan uwa biyu da aka haifa ga iyayen [[Saudi Arebiya|Larabawa]] masu jini. Ana zaton an gaji shi ta hanyar autosomal recessive.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OMIM Entry - 276821 - ULNAR HYPOPLASIA WITH MENTAL RETARDATION |url=https://omim.org/entry/276821#2 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=omim.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kohn |first=G. |last2=Malinger |first2=G. |last3=el Shawwa |first3=R. |last4=Scheinfeld |first4=A. |last5=Tepper |first5=R. |last6=Ornoy |first6=A. |last7=Lachman |first7=R. |last8=Rimoin |first8=D. L. |date=1995-03-27 |title=Bilateral ulna hypoplasia, club feet, and mental retardation: a new mesomelic syndrome |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=132–135 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320560203 |issn=0148-7299 |pmid=7625433}}&lt;/ref&gt;C za’a

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin lafiya na Tic</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858453</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:10:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347332511|Tic disorder]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858453</origin>
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{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Tic disorder
| synonym       = 
| image         = Tourette's tic long medium 192kbps.OGG
| caption       = Examples of tics
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Neurology]], [[psychiatry]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Rashin lafiya na Tic
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Misalan tics
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Neurology]], psychiatry[[Psychiatry|ilimin halayyar dan adam]]
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;An bayyana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) bisa ga nau'in (motora ko phonic) da kuma tsawon lokacin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin (ba zato ba tsammani, saurin, motsi mara rhythmic).  Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (ICD-10 lambobin) ta bayyana cututtukan Tic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Swain&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Swain JE, Scahill L, Lombroso PJ, King RA, Leckman JF |date=August 2007 |title=Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: a decade of progress |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=947–968 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318068fbcc |pmid=17667475}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==

=== DSM-5 ===
Binciken na biyar na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), wanda aka buga a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, ya rarraba Ciwon Tourette da cututtukan tic a matsayin cututtukani na motsi da aka jera a cikin rukunin cututtukano na neurodevelopmental.

Cututtukan Tic, a cikin tsari mai tsanani, sune: 

* 307.20 Sauran ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikicen tick (ƙayyadaddar dalili) 
* 307.20 Rashin cuta da ba a bayyana ba
* 307.21 Rashin lafiya na wucin gadi
* 307.22 Ci gaba (na dogon lokaci) motsi ko rikicewar murya (yana nuna motsi ko murya) 
* 307.23 Rashin lafiya na Tourette

Rashin daidaitawar ci gaba da rikicewar motsi na motsi ana rarraba su a matsayin rikicewar mota.&lt;ref name=&quot;Highlights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Highlights of changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203165749/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |access-date=June 5, 2013 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSMAppraisal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link2=Valsamma Eapen |vauthors=Robertson MM, Eapen V |date=October 2014 |title=Tourette's: syndrome, disorder or spectrum? Classificatory challenges and an appraisal of the DSM criteria |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |type=Review |volume=11 |pages=106–113 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2014.05.010 |pmid=25453712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ICD-10 ===
Lambobin ganewar asali na ICD10 sune: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICD Version 2006 |url=https://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gf90.htm+f950 |access-date=24 May 2007 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* F95.0 Rashin lafiya na wucin gadi
* F95.1 Motar mota mai tsanani ko rikicewar murya
* F95.2 Haɗin murya da rikice-rikice na motsi mai yawa [Gilles de la Tourette]
* F95.8 Sauran cututtukan tic
* F95.9 Rashin lafiya na Tic, wanda ba a bayyana ba

== Binciken ganewa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Ya kamata a rarrabe Tics daga wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da yawon bude ido, Stereotypes, Chorea, dyskinesias, myoclonus da rikice-rikice.

== Magani ==
Ilimi, da dabarun &quot;tsaro da jira&quot;, sune kawai magani da ake buƙata ga mutane da yawa, kuma yawancin mutanen da ke da tics ba sa neman magani. Lokacin da ake buƙata, gudanar da cututtukan tic yayi kama da gudanar da cutar Tourette.&lt;ref name=&quot;European&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roessner V, Plessen KJ, Rothenberger A, Ludolph AG, Rizzo R, Skov L, Strand G, Stern JS, Termine C, Hoekstra PJ |date=April 2011 |title=European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment |journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=173–96 |doi=10.1007/s00787-011-0163-7 |pmc=3065650 |pmid=21445724}}&lt;/ref&gt; Layin farko na magani shine maganin halayyar, sannan magani (yawanci aripiprazole) idan tsohon bai yi nasara ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Müller-Vahl_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Müller-Vahl KR, Szejko N, Verdellen C, Roessner V, Hoekstra PJ, Hartmann A, Cath DC |date=March 2022 |title=European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: summary statement |journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=377–382 |doi=10.1007/s00787-021-01832-4 |pmc=8940881 |pmid=34244849}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake maganin halayyar shine magani na farko da aka ba da shawarar, mutane da yawa da ke fama da tics ba sa samun damar shiga saboda rashin horar da masu maganin kwakwalwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Müller-Vahl_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Müller-Vahl KR, Szejko N, Verdellen C, Roessner V, Hoekstra PJ, Hartmann A, Cath DC |date=March 2022 |title=European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: summary statement |journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=377–382 |doi=10.1007/s00787-021-01832-4 |pmc=8940881 |pmid=34244849}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
Ana yawan gano cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin maza fiye da mata, kodayake mata da ke da cututtuken ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta na farko suna iya gabatar da ƙarfi da yawa da kuma mitar ƙwayoyin motsi fiye da maza.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nilles |first=C |last2=Martino |first2=D |last3=Fletcher |first3=J |last4=Pringsheim |first4=T |date=May 2023 |title=Have We Forgotten What Tics Are? A Re-Exploration of Tic Phenomenology in Youth with Primary Tics. |journal=Movement Disorders Clinical Practice |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=764–773 |doi=10.1002/mdc3.13703 |pmc=10187015 |pmid=37205249}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yara da aka gano suna da cutar autism spectrum suna iya gabatar da su tare da tics da cututtukan tics. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ueda |first=K |last2=Black |first2=KJ |date=3 June 2021 |title=A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children. |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=2479 |doi=10.3390/jcm10112479 |pmc=8199885 |pmid=34204991 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akalla daya daga cikin yara biyar yana fuskantar wani nau'i na rikice-rikice, galibi tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;tell-parents&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Black KJ, Black ER, Greene DJ, Schlaggar BL |date=2016 |title=Provisional Tic Disorder: What to tell parents when their child first starts ticcing |journal=F1000Research |volume=5 |issue= |pages=696 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.8428.1 |pmc=4850871 |pmid=27158458 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tourette Syndrome Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tourette Syndrome Fact Sheet |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tourette/detail_tourette.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323092424/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tourette/detail_tourette.htm |archive-date=23 March 2005 |access-date=23 March 2005 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon Tourette shine mafi tsanani na bayyanar cututtukan tic, wanda ake zaton saboda wannan rauni ne na kwayar halitta. Duk da haka, yawancin lokuta na cutar Tourette ba su da tsanani. Kodayake yawan ayyukan bincike suna nuna alaƙar kwayar halitta na cututtukan tick daban-daban, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da dangantakar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16131414&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Swerdlow NR |date=September 2005 |title=Tourette syndrome: current controversies and the battlefield landscape |journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=329–31 |doi=10.1007/s11910-005-0054-8 |pmid=16131414 |s2cid=26342334}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== DSM-IV-TR ===
A cikin bita na huɗu na DSM (DSM-IV-TR), an rarraba cututtukan tic kamar haka: &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11043089&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evidente VG |date=October 2000 |title=Is it a tic or Tourette's? Clues for differentiating simple from more complex tic disorders |journal=Postgraduate Medicine |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=175–6, 179–82 |doi=10.3810/pgm.2000.10.1257 |pmid=11043089 |s2cid=43162987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Rashin rikice-rikice na rikitarwa ya kunshi motsi da / ko murya mai yawa tare da tsawon akalla makonni 4, amma kasa da watanni 12.
* Rashin rikice-rikice na yau da kullun ko dai motsi ɗaya ne ko motsi mai yawa ko kuma tics na murya, amma ba duka biyun ba, waɗanda suka kasance fiye da shekara guda.
* An gano ciwon Tourette lokacin da duka motoci da phonic tics suka kasance sama da shekara guda.
* An gano cutar NOS lokacin da ake da cutar, amma ba ta cika ka'idojin wani takamaiman cutar ba.

=== Daga DSM-IV-TR zuwa DSM-5 ===
An buga DSM-5 a cikin 2013, yana sabunta DSM-IV-TR, wanda aka buga a cikin 2000. An yi canje-canje masu zuwa:  &lt;ref name=&quot;Moran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moran M |date=18 January 2013 |title=DSM-5 provides new take on neurodevelopment disorders |url=http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/newsarticle.aspx?articleid=1558424 |journal=Psychiatric News |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1176/appi.pn.2013.1b11 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Highlights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Highlights of changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203165749/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |access-date=June 5, 2013 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* An cire kalmar stereotyped daga ma'anar tic: Tick&quot; data-linkid=&quot;94&quot; href=&quot;./Stereotypy&quot; id=&quot;mwow&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Stereotypy&quot;&gt;Stereotypes da rikicewar motsi na stereotypic ana yawan kuskuren gane su a matsayin tics ko ciwon Tourette.&lt;ref name=&quot;MedscapeBackground&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background: Childhood Habit Behaviors and Stereotypic Movement Disorder |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914071-overview#a0101 |access-date=October 6, 2013 |publisher=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya ma'anar tic daidai da duk cututtukan tic, kuma an cire kalmar stereotyped don taimakawa rarrabe tsakanin stereotypes (ya zama ruwan dare a cikin cututtuken autism) da cututtukon tic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plessen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Plessen KJ |date=February 2013 |title=Tic disorders and Tourette's syndrome |journal=[[European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry]] |volume=22 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S55–60 |doi=10.1007/s00787-012-0362-x |pmid=23224240 |s2cid=12611042}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin rikice-rikice ''na wucin gadi'' kusan ya maye gurbin rikice-rikicen rikice-gyare na wucine: saboda farkon gabatar da tics na iya zama a ƙarshe a matsayin rikice-rashin lafiya ko Tourette, mai wucin da ya ba da shawarar cewa za'a iya bayyana shi ne kawai a baya (ko da yake wannan fahimta bai bi ma'anar DSM-IV-TR ba). &lt;ref name=&quot;tell-parents&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Black KJ, Black ER, Greene DJ, Schlaggar BL |date=2016 |title=Provisional Tic Disorder: What to tell parents when their child first starts ticcing |journal=F1000Research |volume=5 |issue= |pages=696 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.8428.1 |pmc=4850871 |pmid=27158458 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar wucin gadi &quot;ta gamsar da masana tare da tsarin yaduwar cututtuka&quot;, amma bai kamata ya nuna cewa ba za a iya kiran magani ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plessen&quot; /&gt;
* Bambanci na motsi na yau da kullun ko rikicewar murya: DSM-5 ya kara da ƙayyadaddun don rarrabe tsakanin murya da motsi na motsi waɗanda ke da tsanani. An kara wannan bambancin ne saboda yawan cututtukan cututtukani masu kama da juna suna nan tare da muryar murya dangane da motsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plessen&quot; /&gt;
* Yanzu ya haɗa da marasa lafiya na Tourette's Disorder tare da tics waɗanda suka sami raguwar watanni 3 ko fiye tun lokacin da aka fara tick, muddin tick na farko ya kasance aƙalla shekara guda da ta gabata.
* Amfani da motsawa a matsayin dalilin da aka cire: babu wata shaida cewa amfani da motsawa yana haifar da rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plessen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stimulants-tics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Kevin J. |date=17 February 2018 |title=ADHD medications and tics |url=https://tics.wustl.edu/adhd-medications-and-tics/ |publisher=[[Washington University School of Medicine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sabbin rukuni, ''Sauran da aka ƙayyade'' da Ba a ƙayyade su ba: don cututtukan tic waɗanda ke haifar da mummunar rauni ga mutum duk da haka ba su cika cikakkun ka'idoji ga wasu cututtuken tic ba. Sabbin rukuni suna da alaƙa da tics tare da farawa a cikin balaga,  ko tics da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba suka haifar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Plessen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM307.2&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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== Ƙarin karantawa ==
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== Haɗin waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=29465|ICD10={{ICD10|F|95||f|90}}|ICD9={{ICD9|307.2}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=neuro|eMedicineTopic=664|MeshID=D013981|SNOMED CT=35042001}}{{Topics related to Tourette syndrome}}{{Emotional and behavioral disorders}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Babban Bend, Eswatini</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334787590|Big Bend, Eswatini]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2764" sha1="j01pbec9b9jdpaaklm74398x86kw4c6" xml:space="preserve">'''Big Bend''' gari ne da ke gabashin [[Eswatini]], yana kan [[Kogin Maputo|kogin Great Usutu (Lusutfu)]] . Babban masana'antarsa ita ce noma kuma galibi tana kan gonakin sukari . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Big Bend kuma tana kewaye da wuraren adana namun daji/namun daji kamar su Mhlosinga Nature Reserve da Nisela Safaris. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Izele: Mhlosinga Nature Reserve |url=https://izele.org/302/mhlosinga-nature-reserve/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=izele.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makarantu ==
Big Bend tana da makarantu da dama, kamar Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Edu wadda makarantar renon yara ce da ke kula da yara 'yan ƙasar Swazi da kuma 'yan ƙasashen waje tare da makarantun 'yan uwanta, Makarantar Firamare ta Ubombo da Makarantar Sakandare ta Sisekelo. An kafa su a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 kuma sun fara koyar da kyawawan halaye a masarautar wanda ya share fagen sauran makarantu su bi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=eSWATINI (SWAZILAND) SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, COMMUNITY SERVICES |url=http://www.swazilandhappenings.co.za/community.htm#SCHOOLS |website=eSwatini Happenings}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
Big Bend yana da yanayi mai zafi da ɗan bushewa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] : ''BSh'' ) tare da lokacin zafi da ruwan sama mai matsakaici da kuma lokacin hunturu mai dumi da bushewa. Mafi yawan zafin da aka taɓa gani shine {{Convert|44.3|C|1}} a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=November 25, 2020 |title=68399:  Big Bend (Swaziland) |url=http://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=68399&amp;ano=2020&amp;mes=11&amp;day=25&amp;hora=12&amp;min=0&amp;ndays=30 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa samu a Eswatini, {{Convert|-6.7|C|F}}, an yi rikodin a Big Bend. &lt;ref name=&quot;eswatiniclimaterecords&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 1992 |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023014609/http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;Yaushe?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;{{Weather box}}

== Manazarta ==
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      <id>858458</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:16:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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'''Big Bend''' gari ne da ke gabashin [[Eswatini]], yana kan [[Kogin Maputo|kogin Great Usutu (Lusutfu)]] . Babban masana'antarsa ita ce noma kuma galibi tana kan gonakin sukari . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Big Bend kuma tana kewaye da wuraren adana namun daji/namun daji kamar su Mhlosinga Nature Reserve da Nisela Safaris. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Izele: Mhlosinga Nature Reserve |url=https://izele.org/302/mhlosinga-nature-reserve/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=izele.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makarantu ==
Big Bend tana da makarantu da dama, kamar Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Edu wadda makarantar renon yara ce da ke kula da yara 'yan ƙasar Swazi da kuma 'yan ƙasashen waje tare da makarantun 'yan uwanta, Makarantar Firamare ta Ubombo da Makarantar Sakandare ta Sisekelo. An kafa su a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 kuma sun fara koyar da kyawawan halaye a masarautar wanda ya share fagen sauran makarantu su bi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=eSWATINI (SWAZILAND) SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, COMMUNITY SERVICES |url=http://www.swazilandhappenings.co.za/community.htm#SCHOOLS |website=eSwatini Happenings}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
Big Bend yana da yanayi mai zafi da ɗan bushewa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] : ''BSh'' ) tare da lokacin zafi da ruwan sama mai matsakaici da kuma lokacin hunturu mai dumi da bushewa. Mafi yawan zafin da aka taɓa gani shine {{Convert|44.3|C|1}} a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=November 25, 2020 |title=68399:  Big Bend (Swaziland) |url=http://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=68399&amp;ano=2020&amp;mes=11&amp;day=25&amp;hora=12&amp;min=0&amp;ndays=30 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa samu a Eswatini, {{Convert|-6.7|C|F}}, an yi rikodin a Big Bend. &lt;ref name=&quot;eswatiniclimaterecords&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 1992 |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023014609/http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;Yaushe?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;{{Weather box}}

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>RASopathy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157905</id>
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      <id>858457</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:15:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329234565|RASopathy]]&quot;</comment>
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'''RASopathies''' rukuni ne na cututtukan ci gaba wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin kwayar halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta na Hanyar Ras / MAPK. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da nakasa ta hankali, lahani na zuciya, cututtukan fata, da cututtukani na fuska.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boxel-Woolf |first=Tom Van |last2=McCarthy |first2=Kathleen M. |date=2025 |title=Speech and language skills in a case of Watson syndrome |journal=Clinical Linguistics &amp; Phonetics |volume=0 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1080/02699206.2025.2472051 |issn=0269-9206 |pmid=40077991 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid35103797&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauen KA |year=2022 |title=Defining RASopathy |journal=Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.1242/dmm.049344 |pmc=8821523 |pmid=35103797}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar MAPK ==
Hanyar siginar da ta fi yawa da ke karkashin jagorancin masu hana kinase da yawa shine hanyar furotin kinase mai kunna mitogen (MAPK). Wannan hanyar MAPK da aka kafa sosai a cikin ilmin halitta yana sarrafa mahimman sel da yawa. Ya ƙunshi RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK siginar sigina. RAF kinase shine matsakanci na farko na hanyar MAPK, wanda ke da alhakin kunnawa na jerin abubuwan da aka yi niyya, kamar hanyar MEK da kuma transcription factor extracellular siginar kinase (ERK), wanda ke sarrafa tsarin salula da na jiki da yawa, gami da ci gaban kwayoyin halitta, kula da sake zagayowar sel, yaduwar sel, bambanci, ƙaura, apoptosis da mutuwar sel. Tare da wannan cascade, nau'ikan isoforms daban-daban na RAS, RAF, MEK, da ERK suna nuna bambance-bambance a cikin inganci, aiki, kuma, musamman, yiwuwar cutar kansa. Rashin ƙarfi a cikin wannan siginar sigina yana da alaƙa da cututtuka. Ilimin cututtukan NF1, Noonan, Watson da Legius sun dace da tsarin RASopathy. RASopathies rukuni ne na cututtukan ci gaba wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin kwayar halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta na hanyar Ras / MAPK. Ciwon Costello da Ciwon Cardiofaciocutaneous suma an haɗa su a cikin RASopathy. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da nakasa ta hankali, lahani na zuciya, cututtukan fata, cututsin fuska da kuma halin da ake ciki don samar da kumburi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bahar |first=Md Entaz |last2=Kim |first2=Hyun Joon |last3=Kim |first3=Deok Ryong |date=2023-12-18 |title=Targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: from mechanism to clinical studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01705-z |journal=Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41392-023-01705-z |issn=2059-3635 |pmc=10725898 |pmid=38105263}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jerin RASopathies ==
Sanannun RASopathies sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boxel-Woolf |first=Tom Van |last2=McCarthy |first2=Kathleen M. |date=2025 |title=Speech and language skills in a case of Watson syndrome |journal=Clinical Linguistics &amp; Phonetics |volume=0 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1080/02699206.2025.2472051 |issn=0269-9206 |pmid=40077991 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid35103797&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauen KA |year=2022 |title=Defining RASopathy |journal=Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.1242/dmm.049344 |pmc=8821523 |pmid=35103797}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27412009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tidyman WE, Rauen KA |year=2016 |title=Pathogenetics of the RASopathies. |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=25 |issue=R2 |pages=R123–R132 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddw191 |pmc=6283265 |pmid=27412009}} &lt;/ref&gt;

* Cutar malformation-AV (CV-AVM) 
* Ciwon zuciya (CFC) 
* Neurofibromatosis nau'in I (NF1) 
* Ciwon Watson
* Ciwon Noonan (NS) 
* Ciwon Costello (CS) 
* Ciwon Legius, wanda aka fi sani da ciwon NF1-like
* Ciwon Noonan tare da lentigines da yawa (NSML), wanda ake kira LEOPARD syndrome
* Rashin hankali da ke da alaƙa da SYNGAP1

Canjin maye gurbi a cikin hanyar Ras / MAPK na iya haifar da ciwon daji da cututtuka irin su RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disorder (RALD) ko juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Wadannan cututtukan na iya raba wasu fasalulluka tare da RASopathies amma ba a dauke su RASopathy na gaskiya ba idan ya haifar da maye gurbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid34175492&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riller Q, Rieux-Laucat F |year=2021 |title=RASopathies: From germline mutations to somatic and multigenic diseases |journal=Biomedical Journal |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=422–432 |doi=10.1016/j.bj.2021.06.004 |pmc=8514848 |pmid=34175492}} &lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, RASopathies suna ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid35103797&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid32240795&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dunnett-Kane V, Burkitt-Wright E, Blackhall FH, Malliri A, Evans DG, Lindsay CR |year=2020 |title=Germline and sporadic cancers driven by the RAS pathway: parallels and contrasts |journal=Annals of Oncology |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=873–883 |doi=10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.291 |pmc=7322396 |pmid=32240795}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neurodevelopmental ko psychiatric cuta irin su attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, da damuwa suna faruwa a mafi girma a cikin mutane da RASopathies.  &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid37407569&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rai B, Naylor PE, Siqueiros-Sanchez M, Wintermark M, Raman MM, Jo B |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Novel effects of Ras-MAPK pathogenic variants on the developing human brain and their link to gene expression and inhibition abilities. |journal=Translational Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=245 |doi=10.1038/s41398-023-02504-4 |pmc=10322993 |pmid=37407569}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid36428239&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zenker M |year=2022 |title=Clinical overview on RASopathies. |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics |volume=190 |issue=4 |pages=414–424 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.c.32015 |pmid=36428239 |doi-access=free}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Halitta ==
RASopathies suna haifar da maye gurbin germline wanda ke haifar da kunnawar hanyar Ras / MAPK gaba ɗaya. Canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta masu zuwa suna da alaƙa da nau'ikan RASopathy ɗaya ko fiye: &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27412009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tidyman WE, Rauen KA |year=2016 |title=Pathogenetics of the RASopathies. |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=25 |issue=R2 |pages=R123–R132 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddw191 |pmc=6283265 |pmid=27412009}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid26446362&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aoki Y, Niihori T, Inoue S, Matsubara Y |year=2016 |title=Recent advances in RASopathies |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=33–9 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2015.114 |pmid=26446362}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid35103797&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauen KA |year=2022 |title=Defining RASopathy |journal=Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.1242/dmm.049344 |pmc=8821523 |pmid=35103797}} &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27412009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tidyman WE, Rauen KA |year=2016 |title=Pathogenetics of the RASopathies. |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=25 |issue=R2 |pages=R123–R132 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddw191 |pmc=6283265 |pmid=27412009}} &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid34175492&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riller Q, Rieux-Laucat F |year=2021 |title=RASopathies: From germline mutations to somatic and multigenic diseases |journal=Biomedical Journal |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=422–432 |doi=10.1016/j.bj.2021.06.004 |pmc=8514848 |pmid=34175492}} &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid32240795&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dunnett-Kane V, Burkitt-Wright E, Blackhall FH, Malliri A, Evans DG, Lindsay CR |year=2020 |title=Germline and sporadic cancers driven by the RAS pathway: parallels and contrasts |journal=Annals of Oncology |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=873–883 |doi=10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.291 |pmc=7322396 |pmid=32240795}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid37407569&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rai B, Naylor PE, Siqueiros-Sanchez M, Wintermark M, Raman MM, Jo B |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Novel effects of Ras-MAPK pathogenic variants on the developing human brain and their link to gene expression and inhibition abilities. |journal=Translational Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=245 |doi=10.1038/s41398-023-02504-4 |pmc=10322993 |pmid=37407569}} &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid36428239&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zenker M |year=2022 |title=Clinical overview on RASopathies. |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics |volume=190 |issue=4 |pages=414–424 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.c.32015 |pmid=36428239 |doi-access=free}} &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid26446362&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aoki Y, Niihori T, Inoue S, Matsubara Y |year=2016 |title=Recent advances in RASopathies |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=33–9 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2015.114 |pmid=26446362}} &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>KCNH1</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353178472|KCNH1]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox_gene}}Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H memba 1 (KV10.1, EAG1) furotin ne na tashar ion wanda a cikin mutane an tsara shi ta hanyar kwayar halitta ta ''''KCNH1''''. &lt;ref name=&quot;Occhiodoro_1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Occhiodoro T, Bernheim L, Liu JH, Bijlenga P, Sinnreich M, Bader CR, Fischer-Lougheed J |date=August 1998 |title=Cloning of a human ether-a-go-go potassium channel expressed in myoblasts at the onset of fusion |journal=FEBS Letters |volume=434 |issue=1–2 |pages=177–182 |bibcode=1998FEBSL.434..177O |doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00973-9 |pmid=9738473 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gutman_2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gutman GA, Chandy KG, Grissmer S, Lazdunski M, McKinnon D, Pardo LA, Robertson GA, Rudy B, Sanguinetti MC, Stühmer W, Wang X |date=December 2005 |title=International Union of Pharmacology. LIII. Nomenclature and molecular relationships of voltage-gated potassium channels |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=473–508 |doi=10.1124/pr.57.4.10 |pmid=16382104 |s2cid=219195192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: KCNH1 potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily H (eag-related), member 1 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=3756}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canjin maye gurbi da ke haifar da cututtuka a cikin kwayar halitta ta KCNH1 yana haifar da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da KCNH1, wanda zai iya haɗawa da alamomi kamar jinkirin ci gaba mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani, nakasa mai zurfi, hypotonia na jarirai, bayyanar fuska mai laushi, da kuma fashewar yara. Abun nuna KCNH1 yana da alaƙa da ci gaban ciwon daji.

== Ayyuka ==
Bayyanar KCNH1 galibi an iyakance shi ga babban tsarin juyayi na tsakiya.[1] Halin halittar KCNH1 yana ɓoye tashar homotetrameric mai ɗaukar nauyi mai ƙarfi-gated potassium tashar (KV10.1) wanda ake tsammanin shine alhakin sake kafa yuwuwar membrane na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don amsawa ga yawan harbe-harbe.[2]

K&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;.1 tashar potassium ce mai jinkirta gyaran gyare-gyare. Kamar sauran tashoshin ion na potassium, bude tashar tashar K&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;.1 yana haifar da membrane depolarisation, wanda ke haifar da kwarara na ions na potassius don gyara yiwuwar membrane na asali. K&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;.1 yana da jinkirin buɗewa lokacin da aka kunna kuma ba ya fuskantar yanayin rashin aiki bayan rufewa.

A tsarin, K&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;.1 ya ƙunshi nau'o'i huɗu masu kama da juna waɗanda kowannensu ya kasance 989 (111.4 kDa). Kowace sashi ta ƙunshi Yankin PAS, transmembrane ƙarfin lantarki da yankuna, C-linker, da kuma yankin homology na intracellular cyclic nucleotide. Sauran haɗuwa da wannan kwayar halitta yana haifar da bambance-bambance guda biyu da ke ƙunshe da nau'ikan isoforms daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta da haɗa ko cire amino acid 27 tsakanin S3 da S4 helices na yankin ƙarfin lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: KCNH1 potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily H (eag-related), member 1 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=3756}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kunna furcin KCNH1 a cikin cilia a farkon bambancin myoblast kuma an san shi da taka rawa a cikin sake zagayowar tantanin halitta da yaduwar tantanin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=del Camino D, Sánchez A, Alves F, Brüggemann A, Beckh S, Stühmer W, Pardo LA |date=1999-10-15 |title=Oncogenic potential of EAG K+ channels |url=https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1093/emboj/18.20.5540 |journal=The EMBO Journal |volume=18 |issue=20 |pages=5540–5547 |doi=10.1093/emboj/18.20.5540 |issn=0261-4189 |pmc=1171622 |pmid=10523298}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cututtuka ==

=== Cututtukan da suka shafi KCNH1 ===
Gabbett da abokan aiki sun bayyana ciwo na Temple-Baraitser (TBS) a cikin 2008, suna ba da sunan yanayin bayan masanin ilimin likitancin Ingilishi Farfesa Karen Temple da Michael Baraitser. An rarraba TBS ta hanyar nakasu na hankali, farfadiya, yanayin fuska, da aplasia na ƙusoshi. Daga baya an nuna cewa de novo missense maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar KCNH1 yana haifar da mummunar fa'ida a cikin tashar potassium mai ƙarfin lantarki KV10.1, wanda ya haifar da TBS.[2]. Marasa lafiya tare da maye gurbin de novo a cikin KCNH1 an gano cewa suna fama da cutar farfadiya (ba tare da haɗin gwiwa da TBS ba), yayin da yaran da aka haifa tare da maye gurbin ƙwayoyin cuta daga mosaic probands sun shafi TBS.[2]. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin shaida game da rawar da mosaicism na kwayoyin halitta ke takawa a cikin etiology na cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki.

Daga baya aka gano Ciwon Zimmermann-Laband na nau'in 1 ta hanyar irin wannan maye gurbin missense a cikin ''KCNH1''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kortüm F, Caputo V, Bauer CK, Stella L, Ciolfi A, Alawi M, Bocchinfuso G, Flex E, Paolacci S, Dentici ML, Grammatico P, Korenke GC, Leuzzi V, Mowat D, Nair LD, Nguyen TT, Thierry P, White SM, Dallapiccola B, Pizzuti A, Campeau PM, Tartaglia M, Kutsche K |date=June 2015 |title=Mutations in KCNH1 and ATP6V1B2 cause Zimmermann-Laband syndrome |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=661–667 |doi=10.1038/ng.3282 |pmid=25915598 |s2cid=12060592 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da wasu masu bincike suyi imani cewa nau'in 1 Zimmermann-Laband da Temple-Baraitser sune bayyanar cututtukan iri ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mégarbané A, Al-Ali R, Choucair N, Lek M, Wang E, Ladjimi M, Rose CM, Hobeika R, Macary Y, Temanni R, Jithesh PV, Chouchane A, Sastry KS, Thomas R, Tomei S, Liu W, Marincola FM, MacArthur D, Chouchane L |date=June 2016 |title=Temple-Baraitser Syndrome and Zimmermann-Laband Syndrome: one clinical entity? |journal=BMC Medical Genetics |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12881-016-0304-4 |pmc=4901505 |pmid=27282200 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bramswig NC, Ockeloen CW, Czeschik JC, van Essen AJ, Pfundt R, Smeitink J, Poll-The BT, Engels H, Strom TM, Wieczorek D, Kleefstra T, Lüdecke HJ |date=October 2015 |title='Splitting versus lumping': Temple-Baraitser and Zimmermann-Laband Syndromes |journal=Human Genetics |volume=134 |issue=10 |pages=1089–1097 |doi=10.1007/s00439-015-1590-1 |pmid=26264464 |s2cid=14238362}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ra'ayoyin yanzu sune cewa Zimmermann-Laband da Temple-Baraitser syndromes suna daga cikin manyan Cututtukan da suka shafi KCNH1, wanda ya ƙunshi ci gaba da tsananin jinkirin ci gaba, ƙarancin hankali, ƙaranciyar jarirai, bayyanar fuska ta myopathic, da fashewar yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sundman AK, Jin S, Vadlamudi L, King GF |date=September 2025 |title=The molecular basis of KCNH1-related epileptic encephalopathy and the challenge of developing targeted therapeutics |journal=Brain |doi=10.1093/brain/awaf353 |pmid=40986435 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== KCNH1 a cikin ciwon daji ===
Yawan bayyanar KCNH1 na iya ba da fa'idar girma ga ƙwayoyin ciwon daji kuma suna son yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar yadda aka lura da yawan bayyanar K CNH1 a cikin kashi 70% na ƙwayoyin daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tomczak AP, Zahed F, Stühmer W, Pardo LA, Urrego D |date=2014-03-19 |title=Potassium channels in cell cycle and cell proliferation |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=369 |issue=1638 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2013.0094 |pmc=3917348 |pmid=24493742}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke fama da maye gurbin missense a cikin KCNH1 ba su bayar da rahoton karuwar cutar kansa ba. 

== Ma'amala ==
An nuna KCNH1 don hulɗa tare da KCNB1 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ottschytsch_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ottschytsch N, Raes A, Van Hoorick D, Snyders DJ |date=June 2002 |title=Obligatory heterotetramerization of three previously uncharacterized Kv channel alpha-subunits identified in the human genome |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=7986–7991 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.7986O |doi=10.1073/pnas.122617999 |pmc=123007 |pmid=12060745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an hana shi ta hanyar calmodulin mai manzo na biyu mai kiyayewa a gaban calcium.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tashar potassium mai ƙarfin lantarki
* Tashar ion mai ƙarfin lantarki
* Channelopathy
* HERG
* Cututtukan da suka shafi KCNH1

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Xufexufe</title>
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'''Rio Xufexufe''' kogi ne a tsibirin São Tomé, [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] . Kogin yana kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin yankin kudancin gundumar Lembá kuma yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] tsakanin rairayin bakin teku na Palma da Pipa, kilomita 10 arewa maso yamma da Vila Malanza . Yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita {{Convert|16.5|km2}} .   .  An lura da tsuntsayen da ke fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar São Tomé zaitun ( ''Columba thomensis'' )  da São Tomé fiscal ( ''Lanius newtoni'' ) a cikin kogin. 

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'''Rio Xufexufe''' kogi ne a tsibirin São Tomé, [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] . Kogin yana kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin yankin kudancin gundumar Lembá kuma yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] tsakanin rairayin bakin teku na Palma da Pipa, kilomita 10 arewa maso yamma da Vila Malanza . Yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita {{Convert|16.5|km2}} .   .  An lura da tsuntsayen da ke fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar São Tomé zaitun ( ''Columba thomensis'' )  da São Tomé fiscal ( ''Lanius newtoni'' ) a cikin kogin. 

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  <page>
    <title>Jens Höing</title>
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'''Jens Höing''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1987, a Münster) direban tsere ne na Jamus.

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan shekaru biyar na aikin karting, Höing ya koma gasar Formula BMW ADAC ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Höing yana cikin ƙungiyar Rosberg, ya zira kwallaye biyu a shekarar 2005, amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jerin a shekarar 2006, amma ya canza ƙungiyoyi zuwa GU-Racing. Ya inganta daga matsayi na 23 a shekarar 2005 zuwa matsayi na 14 a shekarar 2006, amma har yanzu bai kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin jerin ba, inda ya tara maki goma sha uku kawai. An gabatar da sabon tsarin maki a shekarar 2007, wanda ke nufin cewa Höing ya zira kwallaye sama da 200 amma duk da haka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayi na 14 gaba ɗaya. Ya fafata a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta Duniya a Valencia a shekarar 2006, kuma ya kare a matsayi na 18..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tsarin Uku ===
Bayan kakar wasa uku da ya yi a FBMW, Höing ya koma Gasar Cin Kofin Formula Three ta Jamus a 2008 amma ya ci gaba da GU-Racing. Höing ya kammala da maki sau ɗaya, a Nürburgring yayin da ya fito a matsayi na 17 a gasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tsarin Biyu ===
Höing da farko ya sanya hannu don tuki a cikin 2009 FIA Formula Two Championship, motar mota lamba ashirin. Koyaya, wasu batutuwan kwangila sun tilasta Höing ya cire kansa daga gasar. Da zarar an gyara su, Höing ya koma gasar,  kuma an sake dawo da shi zuwa lambar motarsa ta asali, bayan Edoardo Piscopo ya yi amfani da shi a gwajin rukuni na farko a Snetterton. Har ila yau, ya tilasta masu shirya MotorSport Vision su kara filin zuwa 25. Ya kammala na 26 a cikin matsayi, ba tare da maki ba. Höing ya kasance yana da hannu akai-akai a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na tseren, ya kasa gamawa a cikin goma daga cikin tseren goma sha shida.

== Rubuce-rubucen tsere ==

=== Takaitaccen Bayani game da Ayyuka ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
!Lokacin
!Jerin
!Kungiyar
!Tseren
!Nasara
!Yaren mutanen Poland
!F / Laps
!Wasanni
!Abubuwa
!Matsayi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2005'''
|Formula BMW ADAC
|Kungiyar Rosberg
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Na 23
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2006'''
|Formula BMW ADAC
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |GU-Racing
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Na 14
|-
|Formula BMW World Final
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |N/A
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18th
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2007'''
|Formula BMW ADAC
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |216
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Na 14
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2008'''
|Gasar Cin Kofin Jamus ta Uku
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |17th
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2009'''
|Gasar FIA ta Formula Biyu
|Motar Wasanni
| align=&quot;center&quot; |16
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |26th
|}

=== Cikakken sakamakon gasar cin kofin Formula Two na FIA ===
(maɓalli) (Races in '''bold''' nuna matsayi na sanda) (Race in italics nuna mafi sauri lap) 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
!Shekara
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!DC
!Abubuwa
|-
!2009
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |Kyakkyawan 1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;18&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |Kyakkyawan 2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwqw&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;21&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |BRN1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwsA&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |BRN2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwtQ&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;13&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |SPA1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwug&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |SPA2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwvw&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |BRH1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwxA&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |BRH2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwyQ&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |DON1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwzg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |DON2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw0w&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |OSC1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw2A&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |OSC2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw3Q&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |IMO1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw4g&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |IMO2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw5w&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |CAT1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw7A&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |CAT2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw8Q&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;21&lt;/small&gt;
!26th
!0
|}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

* [http://iamjens.de/index.php Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] An adana shi 2013-11-09 a 
* Jens HöingBayani game da aikin a DriverDB.com
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]</text>
      <sha1>lzpvz2c6wu65afizx0m5jwot8l4x6lg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858465</id>
      <parentid>858462</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:20:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858465</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5857" sha1="m0v4jgza5nbl60gazramz4onijzu5qo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}&lt;nowiki&gt;Insert non-formatted text here&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 
''Rubutun tsutsa''
'''Jens Höing''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1987, a Münster) direban tsere ne na Jamus.

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan shekaru biyar na aikin karting, Höing ya koma gasar Formula BMW ADAC ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Höing yana cikin ƙungiyar Rosberg, ya zira kwallaye biyu a shekarar 2005, amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jerin a shekarar 2006, amma ya canza ƙungiyoyi zuwa GU-Racing. Ya inganta daga matsayi na 23 a shekarar 2005 zuwa matsayi na 14 a shekarar 2006, amma har yanzu bai kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin jerin ba, inda ya tara maki goma sha uku kawai. An gabatar da sabon tsarin maki a shekarar 2007, wanda ke nufin cewa Höing ya zira kwallaye sama da 200 amma duk da haka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayi na 14 gaba ɗaya. Ya fafata a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta Duniya a Valencia a shekarar 2006, kuma ya kare a matsayi na 18..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tsarin Uku ===
Bayan kakar wasa uku da ya yi a FBMW, Höing ya koma Gasar Cin Kofin Formula Three ta Jamus a 2008 amma ya ci gaba da GU-Racing. Höing ya kammala da maki sau ɗaya, a Nürburgring yayin da ya fito a matsayi na 17 a gasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tsarin Biyu ===
Höing da farko ya sanya hannu don tuki a cikin 2009 FIA Formula Two Championship, motar mota lamba ashirin. Koyaya, wasu batutuwan kwangila sun tilasta Höing ya cire kansa daga gasar. Da zarar an gyara su, Höing ya koma gasar,  kuma an sake dawo da shi zuwa lambar motarsa ta asali, bayan Edoardo Piscopo ya yi amfani da shi a gwajin rukuni na farko a Snetterton. Har ila yau, ya tilasta masu shirya MotorSport Vision su kara filin zuwa 25. Ya kammala na 26 a cikin matsayi, ba tare da maki ba. Höing ya kasance yana da hannu akai-akai a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na tseren, ya kasa gamawa a cikin goma daga cikin tseren goma sha shida.

== Rubuce-rubucen tsere ==

=== Takaitaccen Bayani game da Ayyuka ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
!Lokacin
!Jerin
!Kungiyar
!Tseren
!Nasara
!Yaren mutanen Poland
!F / Laps
!Wasanni
!Abubuwa
!Matsayi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2005'''
|Formula BMW ADAC
|Kungiyar Rosberg
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Na 23
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2006'''
|Formula BMW ADAC
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |GU-Racing
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Na 14
|-
|Formula BMW World Final
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |N/A
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18th
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2007'''
|Formula BMW ADAC
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |216
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Na 14
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2008'''
|Gasar Cin Kofin Jamus ta Uku
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |17th
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2009'''
|Gasar FIA ta Formula Biyu
|Motar Wasanni
| align=&quot;center&quot; |16
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |26th
|}

=== Cikakken sakamakon gasar cin kofin Formula Two na FIA ===
(maɓalli) (Races in '''bold''' nuna matsayi na sanda) (Race in italics nuna mafi sauri lap) 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
!Shekara
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!DC
!Abubuwa
|-
!2009
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |Kyakkyawan 1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;18&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |Kyakkyawan 2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwqw&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;21&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |BRN1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwsA&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |BRN2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwtQ&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;13&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |SPA1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwug&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |SPA2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwvw&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |BRH1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwxA&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |BRH2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwyQ&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |DON1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwzg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |DON2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw0w&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |OSC1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw2A&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |OSC2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw3Q&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |IMO1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw4g&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |IMO2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw5w&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |CAT1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw7A&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |CAT2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw8Q&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;21&lt;/small&gt;
!26th
!0
|}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

* [http://iamjens.de/index.php Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] An adana shi 2013-11-09 a 
* Jens HöingBayani game da aikin a DriverDB.com
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]</text>
      <sha1>m0v4jgza5nbl60gazramz4onijzu5qo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858466</id>
      <parentid>858465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>858466</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5801" sha1="l2kqrie9u2vjmnbkqqxkpymvze300lz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}&lt;nowiki&gt;Insert non-formatted text here&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 
''Rubutun tsutsa''
'''Jens Höing''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1987, a Münster) direban tsere ne na Jamus.

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan shekaru biyar na aikin karting, Höing ya koma gasar Formula BMW ADAC ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Höing yana cikin ƙungiyar Rosberg, ya zira kwallaye biyu a shekarar 2005, amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jerin a shekarar 2006, amma ya canza ƙungiyoyi zuwa GU-Racing. Ya inganta daga matsayi na 23 a shekarar 2005 zuwa matsayi na 14 a shekarar 2006, amma har yanzu bai kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin jerin ba, inda ya tara maki goma sha uku kawai. An gabatar da sabon tsarin maki a shekarar 2007, wanda ke nufin cewa Höing ya zira kwallaye sama da 200 amma duk da haka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayi na 14 gaba ɗaya. Ya fafata a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta Duniya a Valencia a shekarar 2006, kuma ya kare a matsayi na 18..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tsarin Uku ===
Bayan kakar wasa uku da ya yi a FBMW, Höing ya koma Gasar Cin Kofin Formula Three ta Jamus a 2008 amma ya ci gaba da GU-Racing. Höing ya kammala da maki sau ɗaya, a Nürburgring yayin da ya fito a matsayi na 17 a gasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tsarin Biyu ===
Höing da farko ya sanya hannu don tuki a cikin 2009 FIA Formula Two Championship, motar mota lamba ashirin. Koyaya, wasu batutuwan kwangila sun tilasta Höing ya cire kansa daga gasar. Da zarar an gyara su, Höing ya koma gasar,  kuma an sake dawo da shi zuwa lambar motarsa ta asali, bayan Edoardo Piscopo ya yi amfani da shi a gwajin rukuni na farko a Snetterton. Har ila yau, ya tilasta masu shirya MotorSport Vision su kara filin zuwa 25. Ya kammala na 26 a cikin matsayi, ba tare da maki ba. Höing ya kasance yana da hannu akai-akai a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na tseren, ya kasa gamawa a cikin goma daga cikin tseren goma sha shida.

== Rubuce-rubucen tsere ==

=== Takaitaccen Bayani game da Ayyuka ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
!Lokacin
!Jerin
!Kungiyar
!Tseren
!Nasara
!Yaren mutanen Poland
!F / Laps
!Wasanni
!Abubuwa
!Matsayi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2005'''
|Formula BMW ADAC
|Kungiyar Rosberg
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Na 23
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2006'''
|Formula BMW ADAC
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |GU-Racing
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Na 14
|-
|Formula BMW World Final
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |N/A
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18th
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2007'''
|Formula BMW ADAC
| align=&quot;center&quot; |18
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |216
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Na 14
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2008'''
|Gasar Cin Kofin Jamus ta Uku
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |17th
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2009'''
|Gasar FIA ta Formula Biyu
|Motar Wasanni
| align=&quot;center&quot; |16
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |26th
|}

=== Cikakken sakamakon gasar cin kofin Formula Two na FIA ===
(maɓalli) (Races in '''bold''' nuna matsayi na sanda) (Race in italics nuna mafi sauri lap) 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
!Shekara
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!DC
!Abubuwa
|-
!2009
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |Kyakkyawan 1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;18&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |Kyakkyawan 2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwqw&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;21&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |BRN1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwsA&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |BRN2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwtQ&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;13&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |SPA1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwug&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |SPA2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwvw&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |BRH1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwxA&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |BRH2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwyQ&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |DON1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwzg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |DON2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw0w&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |OSC1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw2A&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |OSC2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw3Q&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |IMO1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw4g&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |IMO2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw5w&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot; |CAT1&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw7A&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ret&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot; |CAT2&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw8Q&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;21&lt;/small&gt;
!26th
!0
|}

== Manazarta ==
* [http://iamjens.de/index.php Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] An adana shi 2013-11-09 a 
* Jens HöingBayani game da aikin a DriverDB.com
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]</text>
      <sha1>l2kqrie9u2vjmnbkqqxkpymvze300lz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chula (tsibiran)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858463</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:19:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1193912876|Chula (island)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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'''Chula''' [[Tsibirin|tsibiri]] ne da ke cikin tsibiran Bajuni da ke kudancin [[Somaliya]]  a Tekun Somaliya. Ita ce tsibiri mafi yawan jama'a daga cikin tsibiran shida.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jasiirada Khuuri

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Chula''' [[Tsibirin|tsibiri]] ne da ke cikin tsibiran Bajuni da ke kudancin [[Somaliya]]  a Tekun Somaliya. Ita ce tsibiri mafi yawan jama'a daga cikin tsibiran shida.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jasiirada Khuuri

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  <page>
    <title>Canal das Rolas</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338290262|Canal das Rolas]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Canal das Rolas''' (&quot;Tashar Rolas&quot;) wani mashigin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ne wanda ke raba karamin Ilhéu das Rolas (kuma: ''Ilhéu Gago Coutinho'' ) daga kudu maso kudu na tsibirin São Tomé, a cikin [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] . Yana da {{Convert|1.2|nmi}} fadi.  Akwai jirgin ruwa da ya tashi daga Ponta Baleia a tsibirin São Tomé zuwa Ilhéu das Rolas.

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'''Canal das Rolas''' (&quot;Tashar Rolas&quot;) wani mashigin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ne wanda ke raba karamin Ilhéu das Rolas (kuma: ''Ilhéu Gago Coutinho'' ) daga kudu maso kudu na tsibirin São Tomé, a cikin [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] . Yana da {{Convert|1.2|nmi}} fadi.  Akwai jirgin ruwa da ya tashi daga Ponta Baleia a tsibirin São Tomé zuwa Ilhéu das Rolas.

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  <page>
    <title>Chovaye</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1193912959|Chovaye]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Chovaye''' tsibiri ne wanda ke cikin tarin tsibiran Bajuni a kudancin [[Somaliya]] .  a cikin Tekun Somaliya. Ba shi da yawan jama'a na dindindin, amma masunta ne kawai ke ƙaura. Ana kuma kiransa Tovai. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsibiran Bajuni

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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'''Chovaye''' tsibiri ne wanda ke cikin tarin tsibiran Bajuni a kudancin [[Somaliya]] .  a cikin Tekun Somaliya. Ba shi da yawan jama'a na dindindin, amma masunta ne kawai ke ƙaura. Ana kuma kiransa Tovai. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsibiran Bajuni

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  <page>
    <title>Tekun Tunis</title>
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    <id>157912</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338348821|Gulf of Tunis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Gulf of Tunis''' ( Tunisian Arabic   ) babban bakin teku ne [[Bahar Rum|na Bahar Rum]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Tunisiya]], wanda tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|39|mi}} daga Cape Farina a yamma zuwa Cape Bon a gabas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Norie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=John William Norie}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tunis]], babban birnin Tunisiya, tana gefen kudu maso yammacin Tekun Gulf, kamar yadda jerin wurare suka kasance a cikin shekaru dubu uku da suka gabata. Djebel Ressas ya kai {{Convert|795|m}} kimanin {{Convert|15|km}} kudu da gefen kudu na Tekun Bahar Rum

Babban ɓangaren mashigar ruwa, wanda ya yi daidai da birnin Tunis, yana da kyau ga aiwatar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci saboda wurin da take a matsayin yanki mai kariya sosai. An gina shahararren birnin Carthage a bakin tekun.

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'''Gulf of Tunis''' ( Tunisian Arabic   ) babban bakin teku ne [[Bahar Rum|na Bahar Rum]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Tunisiya]], wanda tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|39|mi}} daga Cape Farina a yamma zuwa Cape Bon a gabas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Norie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=John William Norie}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tunis]], babban birnin Tunisiya, tana gefen kudu maso yammacin Tekun Gulf, kamar yadda jerin wurare suka kasance a cikin shekaru dubu uku da suka gabata. Djebel Ressas ya kai {{Convert|795|m}} kimanin {{Convert|15|km}} kudu da gefen kudu na Tekun Bahar Rum

Babban ɓangaren mashigar ruwa, wanda ya yi daidai da birnin Tunis, yana da kyau ga aiwatar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci saboda wurin da take a matsayin yanki mai kariya sosai. An gina shahararren birnin Carthage a bakin tekun.

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  <page>
    <title>Livingstone, Zambia</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351678747|Livingstone, Zambia]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="15356" sha1="e9siqprtitz8t0ghfb5cb0ytqo9qm10" xml:space="preserve">'''Livingstone''' is a city in Southern Province, [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Lying 10&amp;nbsp;km (6&amp;nbsp;mi) to the north of the [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi River]], it is a [[Yawon bude ido|tourist attraction]] due to its proximity to the [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone |url=https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524140150/https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |archive-date=2021-05-24 |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Zambia Let's Explore |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Information |url=https://www.livingstone-info.org/town/info |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=www.livingstone-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victoria Falls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/victoria-falls/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and its road and rail connections to [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]], [[Zimbabwe]], the resort town on the opposite side of the falls. A historic [[Daular Biritaniya|British colonial]] city, its present population was enumerated at 177,393 inhabitants at the 2022 census.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Central Statistical Office Zambia and City Population |date=3 January 2023 |title=Population of Zambian Cities and Urban Centres: Livingstone |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/zambia/admin/southern/0906__livingstone/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |publisher=Citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is named after David Livingstone, the [[Scotland|Scottish]] explorer and missionary who was the first European to explore the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=David Livingstone - Biography, Expeditions, &amp; Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Livingstone |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1911 until 1935, it served as the first capital of Northern Rhodesia. From 1907 to 2011, when replaced by Choma, Livingstone was the capital of Zambia's Southern Province.

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihin kafin mulkin mallaka ===
Mukuni, {{Convert|9.6|km|mi}} a kudu maso gabashin Livingstone na yanzu, shine mafi girman ƙauye a yankin kafin a kafa Livingstone. Mazauna [[Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)|Baleya]], waɗanda suka fito daga al'adun Rozwi a [[Zimbabwe]], Chief Mukuni wanda ya fito daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] ya mamaye su a ƙarni na 16. Wani rukuni na Baleya a ƙarƙashin Chief Sekute ya zauna kusa da kogin yammacin garin. Duk da haka, mafi yawan mutanen yankin sune Batoka a ƙarƙashin Chief Musokotwane wanda ke zaune a Senkobo, {{Convert|30|km|mi}} arewa. Waɗannan mutanen kudancin Tonga ne amma suna kama da Baleya a al'ada da harshe. 
[[Fayil:Livingstone1.jpg|left|thumb|Abin tunawa ga David Livingstone]]
Subiya ta yi wa Lozi na Barotseland girmamawa amma a shekarar 1838, Kololo, wata ƙabilar [[Lesotho|Sotho]] daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da yaƙe-yaƙen Zulu suka kora, ta yi ƙaura zuwa arewa ta mamaye Lozi . Kololo ta sanya sarakunan mutanen Sesheke da ke ƙarƙashinsu a kan Tokaleya. A shekarar 1855, wani matafiyi ɗan ƙasar Scotland mai wa'azi David Livingstone ya zama Ba’amurke na farko da aka nuna wa [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] a kusa da Livingstone, kuma ya ga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] ta hannun Babban Sekeletu na Subiya-Kololo. 

=== Tarihin mulkin mallaka ===
A shekarun 1890, Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu na [[Cecil Rhodes]] ya kafa mulkin [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] a arewacin Zambezi kuma ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan haƙo ma'adinai da bincike, baya ga haka ya shiga wasu albarkatun ƙasa kamar katako, hauren giwa da fatun dabbobi a wani yanki da ake kira [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia|Arewa maso Yammacin Rhodesia]] . Babban wurin haƙo Zambezi yana saman magudanar ruwa a Old Drift, da farko ta hanyar kwale-kwale, daga baya kuma ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na ƙarfe da masu aikin kwale-kwale na Lozi guda takwas ke tuƙawa, ko kuma jirgin ruwa da aka ja da kebul na ƙarfe. Kwarin Batoka da zurfin kwarin da kwaruruka na tsakiyar Zambezi (wanda yanzu [[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba|madatsar ruwa ta Kariba]] ta mamaye) yana nufin babu wani wuri mafi kyau na haƙowa tsakanin magudanar ruwa da [[Kariba Gorge]], {{Cvt|483|km}} arewa maso gabas. Yayin da aka fi amfani da hanyar ketare tsohon Drift, wurin zama na Turawan mulkin mallaka ya samo asali a can kuma a kusa da 1897 ya zama ƙaramar hukuma ta farko a ƙasar; wani lokacin ana kiranta da 'Old Livingstone'. Kusantarsa da wuraren kiwon [[sauro]] ya haifar da mace-mace sakamakon [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], wanda hakan ya sa Turawan suka ƙaura zuwa tudun da aka sani da Constitution Hill ko Sandbelt Post Office bayan 1900. Yayin da wannan yanki ya girma ya zama gari, an sanya masa suna ''Livingstone'' don girmama mai binciken. &lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.nrzam.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar shekarun 1890, layin dogo na Rhodesia ya isa [[Bulawayo]] a Kudancin Rhodesia, inda ya haɓaka ci gaban masana'antu a can, wanda ma'adinan kwal a Hwange (wanda a lokacin ake kira ''Wankie'' ) suka ƙarfafa shi, kuma ma'adinan kwal {{Convert|110|km|mi}} ne kawai suka yi aiki. kudu maso gabashin Mosi-oa-Tunya. An faɗaɗa layin dogo zuwa Hwange don samun kwal, amma hangen Rhodes shine ya ci gaba da matsawa arewa don faɗaɗa [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]], kuma da ya [[Jirgin ƙasa na Cape zuwa Alkahira|gina shi zuwa Alkahira]] idan zai iya. A shekara ta 1904 layin dogo ya isa magudanar ruwa a gefen kudu kuma an fara gina [[Victoria Falls Bridge|Gadar Victoria Falls]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VFHQadmin |title=Victoria Falls Bridge Activities and History - Victoria Falls HQ |url=https://victoriafallshq.com/victoria-falls-bridge-activities/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda rashin haƙuri da ya jira kammala shi, Rhodes ya gina layin daga Livingstone zuwa Kalomo kuma an fara aiki watanni kafin gadar ta amfani da jirgin ƙasa guda ɗaya wanda aka jigilar shi gunduwa-gunduwa ta hanyar kebul na wucin gadi a kan kwarin da ke kusa da wurin ginin gadar. 
[[Fayil:Zambèze-Chapelle_commémorative_Coillard_à_Livingstone_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Livingstone a farkon karni na 20]]
An kafa birnin a shekarar 1905.  Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙaura da babban birnin yankin a shekarar 1907. &lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.nrzam.org.uk}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html &quot;Untitled Document&quot;]. ''www.nrzam.org.uk''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-12-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1911, kamfanin ya haɗa yankin da [[Arewa maso gabashin Rhodesia|Arewa maso Gabashin Rhodesia]] a matsayin Arewacin Rhodesia . Livingstone ta bunƙasa daga matsayinta na ƙofar kasuwanci tsakanin gefen arewa da kudu na Zambezi, da kuma noma a Lardin Kudu da kuma samar da katako na kasuwanci daga dazuzzuka zuwa arewa maso yamma. An gina wasu gine-ginen mulkin mallaka waɗanda har yanzu suke nan.  Duk da cewa an ƙaura da babban birnin zuwa [[Lusaka]] a shekarar 1935 don ya kasance kusa da cibiyar tattalin arziki ta Copperbelt, masana'antu da suka dogara da katako, fatu, [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco taba], auduga (gami da yadi) da sauran kayayyakin noma sun bunƙasa. An gina masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana ɗaukar ruwa daga Gabashin Cataract na Falls. Garin [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]] a Kudancin Rhodesia yana da kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido, amma an sayi kayayyaki da yawa daga Livingstone.
[[Fayil:Victoria_Falls_(49653894783),_Livingstone,_crop2.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na shekarar 2019 na Livingstone, wanda ke nuna unguwannin birnin da filin jirgin sama]]
Daga cikin dukkan garuruwan da ke Arewacin Rhodesia, Livingstone na mulkin mallaka ya ɗauki mafi yawan halayen Birtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Town: Livingstone, Zambia |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/livingstone-town/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.livingstonetourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin da ke kewaye da matsugunan Afirka da yawa, an [[Rarraba launin fata|raba shi da juna]] . Yankunan arewa da yamma na garin da tsakiyar garin an keɓe su ne ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin fararen fata da yankunan zama da ke da alaƙa, yayin da garuruwan Afirka kamar Maramba (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙaramin Kogin Maramba da ke gudana a kusa) suna gabas da kudu kuma ma'aikata, bayi, [[Mai sana'a|masu sana'a]], [[Mai ciniki|'yan kasuwa]], da kuma adadi mai yawa na iyalai baƙar fata marasa aiki waɗanda ke zaune a cikin jin daɗin jama'a. 'Yan Asiya da mutanen da ke da nau'ikan kabilu daban-daban suna da kasuwanci a tsakiya, a gefen gabas na tsakiyar birnin. 

A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an shigar da 'yan gudun hijira 'yan Poland 170 da suka tsere daga Poland da Jamus da Soviet suka mamaye, zuwa Livingstone a shekarar 1941, kuma an kafa ofishin jakadancin Poland. 

Yayin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara tattaunawa a bainar jama'a kan 'yancin kai, kuma labarin kisan gillar da aka yi wa fararen fata 'yan mulkin mallaka a [[Belgian Congo|Congo ta Beljium]] ya bayyana, mazauna fararen fata da yawa, suna tsoron watsi da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya, suka fara ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia ko Afirka ta Kudu. Lokacin da Arewacin Rhodesia ta sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Zambia a 1964, fararen fata da yawa sun tafi.  Lokacin da Zambia ta sami 'yancin kai, akwai baƙar fata 100 kacal da suka kammala karatun kwaleji a ƙasar, kusan duk a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=the struggle movie zambia |url=https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=paraluxe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=the struggle movie zambia |url=https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=paraluxe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1968, an kafa wata ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya wadda ta kwace mafi yawan kadarorin da ba baƙar fata ba suka rage, musamman na fararen fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bayart |first=J. F. |date=1973 |title=One-Party Government and Political Development in Cameroun |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/719939 |journal=African Affairs |volume=72 |issue=287 |pages=125–144 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096356 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=719939 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Rights Foundation |url=https://www.crf-usa.org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/southern-black-codes.html |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.crf-usa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, yawancin sauran 'yan Arewacin Rhodesia sun tafi bayan an sanar da wata manufa ta ƙasa a Zambia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Libby |first=Ronald T. |last2=Woakes |first2=Michael E. |date=1980 |title=Nationalization and the Displacement of Development Policy in Zambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/523462 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |doi=10.2307/523462 |issn=0002-0206 |jstor=523462 |s2cid=143579889 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burdette |first=Marcia M. |date=1977 |title=Nationalization in Zambia: A Critique of Bargaining Theory |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=471–496 |doi=10.2307/483722 |issn=0008-3968 |jstor=483722 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayan samun 'yancin kai ===
[[Fayil:Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|259x259px|Tankin Ruwa na Livingstone]]
An lalata wasu gine-ginen farar hula na mulkin mallaka kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-ginen [[Al'adun Afirka|Afirka]], kodayake an yi amfani da Livingstone a matsayin wurin da aka gina wani gari na Rhodesian na shekarun 1950 a cikin fim ɗin 1981 mai suna ''The Grass Is Singing'' (wanda ya dogara da littafin [[Doris Lessing]] na wannan sunan).  A lokaci guda, an yi amfani da babban adadin kuɗi daga gwamnatin Burtaniya zuwa Zambia a lokacin 'yancin kai a Livingstone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia - Colonial rule {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Colonial-rule |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Independence Bill |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1964-07-07a.229.0 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Livingstone ta fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki a shekarun 1970 saboda wani ɓangare na sake fasalin masana'antu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Whitworth |first=Alan |date=October 2015 |title=Explaining Zambian Poverty: A History of (Nonagriculture) Economic Policy Since Independence: History of Zambian Economic Policy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3049 |journal=Journal of International Development |language=en |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=953–986 |doi=10.1002/jid.3049 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma wani ɓangare na rufe kan iyaka da Rhodesia, da farko gwamnatin Zambia sannan daga baya hukumomin Rhodesian suka yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon karni na 21, Livingstone ta fuskanci sake farfadowa a fannin yawon bude ido kuma ta zama wurin da ake so a ziyarta lokacin da take ziyartar Victoria Falls. Livingstone ta sami ɗan kwararar jari a masana'antar daga gidajen otal na zamani kamar Sun International, zuwa wasu cibiyoyin siyar da titin zamani da gidajen cin abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=เว็บ สล็อต ที่ ใหญ่ ที่สุด ใน โลก – Official Website |url=https://livingstonestourism.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924000803/https://livingstonestourism.com/ |archive-date=24 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga yawon bude ido, wani bege da ke kan gaba a Livingstone shine ci gaba da aka samu daga [https://saiia.org.za/saiia-toolkit/walvis-bay-corridor-group/ Walvis Bay Corridor] tare da bude [[Katima Mulilo Bridge|gadar Katima Mulilo]] da kuma kammala babbar hanyar Trans-Caprivi {{Convert|200|km|mi}} yamma, wanda ke ƙara yawan ciniki ta cikin garin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-24 |title=A Lesson in Zambian History: Livingstone |url=https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Global Black History |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esser |first=Leonore |title=The bridge over the Zambezi at Katima Mulilo is a symbol of freedom and cornerstone of economic development |url=https://www.kfw.de/stories/kfw/stories/economy/infrastructure/sambesi-bruecke/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=KfW Stories |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Yanayi ==
Livingstone tana da yanayi mai zafi da ɗan bushewa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] : ''BSh'' ) tare da yanayi mai zafi da ruwan sama da kuma yanayi mai zafi kafin damina da kuma yanayi mai zafi da kuma yanayi mai zafi na bushewa tare da babban bambancin zafin rana da dare.

== Manazarta ==
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      <text bytes="15368" sha1="pbk23x4k98d9lp237rp2adisgbq1der" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Livingstone''' is a city in Southern Province, [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Lying 10&amp;nbsp;km (6&amp;nbsp;mi) to the north of the [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi River]], it is a [[Yawon bude ido|tourist attraction]] due to its proximity to the [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone |url=https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524140150/https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |archive-date=2021-05-24 |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Zambia Let's Explore |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Information |url=https://www.livingstone-info.org/town/info |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=www.livingstone-info.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victoria Falls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/victoria-falls/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and its road and rail connections to [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]], [[Zimbabwe]], the resort town on the opposite side of the falls. A historic [[Daular Biritaniya|British colonial]] city, its present population was enumerated at 177,393 inhabitants at the 2022 census.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Central Statistical Office Zambia and City Population |date=3 January 2023 |title=Population of Zambian Cities and Urban Centres: Livingstone |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/zambia/admin/southern/0906__livingstone/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |publisher=Citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is named after David Livingstone, the [[Scotland|Scottish]] explorer and missionary who was the first European to explore the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=David Livingstone - Biography, Expeditions, &amp; Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Livingstone |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1911 until 1935, it served as the first capital of Northern Rhodesia. From 1907 to 2011, when replaced by Choma, Livingstone was the capital of Zambia's Southern Province.

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihin kafin mulkin mallaka ===
Mukuni, {{Convert|9.6|km|mi}} a kudu maso gabashin Livingstone na yanzu, shine mafi girman ƙauye a yankin kafin a kafa Livingstone. Mazauna [[Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)|Baleya]], waɗanda suka fito daga al'adun Rozwi a [[Zimbabwe]], Chief Mukuni wanda ya fito daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] ya mamaye su a ƙarni na 16. Wani rukuni na Baleya a ƙarƙashin Chief Sekute ya zauna kusa da kogin yammacin garin. Duk da haka, mafi yawan mutanen yankin sune Batoka a ƙarƙashin Chief Musokotwane wanda ke zaune a Senkobo, {{Convert|30|km|mi}} arewa. Waɗannan mutanen kudancin Tonga ne amma suna kama da Baleya a al'ada da harshe. 
[[Fayil:Livingstone1.jpg|left|thumb|Abin tunawa ga David Livingstone]]
Subiya ta yi wa Lozi na Barotseland girmamawa amma a shekarar 1838, Kololo, wata ƙabilar [[Lesotho|Sotho]] daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da yaƙe-yaƙen Zulu suka kora, ta yi ƙaura zuwa arewa ta mamaye Lozi . Kololo ta sanya sarakunan mutanen Sesheke da ke ƙarƙashinsu a kan Tokaleya. A shekarar 1855, wani matafiyi ɗan ƙasar Scotland mai wa'azi David Livingstone ya zama Ba’amurke na farko da aka nuna wa [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] a kusa da Livingstone, kuma ya ga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] ta hannun Babban Sekeletu na Subiya-Kololo. 

=== Tarihin mulkin mallaka ===
A shekarun 1890, Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu na [[Cecil Rhodes]] ya kafa mulkin [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] a arewacin Zambezi kuma ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan haƙo ma'adinai da bincike, baya ga haka ya shiga wasu albarkatun ƙasa kamar katako, hauren giwa da fatun dabbobi a wani yanki da ake kira [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia|Arewa maso Yammacin Rhodesia]] . Babban wurin haƙo Zambezi yana saman magudanar ruwa a Old Drift, da farko ta hanyar kwale-kwale, daga baya kuma ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na ƙarfe da masu aikin kwale-kwale na Lozi guda takwas ke tuƙawa, ko kuma jirgin ruwa da aka ja da kebul na ƙarfe. Kwarin Batoka da zurfin kwarin da kwaruruka na tsakiyar Zambezi (wanda yanzu [[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba|madatsar ruwa ta Kariba]] ta mamaye) yana nufin babu wani wuri mafi kyau na haƙowa tsakanin magudanar ruwa da [[Kariba Gorge]], {{Cvt|483|km}} arewa maso gabas. Yayin da aka fi amfani da hanyar ketare tsohon Drift, wurin zama na Turawan mulkin mallaka ya samo asali a can kuma a kusa da 1897 ya zama ƙaramar hukuma ta farko a ƙasar; wani lokacin ana kiranta da 'Old Livingstone'. Kusantarsa da wuraren kiwon [[sauro]] ya haifar da mace-mace sakamakon [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], wanda hakan ya sa Turawan suka ƙaura zuwa tudun da aka sani da Constitution Hill ko Sandbelt Post Office bayan 1900. Yayin da wannan yanki ya girma ya zama gari, an sanya masa suna ''Livingstone'' don girmama mai binciken. &lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.nrzam.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar shekarun 1890, layin dogo na Rhodesia ya isa [[Bulawayo]] a Kudancin Rhodesia, inda ya haɓaka ci gaban masana'antu a can, wanda ma'adinan kwal a Hwange (wanda a lokacin ake kira ''Wankie'' ) suka ƙarfafa shi, kuma ma'adinan kwal {{Convert|110|km|mi}} ne kawai suka yi aiki. kudu maso gabashin Mosi-oa-Tunya. An faɗaɗa layin dogo zuwa Hwange don samun kwal, amma hangen Rhodes shine ya ci gaba da matsawa arewa don faɗaɗa [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]], kuma da ya [[Jirgin ƙasa na Cape zuwa Alkahira|gina shi zuwa Alkahira]] idan zai iya. A shekara ta 1904 layin dogo ya isa magudanar ruwa a gefen kudu kuma an fara gina [[Victoria Falls Bridge|Gadar Victoria Falls]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VFHQadmin |title=Victoria Falls Bridge Activities and History - Victoria Falls HQ |url=https://victoriafallshq.com/victoria-falls-bridge-activities/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda rashin haƙuri da ya jira kammala shi, Rhodes ya gina layin daga Livingstone zuwa Kalomo kuma an fara aiki watanni kafin gadar ta amfani da jirgin ƙasa guda ɗaya wanda aka jigilar shi gunduwa-gunduwa ta hanyar kebul na wucin gadi a kan kwarin da ke kusa da wurin ginin gadar. 
[[Fayil:Zambèze-Chapelle_commémorative_Coillard_à_Livingstone_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Livingstone a farkon karni na 20]]
An kafa birnin a shekarar 1905.  Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙaura da babban birnin yankin a shekarar 1907. &lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.nrzam.org.uk}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html &quot;Untitled Document&quot;]. ''www.nrzam.org.uk''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-12-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1911, kamfanin ya haɗa yankin da [[Arewa maso gabashin Rhodesia|Arewa maso Gabashin Rhodesia]] a matsayin Arewacin Rhodesia . Livingstone ta bunƙasa daga matsayinta na ƙofar kasuwanci tsakanin gefen arewa da kudu na Zambezi, da kuma noma a Lardin Kudu da kuma samar da katako na kasuwanci daga dazuzzuka zuwa arewa maso yamma. An gina wasu gine-ginen mulkin mallaka waɗanda har yanzu suke nan.  Duk da cewa an ƙaura da babban birnin zuwa [[Lusaka]] a shekarar 1935 don ya kasance kusa da cibiyar tattalin arziki ta Copperbelt, masana'antu da suka dogara da katako, fatu, [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco taba], auduga (gami da yadi) da sauran kayayyakin noma sun bunƙasa. An gina masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana ɗaukar ruwa daga Gabashin Cataract na Falls. Garin [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]] a Kudancin Rhodesia yana da kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido, amma an sayi kayayyaki da yawa daga Livingstone.
[[Fayil:Victoria_Falls_(49653894783),_Livingstone,_crop2.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na shekarar 2019 na Livingstone, wanda ke nuna unguwannin birnin da filin jirgin sama]]
Daga cikin dukkan garuruwan da ke Arewacin Rhodesia, Livingstone na mulkin mallaka ya ɗauki mafi yawan halayen Birtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Town: Livingstone, Zambia |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/livingstone-town/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.livingstonetourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin da ke kewaye da matsugunan Afirka da yawa, an [[Rarraba launin fata|raba shi da juna]] . Yankunan arewa da yamma na garin da tsakiyar garin an keɓe su ne ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin fararen fata da yankunan zama da ke da alaƙa, yayin da garuruwan Afirka kamar Maramba (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙaramin Kogin Maramba da ke gudana a kusa) suna gabas da kudu kuma ma'aikata, bayi, [[Mai sana'a|masu sana'a]], [[Mai ciniki|'yan kasuwa]], da kuma adadi mai yawa na iyalai baƙar fata marasa aiki waɗanda ke zaune a cikin jin daɗin jama'a. 'Yan Asiya da mutanen da ke da nau'ikan kabilu daban-daban suna da kasuwanci a tsakiya, a gefen gabas na tsakiyar birnin. 

A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an shigar da 'yan gudun hijira 'yan Poland 170 da suka tsere daga Poland da Jamus da Soviet suka mamaye, zuwa Livingstone a shekarar 1941, kuma an kafa ofishin jakadancin Poland. 

Yayin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara tattaunawa a bainar jama'a kan 'yancin kai, kuma labarin kisan gillar da aka yi wa fararen fata 'yan mulkin mallaka a [[Belgian Congo|Congo ta Beljium]] ya bayyana, mazauna fararen fata da yawa, suna tsoron watsi da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya, suka fara ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia ko Afirka ta Kudu. Lokacin da Arewacin Rhodesia ta sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Zambia a 1964, fararen fata da yawa sun tafi.  Lokacin da Zambia ta sami 'yancin kai, akwai baƙar fata 100 kacal da suka kammala karatun kwaleji a ƙasar, kusan duk a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=the struggle movie zambia |url=https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=paraluxe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=the struggle movie zambia |url=https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=paraluxe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1968, an kafa wata ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya wadda ta kwace mafi yawan kadarorin da ba baƙar fata ba suka rage, musamman na fararen fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bayart |first=J. F. |date=1973 |title=One-Party Government and Political Development in Cameroun |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/719939 |journal=African Affairs |volume=72 |issue=287 |pages=125–144 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096356 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=719939 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Rights Foundation |url=https://www.crf-usa.org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/southern-black-codes.html |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.crf-usa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, yawancin sauran 'yan Arewacin Rhodesia sun tafi bayan an sanar da wata manufa ta ƙasa a Zambia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Libby |first=Ronald T. |last2=Woakes |first2=Michael E. |date=1980 |title=Nationalization and the Displacement of Development Policy in Zambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/523462 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |doi=10.2307/523462 |issn=0002-0206 |jstor=523462 |s2cid=143579889 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burdette |first=Marcia M. |date=1977 |title=Nationalization in Zambia: A Critique of Bargaining Theory |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=471–496 |doi=10.2307/483722 |issn=0008-3968 |jstor=483722 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayan samun 'yancin kai ===
[[Fayil:Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|259x259px|Tankin Ruwa na Livingstone]]
An lalata wasu gine-ginen farar hula na mulkin mallaka kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-ginen [[Al'adun Afirka|Afirka]], kodayake an yi amfani da Livingstone a matsayin wurin da aka gina wani gari na Rhodesian na shekarun 1950 a cikin fim ɗin 1981 mai suna ''The Grass Is Singing'' (wanda ya dogara da littafin [[Doris Lessing]] na wannan sunan).  A lokaci guda, an yi amfani da babban adadin kuɗi daga gwamnatin Burtaniya zuwa Zambia a lokacin 'yancin kai a Livingstone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia - Colonial rule {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Colonial-rule |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Independence Bill |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1964-07-07a.229.0 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Livingstone ta fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki a shekarun 1970 saboda wani ɓangare na sake fasalin masana'antu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Whitworth |first=Alan |date=October 2015 |title=Explaining Zambian Poverty: A History of (Nonagriculture) Economic Policy Since Independence: History of Zambian Economic Policy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3049 |journal=Journal of International Development |language=en |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=953–986 |doi=10.1002/jid.3049 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma wani ɓangare na rufe kan iyaka da Rhodesia, da farko gwamnatin Zambia sannan daga baya hukumomin Rhodesian suka yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon karni na 21, Livingstone ta fuskanci sake farfadowa a fannin yawon bude ido kuma ta zama wurin da ake so a ziyarta lokacin da take ziyartar Victoria Falls. Livingstone ta sami ɗan kwararar jari a masana'antar daga gidajen otal na zamani kamar Sun International, zuwa wasu cibiyoyin siyar da titin zamani da gidajen cin abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=เว็บ สล็อต ที่ ใหญ่ ที่สุด ใน โลก – Official Website |url=https://livingstonestourism.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924000803/https://livingstonestourism.com/ |archive-date=24 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga yawon bude ido, wani bege da ke kan gaba a Livingstone shine ci gaba da aka samu daga [https://saiia.org.za/saiia-toolkit/walvis-bay-corridor-group/ Walvis Bay Corridor] tare da bude [[Katima Mulilo Bridge|gadar Katima Mulilo]] da kuma kammala babbar hanyar Trans-Caprivi {{Convert|200|km|mi}} yamma, wanda ke ƙara yawan ciniki ta cikin garin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-24 |title=A Lesson in Zambian History: Livingstone |url=https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Global Black History |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esser |first=Leonore |title=The bridge over the Zambezi at Katima Mulilo is a symbol of freedom and cornerstone of economic development |url=https://www.kfw.de/stories/kfw/stories/economy/infrastructure/sambesi-bruecke/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=KfW Stories |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Yanayi ==
Livingstone tana da yanayi mai zafi da ɗan bushewa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] : ''BSh'' ) tare da yanayi mai zafi da ruwan sama da kuma yanayi mai zafi kafin damina da kuma yanayi mai zafi da kuma yanayi mai zafi na bushewa tare da babban bambancin zafin rana da dare.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>pbk23x4k98d9lp237rp2adisgbq1der</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Krissantemum</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858488</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858488</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="dmoom0ih2d21abj9o9s6ze6ctshzp7w" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Krissantemum! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Krissantemum|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dmoom0ih2d21abj9o9s6ze6ctshzp7w</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Balmina</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157915</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858489</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858489</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="f62pwpq2p0gz41z1xdaaqf857amk6if" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Balmina! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Balmina|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>f62pwpq2p0gz41z1xdaaqf857amk6if</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Monica Serobyan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858490</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:23:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858490</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1205" sha1="0dy7ont0p79ys31vnp84vfjp10yqqii" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Monica Serobyan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Monica Serobyan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0dy7ont0p79ys31vnp84vfjp10yqqii</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sierra.txt</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157917</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858491</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858491</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="b2auw5k2f8ivhc1mpm29xxrxyegdf3g" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sierra.txt! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sierra.txt|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>b2auw5k2f8ivhc1mpm29xxrxyegdf3g</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Lucian GAVRILA</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858492</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="aibnaan1pzrspx8zmgjkkvn3v8rdxpf" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lucian GAVRILA! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lucian GAVRILA|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>aibnaan1pzrspx8zmgjkkvn3v8rdxpf</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bjrmurray</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858493</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:24:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858493</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="mlvxfpboai4ell92geywvoet4a28guj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bjrmurray! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bjrmurray|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mlvxfpboai4ell92geywvoet4a28guj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Usama Bin Musa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157920</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858494</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:24:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="kxk0xqcxca5yauxpnunu3jae2rum03t" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Usama Bin Musa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Usama Bin Musa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kxk0xqcxca5yauxpnunu3jae2rum03t</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bogelund04</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157921</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858495</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858495</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="difzogkonqdtl4gafztkk76ajeqzspp" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bogelund04! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bogelund04|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>difzogkonqdtl4gafztkk76ajeqzspp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Gotitnowletsgo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858496</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:24:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="6uqqj7z9uwv1jbfizuqoz6bbygz3o9v" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gotitnowletsgo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gotitnowletsgo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6uqqj7z9uwv1jbfizuqoz6bbygz3o9v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Paul The Writer</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858497</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:24:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858497</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1205" sha1="bukpyw0aa9p4oxeie5lu9dpo2841eqf" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Paul The Writer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Paul The Writer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bukpyw0aa9p4oxeie5lu9dpo2841eqf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Lcsun</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157924</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858498</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:24:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858498</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="t8hjpsgin5g2e4sz8bckbffilumpwp7" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lcsun! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lcsun|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>t8hjpsgin5g2e4sz8bckbffilumpwp7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:MarcelekSkarpetka</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858499</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:25:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858499</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1209" sha1="j24km12ypsk81d51eq87iyla0qmooh5" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MarcelekSkarpetka! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MarcelekSkarpetka|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j24km12ypsk81d51eq87iyla0qmooh5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Brightpaw</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858500</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:25:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858500</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="ik69kcwq0egwq523fdikr0p1yqyi97g" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Brightpaw! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Brightpaw|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ik69kcwq0egwq523fdikr0p1yqyi97g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mt baffah</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858501</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858501</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="re0qir34o3lpyd0n1999r4it3wt6jvj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mt baffah! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mt baffah|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>re0qir34o3lpyd0n1999r4it3wt6jvj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Tajudeen Abdullahi Olaoluwa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858502</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858502</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1229" sha1="bp76vfhv4qhhs721xjmhddp4qkbd31x" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tajudeen Abdullahi Olaoluwa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tajudeen Abdullahi Olaoluwa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bp76vfhv4qhhs721xjmhddp4qkbd31x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sham3un</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858503</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858503</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="99yyliui2t04un6lww3rkx8d9mx7ium" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sham3un! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sham3un|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>99yyliui2t04un6lww3rkx8d9mx7ium</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mewhen123</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858504</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="kwmpcc4q1nb8qumans3fgds7u0nrr23" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mewhen123! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mewhen123|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kwmpcc4q1nb8qumans3fgds7u0nrr23</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Jéjé3333</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858505</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:26:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858505</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="4s263k6ujw2ojdj0rw4j4qblba64eft" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jéjé3333! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jéjé3333|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4s263k6ujw2ojdj0rw4j4qblba64eft</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bogdan 1956</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858506</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:26:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858506</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="rwah5rrjmo068ctvegj7px3rl0teidd" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bogdan 1956! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bogdan 1956|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rwah5rrjmo068ctvegj7px3rl0teidd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:S3r0</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858507</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:26:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858507</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1183" sha1="22j9g8vou6b2689eo8uo6ymci7z84e1" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, S3r0! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/S3r0|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>22j9g8vou6b2689eo8uo6ymci7z84e1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ahmed ezouine</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858508</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:26:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1201" sha1="75zs76dmsqfa5kcnodsbokm2q74kv4e" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ahmed ezouine! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ahmed ezouine|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>75zs76dmsqfa5kcnodsbokm2q74kv4e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Մոնիկա11</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858509</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858509</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="nwmo6kof5m2xi3b5ac23zl9vcqc2nlq" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Մոնիկա11! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Մոնիկա11|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>nwmo6kof5m2xi3b5ac23zl9vcqc2nlq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:The C of E</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858510</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:26:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858510</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="t9di73xuf4uvh1779v8oi8vtjch4vsq" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, The C of E! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/The C of E|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>t9di73xuf4uvh1779v8oi8vtjch4vsq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sdg1969</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858511</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:27:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858511</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="8nvz09lpu58q6hb47kvozf1akpq5aq7" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sdg1969! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sdg1969|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8nvz09lpu58q6hb47kvozf1akpq5aq7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ssw407</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858513</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858513</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="11dwamqjui1z5vmwsk7mdj2mw997zrt" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ssw407! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ssw407|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>11dwamqjui1z5vmwsk7mdj2mw997zrt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Aakubau</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858514</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:27:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858514</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="cs1q1p43gni6mw5ennkoqx9y3szehyc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aakubau! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aakubau|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>cs1q1p43gni6mw5ennkoqx9y3szehyc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:KeywanTonekaboni</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858515</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:27:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858515</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1207" sha1="pn2m6d5ppxc4omektyfojiszkyogvr8" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, KeywanTonekaboni! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/KeywanTonekaboni|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pn2m6d5ppxc4omektyfojiszkyogvr8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Traumamedic55</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858516</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1201" sha1="r2j1clj18n1fwi9ryv5uyse966n6llw" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Traumamedic55! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Traumamedic55|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>r2j1clj18n1fwi9ryv5uyse966n6llw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Amaheeru</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858517</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:27:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858517</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="lmgtnw2tv5fyt6jx0yaqe0mwgix239z" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Amaheeru! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Amaheeru|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lmgtnw2tv5fyt6jx0yaqe0mwgix239z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Alixcpp</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858518</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:28:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="tv3casyap0u37xjxljkv0roul6c8d43" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Alixcpp! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Alixcpp|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tv3casyap0u37xjxljkv0roul6c8d43</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:LHORD'S Kreatives</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858519</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>858519</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1209" sha1="4rhaulla4qaryq6zv3i2jy9g5ohnvba" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LHORD'S Kreatives! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LHORD'S Kreatives|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4rhaulla4qaryq6zv3i2jy9g5ohnvba</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asibitin Bankin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157945</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858523</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T22:11:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343839771|The Bank Hospital]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858523</origin>
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      <text bytes="1022" sha1="rjurdvn095iu4s8kqhu49kqcu6f0kqr" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox hospital|name=The Bank Hospital|image=The Bank Hospital.jpg|caption=Signpost|location=[[Cantonments, Accra|Catonment]]|region=[[Greater Accra]]|country=[[Ghana]]|affiliation=|emergency=Yes|beds=|website=www.thebankhospital.com}}
[[Fayil:The_Bank_Hospital_Ghana.jpg|thumb]]
Asibitin Bankin wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin Bankin Ghana asibiti ne a Ghana da aka kammala a shekarar 2017. Asibitin yana Cantonment a Accra. [1] [2] Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2019, asibitin ya kasance babu kowa tsawon shekaru 2 bayan kammala shi, a cikin mawuyacin hali, bayan da Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta hau mulki a shekarar 2017 kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa tana yin bincike kan kayayyakin don tabbatar da ingancinsu. [2]

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|5.58513|-0.16200}}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858528</id>
      <parentid>858523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T22:17:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>858528</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1034" sha1="bk0xk6zb60ec5bbqa4k0doii9bmrk4i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

{{Infobox hospital|name=The Bank Hospital|image=The Bank Hospital.jpg|caption=Signpost|location=[[Cantonments, Accra|Catonment]]|region=[[Greater Accra]]|country=[[Ghana]]|affiliation=|emergency=Yes|beds=|website=www.thebankhospital.com}}
[[Fayil:The_Bank_Hospital_Ghana.jpg|thumb]]
Asibitin Bankin wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin Bankin Ghana asibiti ne a Ghana da aka kammala a shekarar 2017. Asibitin yana Cantonment a Accra. [1] [2] Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2019, asibitin ya kasance babu kowa tsawon shekaru 2 bayan kammala shi, a cikin mawuyacin hali, bayan da Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta hau mulki a shekarar 2017 kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa tana yin bincike kan kayayyakin don tabbatar da ingancinsu. [2]

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|5.58513|-0.16200}}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat}}</text>
      <sha1>bk0xk6zb60ec5bbqa4k0doii9bmrk4i</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858535</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:53:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>20498</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359556733|Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858535</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6383" sha1="0aqtxg1ntan99d9e4dhxyjsa8w8jh2z" xml:space="preserve">'''Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative'''  (ISHRAI) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka yi wa rajista a Najeriya, wadda ke fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi da inganta walwalar mutane masu bambancin sha'awar jima'i da kuma bambancin jinsin da suke bayyana kansu da shi.&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Home - Inclusion &amp; Diversity |url=https://www.ishraing.org/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ISHRAI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da shawarwari ==
An kafa ingantaccen Kiwon Lafiyar Jima'i da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (ISHRAI) a cikin 2014 a matsayin wani shiri na al'umma wanda aka sadaukar don tallafawa 'yan tsiraru na jima'i da mutane daban-daban a Najeriya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da aka mayar da hankali kan kiwon lafiya, haƙƙin ɗan adam, da karfafa tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-08 |title=Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative (ISHRAI) Nigeria |url=https://grassrootsjusticenetwork.org/connect/organization/improved-sexual-health-and-rights-advocacy-initiative-ishrai-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Grassroots Justice Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olubiyi Sanders shine babban darakta na kungiyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2019, ISHRAI ta shiga cikin Shirin Tsaro da Taimako na Shari'a don yin magana game da Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a, don tallafawa 'yancin magana da' yancin ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ojo |first=Yetunde Ayobami |date=2019-12-17 |title=Groups urge government to respect citizens’ rights |url=https://guardian.ng/features/groups-urge-government-to-respect-citizens-rights/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta Najeriya da aka sani da [[End SARS|Ƙarshen SARS]] game da zalunci na 'yan sanda, suna ba da shawara don rushewar Squad na Musamman na Anti-Robbery (SARS), ƙungiyar' yan sanda ta Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Olubiyi Sanders – ISHRAI, Nigeria |url=https://www.alturi.org/feature_items/olubiyi-sanders-ishrai-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Alturi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2026, Gidauniyar cutar kanjamau ta Elton John ta rubuta game da aikin ISHRAI don inganta haƙƙoƙi, kariya, da haɗa mutanen [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT+]] a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-09 |title=Changing the narrative on LGBTQ+ communities in Nigeria |url=https://www.eltonjohnaidsfoundation.org/changing-the-narrative-on-lgbtq-communities-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Elton John AIDS Foundation |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, ISHRAI ta shiga cikin kamfen tare da [[Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Kasa (Nijeriya)|Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Kasa]] don rage wulakanci da nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau a Jihar Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2026-02-03 |title=Stigma still stifling HIV/AIDS control efforts – NACA |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/02/stigma-still-stifling-hiv-aids-control-efforts-naca/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-02-03 |title=FG begins HIV anti-stigma campaign in Lagos |url=https://punchng.com/fg-begins-hiv-anti-stigma-campaign-in-lagos/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ISHRAI ta kuma yi magana game da zargi da nuna bambanci ga dangin mutanen da ke fama da cutar HIV / AIDS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-13 |title=Nigeria: Treatment by society of people living with HIV/AIDS and family members of people living with HIV/AIDS (2020–March 2022) [NGA200851.E] |url=https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458572&amp;pls=1 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, ISHRAI ta shirya taron kwana biyu kan samun dama ga adalci da tsarin bayar da rahoto mai aminci ga jama'ar da aka ware. Taron ya shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a, kungiyoyin farar hula, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a tattaunawa game da magance rikice-rikice, zamba, da kuma keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke shafar al'ummomin da aka ware.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Appolonia |date=2026-05-16 |title=ISHRAI Leads Push For Justice, Safer Reporting Systems For Marginalised Groups |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/ishrai-leads-push-for-justice-safer-reporting-systems-for-marginalised-groups/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=New Telegraph |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yekini |first=Bunmi |date=2026-05-14 |title=When Silence Becomes a Crisis: Stakeholders Unite to Confront Rising Kito Violence Across South-West Nigeria |url=https://heapnews.ng/when-silence-becomes-a-crisis-stakeholders-unite-to-confront-rising-kito-violence-across-south-west-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=HeapNews |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen ==
Shirye-shiryen ISHRAI tare da hangen nesa na bambancin da manufa na inganta jin daɗi sun haɗa da: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-08 |title=Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative (ISHRAI) Nigeria |url=https://grassrootsjusticenetwork.org/connect/organization/improved-sexual-health-and-rights-advocacy-initiative-ishrai-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Grassroots Justice Network |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://grassrootsjusticenetwork.org/connect/organization/improved-sexual-health-and-rights-advocacy-initiative-ishrai-nigeria/ &quot;Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative (ISHRAI) Nigeria&quot;]. ''Grassroots Justice Network''. 2019-02-08&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-06-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Who We Are - Inclusion &amp; Diversity |url=https://www.ishraing.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ISHRAI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Lafiya]]
* Ilimi
* Ci gaban al'umma
* Rikicin jinsi
* Hakkin ɗan adam da adalci na zamantakewa
* Ci gaban matasa da karfafawa
* Gidaje masu aminci

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Mata da kuma Kare Hakkin su|Shirin Lafiya da Hakkin Mata]]
* [[Ƙaddamarwa don Dai-daita Haƙƙin Mutane|Shirin Don Hakki Daidaitawa]]
* [[Hakkokin LGBT a Najeriya|Hakkin LGBTQ a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>0aqtxg1ntan99d9e4dhxyjsa8w8jh2z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858536</id>
      <parentid>858535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:54:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>20498</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858536</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6395" sha1="bq53e4pezadimqzzxxwx8wt8yoy2wt6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative'''  (ISHRAI) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka yi wa rajista a Najeriya, wadda ke fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi da inganta walwalar mutane masu bambancin sha'awar jima'i da kuma bambancin jinsin da suke bayyana kansu da shi.&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Home - Inclusion &amp; Diversity |url=https://www.ishraing.org/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ISHRAI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da shawarwari ==
An kafa ingantaccen Kiwon Lafiyar Jima'i da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (ISHRAI) a cikin 2014 a matsayin wani shiri na al'umma wanda aka sadaukar don tallafawa 'yan tsiraru na jima'i da mutane daban-daban a Najeriya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da aka mayar da hankali kan kiwon lafiya, haƙƙin ɗan adam, da karfafa tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-08 |title=Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative (ISHRAI) Nigeria |url=https://grassrootsjusticenetwork.org/connect/organization/improved-sexual-health-and-rights-advocacy-initiative-ishrai-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Grassroots Justice Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olubiyi Sanders shine babban darakta na kungiyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2019, ISHRAI ta shiga cikin Shirin Tsaro da Taimako na Shari'a don yin magana game da Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a, don tallafawa 'yancin magana da' yancin ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ojo |first=Yetunde Ayobami |date=2019-12-17 |title=Groups urge government to respect citizens’ rights |url=https://guardian.ng/features/groups-urge-government-to-respect-citizens-rights/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta Najeriya da aka sani da [[End SARS|Ƙarshen SARS]] game da zalunci na 'yan sanda, suna ba da shawara don rushewar Squad na Musamman na Anti-Robbery (SARS), ƙungiyar' yan sanda ta Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Olubiyi Sanders – ISHRAI, Nigeria |url=https://www.alturi.org/feature_items/olubiyi-sanders-ishrai-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Alturi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2026, Gidauniyar cutar kanjamau ta Elton John ta rubuta game da aikin ISHRAI don inganta haƙƙoƙi, kariya, da haɗa mutanen [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT+]] a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-09 |title=Changing the narrative on LGBTQ+ communities in Nigeria |url=https://www.eltonjohnaidsfoundation.org/changing-the-narrative-on-lgbtq-communities-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Elton John AIDS Foundation |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2026, ISHRAI ta shiga cikin kamfen tare da [[Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Kasa (Nijeriya)|Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Kasa]] don rage wulakanci da nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau a Jihar Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2026-02-03 |title=Stigma still stifling HIV/AIDS control efforts – NACA |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/02/stigma-still-stifling-hiv-aids-control-efforts-naca/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-02-03 |title=FG begins HIV anti-stigma campaign in Lagos |url=https://punchng.com/fg-begins-hiv-anti-stigma-campaign-in-lagos/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ISHRAI ta kuma yi magana game da zargi da nuna bambanci ga dangin mutanen da ke fama da cutar HIV / AIDS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-13 |title=Nigeria: Treatment by society of people living with HIV/AIDS and family members of people living with HIV/AIDS (2020–March 2022) [NGA200851.E] |url=https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458572&amp;pls=1 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, ISHRAI ta shirya taron kwana biyu kan samun dama ga adalci da tsarin bayar da rahoto mai aminci ga jama'ar da aka ware. Taron ya shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a, kungiyoyin farar hula, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a tattaunawa game da magance rikice-rikice, zamba, da kuma keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke shafar al'ummomin da aka ware.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Appolonia |date=2026-05-16 |title=ISHRAI Leads Push For Justice, Safer Reporting Systems For Marginalised Groups |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/ishrai-leads-push-for-justice-safer-reporting-systems-for-marginalised-groups/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=New Telegraph |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yekini |first=Bunmi |date=2026-05-14 |title=When Silence Becomes a Crisis: Stakeholders Unite to Confront Rising Kito Violence Across South-West Nigeria |url=https://heapnews.ng/when-silence-becomes-a-crisis-stakeholders-unite-to-confront-rising-kito-violence-across-south-west-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=HeapNews |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen ==
Shirye-shiryen ISHRAI tare da hangen nesa na bambancin da manufa na inganta jin daɗi sun haɗa da: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-08 |title=Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative (ISHRAI) Nigeria |url=https://grassrootsjusticenetwork.org/connect/organization/improved-sexual-health-and-rights-advocacy-initiative-ishrai-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Grassroots Justice Network |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://grassrootsjusticenetwork.org/connect/organization/improved-sexual-health-and-rights-advocacy-initiative-ishrai-nigeria/ &quot;Improved Sexual Health and Rights Advocacy Initiative (ISHRAI) Nigeria&quot;]. ''Grassroots Justice Network''. 2019-02-08&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-06-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Who We Are - Inclusion &amp; Diversity |url=https://www.ishraing.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ISHRAI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Lafiya]]
* Ilimi
* Ci gaban al'umma
* Rikicin jinsi
* Hakkin ɗan adam da adalci na zamantakewa
* Ci gaban matasa da karfafawa
* Gidaje masu aminci

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Mata da kuma Kare Hakkin su|Shirin Lafiya da Hakkin Mata]]
* [[Ƙaddamarwa don Dai-daita Haƙƙin Mutane|Shirin Don Hakki Daidaitawa]]
* [[Hakkokin LGBT a Najeriya|Hakkin LGBTQ a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Desalination</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | name = Desalination | image = Reverse osmosis desalination plant.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Wata cibiyar cire gishiri daga ruwan teku ta amfani da fasahar ''reverse osmosis'' | type = Fasahar tsarkake ruwa | industry = [[Water supply and sanitation]] | application = Samar da ruwan sha, ban ruwa da amfani a masana'antu | purpose = Cire gishiri da ma'adanai daga ruwan gishiri | related = [[Reverse osmosis]], [[Water treatment]], [[Water recycling]]...</comment>
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| name = Desalination
| image = Reverse osmosis desalination plant.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Wata cibiyar cire gishiri daga ruwan teku ta amfani da fasahar ''reverse osmosis''
| type = Fasahar tsarkake ruwa
| industry = [[Water supply and sanitation]]
| application = Samar da ruwan sha, ban ruwa da amfani a masana'antu
| purpose = Cire gishiri da ma'adanai daga ruwan gishiri
| related = [[Reverse osmosis]], [[Water treatment]], [[Water recycling]], [[Drinking water]]
}}

'''Desalination''' (a Hausa: '''Cire gishiri daga ruwa''' ko '''Tsarkake ruwan gishiri''') wata fasaha ce da ake amfani da ita wajen cire gishiri da sauran ma'adanai daga ruwan teku ko ruwan da ke ɗauke da gishiri domin a mayar da shi ruwan da ya dace da sha, ban ruwa, ko amfani a masana'antu. Wannan fasaha ta zama muhimmin mafita ga ƙasashe da yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwan sha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Safe drinking-water from desalination |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HSE-WSH-11.03 |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An san dabarun cire gishiri daga ruwa tun zamanin dā, inda masu tafiya cikin teku suke amfani da hanyar tafasa ruwa domin samun ruwan sha. A ƙarni na 20 da na 21, ci gaban fasahohi irin su ''reverse osmosis'' da ''multi-stage flash distillation'' ya sa desalination ta zama hanyar samar da ruwa a ƙasashe da dama, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Desalination |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/desalination |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yadda ake gudanar da desalination ==
Ana cire gishiri daga ruwa ta manyan hanyoyi guda biyu:

=== Reverse osmosis ===
'''[[Reverse osmosis]]''' ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita. Ana tura ruwan gishiri ta cikin membrane mai matuƙar ƙanƙanta a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba domin ruwan ya wuce, yayin da gishiri da sauran ma'adanai suke ragewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Reverse osmosis desalination: water sources, technology, and today's challenges |journal=Water Research |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thermal desalination ===
Wannan hanya tana amfani da zafi domin tafasa ruwan gishiri, sannan a tattara tururin ruwa bayan ya huce. Daga cikin nau'ikanta akwai:

* ''Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF)''
* ''Multi-effect distillation (MED)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=Applied Sciences |year=2021 |doi=10.3390/app11020670}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani ==
Ana amfani da desalination wajen:

* Samar da ruwan sha.
* Ban ruwa a noma.
* Samar da ruwa ga masana'antu.
* Samar da ruwa a tsibirai da yankunan hamada.
* Tallafawa wuraren da fari ya yi tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |journal=Desalination |year=2020 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'idodi ==
* Yana ƙara wadatar ruwan sha.
* Yana rage dogaro da koguna da ruwan karkashin ƙasa.
* Yana taimakawa wajen magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa.
* Yana tallafawa ci gaban noma da masana'antu.
* Yana taimakawa wajen cimma [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview of desalination technologies |url=https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210557818c006 |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙalubale ==
Duk da amfaninsa, desalination na da wasu ƙalubale:

* Yana cin makamashi mai yawa.
* Tsadar gina da gudanar da cibiyoyin desalination.
* Zubar da ruwan gishiri (brine) na iya shafar halittun ruwa.
* Bukatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata da kula da kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Safe drinking-water from desalination |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HSE-WSH-11.03 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Desalination a duniya ==
Ƙasashe irin su [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Israel]], [[Spain]] da [[Australia]] suna daga cikin manyan masu amfani da fasahar desalination domin samar da ruwan sha. Fiye da ƙasashe 120 suna amfani da wannan fasaha, kuma dubban cibiyoyin desalination suna aiki a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Desalination |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/desalination |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Reverse osmosis]]
* [[Water treatment]]
* [[Water recycling]]
* [[Drinking water]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation]]
* [[Water resources management]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Water technology]]
[[Category:Water treatment]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation]]
[[Category:Environmental engineering]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Environmental technology]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Drinking water]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Love Offers No Safety</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359540376|Love Offers No Safety]]&quot;</comment>
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Love Offers No Safety: Nigeria's Queer Men Speak wani kundin tarihin rayuwa ne da maza 'yan ƙasar Najeriya 25 suka rubuta, inda suka bayyana abubuwan da suka fuskanta da kuma yadda suke rayuwa a Najeriya. An fitar da littafin a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2023. Jude Dibia da Olumide Makanjuola ne suka shirya littafin, yayin da Jamie Keenan ya zana hotunan cikinsa. Cassava Republic Press ce ta wallafa littafin.&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureCus&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2023 |title=Love Offers No Safety: Queer Voices Find Expression in the Thought Transcendental Piece, Love Offers No Safety |url=https://culturecustodian.com/love-offers-no-safety-queer-voices-find-expression-in-the-thought-transcendental-piece-love-offers-no-safety/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=The Culture Custodian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam [[Olumide Makanjuola]] da marubucin littafi Jude Dibia sun shirya littafin, wanda Cassava Republic Press ta buga. An samo shi a shagunan littattafai na Burtaniya a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2023 kuma a Amurka a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2024. Littafin ya ba da cikakkun bayanai, a cikin labarin mutum na farko, rayuwar mambobin [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBTQ]] a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uwisike |first=Blessing |date=21 February 2023 |title=Olumide Makanjuola and Jude Dibia Team Up for Queer Nonfiction Anthology, Love Offers No Safety |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/02/olumide-makanjuola-and-jude-dibia-team-up-for-queer-nonfiction-anthology-love-offers-no-safety/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=[[Brittle Paper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mai tsara murfin shi ne Jamie Keenan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=The Cover Art for This Anthology of Queer Nigerian Nonfiction is a Visual Feast of Colors |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/07/queer-nigerian-anthology-love-offers-no-safety-has-two-stunning-covers-exuding-hope/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karɓar baƙi ==
The Culture Custodian ya yaba da littafin don &quot;ƙalubalanci ka'idojin da aka tsara na jama'ar Najeriya game da 'wannan mutum ne da kuma yadda ake sa ran ya yi aiki'&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureCus&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2023 |title=Love Offers No Safety: Queer Voices Find Expression in the Thought Transcendental Piece, Love Offers No Safety |url=https://culturecustodian.com/love-offers-no-safety-queer-voices-find-expression-in-the-thought-transcendental-piece-love-offers-no-safety/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=The Culture Custodian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙaunar Ba ta Tsaro ba ta cikin jerin &quot;60 Notable Books of 2023&quot; ta Open Country Mag.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mag |first=Open Country |date=11 January 2024 |title=60 Notable African Books of 2023 |url=https://opencountrymag.com/the-60-notable-books-of-2023/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=[[Open Country Mag]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Love Offers No Safety''': Nigeria's Queer Men Speak wani kundin tarihin rayuwa ne da maza 'yan ƙasar Najeriya 25 suka rubuta, inda suka bayyana abubuwan da suka fuskanta da kuma yadda suke rayuwa a Najeriya. An fitar da littafin a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2023. Jude Dibia da Olumide Makanjuola ne suka shirya littafin, yayin da Jamie Keenan ya zana hotunan cikinsa. Cassava Republic Press ce ta wallafa littafin.&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureCus&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2023 |title=Love Offers No Safety: Queer Voices Find Expression in the Thought Transcendental Piece, Love Offers No Safety |url=https://culturecustodian.com/love-offers-no-safety-queer-voices-find-expression-in-the-thought-transcendental-piece-love-offers-no-safety/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=The Culture Custodian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam [[Olumide Makanjuola]] da marubucin littafi Jude Dibia sun shirya littafin, wanda Cassava Republic Press ta buga. An samo shi a shagunan littattafai na Burtaniya a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2023 kuma a Amurka a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2024. Littafin ya ba da cikakkun bayanai, a cikin labarin mutum na farko, rayuwar mambobin [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBTQ]] a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uwisike |first=Blessing |date=21 February 2023 |title=Olumide Makanjuola and Jude Dibia Team Up for Queer Nonfiction Anthology, Love Offers No Safety |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/02/olumide-makanjuola-and-jude-dibia-team-up-for-queer-nonfiction-anthology-love-offers-no-safety/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=[[Brittle Paper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mai tsara murfin shi ne Jamie Keenan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=The Cover Art for This Anthology of Queer Nigerian Nonfiction is a Visual Feast of Colors |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/07/queer-nigerian-anthology-love-offers-no-safety-has-two-stunning-covers-exuding-hope/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karɓar baƙi ==
The Culture Custodian ya yaba da littafin don &quot;ƙalubalanci ka'idojin da aka tsara na jama'ar Najeriya game da 'wannan mutum ne da kuma yadda ake sa ran ya yi aiki'&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureCus&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2023 |title=Love Offers No Safety: Queer Voices Find Expression in the Thought Transcendental Piece, Love Offers No Safety |url=https://culturecustodian.com/love-offers-no-safety-queer-voices-find-expression-in-the-thought-transcendental-piece-love-offers-no-safety/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=The Culture Custodian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙaunar Ba ta Tsaro ba ta cikin jerin &quot;60 Notable Books of 2023&quot; ta Open Country Mag.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mag |first=Open Country |date=11 January 2024 |title=60 Notable African Books of 2023 |url=https://opencountrymag.com/the-60-notable-books-of-2023/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=[[Open Country Mag]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fimí Sílẹ̀ Forever</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359506057|Fimí Sílẹ̀ Forever]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Fimí Sílẹ̀ Forever: Heaven Gave It to Me''''' littafi ne da marubucin Najeriya [[:en:Nnanna_Ikpo|Nnanna Ikpo]] ya rubuta, wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2017. Littafin ya ba da labarin tagwaye Olawale da Oluwole daga ƙasar Yarbawa (Yorubaland), waɗanda lauyoyi ne kuma masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Sai dai rayuwarsu ta sauya matuƙa bayan kafa Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act, 2013 a shekarar 2013.

== Tarihi ==
Ikpo ya ɗauki rubutun a cikin 2013 yayin da muhawara game da dokar auren jinsi guda ta Najeriya ke ci gaba. A cewarsa, ainihin niyyar wani bangare shine tunanin sakamakon idan lissafin ya zama doka. Bayan an kafa dokar a cikin 2014, yanayin siyasa da tasirinsa ga [[LGBTQ people in Nigeria|Mutanen LGBTQ a Najeriya]] ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarin rubuce-rubuce. Littafin ya ɗauki kusan shekaru huɗu don kammalawa kuma Team Angelica Publishing ne ya buga shi a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fimí sílẹ̀ Forever: Heaven Gave it To Me by Nnanna Ikpo |url=https://gjackswrites.com/2017/05/17/fimi-sile-forever-heaven-gave-it-to-me-by-nnanna-ikpo-review/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=G. Jacks Writes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ambaci Randy Shilts, [[James hadley chase|James Hadley Chase]], [[John Russell Gordon]], Edwin Cameron, [[Sharon Khumalo]], [[Binyavanga Wainana]], [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]], da Diriye Osman a matsayin tasiri.

== Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci ==
Littafin ya sami amsa mai kyau daga masu bita da malamai. Rev. [[Jide Macaulay]], wanda ya kafa House of Rainbow, ya yaba da aikin don nuna rayuwar LGBTQ a Najeriya kuma ya bayyana Ikpo a matsayin &quot;marubucin Najeriya mai ban sha'awa wanda ke magana da batun daga cikin kasar&quot;.

Rubuta don G. Jacks Writes, Gia Jackson ya ba da littafin 4.5 daga cikin taurari 5, yana bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mai ban mamaki&quot; da kuma labari mai tilasta wanda ya haɗu da tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, addini, siyasa, da jima'i tare da labarin iyali da bege. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fimí sílẹ̀ Forever: Heaven Gave it To Me by Nnanna Ikpo |url=https://gjackswrites.com/2017/05/17/fimi-sile-forever-heaven-gave-it-to-me-by-nnanna-ikpo-review/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=G. Jacks Writes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya littafin a cikin jerin sunayen Lambda Literary Awards na 30 don Gay Fiction a cikin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Frankie Edozien, &quot;Queer Africa 2&quot; Anthology, Nnanna Ikpo Shortlisted |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/03/chike-frankie-edoziens-lives-great-men-queer-africa-2-anthology-shortlisted-2018-lambda-awards/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=[[Brittle Paper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Fimí Sílẹ̀ Forever: Heaven Gave It to Me''''' littafi ne da marubucin Najeriya [[:en:Nnanna_Ikpo|Nnanna Ikpo]] ya rubuta, wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2017. Littafin ya ba da labarin tagwaye Olawale da Oluwole daga ƙasar Yarbawa (Yorubaland), waɗanda lauyoyi ne kuma masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Sai dai rayuwarsu ta sauya matuƙa bayan kafa Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act, 2013 a shekarar 2013.

== Tarihi ==
Ikpo ya ɗauki rubutun a cikin 2013 yayin da muhawara game da dokar auren jinsi guda ta Najeriya ke ci gaba. A cewarsa, ainihin niyyar wani bangare shine tunanin sakamakon idan lissafin ya zama doka. Bayan an kafa dokar a cikin 2014, yanayin siyasa da tasirinsa ga [[LGBTQ people in Nigeria|Mutanen LGBTQ a Najeriya]] ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarin rubuce-rubuce. Littafin ya ɗauki kusan shekaru huɗu don kammalawa kuma Team Angelica Publishing ne ya buga shi a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fimí sílẹ̀ Forever: Heaven Gave it To Me by Nnanna Ikpo |url=https://gjackswrites.com/2017/05/17/fimi-sile-forever-heaven-gave-it-to-me-by-nnanna-ikpo-review/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=G. Jacks Writes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ambaci Randy Shilts, [[James hadley chase|James Hadley Chase]], [[John Russell Gordon]], Edwin Cameron, [[Sharon Khumalo]], [[Binyavanga Wainana]], [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]], da Diriye Osman a matsayin tasiri.

== Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci ==
Littafin ya sami amsa mai kyau daga masu bita da malamai. Rev. [[Jide Macaulay]], wanda ya kafa House of Rainbow, ya yaba da aikin don nuna rayuwar LGBTQ a Najeriya kuma ya bayyana Ikpo a matsayin &quot;marubucin Najeriya mai ban sha'awa wanda ke magana da batun daga cikin kasar&quot;.

Rubuta don G. Jacks Writes, Gia Jackson ya ba da littafin 4.5 daga cikin taurari 5, yana bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mai ban mamaki&quot; da kuma labari mai tilasta wanda ya haɗu da tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, addini, siyasa, da jima'i tare da labarin iyali da bege. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fimí sílẹ̀ Forever: Heaven Gave it To Me by Nnanna Ikpo |url=https://gjackswrites.com/2017/05/17/fimi-sile-forever-heaven-gave-it-to-me-by-nnanna-ikpo-review/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=G. Jacks Writes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya littafin a cikin jerin sunayen Lambda Literary Awards na 30 don Gay Fiction a cikin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Frankie Edozien, &quot;Queer Africa 2&quot; Anthology, Nnanna Ikpo Shortlisted |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/03/chike-frankie-edoziens-lives-great-men-queer-africa-2-anthology-shortlisted-2018-lambda-awards/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=[[Brittle Paper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Al Dubin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338323708|Al Dubin]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Alexander Dubin''' (10 ga Yuni, 1891 - 11 ga Fabrairu, 1945)  ɗan asalin Amurka ne. An fi saninsa da haɗin gwiwa tare da mawaƙa Harry Warren .

== Life ==
Al Dubin came from a Russian Jewish family that immigrated to the United States from Switzerland when he was two years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Born in Zürich, Switzerland, he grew up in [[Philadelphia]]. Between ages of thirteen and sixteen, Dubin played hookey from school in order to travel into [[New York (birni)|New York City]] to see Broadway musical shows. At age 14 he began writing special material for a vaudeville entertainer on 28th Street between 5th and Broadway in New York City, otherwise known as Tin Pan Alley.

Dubin was accepted and enrolled at Perkiomen Seminary in September 1909,&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSongwriters_Hall_of_Fame&quot;&gt;Songwriters Hall of Fame. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 &quot;Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 the original] on 2013-10-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; but was expelled in 1911, after writing their Alma Mater. After leaving Perkiomen, Dubin got himself a job as a singing waiter at a Philadelphia restaurant. He continued to write lyrics and tried selling them to area publishing firms. During this time, Dubin met composer Joe Burke. Together they wrote the song &quot;Oh, You, Mister Moon&quot; (1911), which was published by M. Witmark &amp;amp;amp; Sons. The team also composed the Villanova University Anthem (Alma Mater).

In 1917, Dubin was drafted at Camp Upton in Yaphank, New York, and served as a private in the 305th Field Artillery of the 77th Division, known as New York's own. During his service, he wrote the song &quot;They Didn’t Think We'd Do it, But We Did&quot; with composer Fred Rath and published by the 77th Division. On his first weekend pass, Dubin went to see a show at the Majestic Theater in [[New York (birni)|New York City]]. There he met Broadway singer Helen McClay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mangravite |first=Ronald |date=27 February 2003 |title=The Avenue He's Takin' You To |url=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/the-avenue-hes-takin-you-to-6348999 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were married on March 19, 1921, at the Church of St. Elizabeth in New York City, after Dubin converted to the Catholic faith and McClay was granted an annulment of her first marriage. The year they married, Dubin was accepted in ASCAP in 1921.

Known for his larger-than-life persona, Dubin struggled with alcohol and drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSongwriters_Hall_of_Fame&quot;&gt;Songwriters Hall of Fame. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 &quot;Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 the original] on 2013-10-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and fell on hard times in the 1940s. Estranged from his wife, Dubin struggled to find work both in Hollywood and New York. The last show Dubin was contracted to work on was ''Laffing Room Only'', with composer Burton Lane. Dubin provided only a title for this production, &quot;Feudin' and a Fightin'&quot;, for which he received 25 percent credit.

Dubin spent the remainder of the last few years of his life at the Empire Hotel, alone and in ill-health. On February 8, 1945, he collapsed on the street after having taken a large quantity of doctor-prescribed barbiturates. He was admitted to the Roosevelt Hospital for barbiturate poisoning and pneumonia,&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSongwriters_Hall_of_Fame&quot;&gt;Songwriters Hall of Fame. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 &quot;Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 the original] on 2013-10-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and later died on February 11, 1945. Newspaper personality Walter Winchell made the announcement of his death on the radio.

Dubin was interred in the Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.

== Career ==
Dubin sold his first set of lyrics for two songs &quot;Prairie Rose&quot; and &quot;Sunray&quot;, in 1909 to the Witmark Music Publishing Firm.

In 1925, Dubin met the composer Harry Warren, who was to become his future collaborator at Warner Bros. studio in Hollywood. The first song they collaborated on was titled, &quot;Too Many Kisses in the Summer Bring Too Many Tears in the Fall&quot;. But it was another song written with Joseph Meyer that same year that became Dubin's first big hit, &quot;A Cup of Coffee, a Sandwich and You&quot;.

Warner Bros. purchased the publishing firms of Witmark, Remick and Harms, and since Dubin was under contract to Harms, Warner Bros. inherited his services. In 1929, Dubin wrote &quot;Tiptoe through the Tulips&quot; with composer Joe Burke, for the film ''Gold Diggers of Broadway''.

In 1932, Dubin teamed officially with composer Harry Warren&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Al Dubin (American Lyricist) |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172741/Al-Dubin |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the movie musical ''42nd Street'', starring Ruby Keeler, Dick Powell, Warner Baxter and Bebe Daniels, with dance routines sequenced by Busby Berkeley. The songwriting team of Warren and Dubin contributed four songs: &quot;42nd Street&quot;, &quot;You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me&quot;, &quot;Young and Healthy&quot; and &quot;Shuffle Off to Buffalo&quot;.

Between 1932 and 1939,&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Al Dubin (American Lyricist) |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172741/Al-Dubin |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica&quot;&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172741/Al-Dubin &quot;Al Dubin (American Lyricist)&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dubin and Warren wrote 60 hit songs for several Warner Bros. movie musicals, including ''Gold Diggers of 1933'', ''Footlight Parade'' starring James Cagney, ''Roman Scandals'' starring Eddie Cantor, ''Dames'', ''Go Into Your Dance'' and ''Wonder Bar'', both starring Al Jolson. The song &quot;Lullaby of Broadway&quot;, written by Warren and Dubin for the musical film, ''Gold Diggers of 1935'', won the 1936 Academy Award for Best Original Song.

== Legacy ==
In 1980, producer David Merrick and director Gower Champion adapted the 1933 film ''42nd Street'' into a Broadway musical that won The Tony Award for Best Musical in 1981. The book for the show was written by Michael Stewart and Mark Bramble and featured a score that incorporated Warren and Dubin songs from various movie musicals including ''42nd Street'', ''Dames'', ''Go Into Your Dance'', ''Gold Diggers of 1933'' and ''Gold Diggers of 1935''.

Dubin was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSongwriters_Hall_of_Fame&quot;&gt;Songwriters Hall of Fame. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 &quot;Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 the original] on 2013-10-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Work on Broadway ==

* ''Charlot Revue'' (1925) – revue – featured co-lyricist for &quot;A Cup of Coffee, a Sandwich and You&quot;
* ''White Lights'' (1927) – musical – co-lyricist
* ''Streets of Paris'' (1939) – revue – lyricist
* ''Keep Off the Grass'' (1940) – revue – co-lyricist
* ''Star and Garter'' (1942) – revue – featured lyricist for &quot;Robert the Roue&quot;
* ''Sugar Babies'' (1979) – revue – co-lyricist
* ''42nd Street'' (1980, revival in 2001) – musical – lyricist

== Notable films ==

* ''The Show of Shows'' (1929)
* ''Gold Diggers of Broadway'' (1929)
* ''Sally'' (1929)
* ''Oh Sailor Beware'' (1929)
* ''Hold Everything'' (1930)
* ''She Couldn't Say No'' (1930)
* ''42nd Street'' (1933)
* ''Footlight Parade'' (1933)
* ''Roman Scandals'' (1933)
* ''Gold Diggers of 1933'' (1933)
* ''Moulin Rouge'' (1934)
* ''Wonder Bar'' (1934)
* ''Dames'' (1934)
* ''Twenty Million Sweethearts'' (1934)
* ''Go Into Your Dance'' (1935)
* ''Gold Diggers of 1935'' (1935)
* ''Broadway Gondolier'' (1935)
* ''Stars Over Broadway'' (1935)
* ''Shipmates Forever'' (1935)
* ''Gold Diggers of 1937'' (1937)
* ''Mr. Dodd Takes the Air'' (1937)
* ''Gold Diggers in Paris'' (1938)
* ''Garden of the Moon'' (1938)
* ''Streets of Paris'' (1939)
* ''Stage Door Canteen'' (1943)

== Notable songs ==

* &quot;Just a Girl That Men Forget&quot; – lyrics by Al Dubin, Fred Rath and Joe Garren (1923)
* &quot;A Cup of Coffee, a Sandwich, and You&quot; – lyrics by Al Dubin and Billy Rose, music by Joseph Meyer (1925)
* &quot;Tiptoe Through The Tulips&quot; – Joe Burke (1929)
* &quot;Dancing with Tears in My Eyes&quot; from ''Dancing Sweeties'' (1930) (registered as T-070.038.290-6)
* &quot;Forty-Second Street&quot; – ''42nd Street'' – Harry Warren – M. Witmark &amp; Sons. (1932)
* &quot;Shuffle Off to Buffalo&quot; – ''42nd Street''
* &quot;Young and Healthy&quot; – ''42nd Street''
* &quot;You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me&quot; – ''42nd Street''
* &quot;Shanghai Lil&quot; – music by Harry Warren from ''Footlight Parade''. (1933)
* &quot;Keep Young and Beautiful&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Roman Scandals''. (1933)
* &quot;Shadow Waltz&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933'' – Harry Warren – M. Witmark &amp; Sons (1933)
* &quot;We're In the Money&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933''
* &quot;Pettin' in the Park&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933''
* &quot;Remember My Forgotten Man&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933''
* &quot;I've Got to Sing a Love Song&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933''
* &quot;The Boulevard of Broken Dreams&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Moulin Rouge'' (1934)
* &quot;Wonder Bar&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Wonder Bar'' (1934)
* &quot;I Only Have Eyes for You&quot; – ''Dames'' – Harry Warren – Remick Music Corp. (1934)
* &quot;Dames&quot; – ''Dames''
* &quot;Go Into Your Dance&quot; – ''Go Into Your Dance'' – Harry Warren – M. Witmark &amp; Sons (1935)
* About a Quarter to Nine&quot; – ''Go Into Your Dance''
* &quot;She's a Latin from Manhattan&quot; – ''Go Into Your Dance''
* &quot;Lullaby of Broadway&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1935'' – Harry Warren – M. Witmark &amp; Sons (1935)
* &quot;I'm Going Shopping with You&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1935''
* &quot;Lulu's Back In Town&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Broadway Gondolier'' (1935)
* &quot;Don't Give Up the Ship&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Shipmates Forever'' (1935)
* &quot;With Plenty of Money and You&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Gold Diggers of 1937'' (1937)
* &quot;September in the Rain&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Melody for Two''. (1937)
* &quot;Remember Me?&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Mr. Dodd Takes the Air'' (1937)
* &quot;The Song of the Marines&quot; – Harry Warren from ''The Singing Marine'' (1937)
* &quot;I Wanna Go Back to Bali&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1938'' – Harry Warren – Remick Music Corp. (1938)
* &quot;The Latin Quarter&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1938''
* &quot;Indian Summer&quot; (1919) – Harms, Inc. (1939)
* &quot;We Mustn't Say Goodbye&quot; – ''Stage Door Canteen'' – music by James V. Monaco; Academy Award nominee for Best Song&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stage Door Canteen |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&amp;Movie=686 |access-date=2016-02-02 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |publisher=[[American Film Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Feudin' and Fightin'&quot; – title by Dubin, words and music by Burton Lane – Mara-Lane Music Corp. from &quot;Laughing Room Only&quot; (1944)
* Villanova University Anthem (Alma Mater) Al Dubin and Joe Burke, J.W. Pepper and Son (1930)
* &quot;Where Was I&quot;, song by W. Frank Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra, with vocal chorus by Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall (1939)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Databox}}'''Alexander Dubin''' (10 ga Yuni, 1891 - 11 ga Fabrairu, 1945)  ɗan asalin Amurka ne. An fi saninsa da haɗin gwiwa tare da mawaƙa Harry Warren .

== Life ==
Al Dubin came from a Russian Jewish family that immigrated to the United States from Switzerland when he was two years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Born in Zürich, Switzerland, he grew up in [[Philadelphia]]. Between ages of thirteen and sixteen, Dubin played hookey from school in order to travel into [[New York (birni)|New York City]] to see Broadway musical shows. At age 14 he began writing special material for a vaudeville entertainer on 28th Street between 5th and Broadway in New York City, otherwise known as Tin Pan Alley.

Dubin was accepted and enrolled at Perkiomen Seminary in September 1909,&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSongwriters_Hall_of_Fame&quot;&gt;Songwriters Hall of Fame. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 &quot;Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 the original] on 2013-10-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; but was expelled in 1911, after writing their Alma Mater. After leaving Perkiomen, Dubin got himself a job as a singing waiter at a Philadelphia restaurant. He continued to write lyrics and tried selling them to area publishing firms. During this time, Dubin met composer Joe Burke. Together they wrote the song &quot;Oh, You, Mister Moon&quot; (1911), which was published by M. Witmark &amp;amp;amp; Sons. The team also composed the Villanova University Anthem (Alma Mater).

In 1917, Dubin was drafted at Camp Upton in Yaphank, New York, and served as a private in the 305th Field Artillery of the 77th Division, known as New York's own. During his service, he wrote the song &quot;They Didn’t Think We'd Do it, But We Did&quot; with composer Fred Rath and published by the 77th Division. On his first weekend pass, Dubin went to see a show at the Majestic Theater in [[New York (birni)|New York City]]. There he met Broadway singer Helen McClay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mangravite |first=Ronald |date=27 February 2003 |title=The Avenue He's Takin' You To |url=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/the-avenue-hes-takin-you-to-6348999 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were married on March 19, 1921, at the Church of St. Elizabeth in New York City, after Dubin converted to the Catholic faith and McClay was granted an annulment of her first marriage. The year they married, Dubin was accepted in ASCAP in 1921.

Known for his larger-than-life persona, Dubin struggled with alcohol and drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSongwriters_Hall_of_Fame&quot;&gt;Songwriters Hall of Fame. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 &quot;Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 the original] on 2013-10-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and fell on hard times in the 1940s. Estranged from his wife, Dubin struggled to find work both in Hollywood and New York. The last show Dubin was contracted to work on was ''Laffing Room Only'', with composer Burton Lane. Dubin provided only a title for this production, &quot;Feudin' and a Fightin'&quot;, for which he received 25 percent credit.

Dubin spent the remainder of the last few years of his life at the Empire Hotel, alone and in ill-health. On February 8, 1945, he collapsed on the street after having taken a large quantity of doctor-prescribed barbiturates. He was admitted to the Roosevelt Hospital for barbiturate poisoning and pneumonia,&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSongwriters_Hall_of_Fame&quot;&gt;Songwriters Hall of Fame. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 &quot;Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 the original] on 2013-10-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and later died on February 11, 1945. Newspaper personality Walter Winchell made the announcement of his death on the radio.

Dubin was interred in the Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.

== Career ==
Dubin sold his first set of lyrics for two songs &quot;Prairie Rose&quot; and &quot;Sunray&quot;, in 1909 to the Witmark Music Publishing Firm.

In 1925, Dubin met the composer Harry Warren, who was to become his future collaborator at Warner Bros. studio in Hollywood. The first song they collaborated on was titled, &quot;Too Many Kisses in the Summer Bring Too Many Tears in the Fall&quot;. But it was another song written with Joseph Meyer that same year that became Dubin's first big hit, &quot;A Cup of Coffee, a Sandwich and You&quot;.

Warner Bros. purchased the publishing firms of Witmark, Remick and Harms, and since Dubin was under contract to Harms, Warner Bros. inherited his services. In 1929, Dubin wrote &quot;Tiptoe through the Tulips&quot; with composer Joe Burke, for the film ''Gold Diggers of Broadway''.

In 1932, Dubin teamed officially with composer Harry Warren&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Al Dubin (American Lyricist) |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172741/Al-Dubin |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the movie musical ''42nd Street'', starring Ruby Keeler, Dick Powell, Warner Baxter and Bebe Daniels, with dance routines sequenced by Busby Berkeley. The songwriting team of Warren and Dubin contributed four songs: &quot;42nd Street&quot;, &quot;You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me&quot;, &quot;Young and Healthy&quot; and &quot;Shuffle Off to Buffalo&quot;.

Between 1932 and 1939,&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Al Dubin (American Lyricist) |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172741/Al-Dubin |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica&quot;&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172741/Al-Dubin &quot;Al Dubin (American Lyricist)&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dubin and Warren wrote 60 hit songs for several Warner Bros. movie musicals, including ''Gold Diggers of 1933'', ''Footlight Parade'' starring James Cagney, ''Roman Scandals'' starring Eddie Cantor, ''Dames'', ''Go Into Your Dance'' and ''Wonder Bar'', both starring Al Jolson. The song &quot;Lullaby of Broadway&quot;, written by Warren and Dubin for the musical film, ''Gold Diggers of 1935'', won the 1936 Academy Award for Best Original Song.

== Legacy ==
In 1980, producer David Merrick and director Gower Champion adapted the 1933 film ''42nd Street'' into a Broadway musical that won The Tony Award for Best Musical in 1981. The book for the show was written by Michael Stewart and Mark Bramble and featured a score that incorporated Warren and Dubin songs from various movie musicals including ''42nd Street'', ''Dames'', ''Go Into Your Dance'', ''Gold Diggers of 1933'' and ''Gold Diggers of 1935''.

Dubin was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;songwriters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Songwriters Hall of Fame |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSongwriters_Hall_of_Fame&quot;&gt;Songwriters Hall of Fame. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193735/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 &quot;Songwriters Hall of Fame: Al Dubin&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C68 the original] on 2013-10-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-10-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Work on Broadway ==

* ''Charlot Revue'' (1925) – revue – featured co-lyricist for &quot;A Cup of Coffee, a Sandwich and You&quot;
* ''White Lights'' (1927) – musical – co-lyricist
* ''Streets of Paris'' (1939) – revue – lyricist
* ''Keep Off the Grass'' (1940) – revue – co-lyricist
* ''Star and Garter'' (1942) – revue – featured lyricist for &quot;Robert the Roue&quot;
* ''Sugar Babies'' (1979) – revue – co-lyricist
* ''42nd Street'' (1980, revival in 2001) – musical – lyricist

== Notable films ==

* ''The Show of Shows'' (1929)
* ''Gold Diggers of Broadway'' (1929)
* ''Sally'' (1929)
* ''Oh Sailor Beware'' (1929)
* ''Hold Everything'' (1930)
* ''She Couldn't Say No'' (1930)
* ''42nd Street'' (1933)
* ''Footlight Parade'' (1933)
* ''Roman Scandals'' (1933)
* ''Gold Diggers of 1933'' (1933)
* ''Moulin Rouge'' (1934)
* ''Wonder Bar'' (1934)
* ''Dames'' (1934)
* ''Twenty Million Sweethearts'' (1934)
* ''Go Into Your Dance'' (1935)
* ''Gold Diggers of 1935'' (1935)
* ''Broadway Gondolier'' (1935)
* ''Stars Over Broadway'' (1935)
* ''Shipmates Forever'' (1935)
* ''Gold Diggers of 1937'' (1937)
* ''Mr. Dodd Takes the Air'' (1937)
* ''Gold Diggers in Paris'' (1938)
* ''Garden of the Moon'' (1938)
* ''Streets of Paris'' (1939)
* ''Stage Door Canteen'' (1943)

== Notable songs ==

* &quot;Just a Girl That Men Forget&quot; – lyrics by Al Dubin, Fred Rath and Joe Garren (1923)
* &quot;A Cup of Coffee, a Sandwich, and You&quot; – lyrics by Al Dubin and Billy Rose, music by Joseph Meyer (1925)
* &quot;Tiptoe Through The Tulips&quot; – Joe Burke (1929)
* &quot;Dancing with Tears in My Eyes&quot; from ''Dancing Sweeties'' (1930) (registered as T-070.038.290-6)
* &quot;Forty-Second Street&quot; – ''42nd Street'' – Harry Warren – M. Witmark &amp; Sons. (1932)
* &quot;Shuffle Off to Buffalo&quot; – ''42nd Street''
* &quot;Young and Healthy&quot; – ''42nd Street''
* &quot;You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me&quot; – ''42nd Street''
* &quot;Shanghai Lil&quot; – music by Harry Warren from ''Footlight Parade''. (1933)
* &quot;Keep Young and Beautiful&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Roman Scandals''. (1933)
* &quot;Shadow Waltz&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933'' – Harry Warren – M. Witmark &amp; Sons (1933)
* &quot;We're In the Money&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933''
* &quot;Pettin' in the Park&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933''
* &quot;Remember My Forgotten Man&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933''
* &quot;I've Got to Sing a Love Song&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1933''
* &quot;The Boulevard of Broken Dreams&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Moulin Rouge'' (1934)
* &quot;Wonder Bar&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Wonder Bar'' (1934)
* &quot;I Only Have Eyes for You&quot; – ''Dames'' – Harry Warren – Remick Music Corp. (1934)
* &quot;Dames&quot; – ''Dames''
* &quot;Go Into Your Dance&quot; – ''Go Into Your Dance'' – Harry Warren – M. Witmark &amp; Sons (1935)
* About a Quarter to Nine&quot; – ''Go Into Your Dance''
* &quot;She's a Latin from Manhattan&quot; – ''Go Into Your Dance''
* &quot;Lullaby of Broadway&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1935'' – Harry Warren – M. Witmark &amp; Sons (1935)
* &quot;I'm Going Shopping with You&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1935''
* &quot;Lulu's Back In Town&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Broadway Gondolier'' (1935)
* &quot;Don't Give Up the Ship&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Shipmates Forever'' (1935)
* &quot;With Plenty of Money and You&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Gold Diggers of 1937'' (1937)
* &quot;September in the Rain&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Melody for Two''. (1937)
* &quot;Remember Me?&quot; – Harry Warren from ''Mr. Dodd Takes the Air'' (1937)
* &quot;The Song of the Marines&quot; – Harry Warren from ''The Singing Marine'' (1937)
* &quot;I Wanna Go Back to Bali&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1938'' – Harry Warren – Remick Music Corp. (1938)
* &quot;The Latin Quarter&quot; – ''Gold Diggers of 1938''
* &quot;Indian Summer&quot; (1919) – Harms, Inc. (1939)
* &quot;We Mustn't Say Goodbye&quot; – ''Stage Door Canteen'' – music by James V. Monaco; Academy Award nominee for Best Song&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stage Door Canteen |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&amp;Movie=686 |access-date=2016-02-02 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |publisher=[[American Film Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Feudin' and Fightin'&quot; – title by Dubin, words and music by Burton Lane – Mara-Lane Music Corp. from &quot;Laughing Room Only&quot; (1944)
* Villanova University Anthem (Alma Mater) Al Dubin and Joe Burke, J.W. Pepper and Son (1930)
* &quot;Where Was I&quot;, song by W. Frank Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra, with vocal chorus by Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall (1939)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891]]
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358931434|Talal Hamiyah]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Talal Hamiyah''' ( Arabic   ; an haife shi tsakanin 1952 da 1960) shugaban 'yan bindiga ne na Lebanon . Babban kwamandan soji ne a [[Hezbollah]] tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a farkon shekarun 1980. Yana jagorantar Kungiyar Tsaron Waje ta Hezbollah (ESO), wacce aka fi sani da [[Unit 910|Sashe na 910]], wacce ke da alhakin tsara da aiwatar da ayyukan ta'addanci a wajen Lebanon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talal Hamiyah |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/talal-hamiyah |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Counter Extremism Project |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da alaƙa da hare-haren ta'addanci kamar harin bam na AMIA na 1994 da harin bam na Khobar Towers na 1996. A shekarar 2017, Amurka ta ƙara Hamiyah a cikin Shirin Ba da Lada ga Adalci, inda ta bayar da dala miliyan 7 ga duk wanda ya ba da bayanai da suka kai ga kama shi. Tun daga 2008 shi babban memba ne na Majalisar Jihad, kuma shugaban Sashe na 121 tun 2016.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
'''Talal Hussein Hamiyah''' an haife shi tsakanin 1952 da 1960 a Brital a cikin Gwamnatin Baalbek-Hermel a cikin Kwarin Bekka .  Ya shiga [[Hezbollah]] a farkon shekarun 1980, jim kadan bayan isowar masu horar da Iran zuwa yankin. Bayan kisan [[Abbas al-Musawi]], Hamiyah ya zama babban abokin Imad Mughniyeh. Ya zama sananne ga jami'an leken asiri bayan an kama shi a wani sadarwa da aka katse yana murna da fashewar bam din AMIA, wanda aka kashe mutane 85, a [[Argentina]]. Shekaru da yawa ya kasance mataimakin Mugniyeh, yana jagorantar fashewar bam na Khobar Towers na 1996, inda aka kashe sojoji 19 na Amurka, da kuma kai hare-hare kan IDF a lokacin Yaƙin Lebanon na Biyu.

Shi kwararre ne a ayyukan sojin ƙasashen waje na Hezbollah, yana aiki tare da kwamandojin sojojin Hezbollah Mustafa Badreddine da Imad Mughniyeh da kuma kwamandan [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]] Mohsen Rezaee . Bayan mutuwar Mughniyeh a shekarar 2008, Hamiyah ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Hezbollah, kuma ya shiga Majalisar Jihadi tare da ayyukansa na jagorantar ayyukan ƙasashen waje na Hezbollah da ke ba da kariya ga Ƙungiyar Tsaron Waje (Sashe na 910).   

Bayan da Kotun Musamman ta Lebanon ta gurfanar da Badreddine saboda tuhumar da ta shafi kisan Rafic Hariri a cikin 2011, an ruwaito Hamiyah ya ɗauki kwamandan ayyukan soja na Hezbollah. Bayan rasuwar Badreddine a shekarar 2016, an dauki Hamiyah a matsayin &quot;tauraro mai tasowa&quot; a cikin Hezbollah kuma wani mai yiwuwa ya kara matsayi a cikin kungiyar. An bayyana hotonsa a fili a karo na farko a cikin 2016.

=== Sunayen ===
Hamiyah an sanya shi a matsayin Mai ta'addanci na Duniya na Musamman ta Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2012 saboda rawar da ake zargi da shi a matsayin babban kwamandan soja. An sanya shi tare da Badreddine .  Tushen sunayensu shine E.O. 13224 don samar da tallafi ga ayyukan ta'addanci na Hezbollah a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da kuma duniya baki daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2013 |title=U.S. Treasury Sanctions Hizballah Leadership |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2012/09/20120913135981.html?CP.rss=true#axzz2I4br1VKI |access-date=15 January 2013 |publisher=US Embassy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kara shi a cikin Shirin Kyaututtuka na Adalci (RFJ) a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2017, yana ba da dala miliyan 7 don bayanan da ke haifar da kama shi. An kara Hamiyah a cikin shirin RFJ tare da babban kwamandan soja na Hezbollah [[Fuad Shukr]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na lada na farko ga adadi na Hezbolah a cikin shekaru goma.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

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'''Talal Hamiyah''' ( Arabic   ; an haife shi tsakanin 1952 da 1960) shugaban 'yan bindiga ne na Lebanon . Babban kwamandan soji ne a [[Hezbollah]] tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a farkon shekarun 1980. Yana jagorantar Kungiyar Tsaron Waje ta Hezbollah (ESO), wacce aka fi sani da [[Unit 910|Sashe na 910]], wacce ke da alhakin tsara da aiwatar da ayyukan ta'addanci a wajen Lebanon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talal Hamiyah |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/talal-hamiyah |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Counter Extremism Project |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da alaƙa da hare-haren ta'addanci kamar harin bam na AMIA na 1994 da harin bam na Khobar Towers na 1996. A shekarar 2017, Amurka ta ƙara Hamiyah a cikin Shirin Ba da Lada ga Adalci, inda ta bayar da dala miliyan 7 ga duk wanda ya ba da bayanai da suka kai ga kama shi. Tun daga 2008 shi babban memba ne na Majalisar Jihad, kuma shugaban Sashe na 121 tun 2016.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
'''Talal Hussein Hamiyah''' an haife shi tsakanin 1952 da 1960 a Brital a cikin Gwamnatin Baalbek-Hermel a cikin Kwarin Bekka .  Ya shiga [[Hezbollah]] a farkon shekarun 1980, jim kadan bayan isowar masu horar da Iran zuwa yankin. Bayan kisan [[Abbas al-Musawi]], Hamiyah ya zama babban abokin Imad Mughniyeh. Ya zama sananne ga jami'an leken asiri bayan an kama shi a wani sadarwa da aka katse yana murna da fashewar bam din AMIA, wanda aka kashe mutane 85, a [[Argentina]]. Shekaru da yawa ya kasance mataimakin Mugniyeh, yana jagorantar fashewar bam na Khobar Towers na 1996, inda aka kashe sojoji 19 na Amurka, da kuma kai hare-hare kan IDF a lokacin Yaƙin Lebanon na Biyu.

Shi kwararre ne a ayyukan sojin ƙasashen waje na Hezbollah, yana aiki tare da kwamandojin sojojin Hezbollah Mustafa Badreddine da Imad Mughniyeh da kuma kwamandan [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]] Mohsen Rezaee . Bayan mutuwar Mughniyeh a shekarar 2008, Hamiyah ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Hezbollah, kuma ya shiga Majalisar Jihadi tare da ayyukansa na jagorantar ayyukan ƙasashen waje na Hezbollah da ke ba da kariya ga Ƙungiyar Tsaron Waje (Sashe na 910).   

Bayan da Kotun Musamman ta Lebanon ta gurfanar da Badreddine saboda tuhumar da ta shafi kisan Rafic Hariri a cikin 2011, an ruwaito Hamiyah ya ɗauki kwamandan ayyukan soja na Hezbollah. Bayan rasuwar Badreddine a shekarar 2016, an dauki Hamiyah a matsayin &quot;tauraro mai tasowa&quot; a cikin Hezbollah kuma wani mai yiwuwa ya kara matsayi a cikin kungiyar. An bayyana hotonsa a fili a karo na farko a cikin 2016.

=== Sunayen ===
Hamiyah an sanya shi a matsayin Mai ta'addanci na Duniya na Musamman ta Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2012 saboda rawar da ake zargi da shi a matsayin babban kwamandan soja. An sanya shi tare da Badreddine .  Tushen sunayensu shine E.O. 13224 don samar da tallafi ga ayyukan ta'addanci na Hezbollah a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da kuma duniya baki daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2013 |title=U.S. Treasury Sanctions Hizballah Leadership |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2012/09/20120913135981.html?CP.rss=true#axzz2I4br1VKI |access-date=15 January 2013 |publisher=US Embassy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kara shi a cikin Shirin Kyaututtuka na Adalci (RFJ) a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2017, yana ba da dala miliyan 7 don bayanan da ke haifar da kama shi. An kara Hamiyah a cikin shirin RFJ tare da babban kwamandan soja na Hezbollah [[Fuad Shukr]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na lada na farko ga adadi na Hezbolah a cikin shekaru goma.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Talal Hamiyah''' ( Arabic   ; an haife shi tsakanin 1952 da 1960) shugaban 'yan bindiga ne na Lebanon . Babban kwamandan soji ne a [[Hezbollah]] tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a farkon shekarun 1980. Yana jagorantar Kungiyar Tsaron Waje ta Hezbollah (ESO), wacce aka fi sani da [[Unit 910|Sashe na 910]], wacce ke da alhakin tsara da aiwatar da ayyukan ta'addanci a wajen Lebanon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talal Hamiyah |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/talal-hamiyah |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Counter Extremism Project |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da alaƙa da hare-haren ta'addanci kamar harin bam na AMIA na 1994 da harin bam na Khobar Towers na 1996. A shekarar 2017, Amurka ta ƙara Hamiyah a cikin Shirin Ba da Lada ga Adalci, inda ta bayar da dala miliyan 7 ga duk wanda ya ba da bayanai da suka kai ga kama shi. Tun daga 2008 shi babban memba ne na Majalisar Jihad, kuma shugaban Sashe na 121 tun 2016.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
'''Talal Hussein Hamiyah''' an haife shi tsakanin 1952 da 1960 a Brital a cikin Gwamnatin Baalbek-Hermel a cikin Kwarin Bekka .  Ya shiga [[Hezbollah]] a farkon shekarun 1980, jim kadan bayan isowar masu horar da Iran zuwa yankin. Bayan kisan [[Abbas al-Musawi]], Hamiyah ya zama babban abokin Imad Mughniyeh. Ya zama sananne ga jami'an leken asiri bayan an kama shi a wani sadarwa da aka katse yana murna da fashewar bam din AMIA, wanda aka kashe mutane 85, a [[Argentina]]. Shekaru da yawa ya kasance mataimakin Mugniyeh, yana jagorantar fashewar bam na Khobar Towers na 1996, inda aka kashe sojoji 19 na Amurka, da kuma kai hare-hare kan IDF a lokacin Yaƙin Lebanon na Biyu.

Shi kwararre ne a ayyukan sojin ƙasashen waje na Hezbollah, yana aiki tare da kwamandojin sojojin Hezbollah Mustafa Badreddine da Imad Mughniyeh da kuma kwamandan [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]] Mohsen Rezaee . Bayan mutuwar Mughniyeh a shekarar 2008, Hamiyah ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Hezbollah, kuma ya shiga Majalisar Jihadi tare da ayyukansa na jagorantar ayyukan ƙasashen waje na Hezbollah da ke ba da kariya ga Ƙungiyar Tsaron Waje (Sashe na 910).   

Bayan da Kotun Musamman ta Lebanon ta gurfanar da Badreddine saboda tuhumar da ta shafi kisan Rafic Hariri a cikin 2011, an ruwaito Hamiyah ya ɗauki kwamandan ayyukan soja na Hezbollah. Bayan rasuwar Badreddine a shekarar 2016, an dauki Hamiyah a matsayin &quot;tauraro mai tasowa&quot; a cikin Hezbollah kuma wani mai yiwuwa ya kara matsayi a cikin kungiyar. An bayyana hotonsa a fili a karo na farko a cikin 2016.

=== Suna ===
Hamiyah an sanya shi a matsayin Mai ta'addanci na Duniya na Musamman ta Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2012 saboda rawar da ake zargi da shi a matsayin babban kwamandan soja. An sanya shi tare da Badreddine .  Tushen sunayensu shine E.O. 13224 don samar da tallafi ga ayyukan ta'addanci na Hezbollah a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da kuma duniya baki daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2013 |title=U.S. Treasury Sanctions Hizballah Leadership |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2012/09/20120913135981.html?CP.rss=true#axzz2I4br1VKI |access-date=15 January 2013 |publisher=US Embassy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kara shi a cikin Shirin Kyaututtuka na Adalci (RFJ) a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2017, yana ba da dala miliyan 7 don bayanan da ke haifar da kama shi. An kara Hamiyah a cikin shirin RFJ tare da babban kwamandan soja na Hezbollah [[Fuad Shukr]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na lada na farko ga adadi na Hezbolah a cikin shekaru goma.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

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'''Talal Hamiyah''' ( Arabic   ; an haife shi tsakanin 1952 da 1960) shugaban 'yan bindiga ne na Lebanon . Babban kwamandan soji ne a [[Hezbollah]] tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a farkon shekarun 1980. Yana jagorantar Kungiyar Tsaron Waje ta Hezbollah (ESO), wacce aka fi sani da [[Unit 910|Sashe na 910]], wacce ke da alhakin tsara da aiwatar da ayyukan ta'addanci a wajen Lebanon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talal Hamiyah |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/talal-hamiyah |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Counter Extremism Project |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da alaƙa da hare-haren ta'addanci kamar harin bam na AMIA na 1994 da harin bam na Khobar Towers na 1996. A shekarar 2017, Amurka ta ƙara Hamiyah a cikin Shirin Ba da Lada ga Adalci, inda ta bayar da dala miliyan 7 ga duk wanda ya ba da bayanai da suka kai ga kama shi. Tun daga 2008 shi babban memba ne na Majalisar Jihad, kuma shugaban Sashe na 121 tun 2016.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
'''Talal Hussein Hamiyah''' an haife shi tsakanin 1952 da 1960 a Brital a cikin Gwamnatin Baalbek-Hermel a cikin Kwarin Bekka .  Ya shiga [[Hezbollah]] a farkon shekarun 1980, jim kadan bayan isowar masu horar da Iran zuwa yankin. Bayan kisan [[Abbas al-Musawi]], Hamiyah ya zama babban abokin Imad Mughniyeh. Ya zama sananne ga jami'an leken asiri bayan an kama shi a wani sadarwa da aka katse yana murna da fashewar bam din AMIA, wanda aka kashe mutane 85, a [[Argentina]]. Shekaru da yawa ya kasance mataimakin Mugniyeh, yana jagorantar fashewar bam na Khobar Towers na 1996, inda aka kashe sojoji 19 na Amurka, da kuma kai hare-hare kan IDF a lokacin Yaƙin Lebanon na Biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mako&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Levy |first1=Shay |title=צמרת הפיקוד: הכירו את בכירי חיזבאללה |url=https://www.mako.co.il/pzm-magazine/Article-8c1d3ba8ddc0b41006.htm |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=[[Mako (website)|Mako]] |date=2015-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kais&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kais |first1=Roi |title=Photo of Hezbollah's rising star uncovered |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4811353,00.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=2016-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi kwararre ne a ayyukan sojin ƙasashen waje na Hezbollah, yana aiki tare da kwamandojin sojojin Hezbollah Mustafa Badreddine da Imad Mughniyeh da kuma kwamandan [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]] Mohsen Rezaee . Bayan mutuwar Mughniyeh a shekarar 2008, Hamiyah ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Hezbollah, kuma ya shiga Majalisar Jihadi tare da ayyukansa na jagorantar ayyukan ƙasashen waje na Hezbollah da ke ba da kariya ga Ƙungiyar Tsaron Waje (Sashe na 910).   

Bayan da Kotun Musamman ta Lebanon ta gurfanar da Badreddine saboda tuhumar da ta shafi kisan Rafic Hariri a cikin 2011, an ruwaito Hamiyah ya ɗauki kwamandan ayyukan soja na Hezbollah. Bayan rasuwar Badreddine a shekarar 2016, an dauki Hamiyah a matsayin &quot;tauraro mai tasowa&quot; a cikin Hezbollah kuma wani mai yiwuwa ya kara matsayi a cikin kungiyar. An bayyana hotonsa a fili a karo na farko a cikin 2016.

=== Suna ===
Hamiyah an sanya shi a matsayin Mai ta'addanci na Duniya na Musamman ta Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2012 saboda rawar da ake zargi da shi a matsayin babban kwamandan soja. An sanya shi tare da Badreddine .  Tushen sunayensu shine E.O. 13224 don samar da tallafi ga ayyukan ta'addanci na Hezbollah a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da kuma duniya baki daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2013 |title=U.S. Treasury Sanctions Hizballah Leadership |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2012/09/20120913135981.html?CP.rss=true#axzz2I4br1VKI |access-date=15 January 2013 |publisher=US Embassy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kara shi a cikin Shirin Kyaututtuka na Adalci (RFJ) a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2017, yana ba da dala miliyan 7 don bayanan da ke haifar da kama shi. An kara Hamiyah a cikin shirin RFJ tare da babban kwamandan soja na Hezbollah [[Fuad Shukr]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na lada na farko ga adadi na Hezbolah a cikin shekaru goma.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM Onitsha</title>
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    <id>157952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858569</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:52:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345959652|Radio Sapientia 95.3FM Onitsha]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo 
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo 
* Cynthia Nwosa 
* Oma Chukwuemeka 
* Ogo Dike 
* Mac Davis 
* Jude Geoman 
* Jovia Uchenna 
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze 

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858571</id>
      <parentid>858569</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858571</origin>
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      <text bytes="1680" sha1="imffoaxodzs3k23jp8kmokz41zsvyzt" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo 
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo 
* Cynthia Nwosa 
* Oma Chukwuemeka 
* Ogo Dike 
* Mac Davis 
* Jude Geoman 
* Jovia Uchenna 
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze 

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>imffoaxodzs3k23jp8kmokz41zsvyzt</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>858573</id>
      <parentid>858571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:53:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858573</origin>
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      <text bytes="2010" sha1="0tgymvjc2y767ufkr8di11noiyzozxj" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo 
* Cynthia Nwosa 
* Oma Chukwuemeka 
* Ogo Dike 
* Mac Davis 
* Jude Geoman 
* Jovia Uchenna 
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858574</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:53:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858574</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2333" sha1="e2c3fd4l6klxsi6hnpy095jnsozygny" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa 
* Oma Chukwuemeka 
* Ogo Dike 
* Mac Davis 
* Jude Geoman 
* Jovia Uchenna 
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>e2c3fd4l6klxsi6hnpy095jnsozygny</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858575</id>
      <parentid>858574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858575</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2670" sha1="0jt334sok889alrnr4reti3ljjpf9h3" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=cynthia nwosa – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214012204/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oma Chukwuemeka 
* Ogo Dike 
* Mac Davis 
* Jude Geoman 
* Jovia Uchenna 
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>0jt334sok889alrnr4reti3ljjpf9h3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858576</id>
      <parentid>858575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:54:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858576</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3013" sha1="rl7kgbu80bwwtfes2fbssd2hikf8vlw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=cynthia nwosa – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214012204/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oma Chukwuemeka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OMA CHUKWUEMEKA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003211/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ogo Dike 
* Mac Davis 
* Jude Geoman 
* Jovia Uchenna 
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>rl7kgbu80bwwtfes2fbssd2hikf8vlw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858579</id>
      <parentid>858576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:55:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3336" sha1="reegs4o5hxfiiy0uk6777vbslasx8ob" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=cynthia nwosa – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214012204/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oma Chukwuemeka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OMA CHUKWUEMEKA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003211/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ogo Dike&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OGO DIKE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004940/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mac Davis 
* Jude Geoman 
* Jovia Uchenna 
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>reegs4o5hxfiiy0uk6777vbslasx8ob</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858581</id>
      <parentid>858579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:56:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3661" sha1="8qesmz9rht4mk6b8o6wa9gjpsisovtq" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=cynthia nwosa – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214012204/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oma Chukwuemeka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OMA CHUKWUEMEKA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003211/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ogo Dike&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OGO DIKE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004940/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mac Davis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=MAC DAVIS – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018052136/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jude Geoman 
* Jovia Uchenna 
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>8qesmz9rht4mk6b8o6wa9gjpsisovtq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858582</id>
      <parentid>858581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:56:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3992" sha1="q3pdr7go218tccij8o5zzz38n54n6iy" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=cynthia nwosa – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214012204/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oma Chukwuemeka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OMA CHUKWUEMEKA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003211/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ogo Dike&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OGO DIKE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004940/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mac Davis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=MAC DAVIS – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018052136/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jude Geoman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JUDE GEOMAN – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003210/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jovia Uchenna 
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>q3pdr7go218tccij8o5zzz38n54n6iy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858583</id>
      <parentid>858582</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:57:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4329" sha1="kmy3m7859eeiu9sbdq1s0cd6dmi410h" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=cynthia nwosa – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214012204/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oma Chukwuemeka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OMA CHUKWUEMEKA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003211/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ogo Dike&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OGO DIKE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004940/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mac Davis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=MAC DAVIS – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018052136/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jude Geoman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JUDE GEOMAN – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003210/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jovia Uchenna&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOVIA UCHENNA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jovia-uchenna |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214005209/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jovia-uchenna/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* JJ Agada Aguzie 
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>kmy3m7859eeiu9sbdq1s0cd6dmi410h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858584</id>
      <parentid>858583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4672" sha1="skhfc3qem1bl8a1ctpr8ro86rby42xs" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=cynthia nwosa – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214012204/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oma Chukwuemeka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OMA CHUKWUEMEKA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003211/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ogo Dike&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OGO DIKE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004940/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mac Davis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=MAC DAVIS – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018052136/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jude Geoman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JUDE GEOMAN – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003210/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jovia Uchenna&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOVIA UCHENNA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jovia-uchenna |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214005209/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jovia-uchenna/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* JJ Agada Aguzie&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JJ AGADA AGUZIE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jj-agada-aguzie |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214005233/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jj-agada-aguzie/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ifeanyi Orakwue 
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>skhfc3qem1bl8a1ctpr8ro86rby42xs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858585</id>
      <parentid>858584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:58:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5015" sha1="458d4o4w1qvv0xosoy8kxh6xuxas49q" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=cynthia nwosa – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214012204/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oma Chukwuemeka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OMA CHUKWUEMEKA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003211/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ogo Dike&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OGO DIKE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004940/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mac Davis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=MAC DAVIS – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018052136/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jude Geoman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JUDE GEOMAN – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003210/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jovia Uchenna&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOVIA UCHENNA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jovia-uchenna |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214005209/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jovia-uchenna/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* JJ Agada Aguzie&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JJ AGADA AGUZIE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jj-agada-aguzie |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214005233/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jj-agada-aguzie/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ifeanyi Orakwue&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IFEANYI ORAKWUE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ifeanyi-orakwue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018052131/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ifeanyi-orakwue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>458d4o4w1qvv0xosoy8kxh6xuxas49q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858586</id>
      <parentid>858585</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:58:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sumy IB</username>
        <id>32481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye */</comment>
      <origin>858586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5374" sha1="qw5h46gf2k4mf5955ff6e6uyglyc4tf" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rediyon Sapientia 95.3FM [[Onitsha]]''' tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2011, ta Cibiyar Sapientia International Media Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://ngradio.net/37-radio-sapientia-953-fm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=ngradio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Onitsha, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Sapientia - 95.3 MHz FM, Onitsha, Nigeria |url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/sapientia |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Online Radio Box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rediyon Sapientia yana rufe kusan jihohi 18 a cikin ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan sun hada da kudu maso kudu da kuma arewa. Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo cewa rafi suna rayuwa a duniya. Kowace shekara, Rediyon Sapientia yana murna da ranar tunawa, yana jawo taron jama'a daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na nishaɗi da mutane. Har ila yau, ya kara tashar talabijin a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensa.

== Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ==

* Uju Nwankwo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UJU NWANKWO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003208/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/uju-nwankwo/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chinonso Ahec-3 Ekuma
* Joe Igbo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOE IGBO – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003241/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/joe-igbo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cynthia Nwosa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=cynthia nwosa – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214012204/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/cynthia-nwosa/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oma Chukwuemeka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OMA CHUKWUEMEKA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003211/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/oma-chukwuemeka/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ogo Dike&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=OGO DIKE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004940/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ogo-dike/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mac Davis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=MAC DAVIS – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018052136/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/mac-davis/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jude Geoman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JUDE GEOMAN – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003210/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jude-geoman/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jovia Uchenna&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JOVIA UCHENNA – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jovia-uchenna |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214005209/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jovia-uchenna/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* JJ Agada Aguzie&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JJ AGADA AGUZIE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jj-agada-aguzie |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214005233/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/jj-agada-aguzie/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ifeanyi Orakwue&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IFEANYI ORAKWUE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ifeanyi-orakwue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018052131/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/ifeanyi-orakwue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Freshmann Jay Nwanze&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=FRESHMANN JAY NWANZE – sapientia953fm.com |url=http://sapientia953fm.com/members/freshmann-jay-nwanze |newspaper=sapientia953fm.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214005040/http://sapientia953fm.com/members/freshmann-jay-nwanze/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo mafi kyau (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Won}}
|
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kyautar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya
|Tashar Rediyo ta Shekara (Kudancin Gabas) |{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>qw5h46gf2k4mf5955ff6e6uyglyc4tf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>W.T.F. (South Park)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858570</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:52:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357782834|W.T.F. (South Park)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858570</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14541" sha1="mzi229bqaosypwy5pzji5jsvcvlgpz9" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox ib-tv-episode vevent&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above summary&quot; |&quot;'''W.T.F.'''&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader nowrap&quot; |''[[South Park]]'' episode
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Episode &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;number&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;no.&lt;/abbr&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Season&amp;nbsp;13&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Episode 10
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Directed by
| class=&quot;infobox-data plainlist&quot; |[[Trey Parker]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Written by
| class=&quot;infobox-data plainlist&quot; |Trey Parker
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Production code
| class=&quot;infobox-data plainlist&quot; |1310
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Original air date
| class=&quot;infobox-data plainlist&quot; |October&amp;nbsp;21,&amp;nbsp;2009&lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated itvstart&quot;&gt;2009-10-21&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;episode guide&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;240&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091023095828/http://www.southparkstudios.co.uk/guide/episode/1310/ &quot;W.T.F.&quot;] South Park Studios. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;241&quot;&gt;Archived from [http://www.southparkstudios.co.uk/guide/episode/1310/ the original] on October 23, 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;242&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header noprint summary&quot; |Episode chronology
|- class=&quot;noprint&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |
{| style=&quot;width: 100%; display: inline-table;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;&quot; |←&amp;nbsp;'''Previous'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Butters' Bottom Bitch]]&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;&quot; |'''Next'''&amp;nbsp;→&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Whale Whores]]&quot;
|}
|- class=&quot;noprint&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[South Park season 13|''South Park'' season 13]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |[[List of South Park episodes|List of episodes]]
|}
&quot;'''W.T.F.'''&quot; shi ne karo na goma na kakar wasa ta goma sha uku na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka South Park . Abubuwan 191 gabaɗaya a cikin jerin an fara watsa su ne a Comedy Central a Amurka a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2009. A cikin labarin, 'yan Kudancin Park sun kafa nasu Gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya ta baya, suna jawo magoya bayan da suka fi sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun labaran ban mamaki fiye da abubuwan wasanni.

&quot;W.T.F.&quot; was written and directed by Trey Parker, and was rated TV-MA-L in the USA. The episode parodied several aspects of pro wrestling, highlighting the sport's emphasis on theatrical elements such as costumes, backstories, and scripted storylines. The episode demonstrated how amateur wrestling is often afforded less respect because of pro wrestling, and it presents pro wrestling fans as deluded rednecks while also likening them to middle-class theatergoers.

&quot;W.T.F.&quot; specifically parodies WWE and its former chairman, Vince McMahon. The episode received generally mixed reviews, with several commentators calling professional wrestling an overly easy target for ''South Park'' satire. According to Nielsen ratings, &quot;W.T.F.&quot; was seen by 1.37 million households among viewers aged between 18 and 49.

== Plot ==
After watching a live WWE match between Edge and [[John Cena]] at the Pepsi Center and being totally enthralled, Kyle, Stan, Cartman, Kenny, Butters, Jimmy and Token decide to join the school's wrestling team, unaware how different the sport is from pro wrestling. They all feel that the wrestling coach Mr. Connors's teaching of &quot;real wrestling&quot;, or &quot;wrassling&quot;, is too homoerotic and immediately quit the class to form their own BYW league called &quot;the Wrestling Takedown Federation&quot; (W.T.F.), much to the frustration of Mr. Connors. The boys' federation relies heavily on theatrical elements and scripted storylines, with such characters as a [[Rasha|Russian]] who belittles Americans (played by Cartman), a veteran of the Vietnam War (played by Stan), and a girl who has had 14 [[Zubar da ciki|abortions]] (also played by Cartman). Their audience grows quickly, and consists mostly of rednecks who believe the action and dialogue are real. As its popularity increases, the boys add an auditorium, complete with proscenium staging and theater-style lighting, to the back of Cartman's house. Soon, the events see the performers reciting dramatic monologues more often than engaging in wrestling and stunt work.

Mr. Connors is fired by the school board for the violence associated with wrestling, after the board fails to distinguish between what he teaches and pro wrestling (as do the town bar regulars). They also find videos of Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling on his iPhone and mistake them for gay porn. The boys are excited to learn WWE Chairman Vince McMahon has heard of their federation and will be scouting one of their shows. Mr. Connors sits in his apartment, surrounded by wrestling awards, in tears over his termination and what wrestling has become. Vengeful, he plans to sabotage the event as a personal vow to restore the integrity of wrestling. Cartman, Stan, Kyle, and Kenny secretly decide to relegate Butters, Jimmy, and Token to smaller roles, thinking that it will give them a better opportunity to impress McMahon. They hold tryouts in the manner of a theater audition in order to find new talent for their show, which is now more reminiscent of musical theatre than wrestling.

Mr. Connors sneaks into the event and unsuccessfully attempts to destroy the wrestling ring with a rocket launcher, killing Kenny instead. He runs into the ring and chastises the crowd with an impassioned monologue about how pro wrestling has ruined real wrestling, and the downward spiral his life has taken since it cost him his job (as well as everything else). The crowd begins to sympathize with him, angrily chanting, &quot;They took his job!.&quot; McMahon is impressed with the speech and decides to sign Mr. Connors to the WWE—much to his delight. The boys are frustrated at losing their latest shot at stardom and begin brawling amongst themselves, blaming each other for the lost opportunity. Unimpressed by the genuine wrestling and real conflicted drama, the crowd deems it &quot;fake&quot; and begins to leave.
[[Fayil:Cena_and_Edge_Face_Off.jpg|alt=Two shirtless men with their arms held up in defensive positions stand crouched facing each other inside a wrestling ring with three red ropes running parallel to each other. A crowd of spectators watches from all sides of the ring as a man wearing a referee shirt stands with his hands on his knees watching the two men.|right|thumb|240x240px|Professional wrestling in general, and the WWE in particular, are heavily spoofed in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; [[John Cena]] (''pictured second from right'') and Edge (''pictured left'') are both referenced in the episode.]]
&quot;W.T.F.&quot; was written and directed by series co-founder Trey Parker, and was rated TV-MA L in the USA. It first aired in the USA on October 21, 2009, on Comedy Central. &quot;W.T.F.&quot; parodies several aspects of professional wrestling, a form of theatre involving mock combat and catch wrestling, in which matches, along with pre- and post-match commentary and action, are choreographed and scripted. The ''South Park'' episode highlights the theatrical elements of professional wrestling, such as costumes, backstories, and scripted dramatic storylines. The fans are portrayed as far more interested in these theatrical elements than any actual athletic feats. The theatrical aspect of professional wrestling is often over-exaggerated in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; to add comedic emphasis and satire. For example, a try-out involves no actual wrestling at all, but rather dramatic monologues, and resembles the audition scene from the Broadway musical &quot;A Chorus Line&quot;. Similarly, Vince McMahon watches one of the matches from a balcony, wearing opera glasses, as in a theatre rather than a traditional wrestling venue.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN1022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PWInsider&quot; /&gt;

&quot;W.T.F.&quot; also demonstrates how amateur wrestling, an actual, non-choreographed sport with styles such as Greco-Roman and freestyle, is often afforded less respect because of pro wrestling. The boys initially mistake this form of wrestling for the scripted pro wrestling they are used to, and then are uninterested in it when they learn about the actual sport. The moves and holds their teacher tries to teach them are interpreted by the boys as homoerotic and treated with disrespect. The gym teacher, Mr. Connors, is portrayed as showing despair for what pro wrestling has done to harm &quot;real wrestling&quot;, culminating in a final scene in which he makes a tearful rant to the crowd at one of the boys' wrestling matches.

&quot;W.T.F.&quot; also mocks fans of pro wrestling, who are portrayed largely as stereotypical rednecks who believe the scripted storylines are real. The wrestling matches in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; are purposely fake-looking to emphasize the scripted nature of pro wrestling, and utilize elements typically featured in real matches, like the use of metal folding chairs as weapons. The professional wrestling characters created by the South Park boys, such as Cartman's &quot;the Rad Russian&quot;, are similar to the gimmick-based types of characters created by actual pro wrestling leagues, like [[Sheik na ƙarfe|The Iron Sheik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AVClub&quot; /&gt; These characters, too, are portrayed in an over-the-top way to emphasize the comedic satire of pro wrestling. This is particularly illustrated with the use of one of Cartman's characters, a female diva who claims to have had so many [[Zubar da ciki|abortions]], she has become addicted to them.

== Cultural references ==
[[Fayil:Vince_McMahon_(Dec_2008).jpg|alt=A man with short gray hair wearing a black suit jacket and black pants speaks into a microphone while standing in the middle of a wrestling ring, gesturing with his left hand. Behind him, a crowd of men wearing army camouflage uniforms watches.|right|thumb|Former WWE chairman Vince McMahon (''pictured'') is parodied in &quot;W.T.F.&quot;]]
Vince McMahon, in 2009 the chairman of WWE and occasional pro wrestler himself, is featured prominently in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; Various aspects of the WWE company are featured in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; [[John Cena]] and Edge, pro wrestlers who have both worked for the WWE, appear in a match against each other. Both are portrayed by voice actors, not the actual wrestlers themselves. The South Park boys host a &quot;W.T.F. Smackdown&quot; event, a reference to the TV program ''WWE SmackDown''. Tolkien's W.T.F attire resembles the attire of WWE wrestler R-Truth. A wrestling try-out held by the boys resembles scenes from the Broadway musical ''A Chorus Line'', which involves Broadway dancers auditioning for spots on a chorus line. One of the people trying out sings a musical number about why he wants to be a wrestler, which parodies the song &quot;Nothing&quot; from ''A Chorus Line''. The episode also includes references to the musical ''Fame'', the film ''Waiting for Guffman'' and the reality TV series ''American Idol''. When Cartman and Kenny order a meeting with Stan and Kyle to discuss the wrestling league, they meet at a Sizzler, a steak-and-seafood restaurant chain.

== Reception ==
In its original American broadcast on October 21, 2009, &quot;W.T.F&quot; was watched by 1.37 million households among viewers aged 18 to 34, according to Nielsen ratings. Among that age group, it ranked behind the FX drama series ''Sons of Anarchy'', which drew 1.43 million household viewers, as well as game five of the 2009 NLCS on TBS (1.56 million households) and a NFL game between the Broncos and Chargers on ESPN (3.57 million households).
 
&quot;W.T.F.&quot; received generally mixed reviews. Ramsey Isler of ''IGN'' said the pro wrestling parody was &quot;pretty spot on&quot;, but that the target was too easy, and the episode &quot;lacks a lot of the punchy kind of comedy that the show is usually known for&quot;. Nevertheless, Isler said the writing was clever and had funny moments, such as Kenny's &quot;El Pollo Loco&quot; character and the scene where the gym teacher tries to take down a security guard with a traditional wrestling move. Josh Modell of ''The A.V. Club'' gave the episode a C+ grade and called it &quot;one of those too-common ''SP'' episodes that could've been cut in half&quot;. Modell said the true-to-life way the boys formed their wrestling company was &quot;great&quot; and that the parody of pro wrestling was on target, but also said they &quot;have been told a million times before. They're not really jokes at this point.&quot;

Carlos Delgado of ''iF Magazine'' gave the episode a C+ grade, saying pro wrestling seems like a topic ''South Park'' should have mocked long ago. Delgado said the best scenes were the first moments of the boys' wrestling league, but that the &quot;novelty of the idea starts to fade&quot; and the developments become too outrageous. ''Maclean's'' writer Jamie Weinman criticized the episode and said pro wrestling was &quot;not exactly a timely target&quot;. Not all reviews were negative. Salon.com writer Mary Elizabeth Williams called the show &quot;perennially offensive [and] still shockingly funny&quot;, and particularly praised Cartman's wrestling character &quot;Bad Irene&quot;, who professes a love of and addiction to abortions. Williams called it, &quot;a reminder that the heated debate over choice frequently serves as America's prime-time entertainment&quot;.

== Home release ==
&quot;W.T.F.&quot;, along with the thirteen other episodes from ''South Park'''s thirteenth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set and two-disc Blu-ray set in the United States on March 16, 2010. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foster |first=Dave |date=December 14, 2009 |title=South Park Season 13 (R1/US BD) in March |url=http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=71969 |access-date=February 24, 2010 |publisher=DVD Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; a collection of deleted scenes, and a special mini-feature ''Inside Xbox: A Behind-the-Scenes Tour of South Park Studios'', which discussed the process behind animating the show with ''Inside xBox'' host Major Nelson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liebman |first=Martin |date=March 5, 2010 |title=South Park: The Complete Thirteenth Season Blu-ray Review |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/South-Park-The-Complete-Thirteenth-Season-Blu-ray-Review/8807/ |access-date=March 25, 2010 |publisher=Blu-ray.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:53:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
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      <origin>858572</origin>
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      <text bytes="14553" sha1="pnou3w8v2ftkbjarzqyd1cu2lobe0tm" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox ib-tv-episode vevent&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above summary&quot; |&quot;'''W.T.F.'''&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader nowrap&quot; |''[[South Park]]'' episode
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Episode &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;number&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;no.&lt;/abbr&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Season&amp;nbsp;13&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Episode 10
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Directed by
| class=&quot;infobox-data plainlist&quot; |[[Trey Parker]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Written by
| class=&quot;infobox-data plainlist&quot; |Trey Parker
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Production code
| class=&quot;infobox-data plainlist&quot; |1310
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Original air date
| class=&quot;infobox-data plainlist&quot; |October&amp;nbsp;21,&amp;nbsp;2009&lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated itvstart&quot;&gt;2009-10-21&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;episode guide&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;240&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091023095828/http://www.southparkstudios.co.uk/guide/episode/1310/ &quot;W.T.F.&quot;] South Park Studios. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;241&quot;&gt;Archived from [http://www.southparkstudios.co.uk/guide/episode/1310/ the original] on October 23, 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;242&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header noprint summary&quot; |Episode chronology
|- class=&quot;noprint&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |
{| style=&quot;width: 100%; display: inline-table;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;&quot; |←&amp;nbsp;'''Previous'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Butters' Bottom Bitch]]&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;&quot; |'''Next'''&amp;nbsp;→&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Whale Whores]]&quot;
|}
|- class=&quot;noprint&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[South Park season 13|''South Park'' season 13]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |[[List of South Park episodes|List of episodes]]
|}
{{Databox}}
&quot;'''W.T.F.'''&quot; shi ne karo na goma na kakar wasa ta goma sha uku na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka South Park . Abubuwan 191 gabaɗaya a cikin jerin an fara watsa su ne a Comedy Central a Amurka a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2009. A cikin labarin, 'yan Kudancin Park sun kafa nasu Gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya ta baya, suna jawo magoya bayan da suka fi sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun labaran ban mamaki fiye da abubuwan wasanni.

&quot;W.T.F.&quot; was written and directed by Trey Parker, and was rated TV-MA-L in the USA. The episode parodied several aspects of pro wrestling, highlighting the sport's emphasis on theatrical elements such as costumes, backstories, and scripted storylines. The episode demonstrated how amateur wrestling is often afforded less respect because of pro wrestling, and it presents pro wrestling fans as deluded rednecks while also likening them to middle-class theatergoers.

&quot;W.T.F.&quot; specifically parodies WWE and its former chairman, Vince McMahon. The episode received generally mixed reviews, with several commentators calling professional wrestling an overly easy target for ''South Park'' satire. According to Nielsen ratings, &quot;W.T.F.&quot; was seen by 1.37 million households among viewers aged between 18 and 49.

== Plot ==
After watching a live WWE match between Edge and [[John Cena]] at the Pepsi Center and being totally enthralled, Kyle, Stan, Cartman, Kenny, Butters, Jimmy and Token decide to join the school's wrestling team, unaware how different the sport is from pro wrestling. They all feel that the wrestling coach Mr. Connors's teaching of &quot;real wrestling&quot;, or &quot;wrassling&quot;, is too homoerotic and immediately quit the class to form their own BYW league called &quot;the Wrestling Takedown Federation&quot; (W.T.F.), much to the frustration of Mr. Connors. The boys' federation relies heavily on theatrical elements and scripted storylines, with such characters as a [[Rasha|Russian]] who belittles Americans (played by Cartman), a veteran of the Vietnam War (played by Stan), and a girl who has had 14 [[Zubar da ciki|abortions]] (also played by Cartman). Their audience grows quickly, and consists mostly of rednecks who believe the action and dialogue are real. As its popularity increases, the boys add an auditorium, complete with proscenium staging and theater-style lighting, to the back of Cartman's house. Soon, the events see the performers reciting dramatic monologues more often than engaging in wrestling and stunt work.

Mr. Connors is fired by the school board for the violence associated with wrestling, after the board fails to distinguish between what he teaches and pro wrestling (as do the town bar regulars). They also find videos of Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling on his iPhone and mistake them for gay porn. The boys are excited to learn WWE Chairman Vince McMahon has heard of their federation and will be scouting one of their shows. Mr. Connors sits in his apartment, surrounded by wrestling awards, in tears over his termination and what wrestling has become. Vengeful, he plans to sabotage the event as a personal vow to restore the integrity of wrestling. Cartman, Stan, Kyle, and Kenny secretly decide to relegate Butters, Jimmy, and Token to smaller roles, thinking that it will give them a better opportunity to impress McMahon. They hold tryouts in the manner of a theater audition in order to find new talent for their show, which is now more reminiscent of musical theatre than wrestling.

Mr. Connors sneaks into the event and unsuccessfully attempts to destroy the wrestling ring with a rocket launcher, killing Kenny instead. He runs into the ring and chastises the crowd with an impassioned monologue about how pro wrestling has ruined real wrestling, and the downward spiral his life has taken since it cost him his job (as well as everything else). The crowd begins to sympathize with him, angrily chanting, &quot;They took his job!.&quot; McMahon is impressed with the speech and decides to sign Mr. Connors to the WWE—much to his delight. The boys are frustrated at losing their latest shot at stardom and begin brawling amongst themselves, blaming each other for the lost opportunity. Unimpressed by the genuine wrestling and real conflicted drama, the crowd deems it &quot;fake&quot; and begins to leave.
[[Fayil:Cena_and_Edge_Face_Off.jpg|alt=Two shirtless men with their arms held up in defensive positions stand crouched facing each other inside a wrestling ring with three red ropes running parallel to each other. A crowd of spectators watches from all sides of the ring as a man wearing a referee shirt stands with his hands on his knees watching the two men.|right|thumb|240x240px|Professional wrestling in general, and the WWE in particular, are heavily spoofed in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; [[John Cena]] (''pictured second from right'') and Edge (''pictured left'') are both referenced in the episode.]]
&quot;W.T.F.&quot; was written and directed by series co-founder Trey Parker, and was rated TV-MA L in the USA. It first aired in the USA on October 21, 2009, on Comedy Central. &quot;W.T.F.&quot; parodies several aspects of professional wrestling, a form of theatre involving mock combat and catch wrestling, in which matches, along with pre- and post-match commentary and action, are choreographed and scripted. The ''South Park'' episode highlights the theatrical elements of professional wrestling, such as costumes, backstories, and scripted dramatic storylines. The fans are portrayed as far more interested in these theatrical elements than any actual athletic feats. The theatrical aspect of professional wrestling is often over-exaggerated in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; to add comedic emphasis and satire. For example, a try-out involves no actual wrestling at all, but rather dramatic monologues, and resembles the audition scene from the Broadway musical &quot;A Chorus Line&quot;. Similarly, Vince McMahon watches one of the matches from a balcony, wearing opera glasses, as in a theatre rather than a traditional wrestling venue.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN1022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PWInsider&quot; /&gt;

&quot;W.T.F.&quot; also demonstrates how amateur wrestling, an actual, non-choreographed sport with styles such as Greco-Roman and freestyle, is often afforded less respect because of pro wrestling. The boys initially mistake this form of wrestling for the scripted pro wrestling they are used to, and then are uninterested in it when they learn about the actual sport. The moves and holds their teacher tries to teach them are interpreted by the boys as homoerotic and treated with disrespect. The gym teacher, Mr. Connors, is portrayed as showing despair for what pro wrestling has done to harm &quot;real wrestling&quot;, culminating in a final scene in which he makes a tearful rant to the crowd at one of the boys' wrestling matches.

&quot;W.T.F.&quot; also mocks fans of pro wrestling, who are portrayed largely as stereotypical rednecks who believe the scripted storylines are real. The wrestling matches in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; are purposely fake-looking to emphasize the scripted nature of pro wrestling, and utilize elements typically featured in real matches, like the use of metal folding chairs as weapons. The professional wrestling characters created by the South Park boys, such as Cartman's &quot;the Rad Russian&quot;, are similar to the gimmick-based types of characters created by actual pro wrestling leagues, like [[Sheik na ƙarfe|The Iron Sheik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AVClub&quot; /&gt; These characters, too, are portrayed in an over-the-top way to emphasize the comedic satire of pro wrestling. This is particularly illustrated with the use of one of Cartman's characters, a female diva who claims to have had so many [[Zubar da ciki|abortions]], she has become addicted to them.

== Cultural references ==
[[Fayil:Vince_McMahon_(Dec_2008).jpg|alt=A man with short gray hair wearing a black suit jacket and black pants speaks into a microphone while standing in the middle of a wrestling ring, gesturing with his left hand. Behind him, a crowd of men wearing army camouflage uniforms watches.|right|thumb|Former WWE chairman Vince McMahon (''pictured'') is parodied in &quot;W.T.F.&quot;]]
Vince McMahon, in 2009 the chairman of WWE and occasional pro wrestler himself, is featured prominently in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; Various aspects of the WWE company are featured in &quot;W.T.F.&quot; [[John Cena]] and Edge, pro wrestlers who have both worked for the WWE, appear in a match against each other. Both are portrayed by voice actors, not the actual wrestlers themselves. The South Park boys host a &quot;W.T.F. Smackdown&quot; event, a reference to the TV program ''WWE SmackDown''. Tolkien's W.T.F attire resembles the attire of WWE wrestler R-Truth. A wrestling try-out held by the boys resembles scenes from the Broadway musical ''A Chorus Line'', which involves Broadway dancers auditioning for spots on a chorus line. One of the people trying out sings a musical number about why he wants to be a wrestler, which parodies the song &quot;Nothing&quot; from ''A Chorus Line''. The episode also includes references to the musical ''Fame'', the film ''Waiting for Guffman'' and the reality TV series ''American Idol''. When Cartman and Kenny order a meeting with Stan and Kyle to discuss the wrestling league, they meet at a Sizzler, a steak-and-seafood restaurant chain.

== Reception ==
In its original American broadcast on October 21, 2009, &quot;W.T.F&quot; was watched by 1.37 million households among viewers aged 18 to 34, according to Nielsen ratings. Among that age group, it ranked behind the FX drama series ''Sons of Anarchy'', which drew 1.43 million household viewers, as well as game five of the 2009 NLCS on TBS (1.56 million households) and a NFL game between the Broncos and Chargers on ESPN (3.57 million households).
 
&quot;W.T.F.&quot; received generally mixed reviews. Ramsey Isler of ''IGN'' said the pro wrestling parody was &quot;pretty spot on&quot;, but that the target was too easy, and the episode &quot;lacks a lot of the punchy kind of comedy that the show is usually known for&quot;. Nevertheless, Isler said the writing was clever and had funny moments, such as Kenny's &quot;El Pollo Loco&quot; character and the scene where the gym teacher tries to take down a security guard with a traditional wrestling move. Josh Modell of ''The A.V. Club'' gave the episode a C+ grade and called it &quot;one of those too-common ''SP'' episodes that could've been cut in half&quot;. Modell said the true-to-life way the boys formed their wrestling company was &quot;great&quot; and that the parody of pro wrestling was on target, but also said they &quot;have been told a million times before. They're not really jokes at this point.&quot;

Carlos Delgado of ''iF Magazine'' gave the episode a C+ grade, saying pro wrestling seems like a topic ''South Park'' should have mocked long ago. Delgado said the best scenes were the first moments of the boys' wrestling league, but that the &quot;novelty of the idea starts to fade&quot; and the developments become too outrageous. ''Maclean's'' writer Jamie Weinman criticized the episode and said pro wrestling was &quot;not exactly a timely target&quot;. Not all reviews were negative. Salon.com writer Mary Elizabeth Williams called the show &quot;perennially offensive [and] still shockingly funny&quot;, and particularly praised Cartman's wrestling character &quot;Bad Irene&quot;, who professes a love of and addiction to abortions. Williams called it, &quot;a reminder that the heated debate over choice frequently serves as America's prime-time entertainment&quot;.

== Home release ==
&quot;W.T.F.&quot;, along with the thirteen other episodes from ''South Park'''s thirteenth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set and two-disc Blu-ray set in the United States on March 16, 2010. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foster |first=Dave |date=December 14, 2009 |title=South Park Season 13 (R1/US BD) in March |url=http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=71969 |access-date=February 24, 2010 |publisher=DVD Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; a collection of deleted scenes, and a special mini-feature ''Inside Xbox: A Behind-the-Scenes Tour of South Park Studios'', which discussed the process behind animating the show with ''Inside xBox'' host Major Nelson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liebman |first=Martin |date=March 5, 2010 |title=South Park: The Complete Thirteenth Season Blu-ray Review |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/South-Park-The-Complete-Thirteenth-Season-Blu-ray-Review/8807/ |access-date=March 25, 2010 |publisher=Blu-ray.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Hermann Christof Einsele''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) masanin ilimin jini ne kuma masanin ilimin kanjamau kuma [[farfesa]] a Jami'ar Julius Maximilians ta Würzburg .

== Life and education ==
An haifi Hermann Einsele a Stuttgart, ɗan Ruth da Gerhard Einsele . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare, ya yi karatun likitanci a Tübingen, [[Manchester]] da [[Landan]] kuma ya kammala a 1984 tare da jarrabawar likitanci.

During his time as an assistant physician at the University Hospital of Tübingen, he undertook research at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried and at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in [[Seattle]], United States. In 1986 he received his doctor’s degree on the subject of &quot;Investigation of peroxidative reactions in erythrocytes&quot;. His habilitation followed in 1992.

In 1999, Einsele was appointed associate professor. In 2004, he succeeded Klaus Wilms as Director of the Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II of the University Hospital Würzburg and has since held the Chair of Internal Medicine II at Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg. In 2014 he was elected to the Academy of Science and Literature Mainz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vier neue Mitglieder in der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur |url=https://idw-online.de/en/news620185 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=idw-online.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2015 to 2021, Einsele was one of the five vice presidents of the University of Würzburg.

== Scientific work ==
Einsele is considered one of the world’s leading experts in the field of [[multiple myeloma]], cellular immunotherapy (CAR T cells, bispecific antibodies) and invasive aspergillosis in hematological and oncological patients.

His research is funded by the German Research Foundation, the [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] funding programs, the EU Commission (EU FP5,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-03-05 |title=CORDIS - EU research results |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/programme/id/FP5-GROWTH/en |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Programme for research technological development and demonstration on &quot;Competitive and sustainable growth 1998-2002&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; EU FP6,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-03-05 |title=CORDIS - EU research results |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/programme/id/FP6-LIFESCIHEALTH/en |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Life sciences, genomics and biotechnology for health: Thematic Priority 1 under the Focusing and Integrating Community Research programme 2002-2006.}}&lt;/ref&gt; EU FP7,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=CORDIS - EU research results |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/601722 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Donor T Cells for Immune Control}}&lt;/ref&gt; EU Horizon Europe), the German Cancer Aid, the German José Carreras Leukemia Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and the Wilhelm Sander Foundation, among others.

In 2003 he received the Van Bekkum Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2003-03-03 |title=Van Bekkum Award |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/1703957 |journal=Bone Marrow Transplantation |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=S1 |doi=10.1038/sj.bmt.1703957 |issn=1476-5365 |s2cid=235203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, the highest annual European award for research in the field of stem cell transplantation. In 2013, the “Wilhelm Sander Therapy Unit Multiple Myeloma” was founded at the University Hospital of Würzburg, which is funded by the Wilhelm Sander Foundation and headed by Einsele together with Stefan Knop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 November 2013 |title=Therapieeinheit für interdisziplinäre Myelombehandlung in Würzburg – Innovations Report |url=https://www.innovations-report.de/fachgebiete/medizin-gesundheit/therapieeinheit-interdisziplinaere-myelombehandlung-222448/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.innovations-report.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the period from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021, Einsele was elected Chairman of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology (DGHO).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vorstand |url=https://www.dgho.de/d-g-h-o/ueber-uns/vorstand |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und med. Onkologie e.V. |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Memberships ==

* Board of Trustees of the Wilhelm Sander Foundation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unsere Stiftungsorgane |url=https://www.wilhelm-sander-stiftung.de/stiftung/stiftungsorgane/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung |language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Scientific Advisory Board of the German Medical Association
* Head of the German Study Group Multiple Myeloma (DSMM)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deutsche Studiengruppe Multiples Myelom (DSMM) |url=https://lymphome.de/dsmm |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=lymphome |language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Medical Advisory Board of Multiple Myeloma Self-Help Austria
* Member of the Board of Directors of the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Würzburg, Germany
* Member of the Research Center for Infectious Diseases at Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Executive Committee - ZINF Research Center for Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/zinf/executive-committee/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.uni-wuerzburg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 Member of the Academia Europaea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hermann Einsele |url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Einsele_Hermann |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Member |publisher=Academia Europaea}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2020 Councilor, Board of the European Hematology Association (EHA), Amsterdam, Netherlands&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Association (EHA) |first=The European Hematology |title=Board |url=https://ehaweb.org/organization/eha-board/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The European Hematology Association (EHA) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2014 Member of the Academy of Science and Literature, Mainz, Germany
* 2014 - 2021 Member of the Grants Committee for clinical studies of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG, Bonn, Germany
* 2014 - 2020 ERC Grant Reviewer (Consolidator/Advanced Grants), Brussels, Belgium
* 2012 - 2021 Advisory Board Member in the funding program “Zwanzig20 - Partnership for Innovation”, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
* 2011 Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists, London, UK&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pathologists |first=The Royal College of |title=Honorary Fellows |url=https://www.rcpath.org/profession/committees/honorary-fellows.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.rcpath.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Research activities ==

* Since 2023 Speaker, National Center for Tumor Diseases – NCT WERA, Research and Technology (BMBF)
* Since 2023 Principal Investigator, European Commission, Horizon Europe Framework Program, “ELMUMY – Elucidation of risk factors and health determinants associated with progression of monoclonal gammopathies to multiple myeloma”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Elucidation of risk factors and health determinants associated with PROGRESSION of Monoclonal Gammopathies to Multiple Myeloma |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101097094 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=CORDIS - EU research results}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 Organization of the ESH European School of Haematology “4th How to Diagnose and Treat Multiple Myeloma”, Berlin, Germany&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-15 |title=4th How to Diagnose and Treat: Multiple Myeloma |url=http://www.esh.org/conference/4th-how-to-diagnose-and-treat-multiple-myeloma/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=ESH - European School of Haematology}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2022 Chairman of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vorstand |url=https://www.dgho.de/d-g-h-o/ueber-uns/vorstand |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und med. Onkologie e.V. |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2021 Co-coordinator, DFG CRC/TRR 338 “LETSIMMUN – Lymphocyte Engineering for Therapeutic Synthetic Immunity”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=People {{!}} letsimmun.de |url=https://letsimmun.de/people/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2021 Principal Investigator, DFG Clinical Research Group 5001 &quot;Peripheral mechanisms of pain and its resolution&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DFG - GEPRIS - Bortezomib-induzierte schmerzhafte Neuropathie: Risikofaktoren, Resilienz und Resolution (Rückbildung) |url=https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/451490449?context=projekt&amp;task=showDetail&amp;id=451490449&amp; |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=gepris.dfg.de |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021 Organization of the ESH European School of Haematology “3rd How to Diagnose and Treat Multiple Myeloma”, virtual&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-03-05 |title=3rd How to Diagnose and Treat Multiple Myeloma |url=http://www.esh.org/conference/esh-how-to-diagnose-and-treat-multiple-myeloma/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=ESH - European School of Haematology}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2020 Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board, Wilhelm Sander Foundation, Munich, Germany
* Since 2018 Co-Coordinator, DFG CRC/ TRR 221: “Modulation of graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia immune responses after allogeneic stem cell transplantation”, Project A03&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Executive Board - Sonderforschungsbereich Transregio 221 - Regensburg, Erlangen, Würzburg |url=https://www.gvhgvl.de/executive-board |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.gvhgvl.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2015 Principal Investigator, DFG CRC/ TRR 124: “Pathogenic Fungi and their Human Host: Networks of Interaction – FungiNet”, Project A2 / Project A8&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Principal Investigators - Collaborative Research Center/Transregio 124 - FungiNet |url=https://www.funginet.de/principal-investigators.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.funginet.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Hermann Christof Einsele''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) masanin ilimin jini ne kuma masanin ilimin kanjamau kuma [[farfesa]] a Jami'ar Julius Maximilians ta Würzburg .

== Life and education ==
An haifi Hermann Einsele a Stuttgart, ɗan Ruth da Gerhard Einsele . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare, ya yi karatun likitanci a Tübingen, [[Manchester]] da [[Landan]] kuma ya kammala a 1984 tare da jarrabawar likitanci.

During his time as an assistant physician at the University Hospital of Tübingen, he undertook research at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried and at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in [[Seattle]], United States. In 1986 he received his doctor’s degree on the subject of &quot;Investigation of peroxidative reactions in erythrocytes&quot;. His habilitation followed in 1992.

In 1999, Einsele was appointed associate professor. In 2004, he succeeded Klaus Wilms as Director of the Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II of the University Hospital Würzburg and has since held the Chair of Internal Medicine II at Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg. In 2014 he was elected to the Academy of Science and Literature Mainz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vier neue Mitglieder in der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur |url=https://idw-online.de/en/news620185 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=idw-online.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2015 to 2021, Einsele was one of the five vice presidents of the University of Würzburg.

== Scientific work ==
Einsele is considered one of the world’s leading experts in the field of [[multiple myeloma]], cellular immunotherapy (CAR T cells, bispecific antibodies) and invasive aspergillosis in hematological and oncological patients.

His research is funded by the German Research Foundation, the [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] funding programs, the EU Commission (EU FP5,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-03-05 |title=CORDIS - EU research results |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/programme/id/FP5-GROWTH/en |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Programme for research technological development and demonstration on &quot;Competitive and sustainable growth 1998-2002&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; EU FP6,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-03-05 |title=CORDIS - EU research results |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/programme/id/FP6-LIFESCIHEALTH/en |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Life sciences, genomics and biotechnology for health: Thematic Priority 1 under the Focusing and Integrating Community Research programme 2002-2006.}}&lt;/ref&gt; EU FP7,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=CORDIS - EU research results |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/601722 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Donor T Cells for Immune Control}}&lt;/ref&gt; EU Horizon Europe), the German Cancer Aid, the German José Carreras Leukemia Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and the Wilhelm Sander Foundation, among others.

In 2003 he received the Van Bekkum Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2003-03-03 |title=Van Bekkum Award |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/1703957 |journal=Bone Marrow Transplantation |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=S1 |doi=10.1038/sj.bmt.1703957 |issn=1476-5365 |s2cid=235203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, the highest annual European award for research in the field of stem cell transplantation. In 2013, the “Wilhelm Sander Therapy Unit Multiple Myeloma” was founded at the University Hospital of Würzburg, which is funded by the Wilhelm Sander Foundation and headed by Einsele together with Stefan Knop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 November 2013 |title=Therapieeinheit für interdisziplinäre Myelombehandlung in Würzburg – Innovations Report |url=https://www.innovations-report.de/fachgebiete/medizin-gesundheit/therapieeinheit-interdisziplinaere-myelombehandlung-222448/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.innovations-report.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the period from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021, Einsele was elected Chairman of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology (DGHO).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vorstand |url=https://www.dgho.de/d-g-h-o/ueber-uns/vorstand |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und med. Onkologie e.V. |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Memberships ==

* Board of Trustees of the Wilhelm Sander Foundation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unsere Stiftungsorgane |url=https://www.wilhelm-sander-stiftung.de/stiftung/stiftungsorgane/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung |language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Scientific Advisory Board of the German Medical Association
* Head of the German Study Group Multiple Myeloma (DSMM)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deutsche Studiengruppe Multiples Myelom (DSMM) |url=https://lymphome.de/dsmm |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=lymphome |language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Medical Advisory Board of Multiple Myeloma Self-Help Austria
* Member of the Board of Directors of the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Würzburg, Germany
* Member of the Research Center for Infectious Diseases at Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Executive Committee - ZINF Research Center for Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/zinf/executive-committee/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.uni-wuerzburg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 Member of the Academia Europaea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hermann Einsele |url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Einsele_Hermann |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Member |publisher=Academia Europaea}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2020 Councilor, Board of the European Hematology Association (EHA), Amsterdam, Netherlands&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Association (EHA) |first=The European Hematology |title=Board |url=https://ehaweb.org/organization/eha-board/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The European Hematology Association (EHA) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2014 Member of the Academy of Science and Literature, Mainz, Germany
* 2014 - 2021 Member of the Grants Committee for clinical studies of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG, Bonn, Germany
* 2014 - 2020 ERC Grant Reviewer (Consolidator/Advanced Grants), Brussels, Belgium
* 2012 - 2021 Advisory Board Member in the funding program “Zwanzig20 - Partnership for Innovation”, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
* 2011 Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists, London, UK&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pathologists |first=The Royal College of |title=Honorary Fellows |url=https://www.rcpath.org/profession/committees/honorary-fellows.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.rcpath.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Research activities ==

* Since 2023 Speaker, National Center for Tumor Diseases – NCT WERA, Research and Technology (BMBF)
* Since 2023 Principal Investigator, European Commission, Horizon Europe Framework Program, “ELMUMY – Elucidation of risk factors and health determinants associated with progression of monoclonal gammopathies to multiple myeloma”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Elucidation of risk factors and health determinants associated with PROGRESSION of Monoclonal Gammopathies to Multiple Myeloma |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101097094 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=CORDIS - EU research results}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 Organization of the ESH European School of Haematology “4th How to Diagnose and Treat Multiple Myeloma”, Berlin, Germany&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-15 |title=4th How to Diagnose and Treat: Multiple Myeloma |url=http://www.esh.org/conference/4th-how-to-diagnose-and-treat-multiple-myeloma/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=ESH - European School of Haematology}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2022 Chairman of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vorstand |url=https://www.dgho.de/d-g-h-o/ueber-uns/vorstand |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und med. Onkologie e.V. |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2021 Co-coordinator, DFG CRC/TRR 338 “LETSIMMUN – Lymphocyte Engineering for Therapeutic Synthetic Immunity”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=People {{!}} letsimmun.de |url=https://letsimmun.de/people/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2021 Principal Investigator, DFG Clinical Research Group 5001 &quot;Peripheral mechanisms of pain and its resolution&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DFG - GEPRIS - Bortezomib-induzierte schmerzhafte Neuropathie: Risikofaktoren, Resilienz und Resolution (Rückbildung) |url=https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/451490449?context=projekt&amp;task=showDetail&amp;id=451490449&amp; |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=gepris.dfg.de |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021 Organization of the ESH European School of Haematology “3rd How to Diagnose and Treat Multiple Myeloma”, virtual&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-03-05 |title=3rd How to Diagnose and Treat Multiple Myeloma |url=http://www.esh.org/conference/esh-how-to-diagnose-and-treat-multiple-myeloma/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=ESH - European School of Haematology}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2020 Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board, Wilhelm Sander Foundation, Munich, Germany
* Since 2018 Co-Coordinator, DFG CRC/ TRR 221: “Modulation of graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia immune responses after allogeneic stem cell transplantation”, Project A03&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Executive Board - Sonderforschungsbereich Transregio 221 - Regensburg, Erlangen, Würzburg |url=https://www.gvhgvl.de/executive-board |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.gvhgvl.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Since 2015 Principal Investigator, DFG CRC/ TRR 124: “Pathogenic Fungi and their Human Host: Networks of Interaction – FungiNet”, Project A2 / Project A8&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Principal Investigators - Collaborative Research Center/Transregio 124 - FungiNet |url=https://www.funginet.de/principal-investigators.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.funginet.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Faticism na kayan masarufi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356406724|Commodity fetishism]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:La_Boqueria.JPG|right|thumb|300x300px|Fetichism na kayan masarufi: A cikin tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwa (wuri)|kasuwa]], masu samarwa da masu amfani suna fahimtar juna ta hanyar kudi da kayayyaki da suke musayar.]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;A cikin falsafar Marxist, fetishism na '''kayan masarufi''' shine imani cewa al'amuran zamantakewa na kayan tattalin arziki suna cikin su, maimakon kasancewa maganganun dangantakar zamantakewa inda ake musayar kayayyaki da ayyukansu. Ta hanyar fetishism na kayan masarufi, abubuwan zamantakewa kamar darajar kasuwa, albashi da haya ana sanya su a matsayin masu amfani (wanda aka danganta da abubuwa, watau kayayyaki, [[Leburanci|aiki]], ƙasa) yayin da mutanen da suka tantance su - 'yan kasuwa, masu jari-hujja, masu gidaje - ana sanya su zama kamar marasa amfani ko ɓoye gaba ɗaya. Wannan ra'ayi yana da mahimmanci ga sukar [[Karl Marx]] game da ka'idar tattalin arziki, wanda ke neman gano tushen riba a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubin&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

In the first chapter of ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' (1867), commodity fetishism is used to explain how the social organization of labour manifests in the buying and selling of commodities (goods and services). In the marketplace, social relations among people—who makes what, who works for whom, the production-time for a commodity, etc.—are represented as social relations among objects.

In the first chapter of ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' (1867), commodity fetishism is used to explain how the social organization of labour manifests in the buying and selling of commodities (goods and services). In the marketplace, social relations among people—who makes what, who works for whom, the production-time for a commodity, etc.—are represented as social relations among objects.
{{Blockquote|As against this, the commodity-form, and the value-relation of the products of labour, within which it appears, have absolutely no connection with the physical nature of the commodity and the material relations arising out of this. It is nothing but the definite social relation, between men, themselves, which assumes here, for them, the fantastic form of a relation between things. In order, therefore, to find an analogy, we must take flight into the misty realm of religion. There the products of the human brain appear as autonomous figures endowed with a life of their own, which enter into relations, both with each other and with the human race. So it is in the world of commodities with the products of men's hands. I call this the fetishism which attaches itself to the products of labour as soon as they are produced as commodities, and is, therefore, inseparable from the production of commodities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Capital |year=1990 |publisher=Penguin Classics |location=London |page=165}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
According to Marx, the operation of commodity fetishism requires the owners of capital to actively ignore or maintain an indifference to the relational whole that produces a commodity.: 132 

== Development ==
[[Fayil:Fetish_Image_(relates_to_David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg|thumb|A South African fetish figurine whose supernatural powers protect the owner and kin in the natural world ({{Circa|1900}})]]
[[Fayil:McKinley_Prosperity.jpg|alt=Presidential candidate William McKinley stands on an oversized gold coin carried by a merchant, a capitalist, a businessman, a craftsman and others, beneath the word &quot;Prosperity&quot;|thumb|A political poster shows gold coin as the basis of prosperity (c. 1896).]]
The theory of commodity fetishism (German: Warenfetischismus) originated from Karl Marx's references to ''fetishes'' and ''fetishism'' in his analyses of religious superstition, and in the criticism of the beliefs of political economists.&lt;ref&gt;The various references in the 'Wood Theft' articles to idols, animal masks, worship of animals, and fetishes, reflect Marx's systematic study (1841–42) of primitive religion. The notebooks indicate that Marx was especially interested in the concept of fetishism — its nature, its origins, and the difference between ancient and modern forms of fetishism. (MEGA, Vol . 1, Part 2 p. 115ff) — {{Cite journal |last=Sherover |first=Erica |year=1979 |title=The Virtue of Poverty: Marx's Transformation of Hegel's Concept of the Poor |url=http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/ricky/CanJnlRicky79.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=53–66 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013070030/http://marcuse.org/herbert/people/ricky/CanJnlRicky79.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=1 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marx borrowed the concept of &quot;fetishism&quot; from ''The Cult of Fetish Gods'' (1760) by Charles de Brosses, which proposed a materialist theory of the origin of religion. Moreover, in the 1840s, the philosophic discussion of fetishism by Auguste Comte, and Ludwig Feuerbach's psychological interpretation of religion also influenced Marx's development of commodity fetishism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philosophy3.p65 |url=http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/comte/Philosophy3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707043953/http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/comte/Philosophy3.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Socserv.mcmaster.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marx's first mention of fetishism appeared in 1842, in his response to a newspaper article by Karl Heinrich Hermes that proposed to censor &quot;philosophical and religious&quot; arguments from newspapers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leading Article in No. 179 of the Kölnische Zeitung |url=http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/07/10.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309234220/http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/07/10.htm |archive-date=9 March 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hermes agreed with the German philosopher Hegel in regarding fetishism as the crudest form of religion. Marx dismissed that argument and Hermes's definition of religion as that which elevates man &quot;above sensuous appetites&quot;. Instead, Marx said that fetishism is &quot;the religion of sensuous appetites&quot;, and that the fantasy of the appetites tricks the fetish worshipper into believing that an inanimate object will yield its natural character to gratify the desires of the worshipper. Therefore, the crude appetite of the fetish worshipper smashes the fetish when it ceases to be of service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Commodity fetishism - Fredy Perlman |url=https://libcom.org/library/commodity-fetishism-fredy-perlman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225233310/http://libcom.org/library/commodity-fetishism-fredy-perlman |archive-date=25 December 2007 |access-date=9 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=The fetishism of commodities |url=https://libcom.org/library/fetishism-commodities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628011232/http://libcom.org/library/fetishism-commodities |archive-date=28 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marx returned to the theme later that year when commenting on Rhineland legislative debates that established complex penalties for the formerly legal gathering of wood in private forests. He attacked the laws as justifiable only if the wood itself were held sacred:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1842: Debates on the Law on Thefts of Wood |url=http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/10/25.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309234010/http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/10/25.htm |archive-date=9 March 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Blockquote|The savages of Cuba regarded [[gold]] as a fetish of the Spaniards. They celebrated a feast in its honour, sang in a circle around it, and then threw it into the sea. If the Cuban savages had been present at the sitting of the Rhine Province Assembly, would they not have regarded wood as the Rhinelanders' fetish? But a subsequent sitting would have taught them that the worship of animals is connected with this fetishism, and they would have thrown the hares into the sea in order to save the human beings.}}
In the ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844'', Marx spoke of the European fetish of precious-metal money:
{{Blockquote|The nations which are still dazzled by the sensuous glitter of precious metals, and are, therefore, still fetish-worshippers of metal money, are not yet fully developed money-nations. [Note the] contrast of France and England. The extent to which the solution of theoretical riddles is the task of practice, and is effected through practice, the extent to which true practice is the condition of a real and positive theory, is shown, for example, in fetishism. The sensuous consciousness of the fetish-worshipper is different from that of the Greek, because his sensuous existence is different. The abstract enmity between sense and spirit is necessary so long as the human feeling for nature, the human sense of nature, and, therefore, also the natural sense of man, are not yet produced by man's own labour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Karl Marx|title=&quot;Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844&quot;, in ''Marx-Engels Collected Works''|volume=3|location=Moscow|publisher=Progress|date=1975|page=312|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/needs.htm|access-date=8 June 2010|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922151449/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/needs.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
In the ethnological notebooks, he commented upon the archaeological reportage of ''The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social conditions of Savages'' (1870), by John Lubbock. In the ''Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy'' (Grundrisse, 1859), he criticized the liberal arguments of the French economist Frédéric Bastiat; and about fetishes and fetishism Marx said:
{{Blockquote|In real history, wage labour arises out of the dissolution of [[slavery]] and [[serfdom]]—or of the decay of communal property, as with Oriental and Slavonic peoples—and, in its adequate, epoch-making form, the form which takes possession of the entire social being of labour, out of the decline and fall of the guild economy, of the system of Estates, of labour and [[income in kind]], of industry carried on as rural subsidiary occupation, of small-scale feudal agriculture, etc. In all these real historic transitions, wage labour appears as the dissolution, the annihilation of relations in which labour was fixed on all sides, in its income, its content, its location, its scope, etc. Hence, as negation of the stability of labour and of its remuneration. The direct transition from the African's fetish to Voltaire's &quot;Supreme Being&quot;, or from the hunting gear of a North American savage to the capital of the Bank of England, is not so absurdly contrary to history, as is the transition from Bastiat's fisherman to the wage labourer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch17.htm |title=Grundrisse 17 |website=Marxists.org |access-date=2017-01-03 |archive-date=21 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221142432/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch17.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
In ''A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy'' (1859), Marx referred to ''A Discourse on the Rise, Progress, Peculiar Objects, and Importance of Political Economy'' (1825), by John Ramsay McCulloch, who said that &quot;In its natural state, matter ... is always destitute of value&quot;, with which Marx concurred, saying that &quot;this shows how high even a McCulloch stands above the fetishism of German 'thinkers' who assert that 'material', and half a dozen similar irrelevancies are elements of value&quot;.

Furthermore, in the manuscript of &quot;Results of the Immediate Process of Production&quot; (c. 1864), an appendix to ''Capital: Critique of Political Economy, Volume 1'' (1867), Marx said that:
{{Blockquote|... we find in the capitalist process of production [an] ''indissoluble fusion of use-values'' in which capital subsists [as] ''means of production'' and ''objects'' defined as capital, when what we are really faced with is a definite social relationship of production. In consequence, the ''product'' embedded in this mode of production is equated with the commodity, by those who have to deal with it. It is this that forms the foundation for the fetishism of the political economists.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx,''Results of the Immediate Process of Production'', appendix in ''Capital Volume 1''. Penguin edition, 1976, p. 983.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Hence did Karl Marx apply the concepts of ''fetish'' and ''fetishism'', derived from economic and ethnologic studies, to the development of the theory of commodity fetishism, wherein an economic abstraction (value) is psychologically transformed (reified) into an object, which people choose to believe has an intrinsic value, in and of itself.&lt;ref&gt;For more details, see {{Cite journal |last=Boer |first=Roland |year=2010 |title=That Hideous Pagan Idol: Marx, Fetishism and Graven Images |journal=Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=93–116 |doi=10.1080/03017600903454413 |s2cid=143420404}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Critique ==

=== In the critique of political economy ===
Marx proposed that in a society where independent, private producers trade their products with each other, of their own volition and initiative, and without much coordination of market exchange, the volumes of production and commercial activities are adjusted in accordance with the ''fluctuating values'' of the products (goods and services) as they are bought and sold, and in accordance with the fluctuations of supply and demand. Because their social coexistence, and its meaning, is expressed through market exchange (trade and transaction), people have no other relations with each other. Therefore, social relations are continually mediated and expressed with objects (commodities and money). How the traded commodities relate will depend upon the costs of production, which are reducible to quantities of human labour, although the worker has no control over what happens to the commodities that they produce. (See: ''Entfremdung'', Marx's theory of alienation)

The concept of the ''intrinsic value'' of commodities (goods and services) determines and dominates the economic (business) relationships among people, to the extent that buyers and sellers continually adjust their beliefs (financial expectations) about the value of things—either consciously or unconsciously—to the proportionate price changes (market value) of the commodities over which buyers and sellers believe they have no true control. That psychologic perception transforms the trading-value of a commodity into an independent entity (an object), to the degree that the social value of the goods and services appears to be a natural property of the commodity itself. Thence objectified, ''the market'' appears as if self-regulated (by fluctuating supply and demand) because, in pursuit of profit, the consumers of the products ceased to perceive the human co-operation among capitalists that is the true engine of the market where commodities are bought and sold; such is the domination of things in the market.

=== Objectified value ===
The value of a commodity originates from the human being's intellectual and perceptual capacity to consciously (subjectively) ascribe a relative value (importance) to a commodity, the goods and services manufactured by the [[Leburanci|labour]] of a worker. Therefore, in the course of the [[economic transactions]] (buying and selling) that constitute market exchange, people ascribe ''subjective'' values to the commodities, which the buyers and the sellers then perceive as ''objective'' values, the market-exchange prices that people will pay for the commodities.

=== Naturalization of market behaviour ===
In a capitalist society, the human perception that &quot;the market&quot; is an independent, sentient entity, is how buyers, sellers, and producers naturalize market exchange (the human choices and decisions that constitute commerce)  as a series of &quot;natural phenomena ... that ... happen of their own accord&quot;. Such were the political-economy arguments of the economists whom Karl Marx criticized when they spoke of the &quot;natural equilibria&quot; of markets, as if the price (value) of a commodity were independent of the volition and initiative of the capitalist producers, buyers, and sellers of commodities.

In the 18th century, the Scottish social philosopher and political economist [[Adam Smith]], in ''The Wealth of Nations'' (1776) proposed that the &quot;truck, barter, and exchange&quot; activities of the market were corresponding economic representations of human nature, that is, the buying and selling of commodities were activities intrinsic to the market, and thus are the &quot;natural behaviour&quot; of the market. Hence, Smith proposed that a market economy was a self-regulating entity that &quot;naturally&quot; tended towards economic equilibrium, wherein the relative prices (the value) of a commodity ensured that the buyers and sellers obtained what they wanted for and from their goods and services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Smith |title=An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations |url=http://geolib.com/smith.adam/won1-02.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127232311/http://geolib.com/smith.adam/won1-02.html |archive-date=27 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Geolib.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 19th century, Karl Marx contradicted the artifice of Adam Smith's &quot;naturalisation of the market's behaviour&quot; as a politico-ideologic apology—by and for the capitalists—which allowed human economic choices and decisions to be misrepresented as fixed &quot;facts of life&quot;, rather than as the human actions that resulted from the will of the producers, the buyers, and the sellers of the commodities traded at market. Such &quot;immutable economic laws&quot; are what ''Capital: Critique of Political Economy'' (1867) revealed about the functioning of the [[Jari-hujja|capitalist]] mode of production, how goods and services (commodities) are circulated among a society; and thus explain the psychological phenomenon of commodity fetishism, which ascribes an independent, objective value and reality to a thing that has no inherent value—other than the value given to it by the producer, the seller, and the buyer of the commodity.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:La_Boqueria.JPG|right|thumb|300x300px|Fetichism na kayan masarufi: A cikin tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwa (wuri)|kasuwa]], masu samarwa da masu amfani suna fahimtar juna ta hanyar kudi da kayayyaki da suke musayar.]]
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{{Databox}}

A cikin falsafar Marxist, fetishism na '''kayan masarufi''' shine imani cewa al'amuran zamantakewa na kayan tattalin arziki suna cikin su, maimakon kasancewa maganganun dangantakar zamantakewa inda ake musayar kayayyaki da ayyukansu. Ta hanyar fetishism na kayan masarufi, abubuwan zamantakewa kamar darajar kasuwa, albashi da haya ana sanya su a matsayin masu amfani (wanda aka danganta da abubuwa, watau kayayyaki, [[Leburanci|aiki]], ƙasa) yayin da mutanen da suka tantance su - 'yan kasuwa, masu jari-hujja, masu gidaje - ana sanya su zama kamar marasa amfani ko ɓoye gaba ɗaya. Wannan ra'ayi yana da mahimmanci ga sukar [[Karl Marx]] game da ka'idar tattalin arziki, wanda ke neman gano tushen riba a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubin&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

In the first chapter of ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' (1867), commodity fetishism is used to explain how the social organization of labour manifests in the buying and selling of commodities (goods and services). In the marketplace, social relations among people—who makes what, who works for whom, the production-time for a commodity, etc.—are represented as social relations among objects.

In the first chapter of ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' (1867), commodity fetishism is used to explain how the social organization of labour manifests in the buying and selling of commodities (goods and services). In the marketplace, social relations among people—who makes what, who works for whom, the production-time for a commodity, etc.—are represented as social relations among objects.
{{Blockquote|As against this, the commodity-form, and the value-relation of the products of labour, within which it appears, have absolutely no connection with the physical nature of the commodity and the material relations arising out of this. It is nothing but the definite social relation, between men, themselves, which assumes here, for them, the fantastic form of a relation between things. In order, therefore, to find an analogy, we must take flight into the misty realm of religion. There the products of the human brain appear as autonomous figures endowed with a life of their own, which enter into relations, both with each other and with the human race. So it is in the world of commodities with the products of men's hands. I call this the fetishism which attaches itself to the products of labour as soon as they are produced as commodities, and is, therefore, inseparable from the production of commodities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Capital |year=1990 |publisher=Penguin Classics |location=London |page=165}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
According to Marx, the operation of commodity fetishism requires the owners of capital to actively ignore or maintain an indifference to the relational whole that produces a commodity.: 132 

== Development ==
[[Fayil:Fetish_Image_(relates_to_David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg|thumb|A South African fetish figurine whose supernatural powers protect the owner and kin in the natural world ({{Circa|1900}})]]
[[Fayil:McKinley_Prosperity.jpg|alt=Presidential candidate William McKinley stands on an oversized gold coin carried by a merchant, a capitalist, a businessman, a craftsman and others, beneath the word &quot;Prosperity&quot;|thumb|A political poster shows gold coin as the basis of prosperity (c. 1896).]]
The theory of commodity fetishism (German: Warenfetischismus) originated from Karl Marx's references to ''fetishes'' and ''fetishism'' in his analyses of religious superstition, and in the criticism of the beliefs of political economists.&lt;ref&gt;The various references in the 'Wood Theft' articles to idols, animal masks, worship of animals, and fetishes, reflect Marx's systematic study (1841–42) of primitive religion. The notebooks indicate that Marx was especially interested in the concept of fetishism — its nature, its origins, and the difference between ancient and modern forms of fetishism. (MEGA, Vol . 1, Part 2 p. 115ff) — {{Cite journal |last=Sherover |first=Erica |year=1979 |title=The Virtue of Poverty: Marx's Transformation of Hegel's Concept of the Poor |url=http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/ricky/CanJnlRicky79.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=53–66 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013070030/http://marcuse.org/herbert/people/ricky/CanJnlRicky79.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=1 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marx borrowed the concept of &quot;fetishism&quot; from ''The Cult of Fetish Gods'' (1760) by Charles de Brosses, which proposed a materialist theory of the origin of religion. Moreover, in the 1840s, the philosophic discussion of fetishism by Auguste Comte, and Ludwig Feuerbach's psychological interpretation of religion also influenced Marx's development of commodity fetishism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philosophy3.p65 |url=http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/comte/Philosophy3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707043953/http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/comte/Philosophy3.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Socserv.mcmaster.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marx's first mention of fetishism appeared in 1842, in his response to a newspaper article by Karl Heinrich Hermes that proposed to censor &quot;philosophical and religious&quot; arguments from newspapers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leading Article in No. 179 of the Kölnische Zeitung |url=http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/07/10.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309234220/http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/07/10.htm |archive-date=9 March 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hermes agreed with the German philosopher Hegel in regarding fetishism as the crudest form of religion. Marx dismissed that argument and Hermes's definition of religion as that which elevates man &quot;above sensuous appetites&quot;. Instead, Marx said that fetishism is &quot;the religion of sensuous appetites&quot;, and that the fantasy of the appetites tricks the fetish worshipper into believing that an inanimate object will yield its natural character to gratify the desires of the worshipper. Therefore, the crude appetite of the fetish worshipper smashes the fetish when it ceases to be of service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Commodity fetishism - Fredy Perlman |url=https://libcom.org/library/commodity-fetishism-fredy-perlman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225233310/http://libcom.org/library/commodity-fetishism-fredy-perlman |archive-date=25 December 2007 |access-date=9 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=The fetishism of commodities |url=https://libcom.org/library/fetishism-commodities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628011232/http://libcom.org/library/fetishism-commodities |archive-date=28 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marx returned to the theme later that year when commenting on Rhineland legislative debates that established complex penalties for the formerly legal gathering of wood in private forests. He attacked the laws as justifiable only if the wood itself were held sacred:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1842: Debates on the Law on Thefts of Wood |url=http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/10/25.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309234010/http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/10/25.htm |archive-date=9 March 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Blockquote|The savages of Cuba regarded [[gold]] as a fetish of the Spaniards. They celebrated a feast in its honour, sang in a circle around it, and then threw it into the sea. If the Cuban savages had been present at the sitting of the Rhine Province Assembly, would they not have regarded wood as the Rhinelanders' fetish? But a subsequent sitting would have taught them that the worship of animals is connected with this fetishism, and they would have thrown the hares into the sea in order to save the human beings.}}
In the ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844'', Marx spoke of the European fetish of precious-metal money:
{{Blockquote|The nations which are still dazzled by the sensuous glitter of precious metals, and are, therefore, still fetish-worshippers of metal money, are not yet fully developed money-nations. [Note the] contrast of France and England. The extent to which the solution of theoretical riddles is the task of practice, and is effected through practice, the extent to which true practice is the condition of a real and positive theory, is shown, for example, in fetishism. The sensuous consciousness of the fetish-worshipper is different from that of the Greek, because his sensuous existence is different. The abstract enmity between sense and spirit is necessary so long as the human feeling for nature, the human sense of nature, and, therefore, also the natural sense of man, are not yet produced by man's own labour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Karl Marx|title=&quot;Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844&quot;, in ''Marx-Engels Collected Works''|volume=3|location=Moscow|publisher=Progress|date=1975|page=312|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/needs.htm|access-date=8 June 2010|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922151449/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/needs.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
In the ethnological notebooks, he commented upon the archaeological reportage of ''The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social conditions of Savages'' (1870), by John Lubbock. In the ''Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy'' (Grundrisse, 1859), he criticized the liberal arguments of the French economist Frédéric Bastiat; and about fetishes and fetishism Marx said:
{{Blockquote|In real history, wage labour arises out of the dissolution of [[slavery]] and [[serfdom]]—or of the decay of communal property, as with Oriental and Slavonic peoples—and, in its adequate, epoch-making form, the form which takes possession of the entire social being of labour, out of the decline and fall of the guild economy, of the system of Estates, of labour and [[income in kind]], of industry carried on as rural subsidiary occupation, of small-scale feudal agriculture, etc. In all these real historic transitions, wage labour appears as the dissolution, the annihilation of relations in which labour was fixed on all sides, in its income, its content, its location, its scope, etc. Hence, as negation of the stability of labour and of its remuneration. The direct transition from the African's fetish to Voltaire's &quot;Supreme Being&quot;, or from the hunting gear of a North American savage to the capital of the Bank of England, is not so absurdly contrary to history, as is the transition from Bastiat's fisherman to the wage labourer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch17.htm |title=Grundrisse 17 |website=Marxists.org |access-date=2017-01-03 |archive-date=21 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221142432/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch17.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
In ''A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy'' (1859), Marx referred to ''A Discourse on the Rise, Progress, Peculiar Objects, and Importance of Political Economy'' (1825), by John Ramsay McCulloch, who said that &quot;In its natural state, matter ... is always destitute of value&quot;, with which Marx concurred, saying that &quot;this shows how high even a McCulloch stands above the fetishism of German 'thinkers' who assert that 'material', and half a dozen similar irrelevancies are elements of value&quot;.

Furthermore, in the manuscript of &quot;Results of the Immediate Process of Production&quot; (c. 1864), an appendix to ''Capital: Critique of Political Economy, Volume 1'' (1867), Marx said that:
{{Blockquote|... we find in the capitalist process of production [an] ''indissoluble fusion of use-values'' in which capital subsists [as] ''means of production'' and ''objects'' defined as capital, when what we are really faced with is a definite social relationship of production. In consequence, the ''product'' embedded in this mode of production is equated with the commodity, by those who have to deal with it. It is this that forms the foundation for the fetishism of the political economists.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx,''Results of the Immediate Process of Production'', appendix in ''Capital Volume 1''. Penguin edition, 1976, p. 983.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Hence did Karl Marx apply the concepts of ''fetish'' and ''fetishism'', derived from economic and ethnologic studies, to the development of the theory of commodity fetishism, wherein an economic abstraction (value) is psychologically transformed (reified) into an object, which people choose to believe has an intrinsic value, in and of itself.&lt;ref&gt;For more details, see {{Cite journal |last=Boer |first=Roland |year=2010 |title=That Hideous Pagan Idol: Marx, Fetishism and Graven Images |journal=Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=93–116 |doi=10.1080/03017600903454413 |s2cid=143420404}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Critique ==

=== In the critique of political economy ===
Marx proposed that in a society where independent, private producers trade their products with each other, of their own volition and initiative, and without much coordination of market exchange, the volumes of production and commercial activities are adjusted in accordance with the ''fluctuating values'' of the products (goods and services) as they are bought and sold, and in accordance with the fluctuations of supply and demand. Because their social coexistence, and its meaning, is expressed through market exchange (trade and transaction), people have no other relations with each other. Therefore, social relations are continually mediated and expressed with objects (commodities and money). How the traded commodities relate will depend upon the costs of production, which are reducible to quantities of human labour, although the worker has no control over what happens to the commodities that they produce. (See: ''Entfremdung'', Marx's theory of alienation)

The concept of the ''intrinsic value'' of commodities (goods and services) determines and dominates the economic (business) relationships among people, to the extent that buyers and sellers continually adjust their beliefs (financial expectations) about the value of things—either consciously or unconsciously—to the proportionate price changes (market value) of the commodities over which buyers and sellers believe they have no true control. That psychologic perception transforms the trading-value of a commodity into an independent entity (an object), to the degree that the social value of the goods and services appears to be a natural property of the commodity itself. Thence objectified, ''the market'' appears as if self-regulated (by fluctuating supply and demand) because, in pursuit of profit, the consumers of the products ceased to perceive the human co-operation among capitalists that is the true engine of the market where commodities are bought and sold; such is the domination of things in the market.

=== Objectified value ===
The value of a commodity originates from the human being's intellectual and perceptual capacity to consciously (subjectively) ascribe a relative value (importance) to a commodity, the goods and services manufactured by the [[Leburanci|labour]] of a worker. Therefore, in the course of the [[economic transactions]] (buying and selling) that constitute market exchange, people ascribe ''subjective'' values to the commodities, which the buyers and the sellers then perceive as ''objective'' values, the market-exchange prices that people will pay for the commodities.

=== Naturalization of market behaviour ===
In a capitalist society, the human perception that &quot;the market&quot; is an independent, sentient entity, is how buyers, sellers, and producers naturalize market exchange (the human choices and decisions that constitute commerce)  as a series of &quot;natural phenomena ... that ... happen of their own accord&quot;. Such were the political-economy arguments of the economists whom Karl Marx criticized when they spoke of the &quot;natural equilibria&quot; of markets, as if the price (value) of a commodity were independent of the volition and initiative of the capitalist producers, buyers, and sellers of commodities.

In the 18th century, the Scottish social philosopher and political economist [[Adam Smith]], in ''The Wealth of Nations'' (1776) proposed that the &quot;truck, barter, and exchange&quot; activities of the market were corresponding economic representations of human nature, that is, the buying and selling of commodities were activities intrinsic to the market, and thus are the &quot;natural behaviour&quot; of the market. Hence, Smith proposed that a market economy was a self-regulating entity that &quot;naturally&quot; tended towards economic equilibrium, wherein the relative prices (the value) of a commodity ensured that the buyers and sellers obtained what they wanted for and from their goods and services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Smith |title=An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations |url=http://geolib.com/smith.adam/won1-02.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127232311/http://geolib.com/smith.adam/won1-02.html |archive-date=27 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Geolib.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 19th century, Karl Marx contradicted the artifice of Adam Smith's &quot;naturalisation of the market's behaviour&quot; as a politico-ideologic apology—by and for the capitalists—which allowed human economic choices and decisions to be misrepresented as fixed &quot;facts of life&quot;, rather than as the human actions that resulted from the will of the producers, the buyers, and the sellers of the commodities traded at market. Such &quot;immutable economic laws&quot; are what ''Capital: Critique of Political Economy'' (1867) revealed about the functioning of the [[Jari-hujja|capitalist]] mode of production, how goods and services (commodities) are circulated among a society; and thus explain the psychological phenomenon of commodity fetishism, which ascribes an independent, objective value and reality to a thing that has no inherent value—other than the value given to it by the producer, the seller, and the buyer of the commodity.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354094461|Chike Ofodile]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Chike Francis Ofodile''', [[Order of the Federal Republic|OFR]] (20 Nuwamba 1921 - 3 Agusta2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Okonkwo |first=Nwabueze |date=5 August 2014 |title=Ofodile, ex-Justice Minister feared dead |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/ofodile-ex-justice-minister-feared-dead/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;ya kasance Babban Lauyan kuma Ministan Shari'a na Najeriya daga 1985 zuwa 1991 kuma Alkalin [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] daga 1984 zuwa 1985. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal Attorneys-General of the Federation of Nigeria – Past &amp; Present |url=https://lawnigeria.com/2018/03/attorneys-general-of-the-federation-of-nigeria-past-present/ |website=LawNigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance Firayim Minista na gargajiya na Onitsha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 October 2009 |title=Obi of Onitsha survives kidnap attempt |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/obi-of-onitsha-survives-kidnap-attempt/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Onowu Chike Ofodile a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1921, a [[Onitsha]], Jihar Anambra . Don karatun firamare, ya halarci makarantar jarirai ta Ikilisiyar Immanuel, makarantar firamare ta St. Mary a Onitsha . Ilimi na makarantar sakandare ya kasance a [[Kwalejin Sarki Kiristi|Kwalejin Kristi Sarki (CKC]]) , kuma a Onitsha . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga CKC, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Makarantar Triniti Mai Tsarki, Onitsha a shekarar 1941. A shekara ta 1954 ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Balham da Tooting, London da North-Western Polytechnic, London. Ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Kotun a shekarar 1959. An kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na Tsakiya, London, kuma a shekarar 1959. Ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a shekarar 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNL2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |date=7 September 2017 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Chike Ofodile SAN, OFR |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127043853/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |agency=DNL Legal}}&lt;/ref&gt;((((((((((((November 20, 1921, in Onitsha, Anambra State. For his primary school education, he attended Immanuel Church Infant School, St. Mary’s Primary School in Onitsha. His secondary school education was at Christ the King College (CKC), also in Onitsha. After his graduation from CKC, he worked as a teacher at the Holy Trinity School, Onitsha in 1941. In 1954 proceeded to Balham and Tooting College, London and North-Western Polytechnic, London. He attended the Inns of Court School of Law in 1959. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, London, also in 1959. He attended￼

== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aikin lauya a 1959 a cikin ɗakunan dan uwansa kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1964. A shekara ta 1964, ya shiga aikin kansa. A shekara ta 1979, an sanya shi [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|Babban Lauyan]] [[Najeriya]] da kuma mai kula da rayuwa. Ya bar aikin kansa a 1983 kuma ya zama memba na Babban Kwamitin Soja. A shekara ta 1984, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Janar Muhammadu Buhari]], shugaban soja na Najeriya a lokacin ya nada shi a matsayin Babban Lauyan Tarayya da Ministan Shari'a. Ya bar ofis a watan Agustan shekara ta 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kalu |first=Awa |date=3 September 2014 |title=The SAN's Pulpit: Chief Chike Ofodile, SAN: The most handsome is gone (2) |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/sans-pulpit-chief-chike-ofodile-san-handsome-gone-2/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==
A shekara ta 2008, Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, Jami'in Order of the Federal Republic ((OFR).&lt;ref name=&quot;DNL3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |date=7 September 2017 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Chike Ofodile SAN, OFR |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127043853/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |agency=DNL Legal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Ministers of Justice}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Cite web |date=21 March 2009 |title=Bola Ajibola: An icon at 75 |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/225/1/Bola-Ajibola-An-icon-at-75/Page1.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220125953/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/225/1/Bola-Ajibola-An-icon-at-75/Page1.html |archive-date=20 December 2010 |access-date=29 September 2021}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858609</id>
      <parentid>858606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858609</origin>
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      <text bytes="4499" sha1="kkyrlcvp4dr15y3gzezcw41idrojd51" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
/&gt;'''Chike Francis Ofodile''', [[Order of the Federal Republic|OFR]] (20 Nuwamba 1921 - 3 Agusta2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Okonkwo |first=Nwabueze |date=5 August 2014 |title=Ofodile, ex-Justice Minister feared dead |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/ofodile-ex-justice-minister-feared-dead/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;ya kasance Babban Lauyan kuma Ministan Shari'a na Najeriya daga 1985 zuwa 1991 kuma Alkalin [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] daga 1984 zuwa 1985. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal Attorneys-General of the Federation of Nigeria – Past &amp; Present |url=https://lawnigeria.com/2018/03/attorneys-general-of-the-federation-of-nigeria-past-present/ |website=LawNigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance Firayim Minista na gargajiya na Onitsha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 October 2009 |title=Obi of Onitsha survives kidnap attempt |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/obi-of-onitsha-survives-kidnap-attempt/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Onowu Chike Ofodile a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1921, a [[Onitsha]], Jihar Anambra . Don karatun firamare, ya halarci makarantar jarirai ta Ikilisiyar Immanuel, makarantar firamare ta St. Mary a Onitsha . Ilimi na makarantar sakandare ya kasance a [[Kwalejin Sarki Kiristi|Kwalejin Kristi Sarki (CKC]]) , kuma a Onitsha . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga CKC, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Makarantar Triniti Mai Tsarki, Onitsha a shekarar 1941. A shekara ta 1954 ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Balham da Tooting, London da North-Western Polytechnic, London. Ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Kotun a shekarar 1959. An kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na Tsakiya, London, kuma a shekarar 1959. Ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a shekarar 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNL2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |date=7 September 2017 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Chike Ofodile SAN, OFR |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127043853/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |agency=DNL Legal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aikin lauya a 1959 a cikin ɗakunan dan uwansa kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1964. A shekara ta 1964, ya shiga aikin kansa. A shekara ta 1979, an sanya shi [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|Babban Lauyan]] [[Najeriya]] da kuma mai kula da rayuwa. Ya bar aikin kansa a 1983 kuma ya zama memba na Babban Kwamitin Soja. A shekara ta 1984, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Janar Muhammadu Buhari]], shugaban soja na Najeriya a lokacin ya nada shi a matsayin Babban Lauyan Tarayya da Ministan Shari'a. Ya bar ofis a watan Agustan shekara ta 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kalu |first=Awa |date=3 September 2014 |title=The SAN's Pulpit: Chief Chike Ofodile, SAN: The most handsome is gone (2) |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/sans-pulpit-chief-chike-ofodile-san-handsome-gone-2/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==
A shekara ta 2008, Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, Jami'in Order of the Federal Republic ((OFR).&lt;ref name=&quot;DNL3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |date=7 September 2017 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Chike Ofodile SAN, OFR |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127043853/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |agency=DNL Legal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Ministers of Justice}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Cite web |date=21 March 2009 |title=Bola Ajibola: An icon at 75 |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/225/1/Bola-Ajibola-An-icon-at-75/Page1.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220125953/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/225/1/Bola-Ajibola-An-icon-at-75/Page1.html |archive-date=20 December 2010 |access-date=29 September 2021}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]]</text>
      <sha1>kkyrlcvp4dr15y3gzezcw41idrojd51</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cottonmouth (Cornell Stokes)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349297561|Cottonmouth (Cornell Stokes)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Cottonmouth''' ('''Cornell Stokes''') babban mugun mutum ne wanda ke bayyana a cikin Littattafan ban dariya na Amurka da Marvel Comics suka buga.

Mahershala Ali ne ya nuna halin a farkon kakar jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Marvel Cinematic Universe ''Luke Cage'' .

== Publication history ==
The character first appeared in ''Luke Cage, Power Man'' #18 (June 1974) in a story written by Len Wein and drawn by George Tuska. Cornell Cottonmouth, or just Cottonmouth, started out as a drug kingpin in [[New York (birni)|New York City]]. He was involved in the events that led to Luke Cage gaining super powers and becoming &quot;Power Man&quot;. Cottonmouth tried to recruit Cage to his organization, but was ultimately knocked out and turned over to police by Cage. During the &quot;Shadowland&quot; storyline, Cottonmouth returned as part of Nightshade's gang, Flashmob, where they come into conflict with Daredevil as well as a new Power Man, who, like his predecessor, knocked Cottonmouth out and turned him over to police.

== Fictional character biography ==
Cottonmouth is a drug lord who operates in New York. Willis Stryker, intending to frame Carl Lucas, steals a shipment of heroin from Cottonmouth's organization. After changing his name to Luke Cage, Lucas decides to track down the drugs that were used to frame him. Cage joins Cottonmouth's group to gather information and learn where his records are kept. Cottonmouth then tests Cage's loyalty by sending him to steal a shipment of heroin from rival crime boss Morgan. Cage succeeds and continues working with Cottonmouth until Cottonmouth learns of Cage's true intentions. Cage knocks Cottonmouth out, then calls the police to capture him.

During the 2010 &quot;Shadowland&quot; storyline, Cottonmouth appears as a member of Nightshade's gang called the Rivals. He is attacked by Hand ninjas sent by Daredevil, but Power Man repels the Hand ninjas and breaks Cottonmouth's teeth. Cottonmouth later obtains golden dentures.

Cottonmouth was at some point arrested and imprisoned in Ryker's Island, which he escapes from during a riot that occurs during &quot;Civil War II&quot;. With all of his assets either seized by the FBI or appropriated by Tombstone, a desperate Cottonmouth reaches out to Piranha Jones for help, and is convinced by Jones to side with him and Black Cat in an upcoming war for control of Harlem. Unimpressed by the duo's plans, Cottonmouth abandons them in favor of joining Alex Wilder's New Pride.

== Powers and abilities ==
Cottonmouth has super-strength that rivals Luke Cage. He also has sharp teeth that he had sharpened to resemble fangs; combined with his jaw-strength they are capable of piercing Cage's &quot;unbreakable&quot; skin. Cottonmouth also has a good knowledge of different poisons.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Other versions ==
Cottonmouth appears in the Marvel Comics 2 series ''The Amazing Spider-Girl''. This version is the head of The Bronx branch of Black Tarantula's criminal empire.

== In other media ==
[[File:Mahershala_Ali_as_Cornell_Stokes.jpg|thumb|Mahershala Ali as Cornell &quot;Cottonmouth&quot; Stokes in the television series ''Luke Cage'']]
Cornell Bertram &quot;Cottonmouth&quot; Stokes appears in ''Luke Cage'', portrayed by Mahershala Ali as an adult&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Brett |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Marvel's &quot;Luke Cage&quot; Adds &quot;House Of Cards'&quot; Mahershala Ali In Villain Role |url=https://www.cbr.com/marvels-luke-cage-adds-house-of-cards-mahershala-ali-in-villain-role/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316070024/http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/marvels-luke-cage-adds-house-of-cards-mahershala-ali-in-villain-role |archive-date=March 16, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Elijah Boothe as a teenager. This version despises his nickname, which was derived from a childhood incident wherein several of his teeth were knocked out. Additionally, he is the grandson of Harlem crime lord Maybelline &quot;Mama Mabel&quot; Stokes, younger cousin and adopted brother of Mariah Dillard, and was part of a gang in his youth alongside barbershop owner Robert Hunter. In the present, Stokes publicly operates as the owner of the Harlem's Paradise nightclub while secretly working as a private arms dealer alongside Dillard and Shades. After internal affairs starts to investigate his actions, Rafael Scarfe attempts to blackmail Cottonmouth, who shoots him and leaves him for dead. Before he dies, Scarfe tells Cage and Claire Temple everything he knows about Cottonmouth's operation. Cottonmouth is subsequently arrested, but Benjamin Donovan bails him out.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifest&quot; /&gt; While addressing the fallout, Stokes gets into an argument with Dillard over their upbringing, during which he invokes memories of their uncle raping her as a child. Dillard kills Stokes and frames Cage for his death.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>858608</id>
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        <username>D son203</username>
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'''Cottonmouth''' ('''Cornell Stokes''') babban mugun mutum ne wanda ke bayyana a cikin Littattafan ban dariya na Amurka da Marvel Comics suka buga.

Mahershala Ali ne ya nuna halin a farkon kakar jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Marvel Cinematic Universe ''Luke Cage'' .

== Publication history ==
The character first appeared in ''Luke Cage, Power Man'' #18 (June 1974) in a story written by Len Wein and drawn by George Tuska. Cornell Cottonmouth, or just Cottonmouth, started out as a drug kingpin in [[New York (birni)|New York City]]. He was involved in the events that led to Luke Cage gaining super powers and becoming &quot;Power Man&quot;. Cottonmouth tried to recruit Cage to his organization, but was ultimately knocked out and turned over to police by Cage. During the &quot;Shadowland&quot; storyline, Cottonmouth returned as part of Nightshade's gang, Flashmob, where they come into conflict with Daredevil as well as a new Power Man, who, like his predecessor, knocked Cottonmouth out and turned him over to police.

== Fictional character biography ==
Cottonmouth is a drug lord who operates in New York. Willis Stryker, intending to frame Carl Lucas, steals a shipment of heroin from Cottonmouth's organization. After changing his name to Luke Cage, Lucas decides to track down the drugs that were used to frame him. Cage joins Cottonmouth's group to gather information and learn where his records are kept. Cottonmouth then tests Cage's loyalty by sending him to steal a shipment of heroin from rival crime boss Morgan. Cage succeeds and continues working with Cottonmouth until Cottonmouth learns of Cage's true intentions. Cage knocks Cottonmouth out, then calls the police to capture him.

During the 2010 &quot;Shadowland&quot; storyline, Cottonmouth appears as a member of Nightshade's gang called the Rivals. He is attacked by Hand ninjas sent by Daredevil, but Power Man repels the Hand ninjas and breaks Cottonmouth's teeth. Cottonmouth later obtains golden dentures.

Cottonmouth was at some point arrested and imprisoned in Ryker's Island, which he escapes from during a riot that occurs during &quot;Civil War II&quot;. With all of his assets either seized by the FBI or appropriated by Tombstone, a desperate Cottonmouth reaches out to Piranha Jones for help, and is convinced by Jones to side with him and Black Cat in an upcoming war for control of Harlem. Unimpressed by the duo's plans, Cottonmouth abandons them in favor of joining Alex Wilder's New Pride.

== Powers and abilities ==
Cottonmouth has super-strength that rivals Luke Cage. He also has sharp teeth that he had sharpened to resemble fangs; combined with his jaw-strength they are capable of piercing Cage's &quot;unbreakable&quot; skin. Cottonmouth also has a good knowledge of different poisons.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Other versions ==
Cottonmouth appears in the Marvel Comics 2 series ''The Amazing Spider-Girl''. This version is the head of The Bronx branch of Black Tarantula's criminal empire.

== In other media ==
[[File:Mahershala_Ali_as_Cornell_Stokes.jpg|thumb|Mahershala Ali as Cornell &quot;Cottonmouth&quot; Stokes in the television series ''Luke Cage'']]
Cornell Bertram &quot;Cottonmouth&quot; Stokes appears in ''Luke Cage'', portrayed by Mahershala Ali as an adult&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Brett |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Marvel's &quot;Luke Cage&quot; Adds &quot;House Of Cards'&quot; Mahershala Ali In Villain Role |url=https://www.cbr.com/marvels-luke-cage-adds-house-of-cards-mahershala-ali-in-villain-role/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316070024/http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/marvels-luke-cage-adds-house-of-cards-mahershala-ali-in-villain-role |archive-date=March 16, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Elijah Boothe as a teenager. This version despises his nickname, which was derived from a childhood incident wherein several of his teeth were knocked out. Additionally, he is the grandson of Harlem crime lord Maybelline &quot;Mama Mabel&quot; Stokes, younger cousin and adopted brother of Mariah Dillard, and was part of a gang in his youth alongside barbershop owner Robert Hunter. In the present, Stokes publicly operates as the owner of the Harlem's Paradise nightclub while secretly working as a private arms dealer alongside Dillard and Shades. After internal affairs starts to investigate his actions, Rafael Scarfe attempts to blackmail Cottonmouth, who shoots him and leaves him for dead. Before he dies, Scarfe tells Cage and Claire Temple everything he knows about Cottonmouth's operation. Cottonmouth is subsequently arrested, but Benjamin Donovan bails him out.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifest&quot; /&gt; While addressing the fallout, Stokes gets into an argument with Dillard over their upbringing, during which he invokes memories of their uncle raping her as a child. Dillard kills Stokes and frames Cage for his death.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eberhard Fetz</title>
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        <id>45710</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328865139|Eberhard Fetz]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Eberhard Erich Fetz''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1940) masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ne na Amurka, masanin kimiyya kuma mai bincike. Shi Farfesa ne Emeritus na Neurobiology da Biophysics da DXARTS a Jami'ar Washington . &lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fetz has authored over 160 papers on experimental neuroscience, brain-computer interfaces, and neural networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;GS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eberhard E Fetz |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Yya6sXkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; His research focuses on the neural control of limb movement in primates. He pioneered the recording of cortical and spinal neurons in behaving monkeys and the applications of bidirectional brain-computer interfaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Douglas G. |last2=Brownstone |first2=Robert M. |date=August 29, 2011 |title=The beginning of intracellular recording in spinal neurons: Facts, reflections, and speculations |journal=Brain Research |volume=1409 |pages=62–92 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.007 |pmc=5061568 |pmid=21782158}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2020, Fetz was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Neuroscience.&lt;ref name=&quot;FELLOW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 Fellows &amp;#124; American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=https://www.aaas.org/page/2020-fellows |website=www.aaas.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Education ==
Fetz received his B.S. in physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1961 and his doctoral degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966. He completed his postdoctoral training in neuroscience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and University of Washington School of Medicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ &quot;Faculty&quot;]. ''Physiology and Biophysics''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Fetz joined University of Washington School of Medicine as an assistant professor in 1969 and was promoted to associate professor in 1975. In 1980, he was promoted to professor of physiology and biophysics, and in 2019 he was appointed as professor of DXARTS at the university.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ &quot;Faculty&quot;]. ''Physiology and Biophysics''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1999 till 2005, he served as associate director for neuroscience in the Washington National Primate Research Center and was appointed as head of the Neuroscience Division for a second time in 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ &quot;Faculty&quot;]. ''Physiology and Biophysics''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Fetz is a private pilot and has an active interest in art. Starting with a sabbatical at the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin&lt;ref name=&quot;wissen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin: Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D. |url=https://www.wiko-berlin.de/fellows/akademisches-jahr |website=Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2004-5 he has a particular interest in artistic explorations of mind-brain issues.  He has created cyanotype and digital print collages and multimedia works.&lt;ref name=&quot;DEPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fetz Lab |url=https://depts.washington.edu/fetzweb/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Research ==
Fetz has worked on experimental neuroscience, brain-computer interfaces, and neural networks. His research includes studies on monkeys’ ability to volitionally control the activity of motor cortex cells and muscles with biofeedback, neural mechanisms of a primate model of focal epilepsy, the functional organization of premotor cells controlling forearm muscles and synaptic interactions between neurons. His later research developed an autonomous head-fixed bidirectional brain-computer interface that induced synaptic plasticity.&lt;ref name=&quot;GS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eberhard E Fetz |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Yya6sXkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Yya6sXkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en &quot;Eberhard E Fetz&quot;]. ''scholar.google.com''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Volitional control of motor cortex cells and muscles with biofeedback ===
Fetz studied the relation between motor cortex cells and forelimb muscles in behaving monkeys. He first investigated these relations by training monkeys to volitionally control the activity of brain cells and muscles with biofeedback. The results demonstrated an unexpected degree of flexibility in quickly generating different rewarded response patterns, including dissociating the activity of motor cortex cells and correlated muscles when the monkeys were rewarded for such dissociation. Feedback about the degree to which neural activity met criteria for reinforcement was provided through movement of a meter arm, and Fetz's studies were the first to demonstrate direct control of an external device through volitional modulation of brain cell activity, the precursor of present-day brain-computer interfaces.

=== Functional connections in motor system ===
Fetz's research developed ways to document both the normal activity and the output connectivity of premotor cells in behaving monkeys. Starting with corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells, he introduced the technique of spike-triggered averaging of muscle activity to document post-spike effects of premotor cells on motoneurons.

He showed that motor cortex cells with correlational linkages to muscles affected multiple synergistic muscles and causally contributed to generating muscle force.  CM cells fired with specific movements involving their muscle field. In contrast, spinal cord premotor interneurons had smaller muscle fields and were active through broader ranges of movement.

=== Activity of spinal cord interneurons in behaving monkeys ===
Fetz's lab was the first to document the activity of cervical spinal cord interneurons in behaving monkeys. He studied the post-spike effects of premotor neurons on forelimb muscles and related their activity during controlled movements to their connectivity. When monkeys performed an instructed delay task, many spinal interneurons were related to preparation for the cued movement before it was executed.

Fetz and colleagues found that peripheral input to spinal cord is modulated by presynaptic inhibition of afferent sensory fibers, beginning prior to active movement. His work provided the first evidence for the functional roles of primate cervical spinal cord interneurons in performing active hand movements.

=== Synaptic interactions between neurons ===
Fetz's work has explained the synaptic interactions between cortical neurons using spike-triggered averages of intracellulary recorded membrane potentials and cross-correlation of pairs of cells related to hand movement. He documented the relationship between these two measures by determining the effects that excitatory postsynaptic potentials had on the firing rate of spinal motoneurons. In primate motor cortex spike-triggered averages of membrane potentials exhibit features representing post-spike excitatory and inhibitory unitary potentials as well as synchrony effects of population activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot; /&gt; He also investigated periodic synchronization in motor cortex through widespread oscillatory activity in neurons and field potentials.

=== Bidirectional interactions between the brain and implantable computers ===
Fetz has also conducted research on closed-loop interactions between the brain and implantable computers. He investigated the consequences of direct connections produced by an autonomous head-fixed bidirectional brain-computer interface [BBCI].

Fetz studied the applications of BBCI to bridging impaired biological connections, including cortically controlled electrical stimulation of paralyzed forearm muscles and cortically controlled intra-spinal stimulation. He found several applications of the closed-loop BBCI in producing Hebbian plasticity between cortical sites, through stimulation triggered from action potentials of cells or from phases of cortical beta oscillations recorded at neighboring sites, or from EMG activity of muscles. He and colleagues also strengthened cortico-spinal connections by cortically triggered intra-spinal stimulation, demonstrating in vivo effects of spike-timing dependent plasticity. A third application of the closed-loop BBCI was to deliver stimulation at an intracranial reward site contingent on neural activity, thereby operantly training monkeys to control neural activity during free behavior.

== Awards and honors ==

* 1970-1975 - NINDS Teacher-Investigator Award, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
* 1972-1974 - Sloan Research Fellow&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Fellows |url=https://sloan.org/past-fellows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314000756/https://sloan.org/past-fellows |archive-date=2018-03-14 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=sloan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1977-1978 - Josiah Macy Faculty Scholar Award
* 1985-1986 - NSF US-Japan Cooperative Science Program Award
* 2004-2005 - Fellow, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin&lt;ref name=&quot;wissen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin: Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D. |url=https://www.wiko-berlin.de/fellows/akademisches-jahr |website=Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.wiko-berlin.de/fellows/akademisches-jahr &quot;Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin: Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D.&quot;] ''Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008-2015 - Associate, Neurosciences Research Program
* 2009-2012 - Contributing member, Faculty of 1000
* 2010-2011 - Humboldt Research Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eb Fetz named Alexander von Humboldt Fellow |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/eb-fetz-named-alexander-von-humboldt-fellow/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 - New York Academy of Sciences and Aspen Brain Forum first Prize in Neurotechnology&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Aspen Brain Forum Prize in Neurotechnology Announced |url=https://www.nyas.org/press-releases/winners-of-the-aspen-brain-forum-prize-in-neurotechnology-announced/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 – Elected Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science&lt;ref name=&quot;FELLOW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 Fellows &amp;#124; American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=https://www.aaas.org/page/2020-fellows |website=www.aaas.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.aaas.org/page/2020-fellows &quot;2020 Fellows &amp;#x7C; American Association for the Advancement of Science&quot;]. ''www.aaas.org''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography ==

=== Books ===

* ''Closing the Loop Around Neural Systems'' (2014) {{ISBN|9782889193561}}

=== Selected articles ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Fetz |first=Eberhard E. |date=December 1992 |title=Are movement parameters recognizably coded in the activity of single neurons? |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=679–690}}
*  
*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Fetz |first=Eberhard E. |date=2012 |title=Artistic explorations of the brain |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=6 |page=9 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2012.00009 |pmc=3273889 |pmid=22347178 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shupe |first=Larry |last2=Fetz |first2=Eberhard |date=March 2021 |title=An Integrate-and-Fire Spiking Neural Network Model Simulating Artificially Induced Cortical Plasticity |journal=eNeuro |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=ENEURO.0333–20.2021 |doi=10.1523/ENEURO.0333-20.2021 |pmc=7986529 |pmid=33632810}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Eberhard Erich Fetz''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1940) masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ne na Amurka, masanin kimiyya kuma mai bincike. Shi Farfesa ne Emeritus na Neurobiology da Biophysics da DXARTS a Jami'ar Washington . &lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fetz has authored over 160 papers on experimental neuroscience, brain-computer interfaces, and neural networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;GS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eberhard E Fetz |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Yya6sXkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; His research focuses on the neural control of limb movement in primates. He pioneered the recording of cortical and spinal neurons in behaving monkeys and the applications of bidirectional brain-computer interfaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Douglas G. |last2=Brownstone |first2=Robert M. |date=August 29, 2011 |title=The beginning of intracellular recording in spinal neurons: Facts, reflections, and speculations |journal=Brain Research |volume=1409 |pages=62–92 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.007 |pmc=5061568 |pmid=21782158}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2020, Fetz was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Neuroscience.&lt;ref name=&quot;FELLOW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 Fellows &amp;#124; American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=https://www.aaas.org/page/2020-fellows |website=www.aaas.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Education ==
Fetz received his B.S. in physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1961 and his doctoral degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966. He completed his postdoctoral training in neuroscience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and University of Washington School of Medicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ &quot;Faculty&quot;]. ''Physiology and Biophysics''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Fetz joined University of Washington School of Medicine as an assistant professor in 1969 and was promoted to associate professor in 1975. In 1980, he was promoted to professor of physiology and biophysics, and in 2019 he was appointed as professor of DXARTS at the university.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ &quot;Faculty&quot;]. ''Physiology and Biophysics''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1999 till 2005, he served as associate director for neuroscience in the Washington National Primate Research Center and was appointed as head of the Neuroscience Division for a second time in 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/directories/faculty/entry/efetz/ &quot;Faculty&quot;]. ''Physiology and Biophysics''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Fetz is a private pilot and has an active interest in art. Starting with a sabbatical at the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin&lt;ref name=&quot;wissen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin: Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D. |url=https://www.wiko-berlin.de/fellows/akademisches-jahr |website=Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2004-5 he has a particular interest in artistic explorations of mind-brain issues.  He has created cyanotype and digital print collages and multimedia works.&lt;ref name=&quot;DEPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fetz Lab |url=https://depts.washington.edu/fetzweb/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Research ==
Fetz has worked on experimental neuroscience, brain-computer interfaces, and neural networks. His research includes studies on monkeys’ ability to volitionally control the activity of motor cortex cells and muscles with biofeedback, neural mechanisms of a primate model of focal epilepsy, the functional organization of premotor cells controlling forearm muscles and synaptic interactions between neurons. His later research developed an autonomous head-fixed bidirectional brain-computer interface that induced synaptic plasticity.&lt;ref name=&quot;GS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eberhard E Fetz |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Yya6sXkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Yya6sXkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en &quot;Eberhard E Fetz&quot;]. ''scholar.google.com''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Volitional control of motor cortex cells and muscles with biofeedback ===
Fetz studied the relation between motor cortex cells and forelimb muscles in behaving monkeys. He first investigated these relations by training monkeys to volitionally control the activity of brain cells and muscles with biofeedback. The results demonstrated an unexpected degree of flexibility in quickly generating different rewarded response patterns, including dissociating the activity of motor cortex cells and correlated muscles when the monkeys were rewarded for such dissociation. Feedback about the degree to which neural activity met criteria for reinforcement was provided through movement of a meter arm, and Fetz's studies were the first to demonstrate direct control of an external device through volitional modulation of brain cell activity, the precursor of present-day brain-computer interfaces.

=== Functional connections in motor system ===
Fetz's research developed ways to document both the normal activity and the output connectivity of premotor cells in behaving monkeys. Starting with corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells, he introduced the technique of spike-triggered averaging of muscle activity to document post-spike effects of premotor cells on motoneurons.

He showed that motor cortex cells with correlational linkages to muscles affected multiple synergistic muscles and causally contributed to generating muscle force.  CM cells fired with specific movements involving their muscle field. In contrast, spinal cord premotor interneurons had smaller muscle fields and were active through broader ranges of movement.

=== Activity of spinal cord interneurons in behaving monkeys ===
Fetz's lab was the first to document the activity of cervical spinal cord interneurons in behaving monkeys. He studied the post-spike effects of premotor neurons on forelimb muscles and related their activity during controlled movements to their connectivity. When monkeys performed an instructed delay task, many spinal interneurons were related to preparation for the cued movement before it was executed.

Fetz and colleagues found that peripheral input to spinal cord is modulated by presynaptic inhibition of afferent sensory fibers, beginning prior to active movement. His work provided the first evidence for the functional roles of primate cervical spinal cord interneurons in performing active hand movements.

=== Synaptic interactions between neurons ===
Fetz's work has explained the synaptic interactions between cortical neurons using spike-triggered averages of intracellulary recorded membrane potentials and cross-correlation of pairs of cells related to hand movement. He documented the relationship between these two measures by determining the effects that excitatory postsynaptic potentials had on the firing rate of spinal motoneurons. In primate motor cortex spike-triggered averages of membrane potentials exhibit features representing post-spike excitatory and inhibitory unitary potentials as well as synchrony effects of population activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot; /&gt; He also investigated periodic synchronization in motor cortex through widespread oscillatory activity in neurons and field potentials.

=== Bidirectional interactions between the brain and implantable computers ===
Fetz has also conducted research on closed-loop interactions between the brain and implantable computers. He investigated the consequences of direct connections produced by an autonomous head-fixed bidirectional brain-computer interface [BBCI].

Fetz studied the applications of BBCI to bridging impaired biological connections, including cortically controlled electrical stimulation of paralyzed forearm muscles and cortically controlled intra-spinal stimulation. He found several applications of the closed-loop BBCI in producing Hebbian plasticity between cortical sites, through stimulation triggered from action potentials of cells or from phases of cortical beta oscillations recorded at neighboring sites, or from EMG activity of muscles. He and colleagues also strengthened cortico-spinal connections by cortically triggered intra-spinal stimulation, demonstrating in vivo effects of spike-timing dependent plasticity. A third application of the closed-loop BBCI was to deliver stimulation at an intracranial reward site contingent on neural activity, thereby operantly training monkeys to control neural activity during free behavior.

== Awards and honors ==

* 1970-1975 - NINDS Teacher-Investigator Award, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
* 1972-1974 - Sloan Research Fellow&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Fellows |url=https://sloan.org/past-fellows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314000756/https://sloan.org/past-fellows |archive-date=2018-03-14 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=sloan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1977-1978 - Josiah Macy Faculty Scholar Award
* 1985-1986 - NSF US-Japan Cooperative Science Program Award
* 2004-2005 - Fellow, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin&lt;ref name=&quot;wissen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin: Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D. |url=https://www.wiko-berlin.de/fellows/akademisches-jahr |website=Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.wiko-berlin.de/fellows/akademisches-jahr &quot;Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin: Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D.&quot;] ''Eberhard E. Fetz, Ph.D''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008-2015 - Associate, Neurosciences Research Program
* 2009-2012 - Contributing member, Faculty of 1000
* 2010-2011 - Humboldt Research Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eb Fetz named Alexander von Humboldt Fellow |url=https://depts.washington.edu/pbiopage/eb-fetz-named-alexander-von-humboldt-fellow/ |website=Physiology and Biophysics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 - New York Academy of Sciences and Aspen Brain Forum first Prize in Neurotechnology&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Aspen Brain Forum Prize in Neurotechnology Announced |url=https://www.nyas.org/press-releases/winners-of-the-aspen-brain-forum-prize-in-neurotechnology-announced/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 – Elected Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science&lt;ref name=&quot;FELLOW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 Fellows &amp;#124; American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=https://www.aaas.org/page/2020-fellows |website=www.aaas.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.aaas.org/page/2020-fellows &quot;2020 Fellows &amp;#x7C; American Association for the Advancement of Science&quot;]. ''www.aaas.org''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography ==

=== Books ===

* ''Closing the Loop Around Neural Systems'' (2014) {{ISBN|9782889193561}}

=== Selected articles ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Fetz |first=Eberhard E. |date=December 1992 |title=Are movement parameters recognizably coded in the activity of single neurons? |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=679–690}}
*  
*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Fetz |first=Eberhard E. |date=2012 |title=Artistic explorations of the brain |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=6 |page=9 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2012.00009 |pmc=3273889 |pmid=22347178 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shupe |first=Larry |last2=Fetz |first2=Eberhard |date=March 2021 |title=An Integrate-and-Fire Spiking Neural Network Model Simulating Artificially Induced Cortical Plasticity |journal=eNeuro |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=ENEURO.0333–20.2021 |doi=10.1523/ENEURO.0333-20.2021 |pmc=7986529 |pmid=33632810}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335321164|Zoltán Huszárik]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Zoltán Huszárik''' (an haife shi József ZoltánHuszárik, 14 ga Mayu, 1931 - 15 ga Oktoba, 1981) ya kasance babban darektan fina-finai na Hungary, marubucin allo, mai zane-zane kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci, sanannen marubucin fim na zamani na Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Élete&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Huszárik Zoltán, Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon |url=http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/eletrajz/html/ABC05727/06679.htm |access-date=2010-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Huszárik was born in the small village of Domony,&lt;ref name=&quot;Élete&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Huszárik Zoltán, Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon |url=http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/eletrajz/html/ABC05727/06679.htm |access-date=2010-02-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/eletrajz/html/ABC05727/06679.htm &quot;Huszárik Zoltán, Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Hungary. His father died when he was two years old. Being an only child, Huszárik had an adoring relationship with his widowed mother. His background had a great influence on his work.

== Career ==
He was accepted to the Hungarian School of Film- and Theatrical Arts, but was expelled in 1952 because his family was blamed to be Kulaks. He took on different jobs, when&amp;#x2014;after a seven-year hiatus&amp;#x2014;he was again accepted to the film school in 1959. In the same year he made his first student film, a short entitled ''Játék'' (''Game'') about two prisoners playing chess with the shadow of their bars when the sun shines unto their cell. Huszárik's graduation film was another short entitled ''Groteszk'' (''Grotesque'') in 1963 about a strange train voyage of an artist carrying his own picture.

Huszárik made his first professional short film in 1965 at [[Béla Balázs Studios]] entitled ''Elégia'' (''Elegy''). This 20-minute experimental short film was generally acclaimed as being the starting point of a new visual style in Hungarian filmmaking. Often called a &quot;film poem&quot; or a &quot;film symphonie&quot; Huszárik's masterpiece consists of montages of horses from the dawn of time to the modern times from cave paintings to horse races, mourning the loss of these creatures and their service to mankind, starting as free animals and becoming slaughterhouse victims. The film is generally regarded as an allegory to the human fate.

Huszárik made another experimental short film called ''Capriccio'' (about snowmen melting in the spring as an allegory to man's ultimate fate - death) and a short documentary on Hungarian-born artist ''Amerigo Tot'', both in 1969. He also directed several state-financed educational short films in this period.

In 1971 Huszárik finished his first feature-length work ''Szindbád'' (''Sinbad''), a highly stylized adaptation of early 20th century author Gyula Krúdy's short stories. The film depicts the life and memories of traveler and womanizer Szindbád (played by Zoltán Latinovits), who tries to recover his lost love before he dies. The film which covers time and memory in an unusual way, was praised by critics and was a commercial success upon its release and is generally regarded now as one of the best works of Hungarian cinema.

Huszárik made two experimental shorts in 1971 and 1976, entitled ''Tisztelet az öregasszonyoknak'' (''Homage to Old Ladies'') and ''A Piacere'' (''As You Like It''), respectively. The first is a homage to the old country widows whose husbands died in World War II and live their lives according to daily tasks and regulations until they die (which is mainly inspired by Huszárik's own mother). The second is a study of death in its various forms, including a gypsy &quot;merry funeral&quot; and stock footage of bombings and concentration camps in WWII.
[[Fayil:Gravestone_of_Zoltan_Huszarik.JPG|thumb|270x270px|Gravestone of{{Clear}}Zoltan Huszarik, Domony]]
The second (and last) feature-length film of Huszárik was made after a five-year struggle. ''Csontváry'' depicts the life of Hungarian artist Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka and an actor playing him in a film (both played by Bulgarian actor Itzhak Fintzi), with the two men' lives interacting with each other. After the death of Latinovits, who was the original choice for the dual role, the film went on through several re-writes, re-shoots, casting and budget problems, finally ending up as the most expensive Hungarian production at the time. The film was finally completed and released in 1980. It was a huge failure with the public and critics also bashed it. Huszárik who was greatly exhausted, depressed and an alcoholic at the time committed suicide in 1981 at the age of 50.

Huszárik originally wanted to be a visual artist. He made several paintings, drawings and other pieces of art during his lifetime. He also took smaller acting jobs in the films of fellow Hungarian directors, including István Szabó's ''Budapesti mesék'' (''Budapest Tales''). His daughter, [[Kata Huszárik]] is an acclaimed actress.

== Filmography ==

:: 1959: ''Játék'' (''Game'') (short, student film)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Huszárik Zoltán a port.hu oldalán |url=http://www.port.hu/pls/pe/person.person?i_pers_id=619&amp;i_direction=2&amp;i_city_id=3372&amp;i_county_id=-1 |access-date=2010-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:: 1963: ''Groteszk'' (''Grotesque'') (short, student film)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1965: ''Elégia'' (''Elegy'') (short)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1967: ''Egy mentőorvos naplójából'' (''Diary of an Ambulance Doctor'') (short, documentary)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1967: ''Maszkot akarok'' (''I Want a Mask'') (TV, short, documentary)
:: 1968: ''Heten a hegy ellen'' (''Seven against the Mountain'') (TV, short, documentary)
:: 1968: ''Hegyi kiképzés'' (''Mountain Training'') (short, documentary)
:: 1968: ''Ugye te is akarod?'' (''You'll Also Like to Do It?'') (short, documentary)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1969: ''Amerigo Tot'' (short, documentary)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1969: ''Capriccio'' (short)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1971: ''Szindbád'' (''Sinbad'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1971: ''Tisztelet az öregasszonyoknak'' (''Homage to Old Ladies'') (short)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1976: ''A Piacere'' (''As You Like It'') (short)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1980: ''Csontváry''&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;

== Source material ==

* An Eastern European Picture-writer (''Egy kelet-európai képíró'') Article of Zalán Vince in the Hungarian ''Filmvilág'' (Filmworld) magazine, January 1982.[http://www.filmvilag.hu/xista_frame.php?cikk_id=7198]
* Commemorative program on the  ''Magyar Televízió'' Hungarian Television on the 75th anniversary of the birth of Huszarik (May 2006) [http://www.mtv.hu/modernkepmesek/cikk.php?id=115364]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1981]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Zoltán Huszárik''' (an haife shi József ZoltánHuszárik, 14 ga Mayu, 1931 - 15 ga Oktoba, 1981) ya kasance babban darektan fina-finai na Hungary, marubucin allo, mai zane-zane kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci, sanannen marubucin fim na zamani na Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Élete&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Huszárik Zoltán, Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon |url=http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/eletrajz/html/ABC05727/06679.htm |access-date=2010-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Huszárik was born in the small village of Domony,&lt;ref name=&quot;Élete&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Huszárik Zoltán, Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon |url=http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/eletrajz/html/ABC05727/06679.htm |access-date=2010-02-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/eletrajz/html/ABC05727/06679.htm &quot;Huszárik Zoltán, Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Hungary. His father died when he was two years old. Being an only child, Huszárik had an adoring relationship with his widowed mother. His background had a great influence on his work.

== Career ==
He was accepted to the Hungarian School of Film- and Theatrical Arts, but was expelled in 1952 because his family was blamed to be Kulaks. He took on different jobs, when&amp;#x2014;after a seven-year hiatus&amp;#x2014;he was again accepted to the film school in 1959. In the same year he made his first student film, a short entitled ''Játék'' (''Game'') about two prisoners playing chess with the shadow of their bars when the sun shines unto their cell. Huszárik's graduation film was another short entitled ''Groteszk'' (''Grotesque'') in 1963 about a strange train voyage of an artist carrying his own picture.

Huszárik made his first professional short film in 1965 at [[Béla Balázs Studios]] entitled ''Elégia'' (''Elegy''). This 20-minute experimental short film was generally acclaimed as being the starting point of a new visual style in Hungarian filmmaking. Often called a &quot;film poem&quot; or a &quot;film symphonie&quot; Huszárik's masterpiece consists of montages of horses from the dawn of time to the modern times from cave paintings to horse races, mourning the loss of these creatures and their service to mankind, starting as free animals and becoming slaughterhouse victims. The film is generally regarded as an allegory to the human fate.

Huszárik made another experimental short film called ''Capriccio'' (about snowmen melting in the spring as an allegory to man's ultimate fate - death) and a short documentary on Hungarian-born artist ''Amerigo Tot'', both in 1969. He also directed several state-financed educational short films in this period.

In 1971 Huszárik finished his first feature-length work ''Szindbád'' (''Sinbad''), a highly stylized adaptation of early 20th century author Gyula Krúdy's short stories. The film depicts the life and memories of traveler and womanizer Szindbád (played by Zoltán Latinovits), who tries to recover his lost love before he dies. The film which covers time and memory in an unusual way, was praised by critics and was a commercial success upon its release and is generally regarded now as one of the best works of Hungarian cinema.

Huszárik made two experimental shorts in 1971 and 1976, entitled ''Tisztelet az öregasszonyoknak'' (''Homage to Old Ladies'') and ''A Piacere'' (''As You Like It''), respectively. The first is a homage to the old country widows whose husbands died in World War II and live their lives according to daily tasks and regulations until they die (which is mainly inspired by Huszárik's own mother). The second is a study of death in its various forms, including a gypsy &quot;merry funeral&quot; and stock footage of bombings and concentration camps in WWII.
[[Fayil:Gravestone_of_Zoltan_Huszarik.JPG|thumb|270x270px|Gravestone of{{Clear}}Zoltan Huszarik, Domony]]
The second (and last) feature-length film of Huszárik was made after a five-year struggle. ''Csontváry'' depicts the life of Hungarian artist Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka and an actor playing him in a film (both played by Bulgarian actor Itzhak Fintzi), with the two men' lives interacting with each other. After the death of Latinovits, who was the original choice for the dual role, the film went on through several re-writes, re-shoots, casting and budget problems, finally ending up as the most expensive Hungarian production at the time. The film was finally completed and released in 1980. It was a huge failure with the public and critics also bashed it. Huszárik who was greatly exhausted, depressed and an alcoholic at the time committed suicide in 1981 at the age of 50.

Huszárik originally wanted to be a visual artist. He made several paintings, drawings and other pieces of art during his lifetime. He also took smaller acting jobs in the films of fellow Hungarian directors, including István Szabó's ''Budapesti mesék'' (''Budapest Tales''). His daughter, [[Kata Huszárik]] is an acclaimed actress.

== Filmography ==

:: 1959: ''Játék'' (''Game'') (short, student film)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Huszárik Zoltán a port.hu oldalán |url=http://www.port.hu/pls/pe/person.person?i_pers_id=619&amp;i_direction=2&amp;i_city_id=3372&amp;i_county_id=-1 |access-date=2010-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:: 1963: ''Groteszk'' (''Grotesque'') (short, student film)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1965: ''Elégia'' (''Elegy'') (short)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1967: ''Egy mentőorvos naplójából'' (''Diary of an Ambulance Doctor'') (short, documentary)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1967: ''Maszkot akarok'' (''I Want a Mask'') (TV, short, documentary)
:: 1968: ''Heten a hegy ellen'' (''Seven against the Mountain'') (TV, short, documentary)
:: 1968: ''Hegyi kiképzés'' (''Mountain Training'') (short, documentary)
:: 1968: ''Ugye te is akarod?'' (''You'll Also Like to Do It?'') (short, documentary)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1969: ''Amerigo Tot'' (short, documentary)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1969: ''Capriccio'' (short)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1971: ''Szindbád'' (''Sinbad'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1971: ''Tisztelet az öregasszonyoknak'' (''Homage to Old Ladies'') (short)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1976: ''A Piacere'' (''As You Like It'') (short)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;
:: 1980: ''Csontváry''&lt;ref name=&quot;Huszarik&quot; /&gt;

== Source material ==

* An Eastern European Picture-writer (''Egy kelet-európai képíró'') Article of Zalán Vince in the Hungarian ''Filmvilág'' (Filmworld) magazine, January 1982.[http://www.filmvilag.hu/xista_frame.php?cikk_id=7198]
* Commemorative program on the  ''Magyar Televízió'' Hungarian Television on the 75th anniversary of the birth of Huszarik (May 2006) [http://www.mtv.hu/modernkepmesek/cikk.php?id=115364]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1981]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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    <title>Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood (Minneapolis)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347588925|Hollywood Theater (Minneapolis)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5429" sha1="dxp4akdidackic2jmfof2jdquqxsi7o" xml:space="preserve">'''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood''' gini ne na tarihi a Minneapolis wanda aka jera a cikin US National Register of Historic Places . &lt;ref name=&quot;nrhp-weekly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/03/14 through 2/07/14 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2014-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |access-date=March 3, 2014 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin unguwar Audubon Park na Minneapolis .

The Art Deco theater building opened on October 26, 1935, and the marquee proclaimed it the &quot;Incomparable Showcase of the Northwest&quot;.  The theater, designed by architects Jack Liebenberg and Seeman Kaplan, had a generous budget that allowed for elaborate decoration in the Streamline Deco style of design; its facade and structure made a &quot;powerful statement of geometric mass punctuated by the entrance, exits, and three small windows that served the projection booth.&quot; Liebenberg and Kaplan went on to design the Riverview Theatre in Minneapolis and the Terrace Theatre in Robbinsdale.&lt;ref name=&quot;hpc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2007 |title=Hollywood Theater |url=http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/hpc/landmarks/hpc_landmarks_johnson_st_ne_2815_hollywood_theater |access-date=2012-11-03 |publisher=Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The building featured a tall vertical sign, a patterned terrazzo floor, gilded pillars, and acoustical tiles in geometric patterns.  It had a seating capacity of just under 1000.  Much of the interior features are influenced by the Zig-Zag Moderne and Streamline Moderne styles.&lt;ref name=&quot;hpc&quot; /&gt;  The exterior is built of smooth Kasota limestone with vertical lines that transition to horizontal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millett&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Larry Millett}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Interior_of_Hollywood_Theater,_Northeast_Minneapolis_2010-05-15_-_lobby.jpg|left|thumb|226x226px|The theater's lobby area in May 2010]]
Although the theater was praised as &quot;the Twin Cities' most beautiful and modern neighborhood theatre&quot; and the &quot;incomparable showplace of the Northwest&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Millett&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Larry Millett}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMillett2007&quot;&gt;[[Larry Millett|Millett, Larry]] (2007). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; it was not financially successful.  It went through a series of ownership changes until it closed in 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcps&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Interior_of_Hollywood_Theater,_Northeast_Minneapolis_2010-05-15_-_seats.jpg|left|thumb|Interior of Hollywood Theater in 2010]]
The theater was designated as a local landmark by the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission in 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;hpc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2007 |title=Hollywood Theater |url=http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/hpc/landmarks/hpc_landmarks_johnson_st_ne_2815_hollywood_theater |access-date=2012-11-03 |publisher=Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/hpc/landmarks/hpc_landmarks_johnson_st_ne_2815_hollywood_theater &quot;Hollywood Theater&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  It was unable to compete with video stores and multiplexes.  Despite the historic designation, a number of development proposals for the property have fizzled since its closing.  A 1989 proposal hinted at converting the theater into fourteen apartments, and another proposal in 1989 included converting the building to a photograph and film production studio. The Minneapolis Community Development Agency bought the theater in 1993. In 1998, they considered proposals for reuse, such as a full restoration, a partial rehabilitation such as the lobby area, or completely demolishing the theater. At the time, concerns included deterioration of the brick walls and water in the basement. In 2009, the city bought an adjacent property and cleared it to provide extra space for parking or related development. In 2015, the property was sold to Minneapolis real estate developer and entrepreneur Andrew Volna with plans to renovate it into an event venue while retaining the building's historic character. Renovation of the theater was completed in early 2023 and reopened shortly afterwards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Aug 17, 2023 |title=Hollywood Theatre in NE Mpls. reopens after nearly 35 years closed |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/video/hollywood-theatre-in-ne-mpls-reopens-after-nearly-35-years-closed/ |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Hollywood Theater was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrhp-weekly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/03/14 through 2/07/14 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2014-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |access-date=March 3, 2014 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2014-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf &quot;Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/03/14 through 2/07/14&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  It was considered notable for its Streamline Moderne design by prominent theater architects Liebenberg &amp;amp;amp; Kaplan and its association with the growth of locally owned, streetcar-accessible neighborhood cinemas during the [[Great Depression]].

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5442" sha1="gxvm8x4jidlyli50tvwednjg3uyugpu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood''' gini ne na tarihi a Minneapolis wanda aka jera a cikin US National Register of Historic Places . &lt;ref name=&quot;nrhp-weekly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/03/14 through 2/07/14 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2014-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |access-date=March 3, 2014 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin unguwar Audubon Park na Minneapolis .

The Art Deco theater building opened on October 26, 1935, and the marquee proclaimed it the &quot;Incomparable Showcase of the Northwest&quot;.  The theater, designed by architects Jack Liebenberg and Seeman Kaplan, had a generous budget that allowed for elaborate decoration in the Streamline Deco style of design; its facade and structure made a &quot;powerful statement of geometric mass punctuated by the entrance, exits, and three small windows that served the projection booth.&quot; Liebenberg and Kaplan went on to design the Riverview Theatre in Minneapolis and the Terrace Theatre in Robbinsdale.&lt;ref name=&quot;hpc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2007 |title=Hollywood Theater |url=http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/hpc/landmarks/hpc_landmarks_johnson_st_ne_2815_hollywood_theater |access-date=2012-11-03 |publisher=Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The building featured a tall vertical sign, a patterned terrazzo floor, gilded pillars, and acoustical tiles in geometric patterns.  It had a seating capacity of just under 1000.  Much of the interior features are influenced by the Zig-Zag Moderne and Streamline Moderne styles.&lt;ref name=&quot;hpc&quot; /&gt;  The exterior is built of smooth Kasota limestone with vertical lines that transition to horizontal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Millett&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Larry Millett}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Interior_of_Hollywood_Theater,_Northeast_Minneapolis_2010-05-15_-_lobby.jpg|left|thumb|226x226px|The theater's lobby area in May 2010]]
Although the theater was praised as &quot;the Twin Cities' most beautiful and modern neighborhood theatre&quot; and the &quot;incomparable showplace of the Northwest&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Millett&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Larry Millett}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMillett2007&quot;&gt;[[Larry Millett|Millett, Larry]] (2007). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; it was not financially successful.  It went through a series of ownership changes until it closed in 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcps&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Interior_of_Hollywood_Theater,_Northeast_Minneapolis_2010-05-15_-_seats.jpg|left|thumb|Interior of Hollywood Theater in 2010]]
The theater was designated as a local landmark by the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission in 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;hpc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2007 |title=Hollywood Theater |url=http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/hpc/landmarks/hpc_landmarks_johnson_st_ne_2815_hollywood_theater |access-date=2012-11-03 |publisher=Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/hpc/landmarks/hpc_landmarks_johnson_st_ne_2815_hollywood_theater &quot;Hollywood Theater&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  It was unable to compete with video stores and multiplexes.  Despite the historic designation, a number of development proposals for the property have fizzled since its closing.  A 1989 proposal hinted at converting the theater into fourteen apartments, and another proposal in 1989 included converting the building to a photograph and film production studio. The Minneapolis Community Development Agency bought the theater in 1993. In 1998, they considered proposals for reuse, such as a full restoration, a partial rehabilitation such as the lobby area, or completely demolishing the theater. At the time, concerns included deterioration of the brick walls and water in the basement. In 2009, the city bought an adjacent property and cleared it to provide extra space for parking or related development. In 2015, the property was sold to Minneapolis real estate developer and entrepreneur Andrew Volna with plans to renovate it into an event venue while retaining the building's historic character. Renovation of the theater was completed in early 2023 and reopened shortly afterwards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Aug 17, 2023 |title=Hollywood Theatre in NE Mpls. reopens after nearly 35 years closed |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/video/hollywood-theatre-in-ne-mpls-reopens-after-nearly-35-years-closed/ |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Hollywood Theater was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrhp-weekly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/03/14 through 2/07/14 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2014-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |access-date=March 3, 2014 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2014-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf &quot;Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/03/14 through 2/07/14&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  It was considered notable for its Streamline Moderne design by prominent theater architects Liebenberg &amp;amp;amp; Kaplan and its association with the growth of locally owned, streetcar-accessible neighborhood cinemas during the [[Great Depression]].

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kisan kai a cikin Cathedral (fim na 1951)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358811686|Murder in the Cathedral (1951 film)]]&quot;</comment>
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Murder in the Cathedral fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya na 1951 wanda George Hoellering ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da shi kuma Hoellering da T. S. Eliot suka rubuta shi bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na Eliot na 1935 mai suna iri ɗaya kuma ya fito da Uba John Groser .

The film competed at the 12th Venice International Film Festival and received the award for Best Production Design, given to Peter Pendrey. It was released in the United Kingdom in 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Murder in the Cathedral (1952) |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6b0ec6cc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810220856/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6b0ec6cc |archive-date=10 August 2012 |access-date=26 September 2014 |website=Explore Film &amp; TV |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Plot ==
Archbishop Thomas Becket (Father John Groser) deals with his temptations before his murder in the Canterbury Cathedral in 1170.

A number of changes were made for the film. Three of them are particularly notable.

The fourth tempter is not seen; only a voice is heard, which was Eliot himself speaking the lines.

George Hoellering, the film's director, recognized that general audiences might not know the events that preceded the action of the play. He informed Eliot of this and asked for a new scene which depicted the central reasons leading to the events in the play. Eliot complied.

Hoellering also thought the knights' final speeches were a problem because &quot;in stage productions these speeches amused the audience instead of shocking them, and thereby made them miss the point—the whole point of the play.&quot; He asked Eliot for changes; and Eliot made major reductions to the speeches and added a shorter speech.

== Cast ==

* Father John Groser as Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury
* Alexander Gauge as King Henry II
* David Ward as first tempter
* George Woodbridge as second tempter
* Basil Burton as third tempter
* T. S. Eliot as voice of fourth tempter
* Donald Bisset as first priest
* Clement McCallin as first knight
* Michael Aldridge as second knight
* Leo McKern as third knight
* Paul Rogers as fourth knight
* Alban Blakelock as Bishop Foliot
* Niall MacGinnis as herald

== Release ==
''Murder in the Cathedral'' premiered at the 12th Venice International Film Festival in 1951 before being theatrically released by Film Traders Ltd in the United Kingdom in March 1952 and in the United States by Classic Pictures on 25 March 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Murder in the Cathedral (1951) - Release Info |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0202483/releaseinfo |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=[[Internet Movie Database]] |publisher=[[Amazon.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==
Bosley Crowther wrote in ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'':
{{Blockquote|Whatever literary merits T. S. Eliot's ''Murder in the Cathedral'' may have and whatever strange dramatic virtues it may possess in performance on a stage, it is obvious that this stylized verse drama is not felicitous material for the screen. ...

There are flashes of stark pictorial beauty in some of the somber scenes of prelates and noblemen and worshippers gathered in the Archbishop's Hall of [[Canterbury Cathedral]], where the entire action of the play takes place. And some nods toward cinema dynamics are more or less effectively made in not too imaginative cutting for dramatic emphasis and flow.

But, for the most part, Mr. Eliot's cold recounting of [[Thomas Becket|Becket]]'s defiance of the King and his murder by helmeted assassins for insisting upon the Church's authority is conveyed in lengthy orations by individuals and choral groups, photographed in static poses and solemnly massed attitudes. ...

Fortunately, the spoken words have richness as they flow off the cultivated tongues of handsomely costumed performers who, at least, look their medieval roles. Father [[John Groser]], an English cleric, is grandly dignified and benign as the conscientious Archbishop who coolly calculates his martyrdom and [[Alexander Gauge]] is forceful as [[Henry II of England|King Henry]] in a scene especially written for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Crowther|first=Bosley|author-link=Bosley Crowther|date=26 March 1952|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/03/26/archives/the-screen-in-review-eliots-murder-in-the-cathedral-britishmade.html|title=The Screen in Review; Eliot's 'Murder in the Cathedral,' British-Made Film, Shown at Trans-Lux 60th St.|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=23 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

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Murder in the Cathedral fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya na 1951 wanda George Hoellering ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da shi kuma Hoellering da T. S. Eliot suka rubuta shi bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na Eliot na 1935 mai suna iri ɗaya kuma ya fito da Uba John Groser .

The film competed at the 12th Venice International Film Festival and received the award for Best Production Design, given to Peter Pendrey. It was released in the United Kingdom in 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Murder in the Cathedral (1952) |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6b0ec6cc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810220856/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6b0ec6cc |archive-date=10 August 2012 |access-date=26 September 2014 |website=Explore Film &amp; TV |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Plot ==
Archbishop Thomas Becket (Father John Groser) deals with his temptations before his murder in the Canterbury Cathedral in 1170.

A number of changes were made for the film. Three of them are particularly notable.

The fourth tempter is not seen; only a voice is heard, which was Eliot himself speaking the lines.

George Hoellering, the film's director, recognized that general audiences might not know the events that preceded the action of the play. He informed Eliot of this and asked for a new scene which depicted the central reasons leading to the events in the play. Eliot complied.

Hoellering also thought the knights' final speeches were a problem because &quot;in stage productions these speeches amused the audience instead of shocking them, and thereby made them miss the point—the whole point of the play.&quot; He asked Eliot for changes; and Eliot made major reductions to the speeches and added a shorter speech.

== Cast ==

* Father John Groser as Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury
* Alexander Gauge as King Henry II
* David Ward as first tempter
* George Woodbridge as second tempter
* Basil Burton as third tempter
* T. S. Eliot as voice of fourth tempter
* Donald Bisset as first priest
* Clement McCallin as first knight
* Michael Aldridge as second knight
* Leo McKern as third knight
* Paul Rogers as fourth knight
* Alban Blakelock as Bishop Foliot
* Niall MacGinnis as herald

== Release ==
''Murder in the Cathedral'' premiered at the 12th Venice International Film Festival in 1951 before being theatrically released by Film Traders Ltd in the United Kingdom in March 1952 and in the United States by Classic Pictures on 25 March 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Murder in the Cathedral (1951) - Release Info |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0202483/releaseinfo |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=[[Internet Movie Database]] |publisher=[[Amazon.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==
Bosley Crowther wrote in ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'':
{{Blockquote|Whatever literary merits T. S. Eliot's ''Murder in the Cathedral'' may have and whatever strange dramatic virtues it may possess in performance on a stage, it is obvious that this stylized verse drama is not felicitous material for the screen. ...

There are flashes of stark pictorial beauty in some of the somber scenes of prelates and noblemen and worshippers gathered in the Archbishop's Hall of [[Canterbury Cathedral]], where the entire action of the play takes place. And some nods toward cinema dynamics are more or less effectively made in not too imaginative cutting for dramatic emphasis and flow.

But, for the most part, Mr. Eliot's cold recounting of [[Thomas Becket|Becket]]'s defiance of the King and his murder by helmeted assassins for insisting upon the Church's authority is conveyed in lengthy orations by individuals and choral groups, photographed in static poses and solemnly massed attitudes. ...

Fortunately, the spoken words have richness as they flow off the cultivated tongues of handsomely costumed performers who, at least, look their medieval roles. Father [[John Groser]], an English cleric, is grandly dignified and benign as the conscientious Archbishop who coolly calculates his martyrdom and [[Alexander Gauge]] is forceful as [[Henry II of England|King Henry]] in a scene especially written for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Crowther|first=Bosley|author-link=Bosley Crowther|date=26 March 1952|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/03/26/archives/the-screen-in-review-eliots-murder-in-the-cathedral-britishmade.html|title=The Screen in Review; Eliot's 'Murder in the Cathedral,' British-Made Film, Shown at Trans-Lux 60th St.|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=23 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335444089|Trekonomics]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Trekonomics: Tattalin Arziki na ''Star Trek''''''' littafi ne na 2016 na masanin tattalin arziki na Faransa [[Manu Saadia]] . Littafin yana magana ne game da batun karancin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kallon shi a baya. Marubucin ya bayyana sararin samaniya na ''Star Trek'' na ƙarni na 24 wanda ƙarancin bai wanzu kwata-kwata ba. Littafin ya binciki zamanin da ya rage da kuma yadda al'ummarmu za su buƙaci canzawa don daidaita kansu da irin wannan yanayi. Yana kallon tsammanin game da sarrafa kansa da [[Kirkirar Basira|hankali na wucin gadi]] kuma yana ɗaukar masu karatu ta hanyar tafiya ta fiction, duniyar da ba ta da kuɗi na ''Star Trek''. Har ila yau, yana kallon ƙalubalen ga tattalin arzikin Star Trek.

Saadia concludes that &quot;Post-scarcity is not so much a matter of material wealth or natural bounty, but an organizational option for society&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Duclos |first=Philip M. |date=2017 |title=Three Cheers for Trekonomics: The Future of Copyright Doctrine according to Star Athletica and Star Trek. |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals/cjlpp27&amp;id=244&amp;men_tab=srchresults |journal=Cornell JL &amp; Public Policy |volume=27 |pages=207–235}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017 the ''Trekonomics'' audiobook was a finalist for an Audie Award in the &quot;Business/Personal Development&quot; category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2017 Audie Awards® – APA |url=https://www.audiopub.org/winners/2017-audies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401105316/https://www.audiopub.org/winners/2017-audies |archive-date=2019-04-01 |access-date=2019-11-29 |website=www.audiopub.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout human history, most people in the world had and still have to deal with scarcity of resources. Yet new technologies promising reduction or even elimination of scarcity are on the horizon. We must think about how to deal with this technological change. In the future of post-scarcity, we will not have to worry about money. We may not need to work to earn resources, which will be abundant, so we can escape from the fear of scarcity. Instead of that, we will work to get reputation and

''Star Trek'' is the most famous example of the post-scarcity society. Saadia analysed the economics of ''Star Trek'', based on various comments and observations related to this aspect as seen in various episodes of the show. He asks the readers &quot;What would the world look like if everyone had everything they wanted or needed?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ouellette |first=Jennifer |date=June 2, 2016 |title=Economics of Star Trek |url=https://gizmodo.com/we-can-learn-a-lot-from-the-economics-of-star-trek-1780009476 |website=Gizmodo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The author argues that while a warp drive may not be possible, post-scarcity economy is much more realistic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=North |first=Anna |date=July 10, 2015 |title=A 'Star Trek' Future Might Be Closer Than We Think |url=https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/a-star-trek-future-might-be-closer-than-we-think/ |access-date=December 20, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Structure ==
The first chapter focuses on ''Star Trek''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s universe (primarily, the United Federation of Planets, or Federation for short) and the absence of currency in it. In a society where the economic problems have been overcome, money is meaningless. It explains how that nation functions without the pricing mechanism and the results of eliminating money as both a unit of account and as an information signal.

The status of human labor in the ''Star Trek'' universe is the topic of the second chapter. The ''Star Trek'' universe is a utopia because people do not have to work, but yet the ones we see on the show are all paradoxically very busy. The motivations of people who chose to work are analyzed.

The third chapter talks about the replicator, the machine that makes ''Star Trek''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s post-scarcity possible. Post-scarcity's meaning is the infinite social wealth. The replicator is as a metaphor for automation, and an endpoint of the industrial revolution. Crucially, in the ''Star Trek''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s society it and its products are public good.

The fourth chapter focuses on natural limits of growth. In particular, it deals with the issue of whether resources are indeed limited, and how can different societies coexist if some view resources as limited and others, like the Federation, much less so. It also tackles examples to examine that ''Star Trek''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s universe follows the economic theory.

The fifth chapter is focused on negative externalities, such as whether different alien species (and their governments) can manage common resources. This chapter analyses the ''Star Trek''-themed prisoner's dilemma game, and discusses whether rational and well-governed societies, like the idealistic and utopian Federation, can react appropriately when faced with an uncooperative foreign power. This chapter considers the theories of Elinor Ostrom who discusses methods of solving similar scenarios by using mutually beneficial collective action.

A simple history of ''Star Trek'' and Trekonomics is introduced in the sixth chapter.

The seventh chapter explains human behavior and nature. Some ''Star Trek'' characters, such as Spock and Captain Picard, are completely different from 21st-century humans. They live free from economic necessity, so they devote their lives to science and justice. The chapter highlights how economic behaviours and psychology change under the post-scarcity.

The eighth chapter deals with the Ferengi, an economically powerful alien species in the ''Star Trek'' universe, with an economy based on trade and capitalism. They are profit seekers, and all profit seekers can change. ''Deep Space 9'', the third show, tells about how the Ferengi abandon their old ways and evolve into Keynesian social democrats.

The final chapter reveals how the ''Star Trek'' society already exists in some local and unevenly distributed forms. The expanding world prosperity, combined with the spread of public goods on a global scale, and the rise of &quot;free&quot; goods and services makes society approach ever closer to Trekonomics, the challenge being mainly distributional rather than technological.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeLong |first=Brad |date=June 17, 2016 |title=Weekend Reading: Manu Saadia: Introduction: Trekonomics |url=https://www.bradford-delong.com/2016/06/weekend-reading-manu-saadia-introduction-trekonomics.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Brad DeLong's Grasping Reality}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Factions ==

* The Federation: Humans are one of the main races in this political entity. Future humans, however, are completely different from the 20th century humans when it comes to a conventional way of living. The post-scarcity age has influenced them in a way where in some of their motivations they are nothing like us. Being untroubled by belongings makes them have no interest in conspicuous consumption. They are most likely interested in things of a much higher nature such as the cultivation of the mind, education, love, art and, of course, discovery.&lt;ref name=&quot;wired&quot; /&gt;
* The Ferengi: These are imaginary extraterrestrial species that still charges money for the use of certain products, including replicators. They are a parody of the 1990s or 2000s American acquisitive businessman. The Ferengi are viewed as the lowest of the societies, primitive barbarians of the future, and seen as sad but funny at the same time. The Ferengi do change over time, due to contact with the Federation, and eventually we witness their transformation into Keynesian social democrats. Saadia thinks that the Ferengi becoming more humanitarian is a metaphor for us becoming better by watching ''Star Trek''.&lt;ref name=&quot;wired&quot; /&gt;
* The Borg: This is one of the most powerful extraterrestrial species. The Borg are one of the most efficient species in the ''Star Trek'' series and look a lot like the Federation. They have perfect allocation of goods, a perfect assignment to supply and demand. This is another society of the ''Star Trek'' universe that could be viewed as living in a post-scarcity economy. Every Borg drone has no needs or wants for anything; everything is provided by the collective of beings. Saaida thinks the Borg are a mirror image to what such a society could look like, but in a darker, dystopian form, and thinks the Borg society is a result of writers of ''Star Trek'' trying to incorporate criticism of the otherwise utopian society they present.

== Scientific analysis ==
Trekonomics, researched at the UC Riverside library, is largely a thought exercise in classic liberal political philosophy (e.g., doux commerce). Absent is a discussion of [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|psychological science]] (e.g., social psychology). Of specific concern for scientists is social identity theory.

Social identity theory explains how the psychological process of categorizing people and things biases human decision-making. Humans evaluate members of their own in-groups more favorably compared with out-group members. A ''Science Advances'' article validates a computational model of political economy developed by Princeton [[Kimiyyar siyasa|political scientist]] Nolan McCarty to illustrate this point.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Alexander J. |last2=McCarty |first2=Nolan |last3=Bryson |first3=Joanna J. |date=2020-12-11 |title=Polarization under rising inequality and economic decline |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=6 |issue=50 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4201 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7732181 |pmid=33310855}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the ''Science Advances'' article, the interdisciplinary team finds that when economic actors are allowed to take on meaningful social identities, these agents adopt a risk-averse, in-group favoring strategy consistent with social identity theory in psychology under conditions of economic decline or rising inequality. This is important because it leads to affective political polarization as a natural consequence of human cognition and [[Jari-hujja|capitalist]] organization. Political polarization is when people and groups (e.g., Democrats and [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republicans]]) move apart emotionally or ideologically.

Trekonomics mainly focuses on the cultivation of human capital as a motivation for redistribution of productive resources. However, little attention is given to how the utopian Federation might address the evolutionary psychology of social identity theory and its consequences for economic and political behavior. This is important because in-group favoritism (e.g., home country bias&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home Country Bias |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/home-country-bias.asp |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is incompatible with the assumption of orthodox macroeconomics that humans are rational maximizers of individual utility.

Trekonomics makes a passing reference to basic income as a potential tool to maximize human capital. This is important because recent research in management has called for renewed attention to the political and economic theory of universal basic income, specifically, both as a response to [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID]] and as an imperative for racial justice described by [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King, Jr.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barney |first=Jay |last2=Rangan |first2=Subi |date=2019-01-01 |title=Editors' Comments: Why Do We Need a Special Issue on New Theoretical Perspectives on Market-Based Economic Systems? |url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amr.2018.0425 |journal=Academy of Management Review |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.5465/amr.2018.0425 |issn=0363-7425 |s2cid=169275064 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; An emerging area of interdisciplinary research is the political psychology and economy of optimum currency areas.

Optimum currency area theory describes the conditions necessary for a region to benefit maximally from adoption of a common currency, as the European states have with the euro. One determinant of currency area performance is political solidarity, or the attachment of peoples to the states issuing a currency. Universal basic income may facilitate secure attachment of persons to states, increasing solidarity and decreasing polarization.

As money is canonically obsolete in the Federation, greater scientific attention must be given to the trekonomics of how currency areas might transition to a moneyless mode of operation. This may require consideration of basic income by scholars as a monetary policy, rather than a fiscal policy. As an institutional innovation, basic income may solve collective action problems caused by social identity (e.g., [[Wariyar launin fata|racism]], [[Wariyar Jinsi|sexism]], or nepotism) in a manner consistent with classic liberalism.

== Critical reception ==
Johann K. Jaeckel writes that Trekonomics presents an unconventional contribution to the long-standing concern in economic thought regarding the impact of continuous automation on the role of human labor in social reproduction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jaeckel |first=Johann K. |date=2018-01-02 |title=Trekonomics: The Economics of Star Trek |journal=Review of Political Economy |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=101–105 |doi=10.1080/09538259.2018.1450187 |issn=0953-8259 |s2cid=158610256}}&lt;/ref&gt; Philip M. Duclos notes that the book discusses the utopian Star Trek universe, based on Gene Roddenberry's belief that &quot;humans are indeed altruistic and can work together to improve the quality of life&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Duclos |first=Philip M. |date=2017 |title=Three Cheers for Trekonomics: The Future of Copyright Doctrine according to Star Athletica and Star Trek. |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals/cjlpp27&amp;id=244&amp;men_tab=srchresults |journal=Cornell JL &amp; Public Policy |volume=27 |pages=207–235}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDuclos2017&quot;&gt;Duclos, Philip M. (2017). [https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals/cjlpp27&amp;id=244&amp;men_tab=srchresults &quot;Three Cheers for Trekonomics: The Future of Copyright Doctrine according to Star Athletica and Star Trek&quot;]. ''Cornell JL &amp; Public Policy''. '''27''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;207–&lt;/span&gt;235.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ''[[New York Times]]'' review stated that Trekonomics can help us understand what it would take to create such a world as in ''Star Trek'' where technological advances would allow the whole society to lead more comfortable and meaningful lives, rather than the inequality that exists now which enriches only a few lucky people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=North |first=Anna |date=July 10, 2015 |title=A 'Star Trek' Future Might Be Closer Than We Think |url=https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/a-star-trek-future-might-be-closer-than-we-think/ |access-date=December 20, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNorth2015&quot;&gt;North, Anna (July 10, 2015). [https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/a-star-trek-future-might-be-closer-than-we-think/ &quot;A 'Star Trek' Future Might Be Closer Than We Think&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ''Washington Post'' review notes that the book goes deep into the better understanding of our economy and society without scarcity. Through that we can better understand how the society works under scarcity.

Trekonomics has inspired a fan-led [[Starfleet Party]] centered on advocacy of universal basic income as a path to the goal of the utopian future of Star Trek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Fansite |url=https://www.starfleetparty.org/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.starfleetparty.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An in-universe explanation for the Starfleet Party is that it is a predestination paradox.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''''Trekonomics: Tattalin Arziki na ''Star Trek''''''' littafi ne na 2016 na masanin tattalin arziki na Faransa [[Manu Saadia]] . Littafin yana magana ne game da batun karancin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kallon shi a baya. Marubucin ya bayyana sararin samaniya na ''Star Trek'' na ƙarni na 24 wanda ƙarancin bai wanzu kwata-kwata ba. Littafin ya binciki zamanin da ya rage da kuma yadda al'ummarmu za su buƙaci canzawa don daidaita kansu da irin wannan yanayi. Yana kallon tsammanin game da sarrafa kansa da [[Kirkirar Basira|hankali na wucin gadi]] kuma yana ɗaukar masu karatu ta hanyar tafiya ta fiction, duniyar da ba ta da kuɗi na ''Star Trek''. Har ila yau, yana kallon ƙalubalen ga tattalin arzikin Star Trek.

Saadia concludes that &quot;Post-scarcity is not so much a matter of material wealth or natural bounty, but an organizational option for society&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Duclos |first=Philip M. |date=2017 |title=Three Cheers for Trekonomics: The Future of Copyright Doctrine according to Star Athletica and Star Trek. |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals/cjlpp27&amp;id=244&amp;men_tab=srchresults |journal=Cornell JL &amp; Public Policy |volume=27 |pages=207–235}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017 the ''Trekonomics'' audiobook was a finalist for an Audie Award in the &quot;Business/Personal Development&quot; category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2017 Audie Awards® – APA |url=https://www.audiopub.org/winners/2017-audies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401105316/https://www.audiopub.org/winners/2017-audies |archive-date=2019-04-01 |access-date=2019-11-29 |website=www.audiopub.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout human history, most people in the world had and still have to deal with scarcity of resources. Yet new technologies promising reduction or even elimination of scarcity are on the horizon. We must think about how to deal with this technological change. In the future of post-scarcity, we will not have to worry about money. We may not need to work to earn resources, which will be abundant, so we can escape from the fear of scarcity. Instead of that, we will work to get reputation and

''Star Trek'' is the most famous example of the post-scarcity society. Saadia analysed the economics of ''Star Trek'', based on various comments and observations related to this aspect as seen in various episodes of the show. He asks the readers &quot;What would the world look like if everyone had everything they wanted or needed?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ouellette |first=Jennifer |date=June 2, 2016 |title=Economics of Star Trek |url=https://gizmodo.com/we-can-learn-a-lot-from-the-economics-of-star-trek-1780009476 |website=Gizmodo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The author argues that while a warp drive may not be possible, post-scarcity economy is much more realistic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=North |first=Anna |date=July 10, 2015 |title=A 'Star Trek' Future Might Be Closer Than We Think |url=https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/a-star-trek-future-might-be-closer-than-we-think/ |access-date=December 20, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Structure ==
The first chapter focuses on ''Star Trek''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s universe (primarily, the United Federation of Planets, or Federation for short) and the absence of currency in it. In a society where the economic problems have been overcome, money is meaningless. It explains how that nation functions without the pricing mechanism and the results of eliminating money as both a unit of account and as an information signal.

The status of human labor in the ''Star Trek'' universe is the topic of the second chapter. The ''Star Trek'' universe is a utopia because people do not have to work, but yet the ones we see on the show are all paradoxically very busy. The motivations of people who chose to work are analyzed.

The third chapter talks about the replicator, the machine that makes ''Star Trek''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s post-scarcity possible. Post-scarcity's meaning is the infinite social wealth. The replicator is as a metaphor for automation, and an endpoint of the industrial revolution. Crucially, in the ''Star Trek''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s society it and its products are public good.

The fourth chapter focuses on natural limits of growth. In particular, it deals with the issue of whether resources are indeed limited, and how can different societies coexist if some view resources as limited and others, like the Federation, much less so. It also tackles examples to examine that ''Star Trek''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s universe follows the economic theory.

The fifth chapter is focused on negative externalities, such as whether different alien species (and their governments) can manage common resources. This chapter analyses the ''Star Trek''-themed prisoner's dilemma game, and discusses whether rational and well-governed societies, like the idealistic and utopian Federation, can react appropriately when faced with an uncooperative foreign power. This chapter considers the theories of Elinor Ostrom who discusses methods of solving similar scenarios by using mutually beneficial collective action.

A simple history of ''Star Trek'' and Trekonomics is introduced in the sixth chapter.

The seventh chapter explains human behavior and nature. Some ''Star Trek'' characters, such as Spock and Captain Picard, are completely different from 21st-century humans. They live free from economic necessity, so they devote their lives to science and justice. The chapter highlights how economic behaviours and psychology change under the post-scarcity.

The eighth chapter deals with the Ferengi, an economically powerful alien species in the ''Star Trek'' universe, with an economy based on trade and capitalism. They are profit seekers, and all profit seekers can change. ''Deep Space 9'', the third show, tells about how the Ferengi abandon their old ways and evolve into Keynesian social democrats.

The final chapter reveals how the ''Star Trek'' society already exists in some local and unevenly distributed forms. The expanding world prosperity, combined with the spread of public goods on a global scale, and the rise of &quot;free&quot; goods and services makes society approach ever closer to Trekonomics, the challenge being mainly distributional rather than technological.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeLong |first=Brad |date=June 17, 2016 |title=Weekend Reading: Manu Saadia: Introduction: Trekonomics |url=https://www.bradford-delong.com/2016/06/weekend-reading-manu-saadia-introduction-trekonomics.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Brad DeLong's Grasping Reality}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Factions ==

* The Federation: Humans are one of the main races in this political entity. Future humans, however, are completely different from the 20th century humans when it comes to a conventional way of living. The post-scarcity age has influenced them in a way where in some of their motivations they are nothing like us. Being untroubled by belongings makes them have no interest in conspicuous consumption. They are most likely interested in things of a much higher nature such as the cultivation of the mind, education, love, art and, of course, discovery.&lt;ref name=&quot;wired&quot; /&gt;
* The Ferengi: These are imaginary extraterrestrial species that still charges money for the use of certain products, including replicators. They are a parody of the 1990s or 2000s American acquisitive businessman. The Ferengi are viewed as the lowest of the societies, primitive barbarians of the future, and seen as sad but funny at the same time. The Ferengi do change over time, due to contact with the Federation, and eventually we witness their transformation into Keynesian social democrats. Saadia thinks that the Ferengi becoming more humanitarian is a metaphor for us becoming better by watching ''Star Trek''.&lt;ref name=&quot;wired&quot; /&gt;
* The Borg: This is one of the most powerful extraterrestrial species. The Borg are one of the most efficient species in the ''Star Trek'' series and look a lot like the Federation. They have perfect allocation of goods, a perfect assignment to supply and demand. This is another society of the ''Star Trek'' universe that could be viewed as living in a post-scarcity economy. Every Borg drone has no needs or wants for anything; everything is provided by the collective of beings. Saaida thinks the Borg are a mirror image to what such a society could look like, but in a darker, dystopian form, and thinks the Borg society is a result of writers of ''Star Trek'' trying to incorporate criticism of the otherwise utopian society they present.

== Scientific analysis ==
Trekonomics, researched at the UC Riverside library, is largely a thought exercise in classic liberal political philosophy (e.g., doux commerce). Absent is a discussion of [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|psychological science]] (e.g., social psychology). Of specific concern for scientists is social identity theory.

Social identity theory explains how the psychological process of categorizing people and things biases human decision-making. Humans evaluate members of their own in-groups more favorably compared with out-group members. A ''Science Advances'' article validates a computational model of political economy developed by Princeton [[Kimiyyar siyasa|political scientist]] Nolan McCarty to illustrate this point.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Alexander J. |last2=McCarty |first2=Nolan |last3=Bryson |first3=Joanna J. |date=2020-12-11 |title=Polarization under rising inequality and economic decline |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=6 |issue=50 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4201 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7732181 |pmid=33310855}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the ''Science Advances'' article, the interdisciplinary team finds that when economic actors are allowed to take on meaningful social identities, these agents adopt a risk-averse, in-group favoring strategy consistent with social identity theory in psychology under conditions of economic decline or rising inequality. This is important because it leads to affective political polarization as a natural consequence of human cognition and [[Jari-hujja|capitalist]] organization. Political polarization is when people and groups (e.g., Democrats and [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republicans]]) move apart emotionally or ideologically.

Trekonomics mainly focuses on the cultivation of human capital as a motivation for redistribution of productive resources. However, little attention is given to how the utopian Federation might address the evolutionary psychology of social identity theory and its consequences for economic and political behavior. This is important because in-group favoritism (e.g., home country bias&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home Country Bias |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/home-country-bias.asp |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is incompatible with the assumption of orthodox macroeconomics that humans are rational maximizers of individual utility.

Trekonomics makes a passing reference to basic income as a potential tool to maximize human capital. This is important because recent research in management has called for renewed attention to the political and economic theory of universal basic income, specifically, both as a response to [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID]] and as an imperative for racial justice described by [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King, Jr.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barney |first=Jay |last2=Rangan |first2=Subi |date=2019-01-01 |title=Editors' Comments: Why Do We Need a Special Issue on New Theoretical Perspectives on Market-Based Economic Systems? |url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amr.2018.0425 |journal=Academy of Management Review |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.5465/amr.2018.0425 |issn=0363-7425 |s2cid=169275064 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; An emerging area of interdisciplinary research is the political psychology and economy of optimum currency areas.

Optimum currency area theory describes the conditions necessary for a region to benefit maximally from adoption of a common currency, as the European states have with the euro. One determinant of currency area performance is political solidarity, or the attachment of peoples to the states issuing a currency. Universal basic income may facilitate secure attachment of persons to states, increasing solidarity and decreasing polarization.

As money is canonically obsolete in the Federation, greater scientific attention must be given to the trekonomics of how currency areas might transition to a moneyless mode of operation. This may require consideration of basic income by scholars as a monetary policy, rather than a fiscal policy. As an institutional innovation, basic income may solve collective action problems caused by social identity (e.g., [[Wariyar launin fata|racism]], [[Wariyar Jinsi|sexism]], or nepotism) in a manner consistent with classic liberalism.

== Critical reception ==
Johann K. Jaeckel writes that Trekonomics presents an unconventional contribution to the long-standing concern in economic thought regarding the impact of continuous automation on the role of human labor in social reproduction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jaeckel |first=Johann K. |date=2018-01-02 |title=Trekonomics: The Economics of Star Trek |journal=Review of Political Economy |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=101–105 |doi=10.1080/09538259.2018.1450187 |issn=0953-8259 |s2cid=158610256}}&lt;/ref&gt; Philip M. Duclos notes that the book discusses the utopian Star Trek universe, based on Gene Roddenberry's belief that &quot;humans are indeed altruistic and can work together to improve the quality of life&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Duclos |first=Philip M. |date=2017 |title=Three Cheers for Trekonomics: The Future of Copyright Doctrine according to Star Athletica and Star Trek. |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals/cjlpp27&amp;id=244&amp;men_tab=srchresults |journal=Cornell JL &amp; Public Policy |volume=27 |pages=207–235}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDuclos2017&quot;&gt;Duclos, Philip M. (2017). [https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals/cjlpp27&amp;id=244&amp;men_tab=srchresults &quot;Three Cheers for Trekonomics: The Future of Copyright Doctrine according to Star Athletica and Star Trek&quot;]. ''Cornell JL &amp; Public Policy''. '''27''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;207–&lt;/span&gt;235.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ''[[New York Times]]'' review stated that Trekonomics can help us understand what it would take to create such a world as in ''Star Trek'' where technological advances would allow the whole society to lead more comfortable and meaningful lives, rather than the inequality that exists now which enriches only a few lucky people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=North |first=Anna |date=July 10, 2015 |title=A 'Star Trek' Future Might Be Closer Than We Think |url=https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/a-star-trek-future-might-be-closer-than-we-think/ |access-date=December 20, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNorth2015&quot;&gt;North, Anna (July 10, 2015). [https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/a-star-trek-future-might-be-closer-than-we-think/ &quot;A 'Star Trek' Future Might Be Closer Than We Think&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ''Washington Post'' review notes that the book goes deep into the better understanding of our economy and society without scarcity. Through that we can better understand how the society works under scarcity.

Trekonomics has inspired a fan-led [[Starfleet Party]] centered on advocacy of universal basic income as a path to the goal of the utopian future of Star Trek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Fansite |url=https://www.starfleetparty.org/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.starfleetparty.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An in-universe explanation for the Starfleet Party is that it is a predestination paradox.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kimberly Y. Smith</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344885088|Kimberly Y. Smith]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4161" sha1="c37d1cw02u1h7sd6dfu3yuo5kt7i63k" xml:space="preserve">'''Kimberly Y. Smith''' babban jami'in kimiyya ne na Amurka kuma likita ne wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban bincike da ci gaba a ViiV Healthcare . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=ViiV's long-acting cabotegravir outperforms daily pill in HIV trial |url=https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/viiv-cabotegravir-trial-data/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Clinical Trials Arena |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background and career ==
Smith is a graduate of the University of Michigan School of Medicine and holds an MPH degree from the University of Michigan School of Public Health.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; She completed her internship, residency, and Infectious Disease fellowship at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. Following her training she served on the faculty of the Section of Infectious Disease at Rush for over a decade and as an Attending Physician at Stroger Hospital &amp; the CORE Center in Chicago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kimberly Smith |url=https://www.virology-education.com/kimberly-smith/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Virology Education |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith served as Principal Investigator of the Rush University Medical Center Clinical Research Site of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). Smith also served as the chair of the ACTG Underrepresented Populations Committee. After joining ViiV in 2013, Smith worked primarily on global medical strategy until 2019, when she was promote to Head R&amp;D for the company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Smith serves as a board director for Qura Therapeutics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors for Qura Therapeutics |url=https://unchivcurecenter.org/board-directors-qura-therapeutics/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=HIV Cure Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awards ==

* 2011: POZ &quot;People We Love&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-11-21 |title=The POZ 100: 76 to 100 |url=https://www.poz.com/article/POZ-100-2011-76to100-21421-5833 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=POZ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: Thurgood Marshall College Fund Excellence in Medicine Award&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kimberly Smith |url=https://www.virology-education.com/kimberly-smith/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Virology Education |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.virology-education.com/kimberly-smith/ &quot;Kimberly Smith&quot;]. ''Virology Education''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-07-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: Black AIDS Institute &quot;Heroes in the Struggle&quot;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}}
* 2020 National Medical Association Scroll of Merit Award
* Endpoints- 20 of the Top Women in BioPharma Dec 2020
* Fiercepharma – Fiercest Women in Life Sciences-Nov 2020
* The Healthcare Technology Report- The Top 25 Women Leaders in Biotechnology of 2020-Nov 2020

== Publications ==
Smith co-wrote ''HIV/AIDS in U.S. Communities of Color'' in 2009.  She has over 100 research publications.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors for Qura Therapeutics |url=https://unchivcurecenter.org/board-directors-qura-therapeutics/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=HIV Cure Center |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unchivcurecenter.org/board-directors-qura-therapeutics/ &quot;Board of Directors for Qura Therapeutics&quot;]. ''HIV Cure Center''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-07-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Volunteer service ==
Smith serves on the [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] Research Advisory Council of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AIDS Research Advisory Committee {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/committees-aids-research |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=www.niaid.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
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      <text bytes="4174" sha1="eehb0hzrymzo6ajsge3yl9fv55jfcs0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kimberly Y. Smith''' babban jami'in kimiyya ne na Amurka kuma likita ne wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban bincike da ci gaba a ViiV Healthcare . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=ViiV's long-acting cabotegravir outperforms daily pill in HIV trial |url=https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/viiv-cabotegravir-trial-data/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Clinical Trials Arena |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background and career ==
Smith is a graduate of the University of Michigan School of Medicine and holds an MPH degree from the University of Michigan School of Public Health.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; She completed her internship, residency, and Infectious Disease fellowship at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. Following her training she served on the faculty of the Section of Infectious Disease at Rush for over a decade and as an Attending Physician at Stroger Hospital &amp; the CORE Center in Chicago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kimberly Smith |url=https://www.virology-education.com/kimberly-smith/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Virology Education |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith served as Principal Investigator of the Rush University Medical Center Clinical Research Site of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). Smith also served as the chair of the ACTG Underrepresented Populations Committee. After joining ViiV in 2013, Smith worked primarily on global medical strategy until 2019, when she was promote to Head R&amp;D for the company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Smith serves as a board director for Qura Therapeutics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors for Qura Therapeutics |url=https://unchivcurecenter.org/board-directors-qura-therapeutics/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=HIV Cure Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awards ==

* 2011: POZ &quot;People We Love&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-11-21 |title=The POZ 100: 76 to 100 |url=https://www.poz.com/article/POZ-100-2011-76to100-21421-5833 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=POZ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: Thurgood Marshall College Fund Excellence in Medicine Award&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kimberly Smith |url=https://www.virology-education.com/kimberly-smith/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Virology Education |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.virology-education.com/kimberly-smith/ &quot;Kimberly Smith&quot;]. ''Virology Education''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-07-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: Black AIDS Institute &quot;Heroes in the Struggle&quot;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}}
* 2020 National Medical Association Scroll of Merit Award
* Endpoints- 20 of the Top Women in BioPharma Dec 2020
* Fiercepharma – Fiercest Women in Life Sciences-Nov 2020
* The Healthcare Technology Report- The Top 25 Women Leaders in Biotechnology of 2020-Nov 2020

== Publications ==
Smith co-wrote ''HIV/AIDS in U.S. Communities of Color'' in 2009.  She has over 100 research publications.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors for Qura Therapeutics |url=https://unchivcurecenter.org/board-directors-qura-therapeutics/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=HIV Cure Center |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unchivcurecenter.org/board-directors-qura-therapeutics/ &quot;Board of Directors for Qura Therapeutics&quot;]. ''HIV Cure Center''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-07-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Volunteer service ==
Smith serves on the [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] Research Advisory Council of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AIDS Research Advisory Committee {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/committees-aids-research |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=www.niaid.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>eehb0hzrymzo6ajsge3yl9fv55jfcs0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Chimezie Ikeazor</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309515374|Chimezie Ikeazor]]&quot;</comment>
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Cif '''Timothy Chimezie Ikeazor''', [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|SAN]], // i (1930 - Oktoba 2012) lauya ne na Najeriya.

== Rayuwa ==
An haife shi a shekara ta 1930 a Obosi, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] ga [[Eugene Keazor]] (Mataimakin Kwamishinan 'yan sanda mai ritaya a tsohuwar Yankin Gabashin Najeriya da Mrs N. Ikeazor (matar farko ta asalin Igbo) kuma jikan Igwe Isra'ila Eloebo Iweka, Sarkin Obosi kuma Injiniya na farko na Igbo (wanda ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Imperial, London) kuma marubucin asalin asalin asalin tarihin Igbo na farko-1922.(((((((((Born in 1930 in Obosi, Anambra State to Eugene Keazor (a retired Assistant Commissioner of Police in the former Eastern Region of Nigeria and Mrs N. Ikeazor (the first mid-wife of Igbo origin) and grandson of Igwe Israel Eloebo Iweka, King of Obosi and the first Igbo Engineer (educated at Imperial College, London) and first indigenous author of Igbo history-1922.

Chimezie Ikeazor ya yi karatu a Dennis Memorial Grammar School, Onitsha, Jihar Anambra, daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar London, inda ya sami digiri a cikin tauhidin kuma daga baya ya karanta doka a Kwalejin King ta London. An kira shi zuwa Bar a Lincoln's Inn London a shekarar 1960.

Chimezie Ikeazor ya koma [[Najeriya]] kuma nan da nan ya ci gaba da aiki a fannin shari'a, ya kafa aikin shari'a Ikeazor da Iweka a Onitsha, tare da dan uwansa Rob Iweka (wanda daga baya ya zama Babban Lauyan [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], Najeriya). A kan rushewar wannan aikin, ya kafa aiki a kan kansa a Legas, yana gina wani aiki mai karfi na 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Gudanarwa, wanda aka nuna shi da aiki mai yawa na pro-bono ga abokan ciniki marasa galihu da ke fuskantar gurfanar da laifi. Wannan ya kasance don fassara zuwa cikin tashin hankali da sauƙaƙe ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Shari'a ta Najeriya, tare da Cif [[Solomon Lar]] da Cif Debo Akande, wanda ya samo asali ya zama cikakken halitta na Dokar ta hanyar Dokar Taimako ta 1977 (daga baya Dokar Taimako na Shari'a). &lt;ref name=&quot;Okafor&quot;&gt;Obiora Chinedu Okafor (2005) ''Legitimising Human Rights NGOs: Lessons from Nigeria'', Africa Research &amp; Publications, {{ISBN|978-1-59221-286-6}}, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada Chimezie Ikeazor a matsayin [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] (SAN) - daidai da Mai ba da shawara na Sarauniya- a cikin 1986,&lt;ref name=&quot;Onyeze2&quot;&gt;Onyeze, Michael O. (1997) ''Course of Destiny and the Royal Feat: Life, Business Enterprises and the Royal Rulership of His Royal Highness Igwe J.O. Mamah, Ohabuenyi 1 of Umuozzi (Enyi Ndi Igbo), Deputy Chairman, Enugu State Council of Chiefs'', Vougasen Ltd, p. 81&lt;/ref&gt;kuma daga baya Igwe (Sarki) da Majalisar Shugabannin Obosi suka ba shi lambar yabo ta farko ta Oboli II na Obosi kuma ya zauna a Majalisar Shugabannin obosi, tun 1986. An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctor of Laws Degree (LL.D) daga [[Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe]] - Awka, Najeriya saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga Kwarewar Shari'a a Najeriya. Kwanan nan ya yi bikin cika shekaru 80 da haihuwa, ya ba shi damar shiga cikin kungiyar &quot;Ito-Ogbo&quot; ta Obosi, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan dattawa a cikin al'umma waɗanda suka kai shekaru masu mahimmanci.

Cif Ikeazor ya shiga cikin shekaru da yawa a cikin shahararrun yanke shawara na shari'a a fannin Dokar Gudanarwa, musamman Anyebe V The State (1986) 1 S. C. 87 (Covering the power of the Attorney-General to institute or assuming responsibility for prosecution in Nigeria); kuma kwanan nan da dama Zaben da suka shafi rikitarwa yankuna na Kundin Tsarin Mulki.

Chimezie Ikeazor ya mutu a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 October 2022 |title=As Nigeria Honours A National Icon – Chief Chimezie Ikeazor, SAN, Obosi Development Union Worldwide Rejoices -By Chimezie Obi Ajeh Esq. |url=https://barristerng.com/as-nigeria-honours-a-national-icon-chief-chimezie-ikeazor-san-obosi-development-union-worldwide-rejoices/ |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=BarristerNG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
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Cif '''Timothy Chimezie Ikeazor''', [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|SAN]], // i (1930 - Oktoba 2012) lauya ne na Najeriya.

== Rayuwa ==
An haife shi a shekara ta 1930 a Obosi, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] ga [[Eugene Keazor]] (Mataimakin Kwamishinan 'yan sanda mai ritaya a tsohuwar Yankin Gabashin Najeriya da Mrs N. Ikeazor (matar farko ta asalin Igbo) kuma jikan Igwe Isra'ila Eloebo Iweka, Sarkin Obosi kuma Injiniya na farko na Igbo (wanda ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Imperial, London) kuma marubucin asalin asalin asalin tarihin Igbo na farko-1922.
Chimezie Ikeazor ya yi karatu a Dennis Memorial Grammar School, Onitsha, Jihar Anambra, daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar London, inda ya sami digiri a cikin tauhidin kuma daga baya ya karanta doka a Kwalejin King ta London. An kira shi zuwa Bar a Lincoln's Inn London a shekarar 1960.

Chimezie Ikeazor ya koma [[Najeriya]] kuma nan da nan ya ci gaba da aiki a fannin shari'a, ya kafa aikin shari'a Ikeazor da Iweka a Onitsha, tare da dan uwansa Rob Iweka (wanda daga baya ya zama Babban Lauyan [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], Najeriya). A kan rushewar wannan aikin, ya kafa aiki a kan kansa a Legas, yana gina wani aiki mai karfi na 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Gudanarwa, wanda aka nuna shi da aiki mai yawa na pro-bono ga abokan ciniki marasa galihu da ke fuskantar gurfanar da laifi. Wannan ya kasance don fassara zuwa cikin tashin hankali da sauƙaƙe ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Shari'a ta Najeriya, tare da Cif [[Solomon Lar]] da Cif Debo Akande, wanda ya samo asali ya zama cikakken halitta na Dokar ta hanyar Dokar Taimako ta 1977 (daga baya Dokar Taimako na Shari'a). &lt;ref name=&quot;Okafor&quot;&gt;Obiora Chinedu Okafor (2005) ''Legitimising Human Rights NGOs: Lessons from Nigeria'', Africa Research &amp; Publications, {{ISBN|978-1-59221-286-6}}, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada Chimezie Ikeazor a matsayin [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] (SAN) - daidai da Mai ba da shawara na Sarauniya- a cikin 1986,&lt;ref name=&quot;Onyeze2&quot;&gt;Onyeze, Michael O. (1997) ''Course of Destiny and the Royal Feat: Life, Business Enterprises and the Royal Rulership of His Royal Highness Igwe J.O. Mamah, Ohabuenyi 1 of Umuozzi (Enyi Ndi Igbo), Deputy Chairman, Enugu State Council of Chiefs'', Vougasen Ltd, p. 81&lt;/ref&gt;kuma daga baya Igwe (Sarki) da Majalisar Shugabannin Obosi suka ba shi lambar yabo ta farko ta Oboli II na Obosi kuma ya zauna a Majalisar Shugabannin obosi, tun 1986. An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctor of Laws Degree (LL.D) daga [[Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe]] - Awka, Najeriya saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga Kwarewar Shari'a a Najeriya. Kwanan nan ya yi bikin cika shekaru 80 da haihuwa, ya ba shi damar shiga cikin kungiyar &quot;Ito-Ogbo&quot; ta Obosi, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan dattawa a cikin al'umma waɗanda suka kai shekaru masu mahimmanci.

Cif Ikeazor ya shiga cikin shekaru da yawa a cikin shahararrun yanke shawara na shari'a a fannin Dokar Gudanarwa, musamman Anyebe V The State (1986) 1 S. C. 87 (Covering the power of the Attorney-General to institute or assuming responsibility for prosecution in Nigeria); kuma kwanan nan da dama Zaben da suka shafi rikitarwa yankuna na Kundin Tsarin Mulki.

Chimezie Ikeazor ya mutu a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 October 2022 |title=As Nigeria Honours A National Icon – Chief Chimezie Ikeazor, SAN, Obosi Development Union Worldwide Rejoices -By Chimezie Obi Ajeh Esq. |url=https://barristerng.com/as-nigeria-honours-a-national-icon-chief-chimezie-ikeazor-san-obosi-development-union-worldwide-rejoices/ |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=BarristerNG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347823610|Chuka Odom]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Chuka Odom''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1960) lauya ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai neman takarar Gwamna na Jihar Imo na 2015 na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). Ya kasance Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Musamman tsakanin 2003 - 2007, a [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Ministan Jiha na Tarayya na Muhalli, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane daga Disamba 2007 zuwa Mayu 2009 sannan Ministan Ji'a na FCT (Federal Capital Territory, [[Abuja]]), mukamin da ya rike har zuwa Oktoba 2010.

== Yaron da Ilimi ==
An haifi Odom a [[Ikeduru]] a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1960 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-01-17 |title=ODOM, Chief Chuka Julius |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/odom-chief-chuka-julius/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ga dangin Sir Tobias Odom da Lady Irene Odom (née Onyerindu). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a makarantar firamare ta St. Michael, [[Umuahia]], Jihar Abia tsakanin 1971 da 1974. Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Nazarin Immaculate Conception Ahia-Eke, [[Umuahia]] a shekara ta 1974 kuma ya sami Takardar shaidarsa ta A&quot;Level a shekara ta 1980. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar jihar Imo|Jami'ar Jihar Imo]] don nazarin doka. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a (LLB Hons) a 1981 kuma ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-10-20 |title=Ex-minister picks governorship form |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-minister-picks-governorship-form/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;(&lt;((((((((((((&lt;(Odom was born in Ikeduru in Imo state on 19 October 1960[1] to the family of Sir Tobias Odom and Lady Irene Odom (née Onyerindu).[2] He started his educational journey at St. Michael's Primary School, Umuahia, Abia State between 1971 and 1974. He also attended Immaculate Conception Seminary Ahia-Eke, Umuahia in 1974 and obtained his A’Level Certificate in 1980. Thereafter, he proceeded to Imo State University to study law. He earned a Bachelor of Law (LLB Hons) in 1981 and attended Nigerian Law School, Lagos in￼

== Ayyuka da Siyasa ==
Odom ya shiga siyasa a 1999 lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dabarun kamfen na [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] na yakin neman gwamna na 1999 kuma an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman, ayyuka na musamman ga tsohon gwamnan tsakanin 1999 da 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-10-20 |title=Ex-minister picks governorship form |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-minister-picks-governorship-form/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alred |first=Lanre |title=Nigeria: 'I Ran Away From the Seminary' - Hon. Chuka Odom |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200901261350.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;Daga baya ya tashi ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Gwamna, Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Musamman, Jihar Abia kuma tsakanin Mayu 2007 zuwa Satumba 2007 an sanya shi Kwamishinan ayyuka, Gidaje da Shirye-shiryen Birane na Gwamnatin Jihar Imo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alred |first=Lanre |title=Nigeria: 'I Ran Away From the Seminary' - Hon. Chuka Odom |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200901261350.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zama Ministan Jiha mai daraja na Muhalli, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane na Tarayyar Najeriya a 2007 - 2009  kuma daga baya ya zama Ministan Gwamnati, Babban Birnin Tarayya tsakanin 2009 da 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-03 |title=WHY IGBO FEEL MARGINALISED –Ex-Minister Odom |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-igbo-feel-marginalised-ex-minister-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-03-13 |title=Awa Kalu, SAN a cherished diamond at 60 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/awa-kalu-san-a-cherished-diamond-at-60/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-01-27 |title=Govs Forum, ex-minister clash over Abuja building |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/govs-forum-ex-minister-clash-over-abuja-building/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-27 |title=Jonathan 2015: seek amendment to constitution – Odom |url=https://www.itvradionigeria.com/jonathan-2015-seek-amendment-to-constitution-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya yi gwagwarmaya ba tare da nasara ba don kujerar Majalisar Wakilai ta Ikeduru Tarayya, Jihar Imo a shekara ta 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-27 |title=Jonathan 2015: seek amendment to constitution – Odom |url=https://www.itvradionigeria.com/jonathan-2015-seek-amendment-to-constitution-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|Babban zaben 2015]], ya bayyana sha'awarsa na tsayawa takarar Gwamnan jihar Imo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Odom joins Imo guber race |url=http://www.imostateonline.com/politics/791-odom-joins-imo-guber-race |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=www.imostateonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-10-30 |title=2015: 22 for governor in Imo PDP |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/2015-22-for-governor-in-imo-pdp/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-01-21 |title=Understanding the Guber Imbroglio in Imo State |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/01/21/understanding-the-guber-imbroglio-in-imo-state/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; pp tare&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=Emeka |title=Nigeria: Chuka Odom and the Imo Gubernatorial Race |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201405121849.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; idan aka zabe shi amma ya rasa tikitin zaben jam'iyyar ga [[Chukwuemeka Ihedioha|Emeka Ihedioha]] wanda daga baya ya rasa Rochas Okorocha na All Progressive Congress a zaben gwamna na 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=Emeka |title=Nigeria: Chuka Odom and the Imo Gubernatorial Race |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201405121849.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan babban zaben 2019 a jihar Imo tare da fitowar Emeka Ihedioha a matsayin gwamnan jihar, an sanar da shi a matsayin memba na kwamitin sauyawa..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 May 2019 |title=Okorocha, Ihedioha agree on hitch- free transition |url=https://guardian.ng/news/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-hitch-free-transition/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maduabuchi |first=Chidi |date=2019-05-04 |title=Governor Okorocha, Emeka Ihedioha agree on peaceful transition |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/governor-okorocha-emeka-ihedioha-agree-peaceful-transition-217825 |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=TODAY |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2 April 2019 |title=Imo- Gov elect Emeka Ihedioha constitute transition committee |url=https://trailreporters.com/imo-gov-elect-emeka-ihedioha-constitutes-transition-committee/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Trails Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olayanju |first=Kabir |title=Okorocha, Ihedioha agree on peaceful transition ahead of May 29 |url=https://latestalert.ng/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-peaceful-transition-ahead-of-may-29/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Latest Alert}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-04-01 |title=Imo 2019: See FULL LIST of Ihedioha's transition committee |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/imo-2019-see-full-list-of-ihediohas-transition-committee.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Odom ya auri Lady Adaku Celine Odom, (née Nwakibu) manajan darektan The Lifestyle Group a cikin 1990 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya 8.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Admin |title=ADAKU CHUKA-ODOM HITS GOLDEN AGE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/adaku-chuka-odom-hits-golden-age/212690/ |access-date=6 September 2019 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Chuka Odom''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1960) lauya ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai neman takarar Gwamna na Jihar Imo na 2015 na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). Ya kasance Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Musamman tsakanin 2003 - 2007, a [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Ministan Jiha na Tarayya na Muhalli, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane daga Disamba 2007 zuwa Mayu 2009 sannan Ministan Ji'a na FCT (Federal Capital Territory, [[Abuja]]), mukamin da ya rike har zuwa Oktoba 2010.

== Yaron da Ilimi ==
An haifi Odom a [[Ikeduru]] a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1960 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-01-17 |title=ODOM, Chief Chuka Julius |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/odom-chief-chuka-julius/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ga dangin Sir Tobias Odom da Lady Irene Odom (née Onyerindu). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a makarantar firamare ta St. Michael, [[Umuahia]], Jihar Abia tsakanin 1971 da 1974. Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Nazarin Immaculate Conception Ahia-Eke, [[Umuahia]] a shekara ta 1974 kuma ya sami Takardar shaidarsa ta A&quot;Level a shekara ta 1980. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar jihar Imo|Jami'ar Jihar Imo]] don nazarin doka. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a (LLB Hons) a 1981 kuma ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-10-20 |title=Ex-minister picks governorship form |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-minister-picks-governorship-form/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ayyuka da Siyasa ==
Odom ya shiga siyasa a 1999 lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dabarun kamfen na [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] na yakin neman gwamna na 1999 kuma an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman, ayyuka na musamman ga tsohon gwamnan tsakanin 1999 da 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-10-20 |title=Ex-minister picks governorship form |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-minister-picks-governorship-form/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alred |first=Lanre |title=Nigeria: 'I Ran Away From the Seminary' - Hon. Chuka Odom |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200901261350.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;Daga baya ya tashi ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Gwamna, Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Musamman, Jihar Abia kuma tsakanin Mayu 2007 zuwa Satumba 2007 an sanya shi Kwamishinan ayyuka, Gidaje da Shirye-shiryen Birane na Gwamnatin Jihar Imo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alred |first=Lanre |title=Nigeria: 'I Ran Away From the Seminary' - Hon. Chuka Odom |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200901261350.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zama Ministan Jiha mai daraja na Muhalli, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane na Tarayyar Najeriya a 2007 - 2009  kuma daga baya ya zama Ministan Gwamnati, Babban Birnin Tarayya tsakanin 2009 da 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-03 |title=WHY IGBO FEEL MARGINALISED –Ex-Minister Odom |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-igbo-feel-marginalised-ex-minister-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-03-13 |title=Awa Kalu, SAN a cherished diamond at 60 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/awa-kalu-san-a-cherished-diamond-at-60/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-01-27 |title=Govs Forum, ex-minister clash over Abuja building |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/govs-forum-ex-minister-clash-over-abuja-building/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-27 |title=Jonathan 2015: seek amendment to constitution – Odom |url=https://www.itvradionigeria.com/jonathan-2015-seek-amendment-to-constitution-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya yi gwagwarmaya ba tare da nasara ba don kujerar Majalisar Wakilai ta Ikeduru Tarayya, Jihar Imo a shekara ta 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-27 |title=Jonathan 2015: seek amendment to constitution – Odom |url=https://www.itvradionigeria.com/jonathan-2015-seek-amendment-to-constitution-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|Babban zaben 2015]], ya bayyana sha'awarsa na tsayawa takarar Gwamnan jihar Imo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Odom joins Imo guber race |url=http://www.imostateonline.com/politics/791-odom-joins-imo-guber-race |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=www.imostateonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-10-30 |title=2015: 22 for governor in Imo PDP |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/2015-22-for-governor-in-imo-pdp/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-01-21 |title=Understanding the Guber Imbroglio in Imo State |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/01/21/understanding-the-guber-imbroglio-in-imo-state/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; pp tare&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=Emeka |title=Nigeria: Chuka Odom and the Imo Gubernatorial Race |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201405121849.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; idan aka zabe shi amma ya rasa tikitin zaben jam'iyyar ga [[Chukwuemeka Ihedioha|Emeka Ihedioha]] wanda daga baya ya rasa Rochas Okorocha na All Progressive Congress a zaben gwamna na 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=Emeka |title=Nigeria: Chuka Odom and the Imo Gubernatorial Race |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201405121849.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan babban zaben 2019 a jihar Imo tare da fitowar Emeka Ihedioha a matsayin gwamnan jihar, an sanar da shi a matsayin memba na kwamitin sauyawa..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 May 2019 |title=Okorocha, Ihedioha agree on hitch- free transition |url=https://guardian.ng/news/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-hitch-free-transition/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maduabuchi |first=Chidi |date=2019-05-04 |title=Governor Okorocha, Emeka Ihedioha agree on peaceful transition |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/governor-okorocha-emeka-ihedioha-agree-peaceful-transition-217825 |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=TODAY |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2 April 2019 |title=Imo- Gov elect Emeka Ihedioha constitute transition committee |url=https://trailreporters.com/imo-gov-elect-emeka-ihedioha-constitutes-transition-committee/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Trails Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olayanju |first=Kabir |title=Okorocha, Ihedioha agree on peaceful transition ahead of May 29 |url=https://latestalert.ng/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-peaceful-transition-ahead-of-may-29/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Latest Alert}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-04-01 |title=Imo 2019: See FULL LIST of Ihedioha's transition committee |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/imo-2019-see-full-list-of-ihediohas-transition-committee.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Odom ya auri Lady Adaku Celine Odom, (née Nwakibu) manajan darektan The Lifestyle Group a cikin 1990 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya 8.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Admin |title=ADAKU CHUKA-ODOM HITS GOLDEN AGE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/adaku-chuka-odom-hits-golden-age/212690/ |access-date=6 September 2019 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347088296|Damilola Sunday Olawuyi]]&quot;</comment>
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 {{Reflist}}Damilola Sunday Olawuyi lauya ce ta kasa da kasa, farfesa a fannin shari'a, mai sulhu, marubuci kuma mai ba da shawara kan manufofi, tare da ƙwarewa a cikin man fetur, hakar ma'adinai, makamashi da dokar muhalli..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Olawuyi: 'International law emphasizes need for consent of communities that may be affected by activity or project' |url=https://guardian.ng/features/law/international-law-emphasizes-need-for-consent-of-communities-that-may-be-affected-by-activity-or-project/?F |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Shi ne Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Afe Babalola|Jami'ar Afe Babalola, Ado Ekiti, Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigerian Lawyers News |date=October 12, 2019 |title=Professor Damilola S Olawuyi appointed as Deputy Vice Chancellor at Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/professor-damilola-s-olawuyi-appointed-as-deputy-vice-chancellor-at-afe-babalola-university-ado-ekiti/ |website=Nigerian Lawyers News |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Olawuyi ya sami ci gaba zuwa matsayin cikakken farfesa na shari'a yana da shekaru 32, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan farfesa na doka a tarihin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-11-21 |title=PROFILE: Meet Olawuyi, Nigeria's youngest SAN who became a law professor at 32 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/profile-meet-olawuyi-37-year-old-san-law-professor-32 |access-date=2023-03-26 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama Babban Lauyan Najeriya (Queen's Counsel eqv.) a cikin 2020, yana da shekaru talatin da bakwai, ya zama ƙaramin masanin kimiyya da aka ɗaga zuwa matsayin babban mai ba da shawara na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nations Newspaper |date=2020 |title=NBA hails LPPC as Ahonaruogho, Alabi, Olawuyi, 69 others make SAN list |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nba-hails-lppc-as-ahonaruogho-alabi-olawuyi-69-others-make-san-list/ |access-date=November 17, 2020 |agency=Nation News |location=Lagos, Nigeria |issue=17 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nigerian News |first1=Nigerian Lawyers |date=November 15, 2020 |title=Meet The Youngest Academic To Become A Senior Advocate Of Nigeria |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/meet-the-youngest-academic-to-become-a-senior-advocate-of-nigeria/ |access-date=November 17, 2020 |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers |agency=Nigerian Lawyers |issue=112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Gazelle |first1=Newspaper |date=November 17, 2020 |title=Oyetola Congratulates Prof. Olawuyi, Adesina, Hussein On Their Elevation To SAN |url=https://www.thegazellenews.com/2020/11/oyetola-congratulates-prof-olawuyi-adesina-hussein-on-their-elevation-to-san/ |access-date=November 17, 2020 |publisher=The Gazelle News |agency=The Gazelle News |issue=172020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((with expertise in petroleum, mining, energy and environmental law.[1] He is the Deputy Vice Chancellor of Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.[2] Professor Olawuyi was promoted to the rank of full professor of law at the age of 32 years, becoming one of the youngest full professors of law in Nigerian history.[3] He became a Senior Advocate of Nigeria (Queen's Counsel eqv.) in 2020, aged thirty-seven,￼

Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patrons &amp; Officers |url=http://www.ila-hq.org/index.php/about-us/patrons-officers |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=International Law Association |publisher=International Law Association |agency=International Law Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na kasa da kasa na BOK (VIP) a Jami'ar Pennsylvania Law School,  farfesa mai ziyara a Columbia Law School, New York, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bok VIPs |url=https://www.law.upenn.edu/international/bok-vip.php |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=www.law.upenn.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Kimiyya da Shari'a ta China, IAS Vanguard Fellow a Jami'a ta Birmingham, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IAS Vanguard Fellow 2019 |url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/ias/vanguard-fellowship-programme/2018/Olawuyi.aspx |access-date=October 30, 2019 |website=University of Birmingham |publisher=Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Birmingham}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma babban mai bincike mai ziyara ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Oxford.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DR. DAMILOLA OLAWUYI JOINS SABIN CENTER AS VISITING SCHOLAR |url=http://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2016/01/28/dr-damilola-olawuyi-joins-sabin-center-as-visiting-scholar/ |website=Columbia Law School |publisher=Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola Olawuyi, Senior Visiting Research Fellow |url=https://www.oxfordenergy.org/authors/damilola-olawuyi/ |website=Oxford Institute for Energy Studies |publisher=Oxford Institute for Energy Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara na Herbert Smith Freehills a Jami'ar Cambridge . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2018 |title=HBKU faculty member bags Cambridge fellowship |url=https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/13/08/2018/HBKU-faculty-member-bags-Cambridge-fellowship |website=Qatar Peninsula News |publisher=Qatar Peninsula}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gabatar da laccoci kan dokar makamashi a kasashe sama da 40. A cikin 2020, an nada shi a matsayin Masanin Mai Zaman Kanta a kan Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Tarayyar Afirka kan masana'antu masu hakar ma'adinai, muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Nations Newspaper |first1=The Nation Newspaper |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Olawuyi Joins AU Working Group |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/olawuyi-joins-au-working-group/ |access-date=September 27, 2020 |agency=The Nation Newspaper |location=Lagos, Nigeria |issue=9 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A cikin 2021, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ne ya nada shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=TNL |first1=Newspaper |date=2021 |title=Buhari Appoints Olawuyi, 14 Others Into NEITI Board |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/buhari-appoints-olawuyi-14-others-into-neiti-board/ |access-date=July 23, 2021 |work=TNL |publisher=TNL |agency=TNL |issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Vanguard |first1=Newspaper |date=July 22, 2021 |title=Buhari tasks NEITI's new board on accountability of natural resource revenues |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/buhari-tasks-neitis-new-board-on-accountability-of-natural-resource-revenues-2/ |access-date=July 23, 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A cikin 2022, shugaban Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya nada shi don wakiltar Afirka a matsayin Masanin Mai Zaman Kanta a Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dattijai kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=July 14, 2022 |title=Olawuyi to represent Africa in United Nations Working Group |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/olawuyi-to-represent-africa-in-united-nations-working-group/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Yana riƙe da kujerun UNESCO kan Dokar Muhalli da Ci Gaban Ci gaba a Jami'ar Hamad Bin Khalifa, Doha, Qatar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2022 |title=HBKU establishes Unesco Chair on environmental law and sustainability |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/717658/HBKU-establishes-Unesco-Chair-on-environmental-law |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Gulf-Times |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023, ya yi jawabi ga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam, inda ya gabatar da wani rahoto mai taken &quot;Sashe mai banƙyama, Just Transition and Human Rights&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UN |first=General Assembly |title=Report of the Working Group on Business and Human Rights to the 78th session of the General Assembly on “Extractive sector, just transition and human rights”. |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/business/workinggroupbusiness/wg-business-cfis/2023/extractive-sector/stm-ga-extractives-report.pdf |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=United Nations |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Wani ɗan asalin garin Igbajo a yankin karamar hukumar [[Boluwaduro]] na [[Osun|Jihar Osun]] ta [[Najeriya]], ,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nigerian |first1=Tribune |date=December 20, 2020 |title=Igbajo Town Celebrates 37-Year-Old Professor Turned SAN |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/igbajo-town-celebrates-37-year-old-professor-turned-san/ |access-date=January 2, 2021 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |issue=122020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. An haifi Olawuyi a [[Ibadan]]. Ya sami ilimin farko a INRI Nursery da Firamare School, Ibadan kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Igbinedion Secondary School, Benin City, inda ya zauna kuma ya yi fice a jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 2000. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, an san shi da &quot;Mai iko&quot; saboda sha'awarsa ga al'amuran ƙasa, shari'a da siyasa. Ya kasance mai karanta dukkan jaridu da suka fi shahara a Najeriya a wannan lokacin.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru ashirin da daya, ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Igbinedion, Okada, Najeriya tare da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, tare da dukkan kyaututtuka da ke akwai, kuma an kira shi dalibi mafi kyau da kuma Jami'ar Valedictorian (2005). A shekara mai zuwa, ya kammala karatu tare da mafi girman girmamawa na farko da aka ba shi a wannan shekarar ta [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] (2006) don haka ya zama jami'a mai zaman kansa na farko a tarihin Najeriya don samun aji na farko a Makarantar Shariʼa ta Najeriya mai gasa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Okada University in Brief |url=http://igbinedion.net/index.html/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623204311/http://igbinedion.net/index.html/ |archive-date=2010-06-23 |website=Chief Gabriel Osawaru Igbinedion}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, an ba shi tallafin Gwamnatin Alberta wanda ya ba shi damar karatu a Jami'ar Calgary, Kanada, inda ya sami digiri na Master of Laws a cikin albarkatun kasa, makamashi da dokar muhalli (2008). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola Olawuyi |url=https://jeannesauve.org/scholar/damilola-olawuyi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922150008/https://jeannesauve.org/scholar/damilola-olawuyi/ |archive-date=September 22, 2023 |access-date=October 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya sami difloma a cikin Dokar Muhalli ta Duniya daga Cibiyar Horarwa da Bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Switzerland]], ya sami tallafin karatu daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ya sami digiri na Master of Laws a cikin dokar kasa da kasa da ci gaba mai ɗorewa (2009). A shekara mai zuwa, an ba shi manyan tallafin karatu guda huɗu (Clarendon Scholarship Award, Overseas Research Scholarship, Gwamnatin Kanada ta Kimiyya da Nazarin Kimiyya, da A G Leventis Scholarship) wanda ya ba shi damar kammala Dokta na Falsafa a Kwalejin Keble, Oxford (2013). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Previous scholars &amp;#124; Clarendon Scholarships &amp;#124; University of Oxford |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/clarendon/scholar-class-lists/previous-scholars |website=University of Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Olawuyi ya buga The Human Rights Based Approach to Carbon Finance a cikin 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Human Rights Based Approach to Carbon Finance|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9781316226285|isbn=9781316226285|edition=Hard Back|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/human-rightsbased-approach-to-carbon-finance/0EC997B8FDB4A60B7ACEF2BA766CFCFF#fndtn-information|last1=Olawuyi|first1=Damilola S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Damilola S. Olawuyi &amp;#124; Associate &amp;#124; Norton Rose Fulbright |url=http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/people/102122/damilola-s-olawuyi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120234735/http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/people/102122/damilola-s-olawuyi |archive-date=2015-01-20 |website=Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP}}&lt;/ref&gt;Littafin, wanda shine fadada fasalin rubutun digirinsa, ya sami lambar yabo ta International Law Association (Nijeriya) a cikin 2016.

Olawuyi memba ne mai lasisi na mashaya na Najeriya, Alberta, Kanada da Ontario, Kanada. Ya yi aiki kuma ya koyar da doka a Turai, Arewacin Amurka, Asiya, Afirka, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya kasance tsohon lauyan makamashi a Norton Rose Fulbright Kanada LLP inda ya yi aiki a kwamitin duniya na kamfanin kan saka hannun jari a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola S. Olawuyi &amp;#124; Associate &amp;#124; Norton Rose Fulbright |url=http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/people/102122/damilola-s-olawuyi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120234735/http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/people/102122/damilola-s-olawuyi |archive-date=2015-01-20 |website=Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya zama mataimakin darektan dokar muhalli a Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanar da Kasa, Waterloo, Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola S. Olawuyi |url=https://www.cigionline.org/person/damilola-s-olawuyi |website=Centre for International Governance Innovation |publisher=Centre for International Governance Innovation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Sha'awar bincike ta Olawuyi tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba mai ɗorewa, tare da ƙwarewa a cikin man fetur, albarkatun ƙasa, makamashi, muhalli, da dokar noma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Damilola Olawuyi Bio |url=https://www.damilolaolawuyi.com/bio |website=Damilola Olawuyi: About}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da ya zama cikakken farfesa, ya kula da dalibai da yawa na digiri da digiri. Ya wallafa labaran ilimi da yawa a cikin mujallar ilimi mai daraja da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a taron.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola Olawuyi: About |url=https://www.damilolaolawuyi.com/bio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olawuyi ya wallafa kusan labarai ɗari, surori na littattafai da littattafai kan dokar man fetur, makamashi da dokar muhalli ta duniya. Littattafansa na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da Dokar Muhalli a cikin Jihohin Larabawa (Oxford University Press, 2022),  Abubuwan da ke cikin gida da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin Kasuwancin Makamashi na Duniya (Cambridge University Press, 2021),  ''Dokar Canjin Yanayi da Manufofin a Yankin MENA'' (Routledge, 2021),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Local Content and Sustainable Development in Global Energy Markets {{!}} Environmental law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/environmental-law/local-content-and-sustainable-development-global-energy-markets,%20https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/environmental-law |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Kan Dan Adam ga Kudin Carbon (Cambidge University Press, 2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Law and Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region |url=https://www.routledge.com/Climate-Change-Law-and-Policy-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Region/Olawuyi/p/book/9780367490324 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Routledge &amp; CRC Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;da ''Dokar Masana'antu a Afirka'' (Springer, 2018).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Local Content and Sustainable Development in Global Energy Markets {{!}} Environmental law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/environmental-law/local-content-and-sustainable-development-global-energy-markets,%20https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/environmental-law |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Law and Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region |url=https://www.routledge.com/Climate-Change-Law-and-Policy-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Region/Olawuyi/p/book/9780367490324 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Routledge &amp; CRC Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Academic Advisory Group |url=https://www.ibanet.org/LPD/SEERIL/AcademicAdvisoryGroup.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502113818/https://www.ibanet.org/LPD/SEERIL/AcademicAdvisoryGroup.aspx |archive-date=2015-05-02 |website=International Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Olawuyi ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa na ƙasa da na duniya ciki har da Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Ilimi ta [[Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bar ta Duniya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academic Advisory Group |url=https://www.ibanet.org/LPD/SEERIL/AcademicAdvisoryGroup.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502113818/https://www.ibanet.org/LPD/SEERIL/AcademicAdvisoryGroup.aspx |archive-date=2015-05-02 |website=International Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, an nada Olawuyi a matsayin gwani memba na Kwamitin Fasaha na Tarayya kan Dokar Binciken Rashin Man Fetur na Kasa da Amsawa, Kwamitin Muhalli da Mazauni, Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya, Gwamnatin Najeriya, Abuja . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2019 |title=Professor Damilola S Olawuyi appointed as Deputy Vice Chancellor at Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/professor-damilola-s-olawuyi-appointed-as-deputy-vice-chancellor-at-afe-babalola-university-ado-ekiti/ |website=Nigerian Lawyers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olawuyi mai sharhi ne na yau da kullun a kan dukkan fannoni na albarkatun kasa, makamashi, da dokar muhalli..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre for International Sustainable Development (CISDL) |date=2024-07-27 |title=MEDIA ADVISORY |url=https://www.cisdl.org/laureates-of-the-2024-weeramantry-international-justice-award-announced/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=CISDL |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==

* 2024: Kyautar Shari'a ta Duniya ta Weeramantry . .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-04-04 |title=U.S. Society of International Law honours Nigerian, Olawuyi |url=https://guardian.ng/features/law/u-s-society-of-international-law-honours-nigerian-olawuyi/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gbenga-Ogundare |first=Yejide |date=2023-04-05 |title=SAN bags prestigious book prize |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/?p=660786 |access-date=2023-04-06 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: American Society of International Law, Takardar shaidar cancanta don ƙwarewar fasaha da amfani ga lauyoyi da malamai, don Dokar Muhalli a cikin Jihohin Larabawa (Oxford University Press, 2022).
* 2020: [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]].

== Manazarta ==

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 {{Reflist}}Damilola Sunday Olawuyi lauya ce ta kasa da kasa, farfesa a fannin shari'a, mai sulhu, marubuci kuma mai ba da shawara kan manufofi, tare da ƙwarewa a cikin man fetur, hakar ma'adinai, makamashi da dokar muhalli..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Olawuyi: 'International law emphasizes need for consent of communities that may be affected by activity or project' |url=https://guardian.ng/features/law/international-law-emphasizes-need-for-consent-of-communities-that-may-be-affected-by-activity-or-project/?F |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Shi ne Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Afe Babalola|Jami'ar Afe Babalola, Ado Ekiti, Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigerian Lawyers News |date=October 12, 2019 |title=Professor Damilola S Olawuyi appointed as Deputy Vice Chancellor at Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/professor-damilola-s-olawuyi-appointed-as-deputy-vice-chancellor-at-afe-babalola-university-ado-ekiti/ |website=Nigerian Lawyers News |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Olawuyi ya sami ci gaba zuwa matsayin cikakken farfesa na shari'a yana da shekaru 32, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan farfesa na doka a tarihin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-11-21 |title=PROFILE: Meet Olawuyi, Nigeria's youngest SAN who became a law professor at 32 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/profile-meet-olawuyi-37-year-old-san-law-professor-32 |access-date=2023-03-26 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama Babban Lauyan Najeriya (Queen's Counsel eqv.) a cikin 2020, yana da shekaru talatin da bakwai, ya zama ƙaramin masanin kimiyya da aka ɗaga zuwa matsayin babban mai ba da shawara na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nations Newspaper |date=2020 |title=NBA hails LPPC as Ahonaruogho, Alabi, Olawuyi, 69 others make SAN list |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nba-hails-lppc-as-ahonaruogho-alabi-olawuyi-69-others-make-san-list/ |access-date=November 17, 2020 |agency=Nation News |location=Lagos, Nigeria |issue=17 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nigerian News |first1=Nigerian Lawyers |date=November 15, 2020 |title=Meet The Youngest Academic To Become A Senior Advocate Of Nigeria |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/meet-the-youngest-academic-to-become-a-senior-advocate-of-nigeria/ |access-date=November 17, 2020 |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers |agency=Nigerian Lawyers |issue=112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Gazelle |first1=Newspaper |date=November 17, 2020 |title=Oyetola Congratulates Prof. Olawuyi, Adesina, Hussein On Their Elevation To SAN |url=https://www.thegazellenews.com/2020/11/oyetola-congratulates-prof-olawuyi-adesina-hussein-on-their-elevation-to-san/ |access-date=November 17, 2020 |publisher=The Gazelle News |agency=The Gazelle News |issue=172020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patrons &amp; Officers |url=http://www.ila-hq.org/index.php/about-us/patrons-officers |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=International Law Association |publisher=International Law Association |agency=International Law Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na kasa da kasa na BOK (VIP) a Jami'ar Pennsylvania Law School,  farfesa mai ziyara a Columbia Law School, New York, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bok VIPs |url=https://www.law.upenn.edu/international/bok-vip.php |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=www.law.upenn.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Kimiyya da Shari'a ta China, IAS Vanguard Fellow a Jami'a ta Birmingham, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IAS Vanguard Fellow 2019 |url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/ias/vanguard-fellowship-programme/2018/Olawuyi.aspx |access-date=October 30, 2019 |website=University of Birmingham |publisher=Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Birmingham}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma babban mai bincike mai ziyara ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Oxford.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DR. DAMILOLA OLAWUYI JOINS SABIN CENTER AS VISITING SCHOLAR |url=http://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2016/01/28/dr-damilola-olawuyi-joins-sabin-center-as-visiting-scholar/ |website=Columbia Law School |publisher=Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola Olawuyi, Senior Visiting Research Fellow |url=https://www.oxfordenergy.org/authors/damilola-olawuyi/ |website=Oxford Institute for Energy Studies |publisher=Oxford Institute for Energy Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara na Herbert Smith Freehills a Jami'ar Cambridge . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2018 |title=HBKU faculty member bags Cambridge fellowship |url=https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/13/08/2018/HBKU-faculty-member-bags-Cambridge-fellowship |website=Qatar Peninsula News |publisher=Qatar Peninsula}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gabatar da laccoci kan dokar makamashi a kasashe sama da 40. A cikin 2020, an nada shi a matsayin Masanin Mai Zaman Kanta a kan Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Tarayyar Afirka kan masana'antu masu hakar ma'adinai, muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Nations Newspaper |first1=The Nation Newspaper |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Olawuyi Joins AU Working Group |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/olawuyi-joins-au-working-group/ |access-date=September 27, 2020 |agency=The Nation Newspaper |location=Lagos, Nigeria |issue=9 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A cikin 2021, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ne ya nada shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=TNL |first1=Newspaper |date=2021 |title=Buhari Appoints Olawuyi, 14 Others Into NEITI Board |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/buhari-appoints-olawuyi-14-others-into-neiti-board/ |access-date=July 23, 2021 |work=TNL |publisher=TNL |agency=TNL |issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Vanguard |first1=Newspaper |date=July 22, 2021 |title=Buhari tasks NEITI's new board on accountability of natural resource revenues |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/buhari-tasks-neitis-new-board-on-accountability-of-natural-resource-revenues-2/ |access-date=July 23, 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A cikin 2022, shugaban Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya nada shi don wakiltar Afirka a matsayin Masanin Mai Zaman Kanta a Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dattijai kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=July 14, 2022 |title=Olawuyi to represent Africa in United Nations Working Group |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/olawuyi-to-represent-africa-in-united-nations-working-group/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Yana riƙe da kujerun UNESCO kan Dokar Muhalli da Ci Gaban Ci gaba a Jami'ar Hamad Bin Khalifa, Doha, Qatar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2022 |title=HBKU establishes Unesco Chair on environmental law and sustainability |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/717658/HBKU-establishes-Unesco-Chair-on-environmental-law |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Gulf-Times |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023, ya yi jawabi ga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam, inda ya gabatar da wani rahoto mai taken &quot;Sashe mai banƙyama, Just Transition and Human Rights&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UN |first=General Assembly |title=Report of the Working Group on Business and Human Rights to the 78th session of the General Assembly on “Extractive sector, just transition and human rights”. |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/business/workinggroupbusiness/wg-business-cfis/2023/extractive-sector/stm-ga-extractives-report.pdf |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=United Nations |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Wani ɗan asalin garin Igbajo a yankin karamar hukumar [[Boluwaduro]] na [[Osun|Jihar Osun]] ta [[Najeriya]], ,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nigerian |first1=Tribune |date=December 20, 2020 |title=Igbajo Town Celebrates 37-Year-Old Professor Turned SAN |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/igbajo-town-celebrates-37-year-old-professor-turned-san/ |access-date=January 2, 2021 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |issue=122020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. An haifi Olawuyi a [[Ibadan]]. Ya sami ilimin farko a INRI Nursery da Firamare School, Ibadan kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Igbinedion Secondary School, Benin City, inda ya zauna kuma ya yi fice a jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 2000. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, an san shi da &quot;Mai iko&quot; saboda sha'awarsa ga al'amuran ƙasa, shari'a da siyasa. Ya kasance mai karanta dukkan jaridu da suka fi shahara a Najeriya a wannan lokacin.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru ashirin da daya, ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Igbinedion, Okada, Najeriya tare da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, tare da dukkan kyaututtuka da ke akwai, kuma an kira shi dalibi mafi kyau da kuma Jami'ar Valedictorian (2005). A shekara mai zuwa, ya kammala karatu tare da mafi girman girmamawa na farko da aka ba shi a wannan shekarar ta [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] (2006) don haka ya zama jami'a mai zaman kansa na farko a tarihin Najeriya don samun aji na farko a Makarantar Shariʼa ta Najeriya mai gasa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Okada University in Brief |url=http://igbinedion.net/index.html/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623204311/http://igbinedion.net/index.html/ |archive-date=2010-06-23 |website=Chief Gabriel Osawaru Igbinedion}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, an ba shi tallafin Gwamnatin Alberta wanda ya ba shi damar karatu a Jami'ar Calgary, Kanada, inda ya sami digiri na Master of Laws a cikin albarkatun kasa, makamashi da dokar muhalli (2008). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola Olawuyi |url=https://jeannesauve.org/scholar/damilola-olawuyi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922150008/https://jeannesauve.org/scholar/damilola-olawuyi/ |archive-date=September 22, 2023 |access-date=October 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya sami difloma a cikin Dokar Muhalli ta Duniya daga Cibiyar Horarwa da Bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Switzerland]], ya sami tallafin karatu daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ya sami digiri na Master of Laws a cikin dokar kasa da kasa da ci gaba mai ɗorewa (2009). A shekara mai zuwa, an ba shi manyan tallafin karatu guda huɗu (Clarendon Scholarship Award, Overseas Research Scholarship, Gwamnatin Kanada ta Kimiyya da Nazarin Kimiyya, da A G Leventis Scholarship) wanda ya ba shi damar kammala Dokta na Falsafa a Kwalejin Keble, Oxford (2013). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Previous scholars &amp;#124; Clarendon Scholarships &amp;#124; University of Oxford |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/clarendon/scholar-class-lists/previous-scholars |website=University of Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Olawuyi ya buga The Human Rights Based Approach to Carbon Finance a cikin 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Human Rights Based Approach to Carbon Finance|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9781316226285|isbn=9781316226285|edition=Hard Back|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/human-rightsbased-approach-to-carbon-finance/0EC997B8FDB4A60B7ACEF2BA766CFCFF#fndtn-information|last1=Olawuyi|first1=Damilola S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Damilola S. Olawuyi &amp;#124; Associate &amp;#124; Norton Rose Fulbright |url=http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/people/102122/damilola-s-olawuyi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120234735/http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/people/102122/damilola-s-olawuyi |archive-date=2015-01-20 |website=Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP}}&lt;/ref&gt;Littafin, wanda shine fadada fasalin rubutun digirinsa, ya sami lambar yabo ta International Law Association (Nijeriya) a cikin 2016.

Olawuyi memba ne mai lasisi na mashaya na Najeriya, Alberta, Kanada da Ontario, Kanada. Ya yi aiki kuma ya koyar da doka a Turai, Arewacin Amurka, Asiya, Afirka, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya kasance tsohon lauyan makamashi a Norton Rose Fulbright Kanada LLP inda ya yi aiki a kwamitin duniya na kamfanin kan saka hannun jari a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola S. Olawuyi &amp;#124; Associate &amp;#124; Norton Rose Fulbright |url=http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/people/102122/damilola-s-olawuyi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120234735/http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/people/102122/damilola-s-olawuyi |archive-date=2015-01-20 |website=Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya zama mataimakin darektan dokar muhalli a Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanar da Kasa, Waterloo, Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola S. Olawuyi |url=https://www.cigionline.org/person/damilola-s-olawuyi |website=Centre for International Governance Innovation |publisher=Centre for International Governance Innovation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Sha'awar bincike ta Olawuyi tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba mai ɗorewa, tare da ƙwarewa a cikin man fetur, albarkatun ƙasa, makamashi, muhalli, da dokar noma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Damilola Olawuyi Bio |url=https://www.damilolaolawuyi.com/bio |website=Damilola Olawuyi: About}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da ya zama cikakken farfesa, ya kula da dalibai da yawa na digiri da digiri. Ya wallafa labaran ilimi da yawa a cikin mujallar ilimi mai daraja da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a taron.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damilola Olawuyi: About |url=https://www.damilolaolawuyi.com/bio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olawuyi ya wallafa kusan labarai ɗari, surori na littattafai da littattafai kan dokar man fetur, makamashi da dokar muhalli ta duniya. Littattafansa na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da Dokar Muhalli a cikin Jihohin Larabawa (Oxford University Press, 2022),  Abubuwan da ke cikin gida da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin Kasuwancin Makamashi na Duniya (Cambridge University Press, 2021),  ''Dokar Canjin Yanayi da Manufofin a Yankin MENA'' (Routledge, 2021),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Local Content and Sustainable Development in Global Energy Markets {{!}} Environmental law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/environmental-law/local-content-and-sustainable-development-global-energy-markets,%20https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/environmental-law |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Kan Dan Adam ga Kudin Carbon (Cambidge University Press, 2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Law and Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region |url=https://www.routledge.com/Climate-Change-Law-and-Policy-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Region/Olawuyi/p/book/9780367490324 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Routledge &amp; CRC Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;da ''Dokar Masana'antu a Afirka'' (Springer, 2018).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Local Content and Sustainable Development in Global Energy Markets {{!}} Environmental law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/environmental-law/local-content-and-sustainable-development-global-energy-markets,%20https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/environmental-law |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Law and Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region |url=https://www.routledge.com/Climate-Change-Law-and-Policy-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Region/Olawuyi/p/book/9780367490324 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Routledge &amp; CRC Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Academic Advisory Group |url=https://www.ibanet.org/LPD/SEERIL/AcademicAdvisoryGroup.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502113818/https://www.ibanet.org/LPD/SEERIL/AcademicAdvisoryGroup.aspx |archive-date=2015-05-02 |website=International Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Olawuyi ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa na ƙasa da na duniya ciki har da Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Ilimi ta [[Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bar ta Duniya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academic Advisory Group |url=https://www.ibanet.org/LPD/SEERIL/AcademicAdvisoryGroup.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502113818/https://www.ibanet.org/LPD/SEERIL/AcademicAdvisoryGroup.aspx |archive-date=2015-05-02 |website=International Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, an nada Olawuyi a matsayin gwani memba na Kwamitin Fasaha na Tarayya kan Dokar Binciken Rashin Man Fetur na Kasa da Amsawa, Kwamitin Muhalli da Mazauni, Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya, Gwamnatin Najeriya, Abuja . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2019 |title=Professor Damilola S Olawuyi appointed as Deputy Vice Chancellor at Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/professor-damilola-s-olawuyi-appointed-as-deputy-vice-chancellor-at-afe-babalola-university-ado-ekiti/ |website=Nigerian Lawyers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olawuyi mai sharhi ne na yau da kullun a kan dukkan fannoni na albarkatun kasa, makamashi, da dokar muhalli..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre for International Sustainable Development (CISDL) |date=2024-07-27 |title=MEDIA ADVISORY |url=https://www.cisdl.org/laureates-of-the-2024-weeramantry-international-justice-award-announced/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=CISDL |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==

* 2024: Kyautar Shari'a ta Duniya ta Weeramantry . .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-04-04 |title=U.S. Society of International Law honours Nigerian, Olawuyi |url=https://guardian.ng/features/law/u-s-society-of-international-law-honours-nigerian-olawuyi/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gbenga-Ogundare |first=Yejide |date=2023-04-05 |title=SAN bags prestigious book prize |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/?p=660786 |access-date=2023-04-06 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: American Society of International Law, Takardar shaidar cancanta don ƙwarewar fasaha da amfani ga lauyoyi da malamai, don Dokar Muhalli a cikin Jihohin Larabawa (Oxford University Press, 2022).
* 2020: [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]].

== Manazarta ==

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'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu 1965) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013. YAR SIYASA ce na kasar Yar gwagwarmaya mai Ki shin mata da yara
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'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu 1965) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013. YAR SIYASA ce na kasar Yar gwagwarmaya mai Ki shin mata da yara

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a Tbilisi a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (a yau a [[Georgia]]) ga mahaifin Kirista na Georgia da mahaifiyar Rasha-Yahudawa, Abesadze ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fim a Jami'ar Open ta Georgia, kafin ya yi karatu don digiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da ilimin harshe a Jami'iyyar Jihar Tbilisi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 23 ta fara aiki a gidan talabijin na jihar Georgia, ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na yamma shekaru biyu bayan haka.
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'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu 1965) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013. YAR SIYASA ce na kasar Yar gwagwarmaya mai Ki shin mata da yara tayi tashe wajen kare haqqin mata da yara domin a cewa ya sune masu rauni wanda suke buqatar kulawa na musan man

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a Tbilisi a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (a yau a [[Georgia]]) ga mahaifin Kirista na Georgia da mahaifiyar Rasha-Yahudawa, Abesadze ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fim a Jami'ar Open ta Georgia, kafin ya yi karatu don digiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da ilimin harshe a Jami'iyyar Jihar Tbilisi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 23 ta fara aiki a gidan talabijin na jihar Georgia, ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na yamma shekaru biyu bayan haka.

Mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata uku sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a 1980, ya zauna a Rehovot, kuma daga baya Ashdod. Abesadze ya kasance a Georgia, kuma a cikin shekarun 1990 ya fara dangantaka da [[Baruch Ben-Neria]], jakadan Isra'ila a Georgia da [[Armeniya|Armenia]] daga 1993 har zuwa 1996. Ta koma Isra'ila a 1996 kuma ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen yaren Rasha don Channel 33, kafin ta shiga jaridar yaren Rasha.

Wani memba na Kadima, ta kasance a cikin jerin jam'iyyar don Zaben Knesset na 2009, amma ba ta da isasshen matsayi a cikin jerin don lashe kujerar. Koyaya, ta shiga Knesset a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 a matsayin maye gurbin Tzachi Hanegbi,  wanda aka yanke masa hukunci da laifi (ƙarya) wanda aka ɗauka na lalata, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. 

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Zaben 2013 Abesadze ya bar Kadima don shiga Jam'iyyar Labor. An sanya ta a matsayi na 19 a jerin jam'iyyar Labor Party, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 15 kawai.

Tana zaune a Kokhav Ya'ir tare da saurayinta da 'ya'yansu biyu. Ita ce jagorar yawon shakatawa da ke ƙwarewa a tafiye-tafiye zuwa Georgia . 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu 1965) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013. YAR SIYASA ce na kasar Yar gwagwarmaya mai Ki shin mata da yara tayi tashe wajen kare haqqin mata da yara domin a cewa ya sune masu rauni wanda suke buqatar kulawa na musan man

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a Tbilisi a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (a yau a [[Georgia]]) ga mahaifin Kirista na Georgia da mahaifiyar Rasha-Yahudawa, Abesadze ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fim a Jami'ar Open ta Georgia, kafin ya yi karatu don digiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da ilimin harshe a Jami'iyyar Jihar Tbilisi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 23 ta fara aiki a gidan talabijin na jihar Georgia, ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na yamma shekaru biyu bayan haka.

Mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata uku sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a 1980, ya zauna a Rehovot, kuma daga baya Ashdod. Abesadze ya kasance a Georgia, kuma a cikin shekarun 1990 ya fara dangantaka da [[Baruch Ben-Neria]], jakadan Isra'ila a Georgia da [[Armeniya|Armenia]] daga 1993 har zuwa 1996. Ta koma Isra'ila a 1996 kuma ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen yaren Rasha don Channel 33, kafin ta shiga jaridar yaren Rasha.

Wani memba na Kadima, ta kasance a cikin jerin jam'iyyar don Zaben Knesset na 2009, amma ba ta da isasshen matsayi a cikin jerin don lashe kujerar. Koyaya, ta shiga Knesset a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 a matsayin maye gurbin Tzachi Hanegbi,  wanda aka yanke masa hukunci da laifi (ƙarya) wanda aka ɗauka na lalata, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. 

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Zaben 2013 Abesadze ya bar Kadima don shiga Jam'iyyar Labor. An sanya ta a matsayi na 19 a jerin jam'iyyar Labor Party, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 15 kawai.

Tana zaune a Kokhav Ya'ir tare da saurayinta da 'ya'yansu biyu. Ita ce jagorar yawon shakatawa da ke ƙwarewa a tafiye-tafiye zuwa Georgia . 

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'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu 1965) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013. YAR SIYASA ce na kasar Yar gwagwarmaya mai Ki shin mata da yara tayi tashe wajen kare haqqin mata da yara domin a cewa ya sune masu rauni wanda suke buqatar kulawa na musan man

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a Tbilisi a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (a yau a [[Georgia]]) ga mahaifin Kirista na Georgia da mahaifiyar Rasha-Yahudawa, Abesadze ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fim a Jami'ar Open ta Georgia, kafin ya yi karatu don digiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da ilimin harshe a Jami'iyyar Jihar Tbilisi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 23 ta fara aiki a gidan talabijin na jihar Georgia, ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na yamma shekaru biyu bayan haka.

Mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata uku sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a 1980, ya zauna a Rehovot, kuma daga baya Ashdod. Abesadze ya kasance a Georgia, kuma a cikin shekarun 1990 ya fara dangantaka da [[Baruch Ben-Neria]], jakadan Isra'ila a Georgia da [[Armeniya|Armenia]] daga 1993 har zuwa 1996. Ta koma Isra'ila a 1996 kuma ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen yaren Rasha don Channel 33, kafin ta shiga jaridar yaren Rasha.

Wani memba na Kadima, ta kasance a cikin jerin jam'iyyar don Zaben Knesset na 2009, amma ba ta da isasshen matsayi a cikin jerin don lashe kujerar. Koyaya, ta shiga Knesset a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 a matsayin maye gurbin Tzachi Hanegbi,  wanda aka yanke masa hukunci da laifi (ƙarya) wanda aka ɗauka na lalata, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. 

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Zaben 2013 Abesadze ya bar Kadima don shiga Jam'iyyar Labor. An sanya ta a matsayi na 19 a jerin jam'iyyar Labor Party, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 15 kawai.

Tana zaune a Kokhav Ya'ir tare da saurayinta da 'ya'yansu biyu. Ita ce jagorar yawon shakatawa da ke ƙwarewa a tafiye-tafiye zuwa Georgia . 

== BManazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* Nino Abesadzea shafin yanar gizon Knesset
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'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu 1965) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a Tbilisi a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (a yau a [[Georgia]]) ga mahaifin Kirista na Georgia da mahaifiyar Rasha-Yahudawa, Abesadze ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fim a Jami'ar Open ta Georgia, kafin ya yi karatu don digiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da ilimin harshe a Jami'iyyar Jihar Tbilisi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 23 ta fara aiki a gidan talabijin na jihar Georgia, ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na yamma shekaru biyu bayan haka.

Mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata uku sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a 1980, ya zauna a Rehovot, kuma daga baya Ashdod. Abesadze ya kasance a Georgia, kuma a cikin shekarun 1990 ya fara dangantaka da [[Baruch Ben-Neria]], jakadan Isra'ila a Georgia da [[Armeniya|Armenia]] daga 1993 har zuwa 1996. Ta koma Isra'ila a 1996 kuma ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen yaren Rasha don Channel 33, kafin ta shiga jaridar yaren Rasha.

Wani memba na Kadima, ta kasance a cikin jerin jam'iyyar don Zaben Knesset na 2009, amma ba ta da isasshen matsayi a cikin jerin don lashe kujerar. Koyaya, ta shiga Knesset a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 a matsayin maye gurbin Tzachi Hanegbi,  wanda aka yanke masa hukunci da laifi (ƙarya) wanda aka ɗauka na lalata, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. 

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Zaben 2013 Abesadze ya bar Kadima don shiga Jam'iyyar Labor. An sanya ta a matsayi na 19 a jerin jam'iyyar Labor Party, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 15 kawai.

Tana zaune a Kokhav Ya'ir tare da saurayinta da 'ya'yansu biyu. Ita ce jagorar yawon shakatawa da ke ƙwarewa a tafiye-tafiye zuwa Georgia . 

== BManazarta ==
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* Nino Abesadzea shafin yanar gizon Knesset
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'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu 1965) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a Tbilisi a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (a yau a [[Georgia]]) ga mahaifin Kirista na Georgia da mahaifiyar Rasha-Yahudawa, Abesadze ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fim a Jami'ar Open ta Georgia, kafin ya yi karatu don digiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da ilimin harshe a Jami'iyyar Jihar Tbilisi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 23 ta fara aiki a gidan talabijin na jihar Georgia, ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na yamma shekaru biyu bayan haka.

Mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata uku sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a 1980, ya zauna a Rehovot, kuma daga baya Ashdod. Abesadze ya kasance a Georgia, kuma a cikin shekarun 1990 ya fara dangantaka da [[Baruch Ben-Neria]], jakadan Isra'ila a Georgia da [[Armeniya|Armenia]] daga 1993 har zuwa 1996. Ta koma Isra'ila a 1996 kuma ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen yaren Rasha don Channel 33, kafin ta shiga jaridar yaren Rasha.

Wani memba na Kadima, ta kasance a cikin jerin jam'iyyar don Zaben Knesset na 2009, amma ba ta da isasshen matsayi a cikin jerin don lashe kujerar. Koyaya, ta shiga Knesset a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 a matsayin maye gurbin Tzachi Hanegbi,  wanda aka yanke masa hukunci da laifi (ƙarya) wanda aka ɗauka na lalata, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. 

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Zaben 2013 Abesadze ya bar Kadima don shiga Jam'iyyar Labor. An sanya ta a matsayi na 19 a jerin jam'iyyar Labor Party, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 15 kawai.

Tana zaune a Kokhav Ya'ir tare da saurayinta da 'ya'yansu biyu. Ita ce jagorar yawon shakatawa da ke ƙwarewa a tafiye-tafiye zuwa Georgia . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Nino Abesadzea shafin yanar gizon Knesset
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]</text>
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      <comment>saka manazarta</comment>
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{{Databox}}

'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu 1965) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a Tbilisi a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (a yau a [[Georgia]]) ga mahaifin Kirista na Georgia da mahaifiyar Rasha-Yahudawa, Abesadze ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fim a Jami'ar Open ta Georgia, kafin ya yi karatu don digiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da ilimin harshe a Jami'iyyar Jihar Tbilisi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 23 ta fara aiki a gidan talabijin na jihar Georgia, ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na yamma shekaru biyu bayan haka.

Mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata uku sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a 1980, ya zauna a Rehovot, kuma daga baya Ashdod. Abesadze ya kasance a Georgia, kuma a cikin shekarun 1990 ya fara dangantaka da [[Baruch Ben-Neria]], jakadan Isra'ila a Georgia da [[Armeniya|Armenia]] daga 1993 har zuwa 1996. Ta koma Isra'ila a 1996 kuma ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen yaren Rasha don Channel 33, kafin ta shiga jaridar yaren Rasha.

Wani memba na Kadima, ta kasance a cikin jerin jam'iyyar don Zaben Knesset na 2009, amma ba ta da isasshen matsayi a cikin jerin don lashe kujerar. Koyaya, ta shiga Knesset a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 a matsayin maye gurbin Tzachi Hanegbi,  wanda aka yanke masa hukunci da laifi (ƙarya) wanda aka ɗauka na lalata, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. 

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Zaben 2013 Abesadze ya bar Kadima don shiga Jam'iyyar Labor. An sanya ta a matsayi na 19 a jerin jam'iyyar Labor Party, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 15 kawai.

Tana zaune a Kokhav Ya'ir tare da saurayinta da 'ya'yansu biyu. Ita ce jagorar yawon shakatawa da ke ƙwarewa a tafiye-tafiye zuwa Georgia . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Nino Abesadzea shafin yanar gizon Knesset
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife ta 12 ga Afrilu 1965) Yar siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma Yar jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife  ta a Tbilisi a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (a yau a [[Georgia]]) ga mahaifin Kirista na Georgia da mahaifiyar Rasha-Yahudawa, Abesadze ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fim a Jami'ar Open ta Georgia, kafin ya yi karatu don digiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da ilimin harshe a Jami'iyyar Jihar Tbilisi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 23 ta fara aiki a gidan talabijin na jihar Georgia, ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na yamma shekaru biyu bayan haka.

Mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata uku sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a 1980, ya zauna a Rehovot, kuma daga baya Ashdod. Abesadze ya kasance a Georgia, kuma a cikin shekarun 1990 ya fara dangantaka da [[Baruch Ben-Neria]], jakadan Isra'ila a Georgia da [[Armeniya|Armenia]] daga 1993 har zuwa 1996. Ta koma Isra'ila a 1996 kuma ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen yaren Rasha don Channel 33, kafin ta shiga jaridar yaren Rasha.

Wani memba na Kadima, ta kasance a cikin jerin jam'iyyar don Zaben Knesset na 2009, amma ba ta da isasshen matsayi a cikin jerin don lashe kujerar. Koyaya, ta shiga Knesset a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 a matsayin maye gurbin Tzachi Hanegbi,  wanda aka yanke masa hukunci da laifi (ƙarya) wanda aka ɗauka na lalata, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. 

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Zaben 2013 Abesadze ya bar Kadima don shiga Jam'iyyar Labor. An sanya ta a matsayi na 19 a jerin jam'iyyar Labor Party, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 15 kawai.

Tana zaune a Kokhav Ya'ir tare da saurayinta da 'ya'yansu biyu. Ita ce jagorar yawon shakatawa da ke ƙwarewa a tafiye-tafiye zuwa Georgia . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Nino Abesadzea shafin yanar gizon Knesset
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]</text>
      <sha1>ngwlsgsxc7yao3ktvmykx0o7yvee6j4</sha1>
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        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>Gyara</comment>
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{{Databox}}

'''Nino Abesadze''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife ta 12 ga Afrilu 1965) Yar siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma Yar jarida wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Kadima tsakanin 2009 da 2013.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife  ta a Tbilisi a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (a yau a [[Georgia]]) ga mahaifin Kirista na Georgia da mahaifiyar Rasha-Yahudawa, Abesadze ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fim a Jami'ar Open ta Georgia, kafin ta yi karatu don digiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da ilimin harshe a Jami'iyyar Jihar Tbilisi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 23 ta fara aiki a gidan talabijin na jihar Georgia, ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na yamma shekaru biyu bayan haka.

Mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata uku sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a 1980, ya zauna a Rehovot, kuma daga baya Ashdod. Abesadze ya kasance a Georgia, kuma a cikin shekarun 1990 ya fara dangantaka da [[Baruch Ben-Neria]], jakadan Isra'ila a Georgia da [[Armeniya|Armenia]] daga 1993 har zuwa 1996. Ta koma Isra'ila a 1996 kuma ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen yaren Rasha don Channel 33, kafin ta shiga jaridar yaren Rasha.

Wani memba na Kadima, ta kasance a cikin jerin jam'iyyar don Zaben Knesset na 2009, amma ba ta da isasshen matsayi a cikin jerin don lashe kujerar. Koyaya, ta shiga Knesset a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 a matsayin maye gurbin Tzachi Hanegbi,  wanda aka yanke masa hukunci da laifi (ƙarya) wanda aka ɗauka na lalata, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. 

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Zaben 2013 Abesadze ya bar Kadima don shiga Jam'iyyar Labor. An sanya ta a matsayi na 19 a jerin jam'iyyar Labor Party, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 15 kawai.

Tana zaune a Kokhav Ya'ir tare da saurayinta da 'ya'yansu biyu. Ita ce jagorar yawon shakatawa da ke ƙwarewa a tafiye-tafiye zuwa Georgia . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Nino Abesadzea shafin yanar gizon Knesset
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]</text>
      <sha1>snl6u2o8k10es626438a6sq699mo5pw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mutuwar jima'i</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>858650</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:56:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353699810|Autoerotic fatality]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858650</origin>
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[[Mutuwa]] autoerotic mutuwar haɗari ce da ke faruwa a lokacin jima'i lokacin da kayan aiki, na'ura ko kayan aiki da ake amfani da su don inganta jin daɗi ya haifar da mutuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sauvageau2014&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike kawai suna amfani da kalmar ga mutuwar da ba da gangan ba sakamakon aikin jima'i na kaɗaici, ba [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]] ba ko aiki tare da abokin tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;sauvageau2014&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan da ke faruwa na mutuwar autoerotic a kasashen Yammacin Turai kusan 0.5 ne ga kowane mazauna miliyan a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;sauvageau2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sauvageau, A. |year=2014 |title=Current Reports on Autoerotic Deaths—Five Persistent Myths |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1007/s11920-013-0430-z |doi-broken-date=14 October 2025 |pmid=24293152 |s2cid=10570450}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Autoerotic asphyxia shine babban dalilin. 70 zuwa 80% na mutuwar autoerotic suna haifar da ratayewa, yayin da 10 zuwa 30% ana danganta su da jaka na filastik ko amfani da sinadarai. Dukkanin waɗannan suna haifar da Asphyxia na autoerotic. 5 zuwa 10% suna da alaƙa da electrocution, shigar da jikin waje, overdressing / jiki wrapping, ko wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba.[1] Takamaiman dalilai sun haɗa da amfani da sunadarai kamar amyl nitrite, GHB, ko nitrous oxide, da kayan aiki da kayan aiki kamar wuka, dildos masu girma, ligatures ko jaka don asphyxiation, bututu, na'urar lantarki don girgiza, ruwa don nutsewa, kayan aikin wuta don cinyewa, ko abubuwa masu kaifi, marasa tsabta ko manyan abubuwa masu ban sha'awa.

An magance batun a cikin littattafai biyu, Autoerotic Fatalities by Hazelwood et al. (1983) da Autoerotic Asphyxiation: Forensic, Medical, and Social Aspects by Sheleg et al. (2006).

*

== Dubi kuma ==

* Mutuwa yayin jima'i

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>iozy1ol0pjuirev30woo1kih5n6of0b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <text bytes="1873" sha1="l1fgjdefsldxhxrtugw5rh529c8acfy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

[[Mutuwa]] autoerotic mutuwar haɗari ce da ke faruwa a lokacin jima'i lokacin da kayan aiki, na'ura ko kayan aiki da ake amfani da su don inganta jin daɗi ya haifar da mutuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sauvageau2014&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike kawai suna amfani da kalmar ga mutuwar da ba da gangan ba sakamakon aikin jima'i na kaɗaici, ba [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]] ba ko aiki tare da abokin tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;sauvageau2014&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan da ke faruwa na mutuwar autoerotic a kasashen Yammacin Turai kusan 0.5 ne ga kowane mazauna miliyan a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;sauvageau2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sauvageau, A. |year=2014 |title=Current Reports on Autoerotic Deaths—Five Persistent Myths |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1007/s11920-013-0430-z |doi-broken-date=14 October 2025 |pmid=24293152 |s2cid=10570450}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Autoerotic asphyxia shine babban dalilin. 70 zuwa 80% na mutuwar autoerotic suna haifar da ratayewa, yayin da 10 zuwa 30% ana danganta su da jaka na filastik ko amfani da sinadarai. Dukkanin waɗannan suna haifar da Asphyxia na autoerotic. 5 zuwa 10% suna da alaƙa da electrocution, shigar da jikin waje, overdressing / jiki wrapping, ko wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba.[1] Takamaiman dalilai sun haɗa da amfani da sunadarai kamar amyl nitrite, GHB, ko nitrous oxide, da kayan aiki da kayan aiki kamar wuka, dildos masu girma, ligatures ko jaka don asphyxiation, bututu, na'urar lantarki don girgiza, ruwa don nutsewa, kayan aikin wuta don cinyewa, ko abubuwa masu kaifi, marasa tsabta ko manyan abubuwa masu ban sha'awa.

An magance batun a cikin littattafai biyu, Autoerotic Fatalities by Hazelwood et al. (1983) da Autoerotic Asphyxiation: Forensic, Medical, and Social Aspects by Sheleg et al. (2006).

*

== Dubi kuma ==

* Mutuwa yayin jima'i

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>l1fgjdefsldxhxrtugw5rh529c8acfy</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Enzyte</title>
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    <id>157969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858654</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:58:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334637968|Enzyte]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Enzyte''' wani kari ne na Abinci mai gina jiki na Amurka wanda aka kirkira ta Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals. Tallace-tallace na Enzyte ya haifar da hukunci da ɗaurin kurkuku ga mai kamfanin da kuma fatarar kamfanin. Yanzu Vianda, LLC na Cincinnati, Ohio ne ke tallata samfurin. Mai ƙera ya yi iƙirarin cewa Enzyte yana inganta &quot;haɓakawar namiji na halitta,&quot; wanda shine ma'anar inganta aikin erectile. Koyaya, an kira tasirinsa cikin shakku kuma da'awar masana'anta ta kasance ƙarƙashin bincike daga kungiyoyi daban-daban na jihohi da tarayya. Kenneth Goldberg, darektan kiwon lafiya na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Maza a Jami'ar Baylor, ya ce, &quot;Ba shi da ma'ana a fannin kiwon lafiya. Babu wata hanyar da za a kara yawan jini zuwa azzakari, kamar yadda Enzyte ya yi iƙirarin yin, zai kara girmansa. &quot;

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2005, biyo bayan dubban korafe-korafe na masu amfani ga Ofishin Kasuwanci Mafi Kyau, jami'an tarayya sun mamaye wuraren Berkeley, suna tattara kayan da suka haifar da tuhumar aikata laifuka 112. Wanda ya kafa kamfanin kuma Shugaba, Steven M Warshak, da mahaifiyarsa, Harriet Warshak، an same su da laifin yin makirci don yin zamba, zamba a banki, da kuma karkatar da kudi, kuma a watan Satumbar 2008 an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku kuma an umarce su da su rasa dala miliyan 500 a cikin kadarori.[1] Hukunce-hukuncen da tarar sun tilasta kamfanin ya shiga fatarar kuɗi, kuma a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008 an sayar da kadarorinsa na dala miliyan 2.75 ga kamfanin saka hannun jari na Pristine Bay, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki.[2]  

Ana tallata Enzyte a ko'ina a gidan talabijin na Amurka a matsayin &quot;The once-day tablet for natural male enhancement&quot;, ko kuma &quot;The one-a-day tablet to natural male enhancing. &quot;Tallace suna nuna wani hali da aka sani da &quot;Smilin' Bob,&quot; wanda dan wasan Kanada Andrew Olcott ya yi,  wanda, a cikin tallace-tallace yana sanye da murmushi wanda aka nuna koyaushe sakamakon inganta tasirin Enzyte; waɗannan tallace-tacen suna da ma'ana biyu. Wasu irin waɗannan tallace-tallace suna da murmushi &quot;Mrs. Bob.

Saboda Enzyte samfurin ganye ne, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ba ta buƙatar gwaji. Wani jami'in Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya wanda ke sa ido kan tallace-tallace ya ce rashin gwajin kimiyya &quot;ja ne nan da nan. Babu kimiyya a bayan waɗannan da'awar. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wotapka |first=Dawn |date=June 10, 2003 |title='No Science' Behind Male Pill's Claims / Best bet? Deal with it |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121203651/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google |archive-date=November 21, 2010 |website=Newsday}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin ya yarda cewa ba shi da binciken kimiyya wanda zai tabbatar da duk wani da'awar Enzyte. 

Ira Sharlip, mai magana da yawun kungiyar American Urological Association, ya ce, &quot;Babu wani abu kamar kwayar cutar da ke aiki. Waɗannan duk abubuwan da ake siyarwa ne don riba. Babu kimiyya ko abu a bayansu. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wotapka |first=Dawn |date=June 10, 2003 |title='No Science' Behind Male Pill's Claims / Best bet? Deal with it |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121203651/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google |archive-date=November 21, 2010 |website=Newsday}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWotapka2003&quot;&gt;Wotapka, Dawn (June 10, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121203651/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google &quot;'No Science' Behind Male Pill's Claims / Best bet? Deal with it&quot;]. ''Newsday''. Archived from [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google the original] on November 21, 2010.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Tushen Ginseng na Asiya
* Cire na inabi
* ''Epimedium'' (Horny Goat Weed) 
* Zinc oxide
* Muira puama
* ''Ginkgo biloba''
* Niacin
* Jan ƙarfe

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>858655</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:58:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <text bytes="5517" sha1="nx1uq3wwod8o7xjq41qfstb7zogpl57" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Enzyte''' wani kari ne na Abinci mai gina jiki na Amurka wanda aka kirkira ta Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals. Tallace-tallace na Enzyte ya haifar da hukunci da ɗaurin kurkuku ga mai kamfanin da kuma fatarar kamfanin. Yanzu Vianda, LLC na Cincinnati, Ohio ne ke tallata samfurin. Mai ƙera ya yi iƙirarin cewa Enzyte yana inganta &quot;haɓakawar namiji na halitta,&quot; wanda shine ma'anar inganta aikin erectile. Koyaya, an kira tasirinsa cikin shakku kuma da'awar masana'anta ta kasance ƙarƙashin bincike daga kungiyoyi daban-daban na jihohi da tarayya. Kenneth Goldberg, darektan kiwon lafiya na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Maza a Jami'ar Baylor, ya ce, &quot;Ba shi da ma'ana a fannin kiwon lafiya. Babu wata hanyar da za a kara yawan jini zuwa azzakari, kamar yadda Enzyte ya yi iƙirarin yin, zai kara girmansa. &quot;

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2005, biyo bayan dubban korafe-korafe na masu amfani ga Ofishin Kasuwanci Mafi Kyau, jami'an tarayya sun mamaye wuraren Berkeley, suna tattara kayan da suka haifar da tuhumar aikata laifuka 112. Wanda ya kafa kamfanin kuma Shugaba, Steven M Warshak, da mahaifiyarsa, Harriet Warshak، an same su da laifin yin makirci don yin zamba, zamba a banki, da kuma karkatar da kudi, kuma a watan Satumbar 2008 an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku kuma an umarce su da su rasa dala miliyan 500 a cikin kadarori.[1] Hukunce-hukuncen da tarar sun tilasta kamfanin ya shiga fatarar kuɗi, kuma a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008 an sayar da kadarorinsa na dala miliyan 2.75 ga kamfanin saka hannun jari na Pristine Bay, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki.[2]  

Ana tallata Enzyte a ko'ina a gidan talabijin na Amurka a matsayin &quot;The once-day tablet for natural male enhancement&quot;, ko kuma &quot;The one-a-day tablet to natural male enhancing. &quot;Tallace suna nuna wani hali da aka sani da &quot;Smilin' Bob,&quot; wanda dan wasan Kanada Andrew Olcott ya yi,  wanda, a cikin tallace-tallace yana sanye da murmushi wanda aka nuna koyaushe sakamakon inganta tasirin Enzyte; waɗannan tallace-tacen suna da ma'ana biyu. Wasu irin waɗannan tallace-tallace suna da murmushi &quot;Mrs. Bob.

Saboda Enzyte samfurin ganye ne, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ba ta buƙatar gwaji. Wani jami'in Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya wanda ke sa ido kan tallace-tallace ya ce rashin gwajin kimiyya &quot;ja ne nan da nan. Babu kimiyya a bayan waɗannan da'awar. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wotapka |first=Dawn |date=June 10, 2003 |title='No Science' Behind Male Pill's Claims / Best bet? Deal with it |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121203651/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google |archive-date=November 21, 2010 |website=Newsday}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin ya yarda cewa ba shi da binciken kimiyya wanda zai tabbatar da duk wani da'awar Enzyte. 

Ira Sharlip, mai magana da yawun kungiyar American Urological Association, ya ce, &quot;Babu wani abu kamar kwayar cutar da ke aiki. Waɗannan duk abubuwan da ake siyarwa ne don riba. Babu kimiyya ko abu a bayansu. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wotapka |first=Dawn |date=June 10, 2003 |title='No Science' Behind Male Pill's Claims / Best bet? Deal with it |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121203651/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google |archive-date=November 21, 2010 |website=Newsday}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWotapka2003&quot;&gt;Wotapka, Dawn (June 10, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121203651/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google &quot;'No Science' Behind Male Pill's Claims / Best bet? Deal with it&quot;]. ''Newsday''. Archived from [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/345405781.html?dids=345405781:345405781&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+10%2C+2003&amp;author=Dawn+Wotapka.+STAFF+WRITER&amp;pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&amp;desc=%27No+Science%27+Behind+Male+Pill%27s+Claims+%2F+Best+bet%3F+Deal+with+it&amp;pqatl=google the original] on November 21, 2010.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Tushen Ginseng na Asiya
* Cire na inabi
* ''Epimedium'' (Horny Goat Weed) 
* Zinc oxide
* Muira puama
* ''Ginkgo biloba''
* Niacin
* Jan ƙarfe

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>nx1uq3wwod8o7xjq41qfstb7zogpl57</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ExtenZe</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>858656</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:59:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318010887|ExtenZe]]&quot;</comment>
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'''ExtenZe''' wani kari ne na Abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke da'awar inganta &quot;haɓakawar namiji na halitta&quot;, wani ma'anar fadada azzakari.&lt;ref name=&quot;LAT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haldane |first=David |date=25 July 2006 |title=Enhancement Marketer Is Fined for False Advertising |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-25-me-extenze25-story.html |journal=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHaldane2006&quot;&gt;Haldane, David (25 July 2006). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-25-me-extenze25-story.html &quot;Enhancement Marketer Is Fined for False Advertising&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ExtenZe ta biya dala miliyan 6 don warware karar tallace-tallace ta ƙarya a cikin shekara ta 2010.

Shafukan yanar gizo da ke sayar da samfurin suna yin karin bayani dalla-dalla da yawa, gami da samun &quot;babban azzakari&quot;. Ana bayyana tasirin su na fadada a matsayin &quot;na wucin gadi&quot; yayin amfani da ExtenZe. Bayanan tallace-tallace na farko sun nuna masu sauraro da tauraron batsa Ron Jeremy .  Tsohon kocin Dallas Cowboys da Miami Hurricanes Jimmy Johnson ya bayyana a cikin tallan ExtenZe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-02-05 |title=Jimmy Johnson, ExtenZe Spokesman! Coach To Pitch 'Male Enhancement' Pills |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/05/jimmy-johnson-extenze-spo_n_450571.html |website=The Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; ExtenZe yana yin magungunan da harbe-harbe na 2-ounce waɗanda ake siyarwa a cikin shaguna sama da 75,000.

BIOTAB Nutraceuticals, Inc., ne ke kera samfurin, &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haldane |first=David |date=25 July 2006 |title=Enhancement Marketer Is Fined for False Advertising |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-25-me-extenze25-story.html |journal=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Maximizer Health Products ne ke tallata shi.

== Tallace-tallace na ƙarya da kuma sakamako masu illa ==
A shekara ta 2006, ExtenZe ta amince da biyan ofishin Lauyan gundumar Orange County, California, $ 300,000 a cikin hukuncin farar hula don ayyukan kasuwanci marasa adalci da Tallace-tallace na ƙarya. Susan Kang Schroeder na ofishin DA ta ce kamfanin ba zai iya tallafawa da'awarsa ba cewa kwayoyin sun sa masu amfani su girma da kashi 27%. Bayan kwastomomi da yawa a Laguna Beach, California sun koka wa Ofishin Kasuwanci Mafi Kyau cewa ExtenZe yana sa su rashin lafiya, lauyan gundumar ya bincika.

Mai yin ExtenZe, Biotab Nutraceuticals, Inc., ya warware karar tallace-tallace ta ƙarya a cikin 2010 don dala miliyan 6. masu shigar da kara sun yi iƙirarin cewa ExtenZe ya yi ikirarin tallace-tallace na yaudara game da samfurin da ke fadada azzakari na mutum duk da rashin tabbacin kimiyya don tallafawa waɗannan ikirarin.

Sakamakon tasirin ExtenZe yana iya haɗawa da cire yohimbe. Sakamakon sakamako masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da karuwar zafin jiki, karuwar Hawan jini, gumi, karuwar bugun zuciya, ƙishirwa, da kuma damuwa da ciki. Sauran sakamako masu illa na iya haɗawa da tashin hankali, bugun zuciya, rashin kwanciyar hankali, zazzabi, jin kamar faɗuwa, hallucinations, tsinkaye na tsoka ko spasms, halayyar da ba ta dace ba, ciwon kai mai tsanani, rauni cikin sauƙi, gajeren numfashi, hangen nesa mara kyau, fashewa, busawa a kunnuwa, ciwon kirji, rikice-rikice, asarar abinci, asarar nauyi, amai, rashin barci, jin sanyi a ƙafafu ko hannayensu lokacin da wahala.[1]

A cikin 2018, ExtenZe ya zo karkashin binciken FDA yayin da aka gano wani samar da ExtenZe da Exten Ze Plus don ƙunshe da [[Sildenafil]], wanda shine sinadarin aiki a cikin [[Sildenafil|Viagra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pubnot&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 31, 2018 |title=Public Notification: Extenze Nutritional Supplement contains hidden drug ingredient |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/medication-health-fraud/public-notification-extenze-nutritional-supplement-contains-hidden-drug-ingredient |journal=FDA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pubnotplus&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 31, 2018 |title=Public Notification: Extenze Plus contains hidden drug ingredient |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/medication-health-fraud/public-notification-extenze-plus-contains-hidden-drug-ingredient |journal=FDA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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'''ExtenZe''' wani kari ne na Abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke da'awar inganta &quot;haɓakawar namiji na halitta&quot;, wani ma'anar fadada azzakari.&lt;ref name=&quot;LAT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haldane |first=David |date=25 July 2006 |title=Enhancement Marketer Is Fined for False Advertising |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-25-me-extenze25-story.html |journal=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; ExtenZe ta biya dala miliyan 6 don warware karar tallace-tallace ta ƙarya a cikin shekara ta 2010.

Shafukan yanar gizo da ke sayar da samfurin suna yin karin bayani dalla-dalla da yawa, gami da samun &quot;babban azzakari&quot;. Ana bayyana tasirin su na fadada a matsayin &quot;na wucin gadi&quot; yayin amfani da ExtenZe. Bayanan tallace-tallace na farko sun nuna masu sauraro da tauraron batsa Ron Jeremy .  Tsohon kocin Dallas Cowboys da Miami Hurricanes Jimmy Johnson ya bayyana a cikin tallan ExtenZe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-02-05 |title=Jimmy Johnson, ExtenZe Spokesman! Coach To Pitch 'Male Enhancement' Pills |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/05/jimmy-johnson-extenze-spo_n_450571.html |website=The Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; ExtenZe yana yin magungunan da harbe-harbe na 2-ounce waɗanda ake siyarwa a cikin shaguna sama da 75,000.

BIOTAB Nutraceuticals, Inc., ne ke kera samfurin, &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haldane |first=David |date=25 July 2006 |title=Enhancement Marketer Is Fined for False Advertising |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-25-me-extenze25-story.html |journal=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Maximizer Health Products ne ke tallata shi.

== Tallace-tallace na ƙarya da kuma sakamako masu illa ==
A shekara ta 2006, ExtenZe ta amince da biyan ofishin Lauyan gundumar Orange County, California, $ 300,000 a cikin hukuncin farar hula don ayyukan kasuwanci marasa adalci da Tallace-tallace na ƙarya. Susan Kang Schroeder na ofishin DA ta ce kamfanin ba zai iya tallafawa da'awarsa ba cewa kwayoyin sun sa masu amfani su girma da kashi 27%. Bayan kwastomomi da yawa a Laguna Beach, California sun koka wa Ofishin Kasuwanci Mafi Kyau cewa ExtenZe yana sa su rashin lafiya, lauyan gundumar ya bincika.

Mai yin ExtenZe, Biotab Nutraceuticals, Inc., ya warware karar tallace-tallace ta ƙarya a cikin 2010 don dala miliyan 6. masu shigar da kara sun yi iƙirarin cewa ExtenZe ya yi ikirarin tallace-tallace na yaudara game da samfurin da ke fadada azzakari na mutum duk da rashin tabbacin kimiyya don tallafawa waɗannan ikirarin.

Sakamakon tasirin ExtenZe yana iya haɗawa da cire yohimbe. Sakamakon sakamako masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da karuwar zafin jiki, karuwar Hawan jini, gumi, karuwar bugun zuciya, ƙishirwa, da kuma damuwa da ciki. Sauran sakamako masu illa na iya haɗawa da tashin hankali, bugun zuciya, rashin kwanciyar hankali, zazzabi, jin kamar faɗuwa, hallucinations, tsinkaye na tsoka ko spasms, halayyar da ba ta dace ba, ciwon kai mai tsanani, rauni cikin sauƙi, gajeren numfashi, hangen nesa mara kyau, fashewa, busawa a kunnuwa, ciwon kirji, rikice-rikice, asarar abinci, asarar nauyi, amai, rashin barci, jin sanyi a ƙafafu ko hannayensu lokacin da wahala.[1]

A cikin 2018, ExtenZe ya zo karkashin binciken FDA yayin da aka gano wani samar da ExtenZe da Exten Ze Plus don ƙunshe da [[Sildenafil]], wanda shine sinadarin aiki a cikin [[Sildenafil|Viagra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pubnot&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 31, 2018 |title=Public Notification: Extenze Nutritional Supplement contains hidden drug ingredient |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/medication-health-fraud/public-notification-extenze-nutritional-supplement-contains-hidden-drug-ingredient |journal=FDA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pubnotplus&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 31, 2018 |title=Public Notification: Extenze Plus contains hidden drug ingredient |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/medication-health-fraud/public-notification-extenze-plus-contains-hidden-drug-ingredient |journal=FDA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>fhdunuzw69k6gn1vy8wbu04w6w6rzjr</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ayyukan Kegel</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>858658</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356022781|Kegel exercise]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ayyukan Kegel''', wanda aka fi sani da '''motsa jiki a ƙasa''', ya haɗa da yin kwangila akai-akai da shakatawa da tsokoki waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na bene na ƙasa, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu &quot;tsokoki na Kegel&quot;. Ana iya yin motsa jiki sau da yawa a rana, na mintuna da yawa a lokaci guda, amma yana ɗaukar wata ɗaya zuwa uku don fara samun sakamako.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2018 |title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2020 |publisher=MedlinePlus}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan Kegel suna da niyyar ƙarfafa tsokoki na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |archive-date=2016-07-28 |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en |quote=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises are a series of exercises designed to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan tsokoki suna da ayyuka da yawa a cikin jikin mutum. A cikin mata, suna da alhakin riƙe kumfa, hana damuwa ta fitsari (musamman bayan haihuwa), fashewar farji da mahaifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |archive-date=2016-07-28 |access-date=2017-12-02 |website=medlineplus.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin maza, waɗannan tsokoki suna da alhakin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙwaƙwalwa, da ejaculation.  &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=La Pera |first=G |last2=Nicastro |first2=A |year=1996 |title=A new treatment for premature ejaculation: the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor |journal=Journal of Sex &amp; Marital Therapy |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=22–6 |doi=10.1080/00926239608405302 |pmid=8699493}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Akwai kayan aiki da yawa don taimakawa tare da waɗannan darussan, kodayake nazarin daban-daban suna muhawara game da tasirin kayan aiki daban-daban da darussan gargajiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;bjui.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence |url=http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2011-09-02 |publisher=BJUI.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ilimin mata na Amurka Arnold Kegel ya wallafa bayanin irin waɗannan darussan a cikin 1948,  amma a baya wata mace, Margaret Morris, ce ta buga su a cikin 1936, wacce aka ba ta daraja kaɗan a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=20 February 2020 |title=50 years of Physiotherapy |url=https://www.ics.org/news/1047 |journal=ICS News |publisher=International Continence Society |access-date=20 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin lafiya ==

=== Mata ===
Abubuwa irin su [[Juna biyu|ciki]], [[Jego|haihuwa]], [[Ageing|tsufa]], da kuma kiba sau da yawa suna raunana tsokoki na pelvic. Ana iya tantance wannan ta hanyar jarrabawar dijital na matsin lamba ko ta amfani da Kegel perineometer. Ayyukan Kegel suna da amfani wajen dawo da ƙarfin tsokoki a irin waɗannan lokuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mentor |first=Physio |date=2022-10-15 |title=Kegel Exercises – Pelvic Floor Muscles Strengthening |url=https://www.physiomentor.co/kegel-exercises/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114643/https://www.physiomentor.co/kegel-exercises/ |archive-date=2022-10-15 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Physiomentor |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya rage alamun lalacewa da tsananin ta tare da motsa jiki na ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22161382&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hagen S, Stark D |year=2011 |title=Conservative prevention and management of pelvic organ prolapse in women |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2011 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003882.pub4 |pmc=12621084 |pmid=22161382}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za'a iya inganta tasiri tare da ra'ayoyi game da yadda za a yi darussan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Herderschee |first=R |last2=Hay-Smith |first2=EJ |author-link2=Jean Hay-Smith |last3=Herbison |first3=GP |last4=Roovers |first4=JP |last5=Heineman |first5=MJ |date=6 July 2011 |title=Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009252 |pmid=21735442}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maza ===
Ayyukan Kegel na iya horar da tsokoki na perineal ta hanyar kara yawan iskar oxygen da ƙarfin waɗancan tsokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Puppo |first=Vincenzo |last2=Puppo |first2=Giulia |date=January 2016 |title=Comprehensive review of the anatomy and physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a disease: Anatomy and Physiology of Ejaculation |journal=Clinical Anatomy |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=111–119 |doi=10.1002/ca.22655 |pmid=26457680 |s2cid=9213013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunayen tsokoki na perineal sune: ischiocavernosus (tsayawa), bulbocavernosus (ejaculation), Sphincter na waje na anus, sphincter urethral mai laushi, perineal mai laushi), levator na prostate, da puborectalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodley2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woodley |first=SJ |last2=Lawrenson |first2=P |last3=Boyle |first3=R |last4=Cody |first4=JD |last5=Mørkved |first5=S |last6=Kernohan |first6=A |last7=Hay-Smith |first7=EJC |date=6 May 2020 |title=Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=5 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4 |pmc=7203602 |pmid=32378735}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayyana zubar da ciki na farko a matsayin lokacin zubar da jini na namiji yana faruwa bayan kasa da minti daya na shiga.[1] Tsokoki na perineal suna da hannu a cikin ejaculation lokacin da aka kwantar da su ba tare da son rai ba.[2] Tsokoki na ischiocavernosus yana da alhakin tsayar da namiji, kuma tsokoki na bulbocavernosis yana da alƙawarin zubar da ciki. Ta hanyar yin kwangila da tsokoki na perineal tare da Kegel yana motsa jiki akai-akai, ƙarfi da sarrafa waɗannan tsokoki suna ƙaruwa, mai yiwuwa suna taimakawa wajen guje wa zubar da ciki da wuri.[2][3]

== Na'urorin sautin kwatangwalo ==
Wasu na'urorin, waɗanda ake tallatawa ga mata, don motsa jiki ne na tsokoki na ƙasa da kuma inganta sautin tsoka na pubococcygeal ko tsokoki.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, babu wata shaida cewa yin motsa jiki a ƙasa tare da nauyi ya yi aiki mafi kyau fiye da yin motsa jiki na Kegel ba tare da nauyi ba; akwai haɗari mafi girma tare da nauyi, saboda an gabatar da wani abu na waje a cikin farji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Herbison |first=GP |last2=Dean |first2=N |date=8 July 2013 |title=Weighted vaginal cones for urinary incontinence |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2013 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002114.pub2 |pmc=7086390 |pmid=23836411}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bjui.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence |url=http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2011-09-02 |publisher=BJUI.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 &quot;A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence&quot;]. BJUI.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 Archived] from the original on 2011-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2011-09-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Kegel_exerciser.JPG|A Kegel exerciser
Fayil:Jade_Eggs_usually_come_in_3_different_sizes.jpg|'''Jade eggs''' (or '''Yoni eggs''') have been marketed for use in vaginal weightlifting.
Fayil:Ben_Wa_Balls.jpg|Ben wa balls
Fayil:Placement_geisha.jpg|&quot;Geisha balls&quot; in the vagina on the level of the PC muscle
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>b01utwdxc067amdayiysiqi67b04bm1</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858659</origin>
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      <text bytes="8736" sha1="90z58xrlmqnalsfjegc5d41iplk1ctl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Ayyukan Kegel''', wanda aka fi sani da '''motsa jiki a ƙasa''', ya haɗa da yin kwangila akai-akai da shakatawa da tsokoki waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na bene na ƙasa, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu &quot;tsokoki na Kegel&quot;. Ana iya yin motsa jiki sau da yawa a rana, na mintuna da yawa a lokaci guda, amma yana ɗaukar wata ɗaya zuwa uku don fara samun sakamako.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2018 |title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2020 |publisher=MedlinePlus}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan Kegel suna da niyyar ƙarfafa tsokoki na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |archive-date=2016-07-28 |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en |quote=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises are a series of exercises designed to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan tsokoki suna da ayyuka da yawa a cikin jikin mutum. A cikin mata, suna da alhakin riƙe kumfa, hana damuwa ta fitsari (musamman bayan haihuwa), fashewar farji da mahaifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |archive-date=2016-07-28 |access-date=2017-12-02 |website=medlineplus.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin maza, waɗannan tsokoki suna da alhakin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙwaƙwalwa, da ejaculation.  &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=La Pera |first=G |last2=Nicastro |first2=A |year=1996 |title=A new treatment for premature ejaculation: the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor |journal=Journal of Sex &amp; Marital Therapy |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=22–6 |doi=10.1080/00926239608405302 |pmid=8699493}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Akwai kayan aiki da yawa don taimakawa tare da waɗannan darussan, kodayake nazarin daban-daban suna muhawara game da tasirin kayan aiki daban-daban da darussan gargajiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;bjui.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence |url=http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2011-09-02 |publisher=BJUI.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ilimin mata na Amurka Arnold Kegel ya wallafa bayanin irin waɗannan darussan a cikin 1948,  amma a baya wata mace, Margaret Morris, ce ta buga su a cikin 1936, wacce aka ba ta daraja kaɗan a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=20 February 2020 |title=50 years of Physiotherapy |url=https://www.ics.org/news/1047 |journal=ICS News |publisher=International Continence Society |access-date=20 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin lafiya ==

=== Mata ===
Abubuwa irin su [[Juna biyu|ciki]], [[Jego|haihuwa]], [[Ageing|tsufa]], da kuma kiba sau da yawa suna raunana tsokoki na pelvic. Ana iya tantance wannan ta hanyar jarrabawar dijital na matsin lamba ko ta amfani da Kegel perineometer. Ayyukan Kegel suna da amfani wajen dawo da ƙarfin tsokoki a irin waɗannan lokuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mentor |first=Physio |date=2022-10-15 |title=Kegel Exercises – Pelvic Floor Muscles Strengthening |url=https://www.physiomentor.co/kegel-exercises/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114643/https://www.physiomentor.co/kegel-exercises/ |archive-date=2022-10-15 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Physiomentor |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya rage alamun lalacewa da tsananin ta tare da motsa jiki na ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22161382&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hagen S, Stark D |year=2011 |title=Conservative prevention and management of pelvic organ prolapse in women |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2011 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003882.pub4 |pmc=12621084 |pmid=22161382}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za'a iya inganta tasiri tare da ra'ayoyi game da yadda za a yi darussan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Herderschee |first=R |last2=Hay-Smith |first2=EJ |author-link2=Jean Hay-Smith |last3=Herbison |first3=GP |last4=Roovers |first4=JP |last5=Heineman |first5=MJ |date=6 July 2011 |title=Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009252 |pmid=21735442}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maza ===
Ayyukan Kegel na iya horar da tsokoki na perineal ta hanyar kara yawan iskar oxygen da ƙarfin waɗancan tsokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Puppo |first=Vincenzo |last2=Puppo |first2=Giulia |date=January 2016 |title=Comprehensive review of the anatomy and physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a disease: Anatomy and Physiology of Ejaculation |journal=Clinical Anatomy |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=111–119 |doi=10.1002/ca.22655 |pmid=26457680 |s2cid=9213013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunayen tsokoki na perineal sune: ischiocavernosus (tsayawa), bulbocavernosus (ejaculation), Sphincter na waje na anus, sphincter urethral mai laushi, perineal mai laushi), levator na prostate, da puborectalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodley2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woodley |first=SJ |last2=Lawrenson |first2=P |last3=Boyle |first3=R |last4=Cody |first4=JD |last5=Mørkved |first5=S |last6=Kernohan |first6=A |last7=Hay-Smith |first7=EJC |date=6 May 2020 |title=Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=5 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4 |pmc=7203602 |pmid=32378735}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayyana zubar da ciki na farko a matsayin lokacin zubar da jini na namiji yana faruwa bayan kasa da minti daya na shiga.[1] Tsokoki na perineal suna da hannu a cikin ejaculation lokacin da aka kwantar da su ba tare da son rai ba.[2] Tsokoki na ischiocavernosus yana da alhakin tsayar da namiji, kuma tsokoki na bulbocavernosis yana da alƙawarin zubar da ciki. Ta hanyar yin kwangila da tsokoki na perineal tare da Kegel yana motsa jiki akai-akai, ƙarfi da sarrafa waɗannan tsokoki suna ƙaruwa, mai yiwuwa suna taimakawa wajen guje wa zubar da ciki da wuri.[2][3]

== Na'urorin sautin kwatangwalo ==
Wasu na'urorin, waɗanda ake tallatawa ga mata, don motsa jiki ne na tsokoki na ƙasa da kuma inganta sautin tsoka na pubococcygeal ko tsokoki.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, babu wata shaida cewa yin motsa jiki a ƙasa tare da nauyi ya yi aiki mafi kyau fiye da yin motsa jiki na Kegel ba tare da nauyi ba; akwai haɗari mafi girma tare da nauyi, saboda an gabatar da wani abu na waje a cikin farji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Herbison |first=GP |last2=Dean |first2=N |date=8 July 2013 |title=Weighted vaginal cones for urinary incontinence |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2013 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002114.pub2 |pmc=7086390 |pmid=23836411}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bjui.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence |url=http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2011-09-02 |publisher=BJUI.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 &quot;A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence&quot;]. BJUI.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&amp;LinkTypeID=1&amp;SectionType=4 Archived] from the original on 2011-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2011-09-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Kegel_exerciser.JPG|A Kegel exerciser
Fayil:Jade_Eggs_usually_come_in_3_different_sizes.jpg|'''Jade eggs''' (or '''Yoni eggs''') have been marketed for use in vaginal weightlifting.
Fayil:Ben_Wa_Balls.jpg|Ben wa balls
Fayil:Placement_geisha.jpg|&quot;Geisha balls&quot; in the vagina on the level of the PC muscle
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>90z58xrlmqnalsfjegc5d41iplk1ctl</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rayuwa Mai Girma</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337293435|Microlife]]&quot;</comment>
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'''microlife''' wani bangare ne na haɗari wanda ke wakiltar canjin rabin sa'a na tsammanin rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmj&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spiegelhalter |first=D. |date=2012-12-14 |title=Using speed of ageing and &quot;microlives&quot; to communicate the effects of lifetime habits and environment |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978/ |journal=BMJ |volume=345 |issue=dec14 14 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8223 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=23247978 |s2cid=27745393}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpiegelhalter2012&quot;&gt;Spiegelhalter, D. (2012-12-14). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978/ &quot;Using speed of ageing and &quot;microlives&quot; to communicate the effects of lifetime habits and environment&quot;]. ''BMJ''. '''345''' (dec14 14) e8223. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/bmj.e8223|10.1136/bmj.e8223]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-1833 1756-1833]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978 23247978]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27745393 27745393].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

David Spiegelhalter da Alejandro Leiva ne suka tattauna, kuma Lin et al sun yi amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lin, Chia-Yu, Gelman, Andrew, Price, Phillip N., and Krantz, David H. |date=1999 |title=Analysis of Local Decisions Using Hierarchical Modeling, Applied to Home Radon Measurement and Remediation |url=https://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/published/lin.pdf |journal=Statistical Science |volume=14 |pages=305–337}}&lt;/ref&gt; don nazarin yanke shawara, ana nufin microlives a matsayin hanya mai sauƙi don sadarwa game da tasirin salon rayuwa ko haɗarin muhalli, bisa ga tasirin yau da kullun akan tsawon rayuwa da ake tsammani. Kamar micromort (ɗaya cikin yiwuwar mutuwa miliyan) an yi amfani da microlife don &quot;kusa amma kwatanci mai kyau tsakanin girman haɗarin haɗari&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmj&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spiegelhalter |first=D. |date=2012-12-14 |title=Using speed of ageing and &quot;microlives&quot; to communicate the effects of lifetime habits and environment |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978/ |journal=BMJ |volume=345 |issue=dec14 14 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8223 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=23247978 |s2cid=27745393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shine don kauce wa tasirin nuna bambanci na bayyana haɗari a cikin haɗarin haɗari, canza su zuwa wasu sassan da za a iya gani. Hakazalika suna kawo haɗarin nan gaba na dogon lokaci a nan da yanzu a matsayin riba ko asarar lokaci. 

: &quot;A yau da kullun asarar ko riba na minti 30 za a iya kira a microlife, saboda 1 000 000 rabin sa'o'i (shekaru 57) kusan ya dace da rayuwar manya bayyanar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmj&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spiegelhalter |first=D. |date=2012-12-14 |title=Using speed of ageing and &quot;microlives&quot; to communicate the effects of lifetime habits and environment |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978/ |journal=BMJ |volume=345 |issue=dec14 14 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8223 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=23247978 |s2cid=27745393}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpiegelhalter2012&quot;&gt;Spiegelhalter, D. (2012-12-14). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978/ &quot;Using speed of ageing and &quot;microlives&quot; to communicate the effects of lifetime habits and environment&quot;]. ''BMJ''. '''345''' (dec14 14) e8223. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/bmj.e8223|10.1136/bmj.e8223]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-1833 1756-1833]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978 23247978]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27745393 27745393].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Microlife yana amfani da gaskiyar cewa ga ƙananan haɗari canjin rayuwa ne kusan layi.[1] Suna da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, bisa ga matsakaicin yawan jama'a da rayuwa. Ba a la'akari da tasirin bambancin mutum, gajeren lokaci ko canza halaye, da abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Microlife''' wani bangare ne na haɗari wanda ke wakiltar canjin rabin sa'a na tsammanin rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmj&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spiegelhalter |first=D. |date=2012-12-14 |title=Using speed of ageing and &quot;microlives&quot; to communicate the effects of lifetime habits and environment |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978/ |journal=BMJ |volume=345 |issue=dec14 14 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8223 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=23247978 |s2cid=27745393}}&lt;/ref&gt;

David Spiegelhalter da Alejandro Leiva ne suka tattauna, kuma Lin et al sun yi amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lin, Chia-Yu, Gelman, Andrew, Price, Phillip N., and Krantz, David H. |date=1999 |title=Analysis of Local Decisions Using Hierarchical Modeling, Applied to Home Radon Measurement and Remediation |url=https://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/published/lin.pdf |journal=Statistical Science |volume=14 |pages=305–337}}&lt;/ref&gt; don nazarin yanke shawara, ana nufin microlives a matsayin hanya mai sauƙi don sadarwa game da tasirin salon rayuwa ko haɗarin muhalli, bisa ga tasirin yau da kullun akan tsawon rayuwa da ake tsammani. Kamar micromort (ɗaya cikin yiwuwar mutuwa miliyan) an yi amfani da microlife don &quot;kusa amma kwatanci mai kyau tsakanin girman haɗarin haɗari&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmj&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spiegelhalter |first=D. |date=2012-12-14 |title=Using speed of ageing and &quot;microlives&quot; to communicate the effects of lifetime habits and environment |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978/ |journal=BMJ |volume=345 |issue=dec14 14 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8223 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=23247978 |s2cid=27745393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shine don kauce wa tasirin nuna bambanci na bayyana haɗari a cikin haɗarin haɗari, canza su zuwa wasu sassan da za a iya gani. Hakazalika suna kawo haɗarin nan gaba na dogon lokaci a nan da yanzu a matsayin riba ko asarar lokaci. 

: &quot;A yau da kullun asarar ko riba na minti 30 za a iya kira a microlife, saboda 1 000 000 rabin sa'o'i (shekaru 57) kusan ya dace da rayuwar manya bayyanar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmj&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spiegelhalter |first=D. |date=2012-12-14 |title=Using speed of ageing and &quot;microlives&quot; to communicate the effects of lifetime habits and environment |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978/ |journal=BMJ |volume=345 |issue=dec14 14 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8223 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=23247978 |s2cid=27745393}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSpiegelhalter2012&quot;&gt;Spiegelhalter, D. (2012-12-14). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978/ &quot;Using speed of ageing and &quot;microlives&quot; to communicate the effects of lifetime habits and environment&quot;]. ''BMJ''. '''345''' (dec14 14) e8223. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/bmj.e8223|10.1136/bmj.e8223]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-1833 1756-1833]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247978 23247978]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27745393 27745393].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Microlife yana amfani da gaskiyar cewa ga ƙananan haɗari canjin rayuwa ne kusan layi.[1] Suna da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, bisa ga matsakaicin yawan jama'a da rayuwa. Ba a la'akari da tasirin bambancin mutum, gajeren lokaci ko canza halaye, da abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Breede</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Kogin Breede''' (Afrikaans: Breederivier), kuma aka sani da kogin Breë, kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Tafiya zuwa cikin arewa daga birnin Cape Town, kogin yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su na yamma sun zama rarrabuwar kayyayaki na farko da Turawa suka samu a karni na 18. Kogin Witels da Kogin Dwars sun zama kogin Breë.  == Tushe == Wurin kamawa na farko na kogin yana cikin kewayon tsaunin Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kan...</comment>
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      <text bytes="3203" sha1="5z6rqrdrbna0q6p68q2ln9u0ghg0urd" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Breede''' (Afrikaans: Breederivier), kuma aka sani da kogin Breë, kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Tafiya zuwa cikin arewa daga birnin Cape Town, kogin yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su na yamma sun zama rarrabuwar kayyayaki na farko da Turawa suka samu a karni na 18. Kogin Witels da Kogin Dwars sun zama kogin Breë.

== Tushe ==
Wurin kamawa na farko na kogin yana cikin kewayon tsaunin Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kan ya bi ta hanyar wucewar Michell na zamani kafin ya bayyana kan hanyarsa ta tsakiya a yankin Worcester.[1] Bakin kogin yana cikin wani yanki ne a Witsand da ke Tekun Indiya[2].

== Tafsiri ==
A kan hanyarta ta cikin kwarin Breede, Kogin Holsloot da Smalblaar suna haɗuwa da shi, daga wuraren kama su, Du Toitskloof da tsaunin Stettyn. Kogin Hex tare da yanki mai kamawa a cikin Dutsen Kogin Hex shima ya haɗu da Kogin Breede daga arewa maso gabas. Daga baya kogin Slang da kogin Buffeljags sun kwashe gangaren kudancin tsaunin Langeberg kafin su ajiye ruwansu a kogin Breede. Kusa da Swellendam kogin yana haɗe da Riviersonderend, tare da yankin kama shi a cikin tsaunukan da ke kewaye da Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof kusa da Villiersdorp.

== Dams akan kogin ==
Babban Dam din Brandvlei, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1936 kuma an fadada shi gaba daya zuwa 1987, yana ba da ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa daban-daban a cikin sassan aikin gona na yankin. (wanda kuma aka sani da Brandvlei Dam da Kwaggaskloof Dam[ana bukatar bayani].

* Dam din Stettynskloof akan kogin Holsloot na kogin Breede.
* Zwiegalars Dam
* Dam din Theewaterskloof duka biyu akan Kogin Riviersonderend
* Elandskloof Dam akan Kogin Elands wani yanki ne na kogin Riviersonderend.
* Dam din Moordkuil akan Kogin Hooks wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Keerom a kan kogin Nuy wani yanki ne na kogin Breede.
* Dam din Klipberg akan Kogin Konings kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Keisers, wani yanki na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Pietersfontein akan Kogin Pietersfontein wani rafi ne na Kogin Kogmanskloof, kuma wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Poortjieskloof akan Kogin Groot shima yana kwarara cikin kogin Kogmanskloof
* Buffeljags Dam akan Kogin Buffeljags wani yanki na Kogin Breede.

== Ayyuka ==
Kogin Breede sanannen wuri ne don yawon shakatawa na kogin. Ruwan da ke gudana a hankali da rashin kada, hippos da sauro sun sa wannan ya zama sanannen makoma a karshen mako. Masu gudanar da yawon bude ido da dama sun kaddamar da kimanin kilomita 20 kudu da Swellendam a cikin kwale-kwale na mutane biyu. Ana iya kewaya kogin na kusan kilomita 28, daga baki a Witsand.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Sau da yawa, sharks na bijimai suna shiga cikin bakin teku suna zama a cikin ruwan kogin Breede, wanda aka rubuta har zuwa 5 kilomita daga kogin.[3]. An nuna waɗannan sharks a kakar wasa ta biyu na jerin dodanni na Kogin. Kamar yadda binciken Jeremy Wade ya nuna, sharks na kogin Breede sun fi matsakaita girma saboda dabi’arsu ta musamman na satar kamun kifi, da ba su damar cin abinci da kuma kara nauyi ba tare da kashe kuzari ba. Wannan da yanayin lafiyar kogin ya haifar da kididdigar kididdigar da ba a taba kai wa mutane hari a yankin ba.[4]

== Hotuna ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3600" sha1="rcooz8afx3g2wksn2b9h8xqg9vxz5y1" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Breede''' (Afrikaans: Breederivier), kuma aka sani da kogin Breë, kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Tafiya zuwa cikin arewa daga birnin Cape Town, kogin yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su na yamma sun zama rarrabuwar kayyayaki na farko da Turawa suka samu a karni na 18. Kogin Witels da Kogin Dwars sun zama kogin Breë.

== Tushe ==
Wurin kamawa na farko na kogin yana cikin kewayon tsaunin Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kan ya bi ta hanyar wucewar Michell na zamani kafin ya bayyana kan hanyarsa ta tsakiya a yankin Worcester.[1] Bakin kogin yana cikin wani yanki ne a Witsand da ke Tekun Indiya[2].

== Tafsiri ==
A kan hanyarta ta cikin kwarin Breede, Kogin Holsloot da Smalblaar suna haɗuwa da shi, daga wuraren kama su, Du Toitskloof da tsaunin Stettyn. Kogin Hex tare da yanki mai kamawa a cikin Dutsen Kogin Hex shima ya haɗu da Kogin Breede daga arewa maso gabas. Daga baya kogin Slang da kogin Buffeljags sun kwashe gangaren kudancin tsaunin Langeberg kafin su ajiye ruwansu a kogin Breede. Kusa da Swellendam kogin yana haɗe da Riviersonderend, tare da yankin kama shi a cikin tsaunukan da ke kewaye da Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof kusa da Villiersdorp.

== Dams akan kogin ==
Babban Dam din Brandvlei, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1936 kuma an fadada shi gaba daya zuwa 1987, yana ba da ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa daban-daban a cikin sassan aikin gona na yankin. (wanda kuma aka sani da Brandvlei Dam da Kwaggaskloof Dam[ana bukatar bayani].

* Dam din Stettynskloof akan kogin Holsloot na kogin Breede.
* Zwiegalars Dam
* Dam din Theewaterskloof duka biyu akan Kogin Riviersonderend
* Elandskloof Dam akan Kogin Elands wani yanki ne na kogin Riviersonderend.
* Dam din Moordkuil akan Kogin Hooks wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Keerom a kan kogin Nuy wani yanki ne na kogin Breede.
* Dam din Klipberg akan Kogin Konings kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Keisers, wani yanki na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Pietersfontein akan Kogin Pietersfontein wani rafi ne na Kogin Kogmanskloof, kuma wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Poortjieskloof akan Kogin Groot shima yana kwarara cikin kogin Kogmanskloof
* Buffeljags Dam akan Kogin Buffeljags wani yanki na Kogin Breede.

== Ayyuka ==
Kogin Breede sanannen wuri ne don yawon shakatawa na kogin. Ruwan da ke gudana a hankali da rashin kada, hippos da sauro sun sa wannan ya zama sanannen makoma a karshen mako. Masu gudanar da yawon bude ido da dama sun kaddamar da kimanin kilomita 20 kudu da Swellendam a cikin kwale-kwale na mutane biyu. Ana iya kewaya kogin na kusan kilomita 28, daga baki a Witsand.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Sau da yawa, sharks na bijimai suna shiga cikin bakin teku suna zama a cikin ruwan kogin Breede, wanda aka rubuta har zuwa 5 kilomita daga kogin.[3]. An nuna waɗannan sharks a kakar wasa ta biyu na jerin dodanni na Kogin. Kamar yadda binciken Jeremy Wade ya nuna, sharks na kogin Breede sun fi matsakaita girma saboda dabi’arsu ta musamman na satar kamun kifi, da ba su damar cin abinci da kuma kara nauyi ba tare da kashe kuzari ba. Wannan da yanayin lafiyar kogin ya haifar da kididdigar kididdigar da ba a taba kai wa mutane hari a yankin ba.[4]

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;165&quot;&gt;
Image:Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River.jpg|Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River
Image:Breede River PA020053.JPG|Breede from Bontebok Park
Image:Handbetriebene Fähre P1020854.JPG|[[Cable ferry]] at Malgas
Image:PA020092 Breede River vor Langeberg Mountains.JPG|Breede with [[Langeberg]] backdrop
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Manazarta==</text>
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      <text bytes="3719" sha1="0unle7f9wu18d1n15bxxnmdlvlry258" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Breede''' (Afrikaans: Breederivier), kuma aka sani da kogin Breë, kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Tafiya zuwa cikin arewa daga birnin Cape Town, kogin yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su na yamma sun zama rarrabuwar kayyayaki na farko da Turawa suka samu a karni na 18. Kogin Witels da Kogin Dwars sun zama kogin Breë.

== Tushe ==
Wurin kamawa na farko na kogin yana cikin kewayon tsaunin Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kan ya bi ta hanyar wucewar Michell na zamani kafin ya bayyana kan hanyarsa ta tsakiya a yankin Worcester.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Breede River Valley&quot;. www.places.co.za.&lt;/ref&gt; Bakin kogin yana cikin wani yanki ne a Witsand da ke Tekun Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;Bree - estuary Archived October 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafsiri ==
A kan hanyarta ta cikin kwarin Breede, Kogin Holsloot da Smalblaar suna haɗuwa da shi, daga wuraren kama su, Du Toitskloof da tsaunin Stettyn. Kogin Hex tare da yanki mai kamawa a cikin Dutsen Kogin Hex shima ya haɗu da Kogin Breede daga arewa maso gabas. Daga baya kogin Slang da kogin Buffeljags sun kwashe gangaren kudancin tsaunin Langeberg kafin su ajiye ruwansu a kogin Breede. Kusa da Swellendam kogin yana haɗe da Riviersonderend, tare da yankin kama shi a cikin tsaunukan da ke kewaye da Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof kusa da Villiersdorp.

== Dams akan kogin ==
Babban Dam din Brandvlei, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1936 kuma an fadada shi gaba daya zuwa 1987, yana ba da ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa daban-daban a cikin sassan aikin gona na yankin. (wanda kuma aka sani da Brandvlei Dam da Kwaggaskloof Dam[ana bukatar bayani].

* Dam din Stettynskloof akan kogin Holsloot na kogin Breede.
* Zwiegalars Dam
* Dam din Theewaterskloof duka biyu akan Kogin Riviersonderend
* Elandskloof Dam akan Kogin Elands wani yanki ne na kogin Riviersonderend.
* Dam din Moordkuil akan Kogin Hooks wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Keerom a kan kogin Nuy wani yanki ne na kogin Breede.
* Dam din Klipberg akan Kogin Konings kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Keisers, wani yanki na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Pietersfontein akan Kogin Pietersfontein wani rafi ne na Kogin Kogmanskloof, kuma wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Poortjieskloof akan Kogin Groot shima yana kwarara cikin kogin Kogmanskloof
* Buffeljags Dam akan Kogin Buffeljags wani yanki na Kogin Breede.

== Ayyuka ==
Kogin Breede sanannen wuri ne don yawon shakatawa na kogin. Ruwan da ke gudana a hankali da rashin kada, hippos da sauro sun sa wannan ya zama sanannen makoma a karshen mako. Masu gudanar da yawon bude ido da dama sun kaddamar da kimanin kilomita 20 kudu da Swellendam a cikin kwale-kwale na mutane biyu. Ana iya kewaya kogin na kusan kilomita 28, daga baki a Witsand.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Sau da yawa, sharks na bijimai suna shiga cikin bakin teku suna zama a cikin ruwan kogin Breede, wanda aka rubuta har zuwa 5 kilomita daga kogin.[3]. An nuna waɗannan sharks a kakar wasa ta biyu na jerin dodanni na Kogin. Kamar yadda binciken Jeremy Wade ya nuna, sharks na kogin Breede sun fi matsakaita girma saboda dabi’arsu ta musamman na satar kamun kifi, da ba su damar cin abinci da kuma kara nauyi ba tare da kashe kuzari ba. Wannan da yanayin lafiyar kogin ya haifar da kididdigar kididdigar da ba a taba kai wa mutane hari a yankin ba.[4]

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;165&quot;&gt;
Image:Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River.jpg|Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River
Image:Breede River PA020053.JPG|Breede from Bontebok Park
Image:Handbetriebene Fähre P1020854.JPG|[[Cable ferry]] at Malgas
Image:PA020092 Breede River vor Langeberg Mountains.JPG|Breede with [[Langeberg]] backdrop
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Manazarta==</text>
      <sha1>0unle7f9wu18d1n15bxxnmdlvlry258</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858678</id>
      <parentid>858677</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:08:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3796" sha1="79hj2eg22dmhyxey050va0llva2xcn8" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Breede''' (Afrikaans: Breederivier), kuma aka sani da kogin Breë, kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Tafiya zuwa cikin arewa daga birnin Cape Town, kogin yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su na yamma sun zama rarrabuwar kayyayaki na farko da Turawa suka samu a karni na 18. Kogin Witels da Kogin Dwars sun zama kogin Breë.

== Tushe ==
Wurin kamawa na farko na kogin yana cikin kewayon tsaunin Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kan ya bi ta hanyar wucewar Michell na zamani kafin ya bayyana kan hanyarsa ta tsakiya a yankin Worcester.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Breede River Valley&quot;. www.places.co.za.&lt;/ref&gt; Bakin kogin yana cikin wani yanki ne a Witsand da ke Tekun Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;Bree - estuary Archived October 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafsiri ==
A kan hanyarta ta cikin kwarin Breede, Kogin Holsloot da Smalblaar suna haɗuwa da shi, daga wuraren kama su, Du Toitskloof da tsaunin Stettyn. Kogin Hex tare da yanki mai kamawa a cikin Dutsen Kogin Hex shima ya haɗu da Kogin Breede daga arewa maso gabas. Daga baya kogin Slang da kogin Buffeljags sun kwashe gangaren kudancin tsaunin Langeberg kafin su ajiye ruwansu a kogin Breede. Kusa da Swellendam kogin yana haɗe da Riviersonderend, tare da yankin kama shi a cikin tsaunukan da ke kewaye da Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof kusa da Villiersdorp.

== Dams akan kogin ==
Babban Dam din Brandvlei, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1936 kuma an fadada shi gaba daya zuwa 1987, yana ba da ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa daban-daban a cikin sassan aikin gona na yankin. (wanda kuma aka sani da Brandvlei Dam da Kwaggaskloof Dam[ana bukatar bayani].

* Dam din Stettynskloof akan kogin Holsloot na kogin Breede.
* Zwiegalars Dam
* Dam din Theewaterskloof duka biyu akan Kogin Riviersonderend
* Elandskloof Dam akan Kogin Elands wani yanki ne na kogin Riviersonderend.
* Dam din Moordkuil akan Kogin Hooks wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Keerom a kan kogin Nuy wani yanki ne na kogin Breede.
* Dam din Klipberg akan Kogin Konings kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Keisers, wani yanki na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Pietersfontein akan Kogin Pietersfontein wani rafi ne na Kogin Kogmanskloof, kuma wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Poortjieskloof akan Kogin Groot shima yana kwarara cikin kogin Kogmanskloof
* Buffeljags Dam akan Kogin Buffeljags wani yanki na Kogin Breede.

== Ayyuka ==
Kogin Breede sanannen wuri ne don yawon shakatawa na kogin. Ruwan da ke gudana a hankali da rashin kada, hippos da sauro sun sa wannan ya zama sanannen makoma a karshen mako. Masu gudanar da yawon bude ido da dama sun kaddamar da kimanin kilomita 20 kudu da Swellendam a cikin kwale-kwale na mutane biyu. Ana iya kewaya kogin na kusan kilomita 28, daga baki a Witsand.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Sau da yawa, sharks na bijimai suna shiga cikin bakin teku suna zama a cikin ruwan kogin Breede, wanda aka rubuta har zuwa 5 kilomita daga kogin.&lt;ref&gt;Wavescape, Spike at. &quot;Bizarre Bull Shark Record&quot;. www.wavescape.co.za.&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna waɗannan sharks a kakar wasa ta biyu na jerin dodanni na Kogin. Kamar yadda binciken Jeremy Wade ya nuna, sharks na kogin Breede sun fi matsakaita girma saboda dabi’arsu ta musamman na satar kamun kifi, da ba su damar cin abinci da kuma kara nauyi ba tare da kashe kuzari ba. Wannan da yanayin lafiyar kogin ya haifar da kididdigar kididdigar da ba a taba kai wa mutane hari a yankin ba.[4]

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;165&quot;&gt;
Image:Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River.jpg|Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River
Image:Breede River PA020053.JPG|Breede from Bontebok Park
Image:Handbetriebene Fähre P1020854.JPG|[[Cable ferry]] at Malgas
Image:PA020092 Breede River vor Langeberg Mountains.JPG|Breede with [[Langeberg]] backdrop
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Manazarta==</text>
      <sha1>79hj2eg22dmhyxey050va0llva2xcn8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858679</id>
      <parentid>858678</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:11:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3866" sha1="70zimrk1uyg4nofb3yg0temgh88napj" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Breede''' (Afrikaans: Breederivier), kuma aka sani da kogin Breë, kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Tafiya zuwa cikin arewa daga birnin Cape Town, kogin yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su na yamma sun zama rarrabuwar kayyayaki na farko da Turawa suka samu a karni na 18. Kogin Witels da Kogin Dwars sun zama kogin Breë.

== Tushe ==
Wurin kamawa na farko na kogin yana cikin kewayon tsaunin Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kan ya bi ta hanyar wucewar Michell na zamani kafin ya bayyana kan hanyarsa ta tsakiya a yankin Worcester.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Breede River Valley&quot;. www.places.co.za.&lt;/ref&gt; Bakin kogin yana cikin wani yanki ne a Witsand da ke Tekun Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;Bree - estuary Archived October 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafsiri ==
A kan hanyarta ta cikin kwarin Breede, Kogin Holsloot da Smalblaar suna haɗuwa da shi, daga wuraren kama su, Du Toitskloof da tsaunin Stettyn. Kogin Hex tare da yanki mai kamawa a cikin Dutsen Kogin Hex shima ya haɗu da Kogin Breede daga arewa maso gabas. Daga baya kogin Slang da kogin Buffeljags sun kwashe gangaren kudancin tsaunin Langeberg kafin su ajiye ruwansu a kogin Breede. Kusa da Swellendam kogin yana haɗe da Riviersonderend, tare da yankin kama shi a cikin tsaunukan da ke kewaye da Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof kusa da Villiersdorp.

== Dams akan kogin ==
Babban Dam din Brandvlei, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1936 kuma an fadada shi gaba daya zuwa 1987, yana ba da ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa daban-daban a cikin sassan aikin gona na yankin. (wanda kuma aka sani da Brandvlei Dam da Kwaggaskloof Dam[ana bukatar bayani].

* Dam din Stettynskloof akan kogin Holsloot na kogin Breede.
* Zwiegalars Dam
* Dam din Theewaterskloof duka biyu akan Kogin Riviersonderend
* Elandskloof Dam akan Kogin Elands wani yanki ne na kogin Riviersonderend.
* Dam din Moordkuil akan Kogin Hooks wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Keerom a kan kogin Nuy wani yanki ne na kogin Breede.
* Dam din Klipberg akan Kogin Konings kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Keisers, wani yanki na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Pietersfontein akan Kogin Pietersfontein wani rafi ne na Kogin Kogmanskloof, kuma wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Poortjieskloof akan Kogin Groot shima yana kwarara cikin kogin Kogmanskloof
* Buffeljags Dam akan Kogin Buffeljags wani yanki na Kogin Breede.

== Ayyuka ==
Kogin Breede sanannen wuri ne don yawon shakatawa na kogin. Ruwan da ke gudana a hankali da rashin kada, hippos da sauro sun sa wannan ya zama sanannen makoma a karshen mako. Masu gudanar da yawon bude ido da dama sun kaddamar da kimanin kilomita 20 kudu da Swellendam a cikin kwale-kwale na mutane biyu. Ana iya kewaya kogin na kusan kilomita 28, daga baki a Witsand.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Sau da yawa, sharks na bijimai suna shiga cikin bakin teku suna zama a cikin ruwan kogin Breede, wanda aka rubuta har zuwa 5 kilomita daga kogin.&lt;ref&gt;Wavescape, Spike at. &quot;Bizarre Bull Shark Record&quot;. www.wavescape.co.za.&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna waɗannan sharks a kakar wasa ta biyu na jerin dodanni na Kogin. Kamar yadda binciken Jeremy Wade ya nuna, sharks na kogin Breede sun fi matsakaita girma saboda dabi’arsu ta musamman na satar kamun kifi, da ba su damar cin abinci da kuma kara nauyi ba tare da kashe kuzari ba. Wannan da yanayin lafiyar kogin ya haifar da kididdigar kididdigar da ba a taba kai wa mutane hari a yankin ba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hidden Predator&quot;. River Monsters. 30 May 2010. Animal Planet.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;165&quot;&gt;
Image:Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River.jpg|Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River
Image:Breede River PA020053.JPG|Breede from Bontebok Park
Image:Handbetriebene Fähre P1020854.JPG|[[Cable ferry]] at Malgas
Image:PA020092 Breede River vor Langeberg Mountains.JPG|Breede with [[Langeberg]] backdrop
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Manazarta==</text>
      <sha1>70zimrk1uyg4nofb3yg0temgh88napj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858746</id>
      <parentid>858679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:42:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3877" sha1="nqil7mn4uxnu6uf1y96s620bnxlthtu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Kogin Breede''' (Afrikaans: Breederivier), kuma aka sani da kogin Breë, kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Tafiya zuwa cikin arewa daga birnin Cape Town, kogin yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su na yamma sun zama rarrabuwar kayyayaki na farko da Turawa suka samu a karni na 18. Kogin Witels da Kogin Dwars sun zama kogin Breë.

== Tushe ==
Wurin kamawa na farko na kogin yana cikin kewayon tsaunin Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kan ya bi ta hanyar wucewar Michell na zamani kafin ya bayyana kan hanyarsa ta tsakiya a yankin Worcester.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Breede River Valley&quot;. www.places.co.za.&lt;/ref&gt; Bakin kogin yana cikin wani yanki ne a Witsand da ke Tekun Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;Bree - estuary Archived October 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafsiri ==
A kan hanyarta ta cikin kwarin Breede, Kogin Holsloot da Smalblaar suna haɗuwa da shi, daga wuraren kama su, Du Toitskloof da tsaunin Stettyn. Kogin Hex tare da yanki mai kamawa a cikin Dutsen Kogin Hex shima ya haɗu da Kogin Breede daga arewa maso gabas. Daga baya kogin Slang da kogin Buffeljags sun kwashe gangaren kudancin tsaunin Langeberg kafin su ajiye ruwansu a kogin Breede. Kusa da Swellendam kogin yana haɗe da Riviersonderend, tare da yankin kama shi a cikin tsaunukan da ke kewaye da Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof kusa da Villiersdorp.

== Dams akan kogin ==
Babban Dam din Brandvlei, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1936 kuma an fadada shi gaba daya zuwa 1987, yana ba da ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa daban-daban a cikin sassan aikin gona na yankin. (wanda kuma aka sani da Brandvlei Dam da Kwaggaskloof Dam[ana bukatar bayani].

* Dam din Stettynskloof akan kogin Holsloot na kogin Breede.
* Zwiegalars Dam
* Dam din Theewaterskloof duka biyu akan Kogin Riviersonderend
* Elandskloof Dam akan Kogin Elands wani yanki ne na kogin Riviersonderend.
* Dam din Moordkuil akan Kogin Hooks wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Keerom a kan kogin Nuy wani yanki ne na kogin Breede.
* Dam din Klipberg akan Kogin Konings kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Keisers, wani yanki na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Pietersfontein akan Kogin Pietersfontein wani rafi ne na Kogin Kogmanskloof, kuma wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Poortjieskloof akan Kogin Groot shima yana kwarara cikin kogin Kogmanskloof
* Buffeljags Dam akan Kogin Buffeljags wani yanki na Kogin Breede.

== Ayyuka ==
Kogin Breede sanannen wuri ne don yawon shakatawa na kogin. Ruwan da ke gudana a hankali da rashin kada, hippos da sauro sun sa wannan ya zama sanannen makoma a karshen mako. Masu gudanar da yawon bude ido da dama sun kaddamar da kimanin kilomita 20 kudu da Swellendam a cikin kwale-kwale na mutane biyu. Ana iya kewaya kogin na kusan kilomita 28, daga baki a Witsand.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Sau da yawa, sharks na bijimai suna shiga cikin bakin teku suna zama a cikin ruwan kogin Breede, wanda aka rubuta har zuwa 5 kilomita daga kogin.&lt;ref&gt;Wavescape, Spike at. &quot;Bizarre Bull Shark Record&quot;. www.wavescape.co.za.&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna waɗannan sharks a kakar wasa ta biyu na jerin dodanni na Kogin. Kamar yadda binciken Jeremy Wade ya nuna, sharks na kogin Breede sun fi matsakaita girma saboda dabi’arsu ta musamman na satar kamun kifi, da ba su damar cin abinci da kuma kara nauyi ba tare da kashe kuzari ba. Wannan da yanayin lafiyar kogin ya haifar da kididdigar kididdigar da ba a taba kai wa mutane hari a yankin ba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hidden Predator&quot;. River Monsters. 30 May 2010. Animal Planet.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;165&quot;&gt;
Image:Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River.jpg|Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River
Image:Breede River PA020053.JPG|Breede from Bontebok Park
Image:Handbetriebene Fähre P1020854.JPG|[[Cable ferry]] at Malgas
Image:PA020092 Breede River vor Langeberg Mountains.JPG|Breede with [[Langeberg]] backdrop
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Manazarta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858750</id>
      <parentid>858746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:48:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340543454|Breede River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Breede''' ( Afrikaans   ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Kogin Breë''', kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Kogin yana tafiya arewa daga birnin [[Cape Town]], yana tafiya zuwa yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun yammacin da ke kewaye sun zama rabuwar nahiyar farko da Turawa [[Turai|suka]] samu a ƙarni na 18. Kogin Witel da Kogin Dwars sun zama Kogin Breë.

== Tushen ==
Yankin farko na kogin yana cikin tsaunukan Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kai yana gudana ta Hanyar Michell's Pass na zamani kafin ya bayyana a tsakiyarta a yankin Worcester.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breede River Valley |url=https://www.places.co.za/html/breedevalley.html |website=www.places.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana cikin wani bakin teku a Witsand a kan [[Tekun Indiya]].

== Haraji ==
A kan hanyarsa ta hanyar Kogin Breede, kogin Holsloot da Smalblaar sun haɗu da shi, daga yankunan da suka taru, tsaunukan Du Toitskloof da Stettyn. Kogin Hex tare da yankin da ke cikin Dutsen Hex River kuma ya haɗu da Kogin Breede daga arewa maso gabas. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa Kogin Slang da [[Kogin Buffeljags]] suna zubar da gangaren kudancin tsaunukan Langeberg kafin su ajiye ruwan su a cikin Kogin Breede. Kusa da [[Swellendam]] kogin ya haɗu da Riviersonderend, tare da yankin da ke cikin duwatsu da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwan Theewaterskloof kusa da Villiersdorp.

== Dams a kan kogi ==
Babban madatsar ruwan Brandvlei, wanda aka kammala a 1936 kuma an kara shi sosai a 1987, yana ba da ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa daban-daban a duk faɗin aikin gona na yankin.  (wanda aka fi sani da madatsar ruwan Brandvlei da madatsarar ruwan Kwaggaskloof [bayani da ake buƙata]. A cikin yankin da aka karɓa akwai wasu madatsun ruwa: 

* Stettynskloof Dam a kan Kogin Holsloot na Kogin Breede .
* Rashin ruwa na Zwiegelaars
* Dam din Theewaterskloof duka biyu a kan [[Kogin Sonderend|Kogin Riviersonderend]]
* Dam din Elandskloof a kan [[Elands River (Western Cape)|Kogin Elands]] wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Sonderend|Kogin Riviersonderend]] .
* Dam din Moordkuil a kan Kogin Hooks wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede .
* Keerom Dam a kan Kogin Nuy wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede .
* Dam din Klipberg a kan Kogin Konings kanta mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Keisers, mai ba da kogi ga Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Pietersfontein a kan Kogin Pietersfonstein wani yanki ne na [[Kogmanskloof River|Kogin Kogmanskloof]], kuma wani yanki ne ya Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Poortjieskloof a kan [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|Kogin Groot]] kuma yana gudana cikin Kogin Kogmanskloof
* Dam din Buffeljags a kan [[Kogin Buffeljags]] wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede .

== Ayyuka ==
Kogin Breede sanannen wuri ne don yawon shakatawa na kogi. Ruwa mai gudana a hankali da rashin aladu, hippos da sauro sun sa wannan ya zama sanannen wurin karshen mako. Masu yawon shakatawa da yawa sun kaddamar da kimanin kilomita 20 a kudancin [[Swellendam]] a cikin jiragen ruwa masu fashewa guda biyu. Kogin yana iya tafiya kusan kilomita 28, daga bakin Witsand.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Muhalli ==
Sau da yawa, sharks na bijimi suna shiga bakin teku kuma suna zaune a cikin ruwan Kogin Breede, bayan an rubuta su kusan kilomita 5 a kan kogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wavescape |first=Spike at |title=Bizarre Bull Shark Record |url=https://www.wavescape.co.za/environment/sharks/bizarre-bull-shark-record.html |website=www.wavescape.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan sharks an nuna su a karo na biyu na jerin River Monsters . Kamar yadda binciken Jeremy Wade ya nuna, sharks na Breede River sun fi matsakaici girma saboda al'adarsu ta musamman ta sata kifin masunta, yana ba su damar ciyarwa da samun nauyi ba tare da kashe makamashi ba. Wannan da kuma yanayin lafiya na yanayin halittu na kogin ya haifar da rikodin kaɗan ko babu hare-haren shark a kan mutane a yankin.&amp;nbsp;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;165&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Alvi's_Drift_low-water_bridge_across_the_Breede_River.jpg|Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River
Fayil:Breede_River_PA020053.JPG|Breede from Bontebok Park
Fayil:Handbetriebene_Fähre_P1020854.JPG|Cable ferry at Malgas
Fayil:PA020092_Breede_River_vor_Langeberg_Mountains.JPG|Breede with Langeberg backdrop
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Hanyar Skurweberg

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858751</id>
      <parentid>858750</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:49:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4308" sha1="bvfg947h82p26szows7wmhdm3503pak" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Breede''' ( Afrikaans   ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Kogin Breë''', kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Kogin yana tafiya arewa daga birnin [[Cape Town]], yana tafiya zuwa yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun yammacin da ke kewaye sun zama rabuwar nahiyar farko da Turawa [[Turai|suka]] samu a ƙarni na 18. Kogin Witel da Kogin Dwars sun zama Kogin Breë.

== Tushen ==
Yankin farko na kogin yana cikin tsaunukan Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kai yana gudana ta Hanyar Michell's Pass na zamani kafin ya bayyana a tsakiyarta a yankin Worcester.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breede River Valley |url=https://www.places.co.za/html/breedevalley.html |website=www.places.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana cikin wani bakin teku a Witsand a kan [[Tekun Indiya]].

== Haraji ==
A kan hanyarsa ta hanyar Kogin Breede, kogin Holsloot da Smalblaar sun haɗu da shi, daga yankunan da suka taru, tsaunukan Du Toitskloof da Stettyn. Kogin Hex tare da yankin da ke cikin Dutsen Hex River kuma ya haɗu da Kogin Breede daga arewa maso gabas. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa Kogin Slang da [[Kogin Buffeljags]] suna zubar da gangaren kudancin tsaunukan Langeberg kafin su ajiye ruwan su a cikin Kogin Breede. Kusa da [[Swellendam]] kogin ya haɗu da Riviersonderend, tare da yankin da ke cikin duwatsu da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwan Theewaterskloof kusa da Villiersdorp.

== Dams a kan kogi ==
Babban madatsar ruwan Brandvlei, wanda aka kammala a 1936 kuma an kara shi sosai a 1987, yana ba da ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa daban-daban a duk faɗin aikin gona na yankin.  (wanda aka fi sani da madatsar ruwan Brandvlei da madatsarar ruwan Kwaggaskloof [bayani da ake buƙata]. A cikin yankin da aka karɓa akwai wasu madatsun ruwa: 

* Stettynskloof Dam a kan Kogin Holsloot na Kogin Breede .
* Rashin ruwa na Zwiegelaars
* Dam din Theewaterskloof duka biyu a kan [[Kogin Sonderend|Kogin Riviersonderend]]
* Dam din Elandskloof a kan [[Elands River (Western Cape)|Kogin Elands]] wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Sonderend|Kogin Riviersonderend]] .
* Dam din Moordkuil a kan Kogin Hooks wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede .
* Keerom Dam a kan Kogin Nuy wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede .
* Dam din Klipberg a kan Kogin Konings kanta mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Keisers, mai ba da kogi ga Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Pietersfontein a kan Kogin Pietersfonstein wani yanki ne na [[Kogmanskloof River|Kogin Kogmanskloof]], kuma wani yanki ne ya Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Poortjieskloof a kan [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|Kogin Groot]] kuma yana gudana cikin Kogin Kogmanskloof
* Dam din Buffeljags a kan [[Kogin Buffeljags]] wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede .

== Ayyuka ==
Kogin Breede sanannen wuri ne don yawon shakatawa na kogi. Ruwa mai gudana a hankali da rashin aladu, hippos da sauro sun sa wannan ya zama sanannen wurin karshen mako. Masu yawon shakatawa da yawa sun kaddamar da kimanin kilomita 20 a kudancin [[Swellendam]] a cikin jiragen ruwa masu fashewa guda biyu. Kogin yana iya tafiya kusan kilomita 28, daga bakin Witsand.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Muhalli ==
Sau da yawa, sharks na bijimi suna shiga bakin teku kuma suna zaune a cikin ruwan Kogin Breede, bayan an rubuta su kusan kilomita 5 a kan kogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wavescape |first=Spike at |title=Bizarre Bull Shark Record |url=https://www.wavescape.co.za/environment/sharks/bizarre-bull-shark-record.html |website=www.wavescape.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan sharks an nuna su a karo na biyu na jerin River Monsters . Kamar yadda binciken Jeremy Wade ya nuna, sharks na Breede River sun fi matsakaici girma saboda al'adarsu ta musamman ta sata kifin masunta, yana ba su damar ciyarwa da samun nauyi ba tare da kashe makamashi ba. Wannan da kuma yanayin lafiya na yanayin halittu na kogin ya haifar da rikodin kaɗan ko babu hare-haren shark a kan mutane a yankin.&amp;nbsp;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;165&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Alvi's_Drift_low-water_bridge_across_the_Breede_River.jpg|Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River
Fayil:Breede_River_PA020053.JPG|Breede from Bontebok Park
Fayil:Handbetriebene_Fähre_P1020854.JPG|Cable ferry at Malgas
Fayil:PA020092_Breede_River_vor_Langeberg_Mountains.JPG|Breede with Langeberg backdrop
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Hanyar Skurweberg

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hot Springs, Manicaland</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233443779|Hot Springs, Manicaland]]&quot;</comment>
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Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi suna da nisan kilomita 80 a kudancin [[Mutare]] a [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mutare Zimbabwe: Mutare Tourist Guide Eastern Highlands Zimbabwe |url=http://mutarezimbabwe.blogspot.com/2009/02/mutare-tourist-guide-eastern-highlands.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana kusa da filayen lu'u-lu'u na Nyanyadzi da Chiyadzwa. Ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa an ce yana da magunguna da warkarwa.&amp;nbsp;

Yanayin ƙasa sune: 19°39′01′′S 32°28′01′′E / 19.65028°S 32.46694°E / -19.65028; 32.46694. &lt;ref name=&quot;zfg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hot Springs |url=https://zimfieldguide.com/manicaland/hot-springs |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=Zimbabwe Field Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, Majalisar Gundumar Chimanimani ta sanya fifiko don kammala asibitin Hotsprings a Manicaland wanda zai yi wa dubban mutane da ke zaune a yankin da ke kewaye hidima.

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Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi suna da nisan kilomita 80 a kudancin [[Mutare]] a [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mutare Zimbabwe: Mutare Tourist Guide Eastern Highlands Zimbabwe |url=http://mutarezimbabwe.blogspot.com/2009/02/mutare-tourist-guide-eastern-highlands.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana kusa da filayen lu'u-lu'u na Nyanyadzi da Chiyadzwa. Ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa an ce yana da magunguna da warkarwa.&amp;nbsp;

Yanayin ƙasa sune: 19°39′01′′S 32°28′01′′E / 19.65028°S 32.46694°E / -19.65028; 32.46694. &lt;ref name=&quot;zfg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hot Springs |url=https://zimfieldguide.com/manicaland/hot-springs |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=Zimbabwe Field Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, Majalisar Gundumar Chimanimani ta sanya fifiko don kammala asibitin Hotsprings a Manicaland wanda zai yi wa dubban mutane da ke zaune a yankin da ke kewaye hidima.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kikuletwa Hot Springs</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344813230|Kikuletwa Hot Springs]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Maɓuɓɓugan Ruwa Masu Zafi na Kikuletwa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Maji Moto''' ( ''Maji Moto ya Kikuletwa'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ) &lt;ref name=&quot;GTRT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hochstein |first=M.P. |last2=Temu |first2=E.P. |last3=Moshy |first3=C.M.A. |date=2000 |title=Geothermal Resources of Tanzania |url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2000/R0580.PDF |journal=Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, 2000, Kyushu–Tohuku, Japan |pages=1233–1238 |access-date=8 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma '''Maɓuɓɓugan Ruwa Masu Zafi na Chemka''', wani yanki ne na yanayi mai zafi wanda ke cikin gundumar Masama Rundugai ta gundumar Hai a yankin Kilimanjaro na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Kikuletwa (Chemka) Hotsprings Tour - An Unexpected Paradise to visit |url=https://www.kiwoitoafricasafaris.com/destinations/chemka-hot-spring/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Kiwoito Africa Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Chemka'' yana nufin &quot;tafasa&quot; a Swahili, yana nufin bayyanar yadda ruwan ke fitowa daga ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Chemka Hotsprings in Tanzania - Hotsprings in Tanzania |url=https://www.focuseastafricatours.com/blog/chemka-hotsprings-in-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Tanzania Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Adventures 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Chemka Hot Springs Moshi, Tanzania |url=https://bornparkadventures.com/chemka-hot-springs-moshi-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Born Park Adventures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu zafi suna da nisan kimanin kilomita 40 daga garin Moshi, wanda shine ƙofar zuwa [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]] a wani ƙauye mai suna Chemka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt; Ruwan ruwan zafi yana kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kikuletwa]] kuma daga ƙarshe ya isa [[Rafin pangani|Kogin Pangani.]]

A tarihi, mutanen Chagga shafin a matsayin mai tsarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Chemka Hotsprings in Tanzania - Hotsprings in Tanzania |url=https://www.focuseastafricatours.com/blog/chemka-hotsprings-in-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Tanzania Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi suna cikin yanayi mai kyau da kwanciyar hankali, kewaye da itatuwan dabino da sauran ciyayi na wurare masu zafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Kikuletwa (Chemka) Hotsprings Tour - An Unexpected Paradise to visit |url=https://www.kiwoitoafricasafaris.com/destinations/chemka-hot-spring/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Kiwoito Africa Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa yana da haske kuma zafin jiki yana kusa da 27 ° C (81 ° F), yana da kyau don yin iyo da shakatawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kilimanjaro and Beyond Tours &amp; Safaris 20142&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-01-12 |title=Chemka Hotspring – Kilimanjaro and Beyond Tours &amp; Safaris |url=https://kilimanjaroandbeyond.com/chemka-hotspring/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Kilimanjaro and Beyond Tours &amp; Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai iya zama mai zurfi kamar mita 6 zuwa 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Adventures 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Chemka Hot Springs Moshi, Tanzania |url=https://bornparkadventures.com/chemka-hot-springs-moshi-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Born Park Adventures}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kikuletwa Hot Springs sanannen wuri ne ga masu yawon bude ido da mazauna yankin, waɗanda suka zo don jin daɗin kyawawan dabi'u da kwanciyar hankali na wurin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Chemka Hotsprings in Tanzania - Hotsprings in Tanzania |url=https://www.focuseastafricatours.com/blog/chemka-hotsprings-in-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Tanzania Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UnitedRepublicofTanzania.com 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Chemka Hot Springs -Location, Booking, Experience &amp; More |url=https://unitedrepublicoftanzania.com/economy-of-tanzania/tourism-in-tanzania/things-to-do-in-tanzania/chemka-hot-springs-location-booking-experience-kikuletwa-entrance-fee-campsite-moshi-day-trip-arusha-to-history-of-how-to-get-to/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=UnitedRepublicofTanzania.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, yankin sanannen wuri ne don kallon tsuntsaye, saboda akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa da ke zaune a cikin [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] da wuraren da ke kewaye da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofland Expeditions 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-10 |title=Kikuletwa Hotsprings |url=https://www.hofland-expeditions.com/tanzania/kikuletwa-hot-springs/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Hofland Expeditions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cat fish  da Red garra, waɗanda ke cin fatar matattu daga ƙafafun baƙi, ana iya samun su a cikin ruwa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Hofland Expeditions 2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pilar |date=2022-05-07 |title=CHEMKA (KIKULETWA) HOT SPRINGS, TANZANIA - GUIDE |url=https://traveltheworldpages.com/chemka-hot-springs-kikuletwa/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=TravelTheWorldPages |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adventures 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Chemka Hot Springs Moshi, Tanzania |url=https://bornparkadventures.com/chemka-hot-springs-moshi-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Born Park Adventures}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun dama ==
Baƙi na iya isa Kikuletwa Hot Springs ta mota, kuma akwai masu ba da yawon shakatawa da yawa waɗanda ke ba da jagora ga yawon shakata zuwa yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Journey Era 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=CHEMKA HOT SPRINGS (KIKULETWA) IN TANZANIA |url=https://www.journeyera.com/kikuletwa-hot-springs-chemka/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Journey Era}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana yiwuwa a sami damar Tuk Tuk daga garin Boma Ng'ombe da ke kusa da shi  Ruwan ruwa mai zafi suna buɗewa duk shekara, kuma wani lokacin akwai karamin kuɗin shiga don samun damar shafin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maps &amp; Merlot 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Kikuletwa Hot Springs (Chemka) in Moshi, Tanzania: 14+ Things to Know Before You Go |url=https://www.mapsandmerlot.com/kikuletwa-hot-springs-tanzania-chemka/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Maps &amp; Merlot}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani shagon abin tunawa da gidan cin abinci da mashaya suna kusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun sansani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
Jerin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi

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'''Maɓuɓɓugan Ruwa Masu Zafi na Kikuletwa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Maji Moto''' ( ''Maji Moto ya Kikuletwa'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ) &lt;ref name=&quot;GTRT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hochstein |first=M.P. |last2=Temu |first2=E.P. |last3=Moshy |first3=C.M.A. |date=2000 |title=Geothermal Resources of Tanzania |url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2000/R0580.PDF |journal=Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, 2000, Kyushu–Tohuku, Japan |pages=1233–1238 |access-date=8 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma '''Maɓuɓɓugan Ruwa Masu Zafi na Chemka''', wani yanki ne na yanayi mai zafi wanda ke cikin gundumar Masama Rundugai ta gundumar Hai a yankin Kilimanjaro na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Kikuletwa (Chemka) Hotsprings Tour - An Unexpected Paradise to visit |url=https://www.kiwoitoafricasafaris.com/destinations/chemka-hot-spring/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Kiwoito Africa Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Chemka'' yana nufin &quot;tafasa&quot; a Swahili, yana nufin bayyanar yadda ruwan ke fitowa daga ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Chemka Hotsprings in Tanzania - Hotsprings in Tanzania |url=https://www.focuseastafricatours.com/blog/chemka-hotsprings-in-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Tanzania Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Adventures 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Chemka Hot Springs Moshi, Tanzania |url=https://bornparkadventures.com/chemka-hot-springs-moshi-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Born Park Adventures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu zafi suna da nisan kimanin kilomita 40 daga garin Moshi, wanda shine ƙofar zuwa [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]] a wani ƙauye mai suna Chemka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt; Ruwan ruwan zafi yana kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kikuletwa]] kuma daga ƙarshe ya isa [[Rafin pangani|Kogin Pangani.]]

A tarihi, mutanen Chagga shafin a matsayin mai tsarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Chemka Hotsprings in Tanzania - Hotsprings in Tanzania |url=https://www.focuseastafricatours.com/blog/chemka-hotsprings-in-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Tanzania Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi suna cikin yanayi mai kyau da kwanciyar hankali, kewaye da itatuwan dabino da sauran ciyayi na wurare masu zafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Kikuletwa (Chemka) Hotsprings Tour - An Unexpected Paradise to visit |url=https://www.kiwoitoafricasafaris.com/destinations/chemka-hot-spring/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Kiwoito Africa Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa yana da haske kuma zafin jiki yana kusa da 27 ° C (81 ° F), yana da kyau don yin iyo da shakatawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kilimanjaro and Beyond Tours &amp; Safaris 20142&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-01-12 |title=Chemka Hotspring – Kilimanjaro and Beyond Tours &amp; Safaris |url=https://kilimanjaroandbeyond.com/chemka-hotspring/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Kilimanjaro and Beyond Tours &amp; Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai iya zama mai zurfi kamar mita 6 zuwa 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Adventures 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Chemka Hot Springs Moshi, Tanzania |url=https://bornparkadventures.com/chemka-hot-springs-moshi-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Born Park Adventures}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kikuletwa Hot Springs sanannen wuri ne ga masu yawon bude ido da mazauna yankin, waɗanda suka zo don jin daɗin kyawawan dabi'u da kwanciyar hankali na wurin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Chemka Hotsprings in Tanzania - Hotsprings in Tanzania |url=https://www.focuseastafricatours.com/blog/chemka-hotsprings-in-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Tanzania Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UnitedRepublicofTanzania.com 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Chemka Hot Springs -Location, Booking, Experience &amp; More |url=https://unitedrepublicoftanzania.com/economy-of-tanzania/tourism-in-tanzania/things-to-do-in-tanzania/chemka-hot-springs-location-booking-experience-kikuletwa-entrance-fee-campsite-moshi-day-trip-arusha-to-history-of-how-to-get-to/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=UnitedRepublicofTanzania.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, yankin sanannen wuri ne don kallon tsuntsaye, saboda akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa da ke zaune a cikin [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] da wuraren da ke kewaye da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofland Expeditions 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-10 |title=Kikuletwa Hotsprings |url=https://www.hofland-expeditions.com/tanzania/kikuletwa-hot-springs/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Hofland Expeditions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cat fish  da Red garra, waɗanda ke cin fatar matattu daga ƙafafun baƙi, ana iya samun su a cikin ruwa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Hofland Expeditions 2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pilar |date=2022-05-07 |title=CHEMKA (KIKULETWA) HOT SPRINGS, TANZANIA - GUIDE |url=https://traveltheworldpages.com/chemka-hot-springs-kikuletwa/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=TravelTheWorldPages |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adventures 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Chemka Hot Springs Moshi, Tanzania |url=https://bornparkadventures.com/chemka-hot-springs-moshi-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Born Park Adventures}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun dama ==
Baƙi na iya isa Kikuletwa Hot Springs ta mota, kuma akwai masu ba da yawon shakatawa da yawa waɗanda ke ba da jagora ga yawon shakata zuwa yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Journey Era 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=CHEMKA HOT SPRINGS (KIKULETWA) IN TANZANIA |url=https://www.journeyera.com/kikuletwa-hot-springs-chemka/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Journey Era}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana yiwuwa a sami damar Tuk Tuk daga garin Boma Ng'ombe da ke kusa da shi  Ruwan ruwa mai zafi suna buɗewa duk shekara, kuma wani lokacin akwai karamin kuɗin shiga don samun damar shafin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maps &amp; Merlot 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Kikuletwa Hot Springs (Chemka) in Moshi, Tanzania: 14+ Things to Know Before You Go |url=https://www.mapsandmerlot.com/kikuletwa-hot-springs-tanzania-chemka/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Maps &amp; Merlot}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani shagon abin tunawa da gidan cin abinci da mashaya suna kusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun sansani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
Jerin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276654281|Gikonge Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Gikonge''' ( French   ) shine {{Convert|0.85|MW}} tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin a lardin Muramvya na Burundi.

== Tarihi ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gikonge tana kan [[kogin Mubarazi]], a gabashin birnin Muramvya da kuma arewacin babbar hanyar RN 2. {{Sfn|Way: Centrale hydroélectrique Gikonge (304015929)}} An fara aikinta a shekarar 1982. {{Sfn|Burundi: Small Hydropower and Rural Development}} Tun daga shekarar 1983, masana'antar tana samar da wutar lantarki ga tsakiyar karkarar Muramvya. Tana samar da wutar lantarki ne kawai a wani bangare na karfinta, saboda bukatar yankin har yanzu ba ta da yawa kuma ba a haɗa ta da babban layin wutar lantarki na Bujumbura ba tukuna. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}} Tana da injinan turbine guda biyu na Ossberger da Jamus ke daukar nauyinsu. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

A shekarar 2005, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da kudin aikin gyara tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gikonge da kuma tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruvyironza mai karfin MW 1.28 a lardin Gitega . Kamfanin Gine-gine na Xinjiang Beixin International Engineering Construction ne ya gudanar da aikin, kuma an kammala shi a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2008. Tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da aka gyara suna da karfin wutar lantarki da aka shigar da shi na 2500 KW. {{Sfn|Project ID: 73414 Chinese Government}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Burundi

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      <text bytes="1524" sha1="797aq4x7obe58eb76fl9bxbxeelkf9o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Gikonge''' ( French   ) shine {{Convert|0.85|MW}} tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin a lardin Muramvya na Burundi.

== Tarihi ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gikonge tana kan [[kogin Mubarazi]], a gabashin birnin Muramvya da kuma arewacin babbar hanyar RN 2. {{Sfn|Way: Centrale hydroélectrique Gikonge (304015929)}} An fara aikinta a shekarar 1982. {{Sfn|Burundi: Small Hydropower and Rural Development}} Tun daga shekarar 1983, masana'antar tana samar da wutar lantarki ga tsakiyar karkarar Muramvya. Tana samar da wutar lantarki ne kawai a wani bangare na karfinta, saboda bukatar yankin har yanzu ba ta da yawa kuma ba a haɗa ta da babban layin wutar lantarki na Bujumbura ba tukuna. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}} Tana da injinan turbine guda biyu na Ossberger da Jamus ke daukar nauyinsu. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

A shekarar 2005, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da kudin aikin gyara tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gikonge da kuma tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruvyironza mai karfin MW 1.28 a lardin Gitega . Kamfanin Gine-gine na Xinjiang Beixin International Engineering Construction ne ya gudanar da aikin, kuma an kammala shi a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2008. Tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da aka gyara suna da karfin wutar lantarki da aka shigar da shi na 2500 KW. {{Sfn|Project ID: 73414 Chinese Government}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Burundi

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Soborom Hot Springs</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351822990|Soborom Hot Springs]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Soborom''' rukuni ne na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi tare da fumaroles da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a cikin Dutsen Tibesti na [[Cadi|Chadi]] . Ƙungiyoyi uku da aka warwatsa na iska suna aiki a can, wasu daga cikinsu ana amfani da su azaman spas ta yawan jama'ar yankin.

== Sunan da amfani ==
Sunan Soborom yana nufin ruwan tafasa a Tedaga; yana nufin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mafi zafi kuma an yi amfani da ita ga dukan filin. {{Lang|tuq|Kidissubi}} na nufin ''kare yana yaƙi da Mouflon''.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Ana kiran maɓuɓɓugar a wasu lokuta ''Yerike'',  kuma a wasu lokuta ana fassara Soborom a matsayin ruwan warkarwa.{{Sfn|Jannsen|1970}} An ruwaito cewa, mutanen yankin suna amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a matsayin wurin shakatawa, amma halin da ake ciki na siyasa ya sa samun damar shiga yankin ya zama da wahala.

== Yanayin ƙasa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ==
Soborom yana cikin tsaunukan Tibesti na [[Sahara]] .  Soborom wani bakin ciki ne wanda aka sassaka ta hanyar [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] kilomita 1 (0.62  (ko kilomita 5 (3.1  ) yammacin Tarso Voon caldera kuma an kewaye shi da duwatsu daban-daban kamar 2,685-mita-tsawo (8,809  Ehi Duduri, 2,615-mita- tsawo (8,579  Ehi Tadare, da 2,600-mita-high (8,500  Ehi Guma;  gefen Ehi Dudur ya riga ya zama wani ɓangare na Tarsoon Voon caldora.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Rashin hankali na Soborom da irin wannan tsari a Souradom da ke kudu maso kudu duka tsaunuka ne na dutsen wuta wanda yanzu ya samar da ɓacin rai; hanyoyin geothermal an san su ne kawai daga Soborom, duk da haka.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}
[[Fayil:The_Tibesti_Mountains.jpg|thumb|Taswirar taswirar tsaunukan Tibesti tare da Soborom Hot Springs kusa da Tarso Voon]]
Ayyukan zafi suna mai da hankali ne a wurare uku: wani arewacin da aka ware  mita 600 (2,000  arewacin sauran, {{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} tsakiya, da kuma kudancin.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} A can, tsakanin mita 2,400-2,510 (7,870-8,230  tsawo, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, fumaroles, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, dutsen wuta, solfataras,  kuma an ruwaito shi ma geyser.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} A wasu wurare, ƙasa tana da zafi sosai cewa tsayawa a can ba ta jin daɗi.{{Sfn|Jannsen|1970}}

Yanayin zafi na iska yana tsakanin 30-80 ° C (86-176 ° F), kuma fitar da hydrogen sulfide yana ba su ƙanshin ƙwai; ruwan su yana da [[Acid|acidic]], mai yiwuwa saboda kasancewar sulfuric acid.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna samar da ƙananan ruwa - matsakaici a duk filin kawai 'yan lita a minti daya - wanda yake da laka saboda babban abun ciki na barbashi. Wannan ruwa yana samar da kumfa na laka wanda, lokacin da yake fashewa zai iya jefa raguwa da yawa dag santimita; suna samar da tsaunuka masu tsawo na laka.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}

Yankunan tsakiya da kudancin suna kan kwari masu bushewa.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} A cikin bakin ciki, magudanar ruwa daban-daban sun haɗu zuwa kudu maso yammacin Enneri Soborom-Souradom, wanda ya yanke maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi  kuma shi ne kansa shafin yammacin yankin. {{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Wani faduwar ruwa yana cikin yankin, kuma akwai koguna biyu da aka lura da su wanda ke nuna aikin zafi.{{Sfn|Jannsen|1970}}{{Sfn|Jannsen|1970}}

=== Hanyar iska ta mutum ===
Yankunan da ke da tsari kamar haka:

* Dutsen mai fitattun wuta ''Soborom Kidissubi'' ya mamaye yankin arewa kuma yana da mita 2-3 (6  in - 9  in) tsawo da mita 6-7 (20-23 .{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Wani lokaci ana samun numfashi mai tsanani a warwatse a wannan yanki kuma  rami.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}
* Yankin tsakiya yana da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi guda bakwai da kuma tsaunuka masu fashewa da kuma numfashi.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mafi zafi, Soborom .{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Hakanan ana iya samun tsaunuka masu fashewa da laka a nan.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}
* Yankin yammacin yana kan tsaunuka na kwarin da ya bushe kuma a cikin kwarin da aka bushe kuma shine mafi ƙarancin aiki. Yana da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa guda biyu da wasu fumaroles tare da ƙaramin aiki, tare da ragowar dutsen wuta.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Mutanen [[Mutanen Toubou|Toubou]] suna amfani da &quot;Toubou-bath&quot; na yammacin yankin a matsayin wanka.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}

Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, fumaroles, da geysers sun rufe ɓangarorin yankin tare da maɓuɓɓugan geyserite masu kauri 10-20-mita (33-66 , waɗanda ke ɗauke da alamun tsoffin hanyoyin.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Yankin da ba ya aiki yana da iyaka da kwari masu bushe a arewa da kudu, yayin da yankunan tsakiya da kudancin ke aiki kai tsaye a arewa da yamma, bi da bi.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}

== Ilimin ƙasa ==
Dutsen Tibesti sun samo asali ne ta hanyar hulɗa na abubuwan da suka faru da kuma dutsen wuta, tare da babban ɓangaren tsaunuka da Cenozoic ya kafa, yayin da ƙananan sassa suka samo asali ne a lokacin Precambrian zuwa Cenozoic.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Ayyukan dutsen wuta sun rufe yanki na kimanin  kilomita 14,000 (5,400 sq  kuma sun ɗauki siffofi daban-daban, gami da craters masu zurfi, manyan calderas, garkuwar dutsen wuta, da stratovolcanoes.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} A Soborom, waɗannan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta suna fitowa a cikin jerin daban-daban da aka sani da Middle Dark Series, Middle Bright Series, da Upper Dark Series.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}

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'''Soborom''' rukuni ne na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi tare da fumaroles da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a cikin Dutsen Tibesti na [[Cadi|Chadi]] . Ƙungiyoyi uku da aka warwatsa na iska suna aiki a can, wasu daga cikinsu ana amfani da su azaman spas ta yawan jama'ar yankin.

== Sunan da amfani ==
Sunan Soborom yana nufin ruwan tafasa a Tedaga; yana nufin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mafi zafi kuma an yi amfani da ita ga dukan filin. {{Lang|tuq|Kidissubi}} na nufin ''kare yana yaƙi da Mouflon''.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Ana kiran maɓuɓɓugar a wasu lokuta ''Yerike'',  kuma a wasu lokuta ana fassara Soborom a matsayin ruwan warkarwa.{{Sfn|Jannsen|1970}} An ruwaito cewa, mutanen yankin suna amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a matsayin wurin shakatawa, amma halin da ake ciki na siyasa ya sa samun damar shiga yankin ya zama da wahala.

== Yanayin ƙasa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ==
Soborom yana cikin tsaunukan Tibesti na [[Sahara]] .  Soborom wani bakin ciki ne wanda aka sassaka ta hanyar [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] kilomita 1 (0.62  (ko kilomita 5 (3.1  ) yammacin Tarso Voon caldera kuma an kewaye shi da duwatsu daban-daban kamar 2,685-mita-tsawo (8,809  Ehi Duduri, 2,615-mita- tsawo (8,579  Ehi Tadare, da 2,600-mita-high (8,500  Ehi Guma;  gefen Ehi Dudur ya riga ya zama wani ɓangare na Tarsoon Voon caldora.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Rashin hankali na Soborom da irin wannan tsari a Souradom da ke kudu maso kudu duka tsaunuka ne na dutsen wuta wanda yanzu ya samar da ɓacin rai; hanyoyin geothermal an san su ne kawai daga Soborom, duk da haka.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}
[[Fayil:The_Tibesti_Mountains.jpg|thumb|Taswirar taswirar tsaunukan Tibesti tare da Soborom Hot Springs kusa da Tarso Voon]]
Ayyukan zafi suna mai da hankali ne a wurare uku: wani arewacin da aka ware  mita 600 (2,000  arewacin sauran, {{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} tsakiya, da kuma kudancin.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} A can, tsakanin mita 2,400-2,510 (7,870-8,230  tsawo, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, fumaroles, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, dutsen wuta, solfataras,  kuma an ruwaito shi ma geyser.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} A wasu wurare, ƙasa tana da zafi sosai cewa tsayawa a can ba ta jin daɗi.{{Sfn|Jannsen|1970}}

Yanayin zafi na iska yana tsakanin 30-80 ° C (86-176 ° F), kuma fitar da hydrogen sulfide yana ba su ƙanshin ƙwai; ruwan su yana da [[Acid|acidic]], mai yiwuwa saboda kasancewar sulfuric acid.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna samar da ƙananan ruwa - matsakaici a duk filin kawai 'yan lita a minti daya - wanda yake da laka saboda babban abun ciki na barbashi. Wannan ruwa yana samar da kumfa na laka wanda, lokacin da yake fashewa zai iya jefa raguwa da yawa dag santimita; suna samar da tsaunuka masu tsawo na laka.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}

Yankunan tsakiya da kudancin suna kan kwari masu bushewa.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} A cikin bakin ciki, magudanar ruwa daban-daban sun haɗu zuwa kudu maso yammacin Enneri Soborom-Souradom, wanda ya yanke maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi  kuma shi ne kansa shafin yammacin yankin. {{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Wani faduwar ruwa yana cikin yankin, kuma akwai koguna biyu da aka lura da su wanda ke nuna aikin zafi.{{Sfn|Jannsen|1970}}{{Sfn|Jannsen|1970}}

=== Hanyar iska ta mutum ===
Yankunan da ke da tsari kamar haka:

* Dutsen mai fitattun wuta ''Soborom Kidissubi'' ya mamaye yankin arewa kuma yana da mita 2-3 (6  in - 9  in) tsawo da mita 6-7 (20-23 .{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Wani lokaci ana samun numfashi mai tsanani a warwatse a wannan yanki kuma  rami.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}
* Yankin tsakiya yana da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi guda bakwai da kuma tsaunuka masu fashewa da kuma numfashi.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mafi zafi, Soborom .{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Hakanan ana iya samun tsaunuka masu fashewa da laka a nan.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}
* Yankin yammacin yana kan tsaunuka na kwarin da ya bushe kuma a cikin kwarin da aka bushe kuma shine mafi ƙarancin aiki. Yana da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa guda biyu da wasu fumaroles tare da ƙaramin aiki, tare da ragowar dutsen wuta.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Mutanen [[Mutanen Toubou|Toubou]] suna amfani da &quot;Toubou-bath&quot; na yammacin yankin a matsayin wanka.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}

Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, fumaroles, da geysers sun rufe ɓangarorin yankin tare da maɓuɓɓugan geyserite masu kauri 10-20-mita (33-66 , waɗanda ke ɗauke da alamun tsoffin hanyoyin.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Yankin da ba ya aiki yana da iyaka da kwari masu bushe a arewa da kudu, yayin da yankunan tsakiya da kudancin ke aiki kai tsaye a arewa da yamma, bi da bi.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}

== Ilimin ƙasa ==
Dutsen Tibesti sun samo asali ne ta hanyar hulɗa na abubuwan da suka faru da kuma dutsen wuta, tare da babban ɓangaren tsaunuka da Cenozoic ya kafa, yayin da ƙananan sassa suka samo asali ne a lokacin Precambrian zuwa Cenozoic.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} Ayyukan dutsen wuta sun rufe yanki na kimanin  kilomita 14,000 (5,400 sq  kuma sun ɗauki siffofi daban-daban, gami da craters masu zurfi, manyan calderas, garkuwar dutsen wuta, da stratovolcanoes.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}} A Soborom, waɗannan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta suna fitowa a cikin jerin daban-daban da aka sani da Middle Dark Series, Middle Bright Series, da Upper Dark Series.{{Sfn|Jäkel|Hövermann|Jensch|Valentin|1972}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>16f92cw4adn4m33m8swmkcfgy0gwp1i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashar wutar lantarki ta Mugere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858689</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:17:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276655856|Mugere Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858689</origin>
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'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta MugereHydroelectric''' ( French   {{Convert|8|MW}} )tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa  da ke gudana a kogin a lardin karkara na Bujumbura na Burundi.

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Mugere mai karfin MW 8 tana cikin garin Kabezi, lardin karkara na Bujumbura. Tana gefen kogin Mugere . {{Sfn|Project ID: 825 Chinese Government}} Tashar tana kudu da Bujumbura. Tana dauke da na'urori guda hudu masu karfin MW 2. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}} Tana samar da wutar lantarki ta GWh 40 a kowace shekara. {{Sfn|Reynolds|2013}} Asalin manufar wannan masana'anta ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ga wani kamfanin masana'antar masaku na kasar Sin da kuma Bujumbara. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

== Gine-gine da gyara ==
Kamfanin Mugere shi ne kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na farko a Burundi. {{Sfn|Nsabimana|2022}} Gwamnatin China ta ba da kuɗin gina shi na farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980. {{Sfn|Project ID: 825 Chinese Government}} An ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 1982. {{Sfn|Nsabimana|2022}} An gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 35 kV a shekarar 1982 wanda ya haɗa kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Mugere da Bujumbura. {{Sfn|Nsabimana|2020}}

An gudanar da ayyukan gyara da suka biyo baya da tallafin kasar Sin a shekarun 1987, 1993, 2000 da 2009-2010. Ofishin Injiniyan Hydraulic na Hebei, Kamfanin Injiniyan Babbar Hanya ta farko na China da Kamfanin China Road and Bridge Corporation ne suka gudanar da aikin daga 2009-2010, kuma aka mika shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2010. {{Sfn|Project ID: 825 Chinese Government}}

Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta samar da kusan kashi 30% na wutar lantarki da ake bai wa birnin [[Bujumbura]], da kuma kashi 40% na karfin wutar lantarki na kamfanin samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki na jihar [[REGIDESO Burundi|Regideso, Burundi]] . {{Sfn|Project ID: 825 Chinese Government}} Yawan fitar da wutar lantarki daga tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Mugere yana raguwa sosai a lokacin rani tunda ba ta da wurin adana ruwa, amma tana dogara ne da kwararar kogi. {{Sfn|Ruzizi II Regional Hydroelectric Power Project}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Burundi

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>tdbhqrbgghm2131oo1x2fpjj7f0i7zk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858690</id>
      <parentid>858689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:18:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>858690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2230" sha1="jjfz9x0p9rrb2ihneqikaioabekbjr6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta MugereHydroelectric''' ( French   {{Convert|8|MW}} )tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa  da ke gudana a kogin a lardin karkara na Bujumbura na Burundi.

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Mugere mai karfin MW 8 tana cikin garin Kabezi, lardin karkara na Bujumbura. Tana gefen kogin Mugere . {{Sfn|Project ID: 825 Chinese Government}} Tashar tana kudu da Bujumbura. Tana dauke da na'urori guda hudu masu karfin MW 2. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}} Tana samar da wutar lantarki ta GWh 40 a kowace shekara. {{Sfn|Reynolds|2013}} Asalin manufar wannan masana'anta ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ga wani kamfanin masana'antar masaku na kasar Sin da kuma Bujumbara. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

== Gine-gine da gyara ==
Kamfanin Mugere shi ne kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na farko a Burundi. {{Sfn|Nsabimana|2022}} Gwamnatin China ta ba da kuɗin gina shi na farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980. {{Sfn|Project ID: 825 Chinese Government}} An ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 1982. {{Sfn|Nsabimana|2022}} An gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 35 kV a shekarar 1982 wanda ya haɗa kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Mugere da Bujumbura. {{Sfn|Nsabimana|2020}}

An gudanar da ayyukan gyara da suka biyo baya da tallafin kasar Sin a shekarun 1987, 1993, 2000 da 2009-2010. Ofishin Injiniyan Hydraulic na Hebei, Kamfanin Injiniyan Babbar Hanya ta farko na China da Kamfanin China Road and Bridge Corporation ne suka gudanar da aikin daga 2009-2010, kuma aka mika shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2010. {{Sfn|Project ID: 825 Chinese Government}}

Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta samar da kusan kashi 30% na wutar lantarki da ake bai wa birnin [[Bujumbura]], da kuma kashi 40% na karfin wutar lantarki na kamfanin samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki na jihar [[REGIDESO Burundi|Regideso, Burundi]] . {{Sfn|Project ID: 825 Chinese Government}} Yawan fitar da wutar lantarki daga tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Mugere yana raguwa sosai a lokacin rani tunda ba ta da wurin adana ruwa, amma tana dogara ne da kwararar kogi. {{Sfn|Ruzizi II Regional Hydroelectric Power Project}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Burundi

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>jjfz9x0p9rrb2ihneqikaioabekbjr6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tihoubar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157979</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858692</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:18:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351999102|Tihoubar]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="461" sha1="a4c9r9k75lqf1hkyfuynk78ve553a06" xml:space="preserve">'''Tihoubar''' ko '''Aïne Tihoubar''' wani yanki ne da kuma maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi na digiri 45 a cikin hamadar Sahara ta gabashin [[Aljeriya]], Lardin Illizi .  Tana kusa da kilomita 300 (190  ta iska arewa maso gabashin Tamanrasset, kuma kimanin kilomita 175 (109  arewa maso yammacin [[Ghat, Libya]]. Yana kwance a cikin kwari, kuma an ce maɓuɓɓugar tana kumbura &quot;a tsakanin shuke-shuke a [[Tamanrasset|Ƙarƙashin]] itacen dabino&quot;.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>a4c9r9k75lqf1hkyfuynk78ve553a06</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>858694</id>
      <parentid>858692</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="635" sha1="8aqhvh7fqfzv6fapwvtw7ril2hiddd3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Tihoubar''' ko '''Aïne Tihoubar''' wani yanki ne da kuma maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi na digiri 45 a cikin hamadar Sahara ta gabashin [[Aljeriya]], Lardin Illizi .  Tana kusa da kilomita 300 (190  ta iska arewa maso gabashin Tamanrasset, kuma kimanin kilomita 175 (109  arewa maso yammacin [[Ghat, Libya]]. Yana kwance a cikin kwari, kuma an ce maɓuɓɓugar tana kumbura &quot;a tsakanin shuke-shuke a [[Tamanrasset|Ƙarƙashin]] itacen dabino&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. p. 25. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Retrieved 19 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>8aqhvh7fqfzv6fapwvtw7ril2hiddd3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Buhiga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858693</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276652566|Buhiga Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858693</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2461" sha1="1jvx9qsf6rrvgufeov7793mw9tnzpef" xml:space="preserve">
'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Buhiga''' ( French   ( {{Convert|0.47|MW}} tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin a lardin Karuzi na Burundi.

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana kudu maso gabashin Asibitin Gundumar Buhiga da kuma garin [[Buhiga]] . Tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|600|m}} kudu maso gabas na madatsar ruwa a [[Kogin Ndurumu (Ruvubu)|Kogin Ndurumu]] . {{Sfn|Centrale Hydroélectrique de Buhiga Google}} Tana wadatar da birnin Buhiga da Karuzi . {{Sfn|Study on the interconnection of the electricity networks}} {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

== Fasaha ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana da kan ruwa mai tsawon {{Convert|26|m}} da kuma ƙarfin da aka sanya na 220&amp;nbsp;kW ta amfani da injin turbin Ossberger . {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}} Madatsar ruwa ta siminti tana karkatar da ruwa daga saman Kogin Ndurumu zuwa yankin da ake shaƙatawa da kuma wurin zama. Daga nan, tana gudana ta cikin {{Convert|440|m}} magudanar wutar lantarki, sannan a sauko da bututun ƙarfe zuwa ga injin turbogenerator. Ganin yadda ake samun kwararar kogi, an tsara tashar don ba da damar shigar da injin turbo na biyu daga baya a cikin wutar lantarki. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

== Tarihi ==
An kaddamar da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Buhiga a shekarar 1984. {{Sfn|Kizza|Kyaruzi|Nyamichaba Oonge|Rurihose|2010}} Ofishin Jakadancin Episcopale du Burundi ne ya dauki nauyin aikin. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

A cikin 1991 an mika kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na Buhiga (240 KW) da [[Ruyigi Hydroelectric Power Station|Ruyigi]] (70KW), dukkansu a wancan lokacin ne aka mika ''su'' ga [[REGIDESO Burundi]] don aiki. {{Sfn|Study on the interconnection of the electricity networks}}

A shekarar 2007, an yi tsammanin cewa Marangara (280) zai kasance&amp;nbsp;kW), Buhiga (240)&amp;nbsp;kW) da Kayenzi (800)&amp;nbsp;nan ba da jimawa ba za a haɗa tashoshin wutar lantarki na kW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa ta tashar Musasa, wadda za a haɗa ta da layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin kV 30 zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta Ngozi . ''Shirin de réhabilitation du Burundi'' (PREBU) ne ya ɗauki nauyin aikin. {{Sfn|Study on the interconnection of the electricity networks}}

A shekarar 2012, gwamnati ta fitar da wata ''dabara ta kasa don samar da wutar lantarki'', wadda ta kunshi shirye-shiryen ninka karfin tashar Buhiga sau biyu. {{Sfn|GEF-6 Project Identification Form}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Burundi

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>1jvx9qsf6rrvgufeov7793mw9tnzpef</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858695</id>
      <parentid>858693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858695</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2472" sha1="truszu9vui5t7n4ll3u3bbah75ynl48" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Buhiga''' ( French   ( {{Convert|0.47|MW}} tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin a lardin Karuzi na Burundi.

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana kudu maso gabashin Asibitin Gundumar Buhiga da kuma garin [[Buhiga]] . Tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|600|m}} kudu maso gabas na madatsar ruwa a [[Kogin Ndurumu (Ruvubu)|Kogin Ndurumu]] . {{Sfn|Centrale Hydroélectrique de Buhiga Google}} Tana wadatar da birnin Buhiga da Karuzi . {{Sfn|Study on the interconnection of the electricity networks}} {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

== Fasaha ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana da kan ruwa mai tsawon {{Convert|26|m}} da kuma ƙarfin da aka sanya na 220&amp;nbsp;kW ta amfani da injin turbin Ossberger . {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}} Madatsar ruwa ta siminti tana karkatar da ruwa daga saman Kogin Ndurumu zuwa yankin da ake shaƙatawa da kuma wurin zama. Daga nan, tana gudana ta cikin {{Convert|440|m}} magudanar wutar lantarki, sannan a sauko da bututun ƙarfe zuwa ga injin turbogenerator. Ganin yadda ake samun kwararar kogi, an tsara tashar don ba da damar shigar da injin turbo na biyu daga baya a cikin wutar lantarki. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

== Tarihi ==
An kaddamar da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Buhiga a shekarar 1984. {{Sfn|Kizza|Kyaruzi|Nyamichaba Oonge|Rurihose|2010}} Ofishin Jakadancin Episcopale du Burundi ne ya dauki nauyin aikin. {{Sfn|Zimmermann|Inversin|1983}}

A cikin 1991 an mika kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na Buhiga (240 KW) da [[Ruyigi Hydroelectric Power Station|Ruyigi]] (70KW), dukkansu a wancan lokacin ne aka mika ''su'' ga [[REGIDESO Burundi]] don aiki. {{Sfn|Study on the interconnection of the electricity networks}}

A shekarar 2007, an yi tsammanin cewa Marangara (280) zai kasance&amp;nbsp;kW), Buhiga (240)&amp;nbsp;kW) da Kayenzi (800)&amp;nbsp;nan ba da jimawa ba za a haɗa tashoshin wutar lantarki na kW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa ta tashar Musasa, wadda za a haɗa ta da layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin kV 30 zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta Ngozi . ''Shirin de réhabilitation du Burundi'' (PREBU) ne ya ɗauki nauyin aikin. {{Sfn|Study on the interconnection of the electricity networks}}

A shekarar 2012, gwamnati ta fitar da wata ''dabara ta kasa don samar da wutar lantarki'', wadda ta kunshi shirye-shiryen ninka karfin tashar Buhiga sau biyu. {{Sfn|GEF-6 Project Identification Form}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Burundi

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>truszu9vui5t7n4ll3u3bbah75ynl48</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Afronemacheilus abyssinicus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157981</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858697</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:20:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345139488|Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858697</origin>
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      <text bytes="854" sha1="b3tpbezgdifeqe9d2mk04o6p63pbc60" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Afronemacheilus abyssinicus''''' wani nau'in dutse ne wanda ke cikin [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Saboda haka, an san shi da loach na Ethiopian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Loach (Afronemacheilus abyssinicus) |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/93487-Afronemacheilus-abyssinicus |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi daga [[Blue Nile]] a tashinsa daga Tana Lake (irin yankin), tare da rubuce-rubuce daga Kogin [[Kogin Baro|Baro]]. Asalin jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, a cikin 2013 an bayyana ''A. kaffa'' bisa ga yawan mutanen [[Kogin Omo|Omo]], wanda aka haɗa a cikin ''A. abyssinicus''.

''A. ''Abyssinicus'''' na iya kaiwa daidaitattun tsawon {{Cvt|5.1|cm|in}}  in).  Takamaiman ma'anar, abyssinicus, an samo shi ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] kuma yana nufin &quot;Abyssinian&quot; ko &quot;Ethiopian&quot;.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858698</id>
      <parentid>858697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:20:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858698</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="866" sha1="bx1jix8adxpibnj8xpid9sruc1j5s5d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''''Afronemacheilus abyssinicus''''' wani nau'in dutse ne wanda ke cikin [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Saboda haka, an san shi da loach na Ethiopian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Loach (Afronemacheilus abyssinicus) |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/93487-Afronemacheilus-abyssinicus |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi daga [[Blue Nile]] a tashinsa daga Tana Lake (irin yankin), tare da rubuce-rubuce daga Kogin [[Kogin Baro|Baro]]. Asalin jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, a cikin 2013 an bayyana ''A. kaffa'' bisa ga yawan mutanen [[Kogin Omo|Omo]], wanda aka haɗa a cikin ''A. abyssinicus''.

''A. ''Abyssinicus'''' na iya kaiwa daidaitattun tsawon {{Cvt|5.1|cm|in}}  in).  Takamaiman ma'anar, abyssinicus, an samo shi ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] kuma yana nufin &quot;Abyssinian&quot; ko &quot;Ethiopian&quot;.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>bx1jix8adxpibnj8xpid9sruc1j5s5d</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruvyironza Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruvyironça</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858699</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255286425|Ruvyironza Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858699</origin>
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      <text bytes="2100" sha1="2mzrwurzwo5614ouvhaapdrlfy1r3pg" xml:space="preserve">
'''Ruvironza Hydroelectric Tashar Wutar Lantarki''' ( French   ) shine {{Convert|1.28|MW}}tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa  da ke gudana a kogin a lardin Gitega na Burundi.

== Wuri ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruvyironza tana cikin lardin Gitega, arewa maso gabashin birnin [[Gitega]], tana fuskantar Lardin Karuzi a kan [[Kogin Rurubu|Kogin Ruvubu]] . Ana samun ruwan ta hanyar magudanar ruwa da ke gudana kudu daga wani madatsar ruwa a [[Kogin Ruvyironza]] kusa da bakinsa a Kogin Ruvubu. Tana kwarara zuwa Kogin Ruvubu. {{Sfn|Centrale hydroélectrique Rushanga}} Madatsar ruwan tana kudu da ''kogin'' Rushanga, a cikin garin Bugendana .

== Tarihi ==
An ƙaddamar da aikin samar da wutar lantarki a Ruvyironza, mallakar [[REGIDESO Burundi]], a shekarar 1980/1984. {{Sfn|Nsabimana|2022}} Ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar injinan turbine guda uku masu ƙarfin KW 425, waɗanda ke samar da wutar lantarki 1275 KW lokacin da dukkan ukun ke aiki, ko kuma KW 850 lokacin da biyu kawai ke aiki. {{Sfn|Ruvyironza Energypedia}}

Tashar wutar lantarki ta daina aiki saboda ambaliyar ruwa tsakanin 2004 da 2007. {{Sfn|Bizimana|2024}} A shekarar 2005 [[Sin|gwamnatin kasar Sin]] ta ba da kudin aikin gyara [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Gikonge|tashar wutar lantarki ta Gikonge]] da kuma tashar wutar lantarki ta Ruvyironza mai karfin MW 1.28 a Rushanga. Kamfanin Gine-gine na Xinjiang Beixin International Engineering Construction ne ya gudanar da aikin, kuma an kammala shi a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2008. Tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka gyara suna da jimillar makamashin da aka sanya na 2500 KW. {{Sfn|Project ID: 73414 Chinese Government}}

Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruvyironza ta sake fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a shekarun 2014, 2016 da 2018. Samar da wutar ya dogara ne da yawan ruwan sama. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 6,594,710 Kwh a shekarar 2012, 8,237,200 Kwh a shekarar 2015 da kuma 4,686,100 Kwh a shekarar 2021. {{Sfn|Bizimana|2024}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Burundi

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>2mzrwurzwo5614ouvhaapdrlfy1r3pg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858700</id>
      <parentid>858699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:21:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>858700</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2111" sha1="c5itsngers3mqcarrfmf7eu1l64gq09" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ruvironza Hydroelectric Tashar Wutar Lantarki''' ( French   ) shine {{Convert|1.28|MW}}tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa  da ke gudana a kogin a lardin Gitega na Burundi.

== Wuri ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruvyironza tana cikin lardin Gitega, arewa maso gabashin birnin [[Gitega]], tana fuskantar Lardin Karuzi a kan [[Kogin Rurubu|Kogin Ruvubu]] . Ana samun ruwan ta hanyar magudanar ruwa da ke gudana kudu daga wani madatsar ruwa a [[Kogin Ruvyironza]] kusa da bakinsa a Kogin Ruvubu. Tana kwarara zuwa Kogin Ruvubu. {{Sfn|Centrale hydroélectrique Rushanga}} Madatsar ruwan tana kudu da ''kogin'' Rushanga, a cikin garin Bugendana .

== Tarihi ==
An ƙaddamar da aikin samar da wutar lantarki a Ruvyironza, mallakar [[REGIDESO Burundi]], a shekarar 1980/1984. {{Sfn|Nsabimana|2022}} Ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar injinan turbine guda uku masu ƙarfin KW 425, waɗanda ke samar da wutar lantarki 1275 KW lokacin da dukkan ukun ke aiki, ko kuma KW 850 lokacin da biyu kawai ke aiki. {{Sfn|Ruvyironza Energypedia}}

Tashar wutar lantarki ta daina aiki saboda ambaliyar ruwa tsakanin 2004 da 2007. {{Sfn|Bizimana|2024}} A shekarar 2005 [[Sin|gwamnatin kasar Sin]] ta ba da kudin aikin gyara [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Gikonge|tashar wutar lantarki ta Gikonge]] da kuma tashar wutar lantarki ta Ruvyironza mai karfin MW 1.28 a Rushanga. Kamfanin Gine-gine na Xinjiang Beixin International Engineering Construction ne ya gudanar da aikin, kuma an kammala shi a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2008. Tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka gyara suna da jimillar makamashin da aka sanya na 2500 KW. {{Sfn|Project ID: 73414 Chinese Government}}

Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruvyironza ta sake fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a shekarun 2014, 2016 da 2018. Samar da wutar ya dogara ne da yawan ruwan sama. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 6,594,710 Kwh a shekarar 2012, 8,237,200 Kwh a shekarar 2015 da kuma 4,686,100 Kwh a shekarar 2021. {{Sfn|Bizimana|2024}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Burundi

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>c5itsngers3mqcarrfmf7eu1l64gq09</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Enteromius pleurogramma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858701</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313760245|Enteromius pleurogramma]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858701</origin>
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'''''''Enteromius'' pleurogramma''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin jinsin Enteromius . Yana da iyaka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], daga kwandon [[Blue Nile]] ciki har da [[Tafkin Tana]].

Wasu marubutan sun haɗa shi a cikin barb (E. paludinosus). Amma yayin da tabbas suna da alaƙa sosai, sun bayyana a matsayin nau'o'in da ba a sani ba.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>3dgnlqrt36ndihdrz26qku9wudwisuy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858703</id>
      <parentid>858701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:22:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="624" sha1="5z5xuimlzswwh191o89gsjp4evw1vpy" xml:space="preserve">
'

{{Databox}}

'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''''Enteromius'' pleurogramma''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin jinsin Enteromius . Yana da iyaka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], daga kwandon [[Blue Nile]] ciki har da [[Tafkin Tana]].''

Wasu marubutan sun haɗa shi a cikin barb (E. paludinosus). Amma yayin da tabbas suna da alaƙa sosai, sun bayyana a matsayin nau'o'in da ba a sani ba.&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2018) [amended version of 2010 assessment]. &quot;Enteromius pleurogramma&quot;. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T181973A127083317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T181973A127083317.en. Retrieved 31 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>5z5xuimlzswwh191o89gsjp4evw1vpy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858706</id>
      <parentid>858703</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:22:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858706</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="620" sha1="8uchkzayrmda5lntbavgn3wdlavzrgl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''''Enteromius'' pleurogramma''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin jinsin Enteromius . Yana da iyaka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], daga kwandon [[Blue Nile]] ciki har da [[Tafkin Tana]].''

Wasu marubutan sun haɗa shi a cikin barb (E. paludinosus). Amma yayin da tabbas suna da alaƙa sosai, sun bayyana a matsayin nau'o'in da ba a sani ba.&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2018) [amended version of 2010 assessment]. &quot;Enteromius pleurogramma&quot;. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T181973A127083317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T181973A127083317.en. Retrieved 31 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>8uchkzayrmda5lntbavgn3wdlavzrgl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashar wutar lantarki ta High Grand Falls</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858705</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:22:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1152913916|High Grand Falls Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858705</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6075" sha1="4aeqljsmv7g7nokoanq2bg1gsfnp1on" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta High Grand Falls''', wacce kuma ita ce '''madatsar ruwa ta High Grand Falls''', tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara a fadin [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]] wadda ke amfani da makamashin madatsar ruwa ta Kibuka, a [[Kenya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njeru |first=Alex |date=19 February 2017 |title=Work on Sh150 billion High Grand Falls Dam set to start |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Work-on-Sh150-bn-High-Grand-Falls-Dam-set-to-start/1056-3819152-12a35olz/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki shine {{Convert|693|MW}} . Ana sa ran tashar za ta zama mafi ƙarfi a cikin tushen makamashin ruwa a Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a [[Kibuka Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Kibuka]], a fadin Kogin Tana, kusa da [[Mwingi National Reserve]], a kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Kitui da Gundumar Tharaka-Nithi, kimanin {{Convert|280|km|mi}} arewa maso gabashin birnin [[Nairobi]], babban birnin ƙasar kuma birni mafi girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=10 October 2018 |title=Distance between Posta, Nairobi, Kenya and Mwingi National Reserve, Kenya |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Posta%2C%20Nairobi%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Mwingi%20National%20Reserve%2C%20Kenya&amp;dt1=ChIJV1OHd3EaLxgRGgW9Tdox5jw&amp;dt2=ChIJAUUBhNg9JxgR07bUSxdlOuU&amp;sr=dc |access-date=10 October 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wuri yana ƙarƙashin Tsarin Bakwai na Forks . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Wannan ci gaban wani ɓangare ne na aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu da kuma aikin Lamu-Kudancin Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor (LAPSSET). &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran madatsar ruwan za ta samar da tafki mai faɗin {{Convert|165|km2|acre|}} kuma zai ɗauki {{Convert|5600000000|m3|ft3}}      na ruwa. Ana sa ran kimanin iyalai 4,500 a kananan hukumomin Kitui da Tharaka Nithi, za su rasa matsuguninsu sakamakon sabon madatsar ruwan. Baya ga shirin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 693, madatsar ruwan za ta samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na fiye da {{Convert|250000|ha|acre}} na gonaki. Ana kuma sa ran madatsar ruwan za ta rage ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan bakin teku a lokacin damina. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An ƙirƙiro manufar gina wannan madatsar ruwa a shekarar 2009, a lokacin shugabancin Mwai Kibaki . Bayan wani tsari na bayar da kwangila, wata ƙungiya [[Birtaniya|ta Burtaniya]], ''[https://www.gbmmec.com/ GBM Engineering Consortium]'', da ke Landan, ita ce kaɗai ta cancanci bayar da kwangilar. GBM ta doke wasu kamfanonin gine-gine na ƙasashen duniya shida, biyar daga cikinsu [[Sin|'yan China ne]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt; Da zarar an fara aikin, ana sa ran ginin zai ɗauki shekaru shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki, za ta tsara, ta ba da kuɗi, ta gina, ta mallaka, ta gudanar da aikin, sannan ta canja wurin aikin, bayan ta dawo da jarin da ta zuba, a tsawon shekaru 20 na mallakar kamfanin, bayan kammala aikin kasuwanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMutua2017&quot;&gt;Mutua, Kitavi (7 October 2017). [https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html &quot;Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam&quot;]. ''[[Daily Nation]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 October&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An kiyasta cewa kuɗin da aka kiyasta na madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki zai kai dala biliyan 2 na Amurka (KSh200 biliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMutua2017&quot;&gt;Mutua, Kitavi (7 October 2017). [https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html &quot;Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam&quot;]. ''[[Daily Nation]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 October&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin Lokaci ==
Za a samar da madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki a matakai. Mataki na farko, wanda ke da karfin samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|495|MW}}Ana sa ran za a samar da wutar lantarki  a shekarar 2031. Mataki na biyu, wanda zai iya samar da wani {{Convert|198|MW}}ana sa ran  zai kasance a yanar gizo a shekarar 2032. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwangasha |first=Jane |date=4 October 2018 |title=British firm to build Kenya's largest water reservoir |url=https://www.constructionkenya.com/933/high-grand-falls-dam-kenya/ |access-date=10 October 2018 |publisher=Construction Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kenya
* Makamashi a Kenya

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>4aeqljsmv7g7nokoanq2bg1gsfnp1on</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858707</id>
      <parentid>858705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:23:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>858707</origin>
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      <text bytes="6087" sha1="7d4xprgkpj6g679kjstoud9wkdcbj76" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta High Grand Falls''', wacce kuma ita ce '''madatsar ruwa ta High Grand Falls''', tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara a fadin [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]] wadda ke amfani da makamashin madatsar ruwa ta Kibuka, a [[Kenya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njeru |first=Alex |date=19 February 2017 |title=Work on Sh150 billion High Grand Falls Dam set to start |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Work-on-Sh150-bn-High-Grand-Falls-Dam-set-to-start/1056-3819152-12a35olz/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki shine {{Convert|693|MW}} . Ana sa ran tashar za ta zama mafi ƙarfi a cikin tushen makamashin ruwa a Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a [[Kibuka Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Kibuka]], a fadin Kogin Tana, kusa da [[Mwingi National Reserve]], a kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Kitui da Gundumar Tharaka-Nithi, kimanin {{Convert|280|km|mi}} arewa maso gabashin birnin [[Nairobi]], babban birnin ƙasar kuma birni mafi girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=10 October 2018 |title=Distance between Posta, Nairobi, Kenya and Mwingi National Reserve, Kenya |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Posta%2C%20Nairobi%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Mwingi%20National%20Reserve%2C%20Kenya&amp;dt1=ChIJV1OHd3EaLxgRGgW9Tdox5jw&amp;dt2=ChIJAUUBhNg9JxgR07bUSxdlOuU&amp;sr=dc |access-date=10 October 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wuri yana ƙarƙashin Tsarin Bakwai na Forks . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Wannan ci gaban wani ɓangare ne na aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu da kuma aikin Lamu-Kudancin Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor (LAPSSET). &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran madatsar ruwan za ta samar da tafki mai faɗin {{Convert|165|km2|acre|}} kuma zai ɗauki {{Convert|5600000000|m3|ft3}}      na ruwa. Ana sa ran kimanin iyalai 4,500 a kananan hukumomin Kitui da Tharaka Nithi, za su rasa matsuguninsu sakamakon sabon madatsar ruwan. Baya ga shirin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 693, madatsar ruwan za ta samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na fiye da {{Convert|250000|ha|acre}} na gonaki. Ana kuma sa ran madatsar ruwan za ta rage ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan bakin teku a lokacin damina. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An ƙirƙiro manufar gina wannan madatsar ruwa a shekarar 2009, a lokacin shugabancin Mwai Kibaki . Bayan wani tsari na bayar da kwangila, wata ƙungiya [[Birtaniya|ta Burtaniya]], ''[https://www.gbmmec.com/ GBM Engineering Consortium]'', da ke Landan, ita ce kaɗai ta cancanci bayar da kwangilar. GBM ta doke wasu kamfanonin gine-gine na ƙasashen duniya shida, biyar daga cikinsu [[Sin|'yan China ne]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt; Da zarar an fara aikin, ana sa ran ginin zai ɗauki shekaru shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki, za ta tsara, ta ba da kuɗi, ta gina, ta mallaka, ta gudanar da aikin, sannan ta canja wurin aikin, bayan ta dawo da jarin da ta zuba, a tsawon shekaru 20 na mallakar kamfanin, bayan kammala aikin kasuwanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMutua2017&quot;&gt;Mutua, Kitavi (7 October 2017). [https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html &quot;Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam&quot;]. ''[[Daily Nation]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 October&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An kiyasta cewa kuɗin da aka kiyasta na madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki zai kai dala biliyan 2 na Amurka (KSh200 biliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutua |first=Kitavi |date=7 October 2017 |title=Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html |access-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMutua2017&quot;&gt;Mutua, Kitavi (7 October 2017). [https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Construction-of-Sh200bn-dam-on-course/1056-4794510-ns7t3l/index.html &quot;Ruling paves way for building of Kenya's largest dam&quot;]. ''[[Daily Nation]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 October&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin Lokaci ==
Za a samar da madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki a matakai. Mataki na farko, wanda ke da karfin samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|495|MW}}Ana sa ran za a samar da wutar lantarki  a shekarar 2031. Mataki na biyu, wanda zai iya samar da wani {{Convert|198|MW}}ana sa ran  zai kasance a yanar gizo a shekarar 2032. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwangasha |first=Jane |date=4 October 2018 |title=British firm to build Kenya's largest water reservoir |url=https://www.constructionkenya.com/933/high-grand-falls-dam-kenya/ |access-date=10 October 2018 |publisher=Construction Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kenya
* Makamashi a Kenya

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>7d4xprgkpj6g679kjstoud9wkdcbj76</sha1>
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    <title>Enteromius tanapelagius</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1268443802|Enteromius tanapelagius]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''''Enteromius'' tanapelagius''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin jinsin Enteromius . Yana da iyaka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]].

== Manazarta ==

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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''Enteromius'' tanapelagius''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin jinsin Enteromius . Yana da iyaka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]].&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2009). &quot;Barbus tanapelagius&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T182074A7785310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182074A7785310.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="354" sha1="5srblzx7aaevrjt4gy4tcu4x0zs5k4e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''Enteromius'' tanapelagius''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin jinsin Enteromius . Yana da iyaka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]].&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2009). &quot;Barbus tanapelagius&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T182074A7785310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182074A7785310.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352179530|Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858711</origin>
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      <text bytes="11355" sha1="f645go82bj2dklbfn12wtgq45kc3dit" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka tsara a Batoka Gorge''' tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai karfin MW 2400, wadda aka tsara don gina ta a [[kogin Zambezi]] da ke kan iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthew Hill |first=and Prinesha Naidoo |date=21 June 2019 |title=GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam |access-date=22 June 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Za a gina tashar wutar lantarki da aka tsara a Kogin Zambezi, kimanin {{Convert|54|km|0}}, ƙasan [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]], wanda ke ratsa kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Zambia da Zimbabwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lusaka Times Staff |date=27 September 2013 |title=Construction of Dam for Batoka Gorge hydroelectric power stations to start next year |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/09/27/construction-of-dam-for-batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-stations-to-start-next-year/ |access-date=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
A halin yanzu, shawarar ita ce samar da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu, kowannensu yana da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 1200; daya a gefen Zambia dayan kuma a gefen Zimbabwe. Madatsar ruwa da za ta samar wa madatsar ruwa ruwa za ta kasance {{Convert|181|m|0}} nau'in nauyi mai tsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=COMESA |date=7 March 2014 |title=Batoka Gorge Hydro-Power Project Profile |url=http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/842/Batoka%20Gorge%20%20-%20Project%20Profile%20130526.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307044658/http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/842/Batoka%20Gorge%20%20-%20Project%20Profile%20130526.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=9 July 2018 |publisher=[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA) |format=Archived from the Original}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hukumar Kogin Zambezi]] ce ke aiwatar da wannan aikin, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka dora wa alhakin aiki, sa ido da kuma kula da ginin [[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba|madatsar ruwa ta Kariba]], da kuma amfani da cikakken damar da Kogin Zambezi ke da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukarati |first=Levi |date=9 July 2018 |title=$4.5 Billion Batoka Deal to Create 6,000 Jobs |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/45bn-batoka-deal-to-create-6-000-jobs/ |access-date=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juriyar al'umma ==
Kamar yadda aka yi a cikin shawarar da aka gabatar a shekarun 1990, kuma yanzu, masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma al'ummar yankin suna adawa da ginin madatsar ruwan. Duk da adawa, a watan Yunin 2019, gwamnatocin Zambia da Zimbabwe sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gina madatsar ruwan tare da General Electric da wani kamfanin kasar Sin, Power China. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation |url=https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2023, Zambia ta soke kwangilar, inda ta yi zargin cewa akwai tsada mai yawa da kuma rashin bin hanyoyin sayayya masu kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |date=2023-06-15 |title=Zambia cancels $5 billion project with China, see why |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/zambia-cancels-dollar5-billion-project-with-china-see-why/w0ffvyd |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba na 2023, UNESCO ta ba da izinin aikin madatsar ruwan ya ci gaba duk da damuwar masu suka kan muhalli da yawon bude ido. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |date=October 17, 2023 |title=The controversial $5 billion project between Zambia and Zimbabwe has received approval from the UN |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana'antar yawon bude ido da kwarin Batoka na yanzu ya samar, gami da yin rafting a cikin ruwan fari, tana daukar dubban mutane 'yan asalin yankin aiki, kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice, kuma an amince da ita a matsayin ta uku mafi girma da ke ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin Zambia.  Masu suka sun yi jayayya cewa madatsar ruwan tana da barazanar ambaliyar ruwa ga kwararar ruwan kogi. Yawon shakatawa na ruwan fari na Zambezi sun shahara da kasancewa cikin mafi kyawun tafiye-tafiye na rana da na kwanaki da yawa da ake gudanarwa a duk duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation |url=https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ &quot;Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation&quot;]. 2020-04-16&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Batoka Gorge Dam |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/batoka-gorge-dam.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiye-tafiyen rafting a Zambezi suna jawo hankalin dubban masu yawon bude ido na duniya kowace shekara, a cikin damina da lokacin rani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Idan shawarar ta ci gaba, masana'antar rafting za ta yi asarar kimanin dala miliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana sa ran samar da wani ma'ajiyar ruwa mai zurfi a bayan madatsar ruwan zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga yanayin muhalli na gida. Damuwa game da ikon tafkin na ci gaba da samar da manyan kifaye na barazana ga yawon shakatawa na kamun kifi a yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation |url=https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ &quot;Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation&quot;]. 2020-04-16&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Batoka Gorge Dam |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/batoka-gorge-dam.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/batoka-gorge-dam.html &quot;Batoka Gorge Dam&quot;]. ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan sun nuna cewa hakan na iya bude sabbin damarmakin yawon bude ido, kamar parasailing da wakeboarding. Duk da haka, kasancewar dabbobi masu haɗari kamar hippos da kada a cikin ruwan da ke kwance yana haifar da damuwa game da tsaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Massive Dam Threatens Spectacular Gorge Downstream of Victoria Falls |url=https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/dam-threatens-batoka-gorge-zambezi-river/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Earth Island Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san yankin Zambezi da samar da [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|ayyuka daban-daban na muhalli]] . Ana sa ran gina madatsar ruwan zai yi tasiri mai ɗorewa ga yankin, musamman masana'antar yawon bude ido ta yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Akwai shakku cewa madatsar ruwan za ta cika burinta na samar da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin karkara, domin za a haɗa ta da Tafkin Wutar Lantarki na Kudancin Afirka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-station/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=NS Energy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madatsar ruwan za ta iya sa kogin ya koma ƙasa da mita 650 daga Madatsar Ruwan Victoria, a cewar wani labarin da aka buga a Zambezia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Latest Update on the Batoka Dam Project {{!}} VictoriaFalls24 |url=https://victoriafalls24.com/blog/2015/01/26/latest-update-batoka-dam-project/ |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=victoriafalls24.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai karya iyakokin kiyayewa a ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwan, wato 12&amp;nbsp;km bisa ga yarjejeniyar [[UNESCO]] [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|ta Duniya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/509 |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, idan shawarar madatsar ruwa ta ci gaba, [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] na iya zama Gadon Duniya Mai Haɗari . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage in Danger |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/ |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudin gini ==
Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2018, an kiyasta cewa farashin da aka kiyasta na ginawa zai kai dala biliyan 4.5. Kamfanin General Electric Africa ya nuna sha'awarsa ta haɓaka wannan tashar wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin tsarin tsara-gina-aiki-canja wurin, amma mallakar ta koma Zambia da Zimbabwe, bayan masu haɓaka sun dawo da jarin da suka zuba tare da ribar da suka samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot; /&gt;

A watan Yunin 2019, Bloomberg News ta ruwaito cewa an bai wa wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi General Electric na Amurka da Kamfanin Gina Wutar Lantarki na China  (PowerChina). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthew Hill |first=and Prinesha Naidoo |date=21 June 2019 |title=GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam |access-date=22 June 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMatthew_Hill2019&quot;&gt;Matthew Hill, and Prinesha Naidoo (21 June 2019). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam &quot;GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant&quot;]. [[Bloomberg.com]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran ginin zai ɗauki daga shekaru goma zuwa goma sha uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;11R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=25 June 2019 |title=Zambia/Zimbabwe: GE And Power China To Build Batoka Gorge Dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-zimbabwe-ge-and-power-china-to-build-batoka-gorge-dam/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zambia ta sanar da soke kwangilar PowerChina ta 2019 a shekarar 2024 saboda rashin bin ka'idojin sayayya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kubwa |first=M. |date=2025-05-03 |title=The $5 Billion Batoka Gorge Hydropower Project, a Bi-National Scheme Between Zambia and Zimbabwe |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/zambia-and-zimbabwe-seek-investors-to-revive-the-5-billion-batoka-gorge-hydropower-project/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Constructionreview |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka tsara a Batoka Gorge''' tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai karfin MW 2400, wadda aka tsara don gina ta a [[kogin Zambezi]] da ke kan iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthew Hill |first=and Prinesha Naidoo |date=21 June 2019 |title=GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam |access-date=22 June 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Za a gina tashar wutar lantarki da aka tsara a Kogin Zambezi, kimanin {{Convert|54|km|0}}, ƙasan [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]], wanda ke ratsa kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Zambia da Zimbabwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lusaka Times Staff |date=27 September 2013 |title=Construction of Dam for Batoka Gorge hydroelectric power stations to start next year |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/09/27/construction-of-dam-for-batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-stations-to-start-next-year/ |access-date=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
A halin yanzu, shawarar ita ce samar da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu, kowannensu yana da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 1200; daya a gefen Zambia dayan kuma a gefen Zimbabwe. Madatsar ruwa da za ta samar wa madatsar ruwa ruwa za ta kasance {{Convert|181|m|0}} nau'in nauyi mai tsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=COMESA |date=7 March 2014 |title=Batoka Gorge Hydro-Power Project Profile |url=http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/842/Batoka%20Gorge%20%20-%20Project%20Profile%20130526.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307044658/http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/842/Batoka%20Gorge%20%20-%20Project%20Profile%20130526.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=9 July 2018 |publisher=[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA) |format=Archived from the Original}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hukumar Kogin Zambezi]] ce ke aiwatar da wannan aikin, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka dora wa alhakin aiki, sa ido da kuma kula da ginin [[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba|madatsar ruwa ta Kariba]], da kuma amfani da cikakken damar da Kogin Zambezi ke da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukarati |first=Levi |date=9 July 2018 |title=$4.5 Billion Batoka Deal to Create 6,000 Jobs |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/45bn-batoka-deal-to-create-6-000-jobs/ |access-date=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juriyar al'umma ==
Kamar yadda aka yi a cikin shawarar da aka gabatar a shekarun 1990, kuma yanzu, masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma al'ummar yankin suna adawa da ginin madatsar ruwan. Duk da adawa, a watan Yunin 2019, gwamnatocin Zambia da Zimbabwe sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gina madatsar ruwan tare da General Electric da wani kamfanin kasar Sin, Power China. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation |url=https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2023, Zambia ta soke kwangilar, inda ta yi zargin cewa akwai tsada mai yawa da kuma rashin bin hanyoyin sayayya masu kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |date=2023-06-15 |title=Zambia cancels $5 billion project with China, see why |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/zambia-cancels-dollar5-billion-project-with-china-see-why/w0ffvyd |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba na 2023, UNESCO ta ba da izinin aikin madatsar ruwan ya ci gaba duk da damuwar masu suka kan muhalli da yawon bude ido. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |date=October 17, 2023 |title=The controversial $5 billion project between Zambia and Zimbabwe has received approval from the UN |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana'antar yawon bude ido da kwarin Batoka na yanzu ya samar, gami da yin rafting a cikin ruwan fari, tana daukar dubban mutane 'yan asalin yankin aiki, kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice, kuma an amince da ita a matsayin ta uku mafi girma da ke ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin Zambia.  Masu suka sun yi jayayya cewa madatsar ruwan tana da barazanar ambaliyar ruwa ga kwararar ruwan kogi. Yawon shakatawa na ruwan fari na Zambezi sun shahara da kasancewa cikin mafi kyawun tafiye-tafiye na rana da na kwanaki da yawa da ake gudanarwa a duk duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation |url=https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ &quot;Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation&quot;]. 2020-04-16&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Batoka Gorge Dam |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/batoka-gorge-dam.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiye-tafiyen rafting a Zambezi suna jawo hankalin dubban masu yawon bude ido na duniya kowace shekara, a cikin damina da lokacin rani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Idan shawarar ta ci gaba, masana'antar rafting za ta yi asarar kimanin dala miliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana sa ran samar da wani ma'ajiyar ruwa mai zurfi a bayan madatsar ruwan zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga yanayin muhalli na gida. Damuwa game da ikon tafkin na ci gaba da samar da manyan kifaye na barazana ga yawon shakatawa na kamun kifi a yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation |url=https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ &quot;Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation&quot;]. 2020-04-16&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Batoka Gorge Dam |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/batoka-gorge-dam.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/batoka-gorge-dam.html &quot;Batoka Gorge Dam&quot;]. ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan sun nuna cewa hakan na iya bude sabbin damarmakin yawon bude ido, kamar parasailing da wakeboarding. Duk da haka, kasancewar dabbobi masu haɗari kamar hippos da kada a cikin ruwan da ke kwance yana haifar da damuwa game da tsaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Massive Dam Threatens Spectacular Gorge Downstream of Victoria Falls |url=https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/dam-threatens-batoka-gorge-zambezi-river/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Earth Island Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san yankin Zambezi da samar da [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|ayyuka daban-daban na muhalli]] . Ana sa ran gina madatsar ruwan zai yi tasiri mai ɗorewa ga yankin, musamman masana'antar yawon bude ido ta yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Akwai shakku cewa madatsar ruwan za ta cika burinta na samar da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin karkara, domin za a haɗa ta da Tafkin Wutar Lantarki na Kudancin Afirka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-station/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=NS Energy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madatsar ruwan za ta iya sa kogin ya koma ƙasa da mita 650 daga Madatsar Ruwan Victoria, a cewar wani labarin da aka buga a Zambezia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Latest Update on the Batoka Dam Project {{!}} VictoriaFalls24 |url=https://victoriafalls24.com/blog/2015/01/26/latest-update-batoka-dam-project/ |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=victoriafalls24.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai karya iyakokin kiyayewa a ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwan, wato 12&amp;nbsp;km bisa ga yarjejeniyar [[UNESCO]] [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|ta Duniya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/509 |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, idan shawarar madatsar ruwa ta ci gaba, [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] na iya zama Gadon Duniya Mai Haɗari . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage in Danger |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/ |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudin gini ==
Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2018, an kiyasta cewa farashin da aka kiyasta na ginawa zai kai dala biliyan 4.5. Kamfanin General Electric Africa ya nuna sha'awarsa ta haɓaka wannan tashar wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin tsarin tsara-gina-aiki-canja wurin, amma mallakar ta koma Zambia da Zimbabwe, bayan masu haɓaka sun dawo da jarin da suka zuba tare da ribar da suka samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot; /&gt;

A watan Yunin 2019, Bloomberg News ta ruwaito cewa an bai wa wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi General Electric na Amurka da Kamfanin Gina Wutar Lantarki na China  (PowerChina). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthew Hill |first=and Prinesha Naidoo |date=21 June 2019 |title=GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam |access-date=22 June 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMatthew_Hill2019&quot;&gt;Matthew Hill, and Prinesha Naidoo (21 June 2019). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam &quot;GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant&quot;]. [[Bloomberg.com]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran ginin zai ɗauki daga shekaru goma zuwa goma sha uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;11R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=25 June 2019 |title=Zambia/Zimbabwe: GE And Power China To Build Batoka Gorge Dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-zimbabwe-ge-and-power-china-to-build-batoka-gorge-dam/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zambia ta sanar da soke kwangilar PowerChina ta 2019 a shekarar 2024 saboda rashin bin ka'idojin sayayya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kubwa |first=M. |date=2025-05-03 |title=The $5 Billion Batoka Gorge Hydropower Project, a Bi-National Scheme Between Zambia and Zimbabwe |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/zambia-and-zimbabwe-seek-investors-to-revive-the-5-billion-batoka-gorge-hydropower-project/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Constructionreview |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Garra regressa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1268211632|Garra regressa]]&quot;</comment>
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Garra regressa wani nau'in kifi ne na cyprinid a cikin jinsin Garra . Yana da iyaka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]].

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Garra regressa wani nau'in kifi ne na cyprinid a cikin jinsin Garra . Yana da iyaka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]].&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2010). &quot;Garra regressus&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T182226A7836291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182226A7836291.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
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'''Garra regressa''' wani nau'in kifi ne na cyprinid a cikin jinsin Garra . Yana da iyaka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]].&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2010). &quot;Garra regressus&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T182226A7836291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182226A7836291.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Nyagak III Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358016558|Nyagak III Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak III''' tana aiki {{Convert|6.6|MW}}aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ruwa , a [[Uganda|ƙasar Uganda]] . An ƙaddamar da aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki da aka kammala a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 2025 ta hannun Ministar Makamashi ta ƙasar Uganda [[Ruth Nankabirwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;OnR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Rwothomio |date=1 August 2025 |title=Nyagak III Hydropower Station Commissioned After Decade-Long Wait |url=https://chimpreports.com/nyagak-iii-hydropower-station-commissioned-after-decade-long-wait/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=ChimpRepots}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Nyagak]] a gundumar Nyapea, gundumar Okoro, gundumar Zombo, a yankin Yammacin Kogin Nilu na yankin Arewacin Uganda. Wannan yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|15|km|0}} arewacin garin Paidha, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]], kusa da, amma ƙasa da, Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyagak I. &lt;ref name=&quot;General&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=3 August 2025 |title=Uganda Electricity Generation Company: Nyagak III Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.uegcl.com/projects/nyagak-iii-hydropower-project/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
A watan Satumba na 2010, Lahmeyer International GmbH, wani kamfanin injiniyan ba da shawara na Jamus ya kammala wani [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|bincike kan tasirin muhalli]] (EIA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herter |first=Marco |date=21 June 2010 |title=Impact of Climate Change On Small Hydropower Plants In The West Nile Region, Uganda |url=http://www.hs-rottenburg.net/fileadmin/data/Hochschule/Forschung_Projekte/SENCE_Projekte/2010/projekt1/P1_2.pdf |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Hs-Rottenburg.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Electricity Company Limited (UEGCL) zai haɓaka Nyagak III ta hanyar Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP). A shekarar 2013, Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya ya taimaka wa UEGCL wajen gano da kuma zaɓar mai zuba jari daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda zai zuba jari a hannun jari da kuma shirya ƙarin bashi da kuɗaɗen hannun jari don aikin. Wannan mai zuba jari zai tsara, haɓakawa, da kuma gudanar da aikin a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar PPP da UEGCL. Ana sa ran wannan tsarin zaɓe zai ɗauki kimanin shekara guda, farawa a watan Yuli na 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL) |date=18 June 2013 |title=Selection of A Private Investor for Development of Nyagak III Hydro Power Plant Under A Public Private Partnership Arrangement |url=http://uegcl.com/NyagakIII%20RFQ%20Advert%2029May2013%20UPDATED.pdf |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai zuba jari mai zaman kansa da aka zaɓa ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi Hydromax Limited da Dott Services Limited . Daga nan UEGCL da ƙungiyar suka kafa wata hanya ta musamman, Genmax Nyagak Limited, wadda za ta gina, ta yi aiki, da kuma kula da tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;General&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=3 August 2025 |title=Uganda Electricity Generation Company: Nyagak III Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.uegcl.com/projects/nyagak-iii-hydropower-project/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFUEGCL2025&quot;&gt;UEGCL (3 August 2025). [https://www.uegcl.com/projects/nyagak-iii-hydropower-project/ &quot;Uganda Electricity Generation Company: Nyagak III Hydro Power Project&quot;]. ''[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL)''. Kampala, Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 August&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin aikin gini ==
An yi hasashen cewa tsarin zaɓen babban mai zuba jari zai ɗauki tsawon lokaci har zuwa 2014. Daga nan za a fara ginin a shekarar 2015 kuma zai ɗauki shekaru uku, inda ake sa ran kammala aikin a shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Odyek |date=2 November 2015 |title=Construction agreement for Nyagak III Hydro Power signed |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1411151/construction-agreement-nyagak-iii-hydro-power-signed |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CRO |date=9 November 2015 |title=Nyagak III Small Hydro Power Project in Uganda to be constructed |url=http://constructionreviewonline.com/2015/11/nyagak-iii-small-hydro-power-project-uganda-constructed |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=Construction Review Online.com (CRO)}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙaddamar da aikin madatsar ruwa da aka kammala a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;OnR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Rwothomio |date=1 August 2025 |title=Nyagak III Hydropower Station Commissioned After Decade-Long Wait |url=https://chimpreports.com/nyagak-iii-hydropower-station-commissioned-after-decade-long-wait/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=ChimpRepots}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMike_Rwothomio2025&quot;&gt;Mike Rwothomio (1 August 2025). [https://chimpreports.com/nyagak-iii-hydropower-station-commissioned-after-decade-long-wait/ &quot;Nyagak III Hydropower Station Commissioned After Decade-Long Wait&quot;]. ''ChimpRepots''. Kampala, Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 August&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
A shekarar 2011, an yi hasashen cewa ginin tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak III zai ci kimanin dala miliyan 14. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DEVEX |date=June 2011 |title=Legal Consultants for Nyagak III Uganda Small Hydro (Firm) |url=https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/legal-consultants-for-nyagak-iii-uganda-small-hydro-firm/73783 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Devex.com (DEVEX)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za a kwashe wutar lantarkin da ake samarwa ta hanyar layukan wutar lantarki na kilovolt 33 da ke hade garuruwan Paidha, Nebbi, Bondo, Okollo, da [[Arua]], wanda aka gina a kan kimanin kudin UGX: biliyan 44.2 (€13 miliyan) tsakanin 2013 da 2015 bayan gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ondoga |first=Ayiga |date=15 November 2013 |title=West Nile power line extension begins |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649445-west-nile-power-line-extension-begins.html |access-date=15 February 2016 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na 2018, jaridar Daily Monitor ta ruwaito cewa KfW ta janye tallafin Shs36 biliyan (€8 miliyan), don kammala wannan aikin, saboda jinkiri mai tsawo wajen cimma matsaya kan kudi. Dole ne gwamnatin Uganda ta samar da sabbin kudade don cike gibin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson Wesonga |date=8 March 2018 |title=Germany withholds Nyagak power project cash |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Germany-withholds-Nyagak-power-project-cash/688334-4332876-fdfeo5/index.html |access-date=8 March 2018 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Maris na 2019, an ruwaito cewa kuɗin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 19.4. An nemi rancen daga (a) Bankin Ci Gaban Kasuwanci (TDB) (b) [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] da (c) Bankin Exim na China . TDB ta duba aikin da nufin samar da kuɗaɗen gudanar da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;RestR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=25 March 2019 |title=Uganda: To Relaunch 6.6 MW Nyagak III Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-to-relaunch-6-6-mw-nyagak-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=Afrik21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
A watan Maris na 2019, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ci gaban Ma'adinai ta Uganda, ta nemi UEGCL da ta hanzarta dawo da aikin wannan tashar wutar lantarki. An ƙara ƙarfin sabon madatsar ruwa zuwa {{Convert|6.6|MW|0}} . Kamfanin SPV yanzu ana kiransa '''GenVax Nyagak''' . Gwamnatin Uganda ce ke da mallakarsa tare (kashi 30) da kuma wata ƙungiya (kashi 70) wadda ta ƙunshi (a) [[Kamfanin Tata|Injiniyoyin Tata Consulting]] (b) Dott Services Limited da (c) Hydromax Limited. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hannun jari a GenVax Nyagak. &lt;ref name=&quot;RestR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=25 March 2019 |title=Uganda: To Relaunch 6.6 MW Nyagak III Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-to-relaunch-6-6-mw-nyagak-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=Afrik21}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (25 March 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-to-relaunch-6-6-mw-nyagak-hydroelectric-project/ &quot;Uganda: To Relaunch 6.6 MW Nyagak III Hydroelectric Project&quot;]. Paris, France: Afrik21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2022, ana ci gaba da aikin ginin, ana sa ran kammala shi a rabin na biyu na 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;DelayR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tobbias Jolly Owiny, Marko Taibot and Rashul Adidi |date=11 January 2022 |title=Nyagak dam works: Contractor blames delay on govt funding |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nyagak-dam-works-contractor-blames-delay-on-govt-funding-3678556?view=htmlamp |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan jinkiri da yawa, har zuwa watan Yulin 2023, an yi niyyar kammala aikin ne bisa ga gwamnatin Uganda ta ba wa dan kwangilar kimanin dala biliyan UGX:28 (dala miliyan 7.5). &lt;ref name=&quot;StuckR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clement Aluma |date=3 July 2023 |title=Govt pushes completion of Nyagak III Dam for 3rd time |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-pushes-completion-of-nyagak-iii-dam-for-3rd-time-4291214 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak III''' tana aiki {{Convert|6.6|MW}}aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ruwa , a [[Uganda|ƙasar Uganda]] . An ƙaddamar da aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki da aka kammala a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 2025 ta hannun Ministar Makamashi ta ƙasar Uganda [[Ruth Nankabirwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;OnR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Rwothomio |date=1 August 2025 |title=Nyagak III Hydropower Station Commissioned After Decade-Long Wait |url=https://chimpreports.com/nyagak-iii-hydropower-station-commissioned-after-decade-long-wait/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=ChimpRepots}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Nyagak]] a gundumar Nyapea, gundumar Okoro, gundumar Zombo, a yankin Yammacin Kogin Nilu na yankin Arewacin Uganda. Wannan yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|15|km|0}} arewacin garin Paidha, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]], kusa da, amma ƙasa da, Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyagak I. &lt;ref name=&quot;General&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=3 August 2025 |title=Uganda Electricity Generation Company: Nyagak III Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.uegcl.com/projects/nyagak-iii-hydropower-project/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
A watan Satumba na 2010, Lahmeyer International GmbH, wani kamfanin injiniyan ba da shawara na Jamus ya kammala wani [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|bincike kan tasirin muhalli]] (EIA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herter |first=Marco |date=21 June 2010 |title=Impact of Climate Change On Small Hydropower Plants In The West Nile Region, Uganda |url=http://www.hs-rottenburg.net/fileadmin/data/Hochschule/Forschung_Projekte/SENCE_Projekte/2010/projekt1/P1_2.pdf |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Hs-Rottenburg.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Electricity Company Limited (UEGCL) zai haɓaka Nyagak III ta hanyar Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP). A shekarar 2013, Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya ya taimaka wa UEGCL wajen gano da kuma zaɓar mai zuba jari daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda zai zuba jari a hannun jari da kuma shirya ƙarin bashi da kuɗaɗen hannun jari don aikin. Wannan mai zuba jari zai tsara, haɓakawa, da kuma gudanar da aikin a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar PPP da UEGCL. Ana sa ran wannan tsarin zaɓe zai ɗauki kimanin shekara guda, farawa a watan Yuli na 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL) |date=18 June 2013 |title=Selection of A Private Investor for Development of Nyagak III Hydro Power Plant Under A Public Private Partnership Arrangement |url=http://uegcl.com/NyagakIII%20RFQ%20Advert%2029May2013%20UPDATED.pdf |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai zuba jari mai zaman kansa da aka zaɓa ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi Hydromax Limited da Dott Services Limited . Daga nan UEGCL da ƙungiyar suka kafa wata hanya ta musamman, Genmax Nyagak Limited, wadda za ta gina, ta yi aiki, da kuma kula da tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;General&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=3 August 2025 |title=Uganda Electricity Generation Company: Nyagak III Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.uegcl.com/projects/nyagak-iii-hydropower-project/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFUEGCL2025&quot;&gt;UEGCL (3 August 2025). [https://www.uegcl.com/projects/nyagak-iii-hydropower-project/ &quot;Uganda Electricity Generation Company: Nyagak III Hydro Power Project&quot;]. ''[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL)''. Kampala, Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 August&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin aikin gini ==
An yi hasashen cewa tsarin zaɓen babban mai zuba jari zai ɗauki tsawon lokaci har zuwa 2014. Daga nan za a fara ginin a shekarar 2015 kuma zai ɗauki shekaru uku, inda ake sa ran kammala aikin a shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Odyek |date=2 November 2015 |title=Construction agreement for Nyagak III Hydro Power signed |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1411151/construction-agreement-nyagak-iii-hydro-power-signed |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CRO |date=9 November 2015 |title=Nyagak III Small Hydro Power Project in Uganda to be constructed |url=http://constructionreviewonline.com/2015/11/nyagak-iii-small-hydro-power-project-uganda-constructed |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=Construction Review Online.com (CRO)}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙaddamar da aikin madatsar ruwa da aka kammala a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;OnR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Rwothomio |date=1 August 2025 |title=Nyagak III Hydropower Station Commissioned After Decade-Long Wait |url=https://chimpreports.com/nyagak-iii-hydropower-station-commissioned-after-decade-long-wait/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=ChimpRepots}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMike_Rwothomio2025&quot;&gt;Mike Rwothomio (1 August 2025). [https://chimpreports.com/nyagak-iii-hydropower-station-commissioned-after-decade-long-wait/ &quot;Nyagak III Hydropower Station Commissioned After Decade-Long Wait&quot;]. ''ChimpRepots''. Kampala, Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 August&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
A shekarar 2011, an yi hasashen cewa ginin tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak III zai ci kimanin dala miliyan 14. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DEVEX |date=June 2011 |title=Legal Consultants for Nyagak III Uganda Small Hydro (Firm) |url=https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/legal-consultants-for-nyagak-iii-uganda-small-hydro-firm/73783 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Devex.com (DEVEX)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za a kwashe wutar lantarkin da ake samarwa ta hanyar layukan wutar lantarki na kilovolt 33 da ke hade garuruwan Paidha, Nebbi, Bondo, Okollo, da [[Arua]], wanda aka gina a kan kimanin kudin UGX: biliyan 44.2 (€13 miliyan) tsakanin 2013 da 2015 bayan gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ondoga |first=Ayiga |date=15 November 2013 |title=West Nile power line extension begins |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649445-west-nile-power-line-extension-begins.html |access-date=15 February 2016 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na 2018, jaridar Daily Monitor ta ruwaito cewa KfW ta janye tallafin Shs36 biliyan (€8 miliyan), don kammala wannan aikin, saboda jinkiri mai tsawo wajen cimma matsaya kan kudi. Dole ne gwamnatin Uganda ta samar da sabbin kudade don cike gibin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson Wesonga |date=8 March 2018 |title=Germany withholds Nyagak power project cash |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Germany-withholds-Nyagak-power-project-cash/688334-4332876-fdfeo5/index.html |access-date=8 March 2018 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Maris na 2019, an ruwaito cewa kuɗin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 19.4. An nemi rancen daga (a) Bankin Ci Gaban Kasuwanci (TDB) (b) [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] da (c) Bankin Exim na China . TDB ta duba aikin da nufin samar da kuɗaɗen gudanar da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;RestR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=25 March 2019 |title=Uganda: To Relaunch 6.6 MW Nyagak III Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-to-relaunch-6-6-mw-nyagak-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=Afrik21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
A watan Maris na 2019, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ci gaban Ma'adinai ta Uganda, ta nemi UEGCL da ta hanzarta dawo da aikin wannan tashar wutar lantarki. An ƙara ƙarfin sabon madatsar ruwa zuwa {{Convert|6.6|MW|0}} . Kamfanin SPV yanzu ana kiransa '''GenVax Nyagak''' . Gwamnatin Uganda ce ke da mallakarsa tare (kashi 30) da kuma wata ƙungiya (kashi 70) wadda ta ƙunshi (a) [[Kamfanin Tata|Injiniyoyin Tata Consulting]] (b) Dott Services Limited da (c) Hydromax Limited. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hannun jari a GenVax Nyagak. &lt;ref name=&quot;RestR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=25 March 2019 |title=Uganda: To Relaunch 6.6 MW Nyagak III Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-to-relaunch-6-6-mw-nyagak-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=Afrik21}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (25 March 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-to-relaunch-6-6-mw-nyagak-hydroelectric-project/ &quot;Uganda: To Relaunch 6.6 MW Nyagak III Hydroelectric Project&quot;]. Paris, France: Afrik21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2022, ana ci gaba da aikin ginin, ana sa ran kammala shi a rabin na biyu na 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;DelayR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tobbias Jolly Owiny, Marko Taibot and Rashul Adidi |date=11 January 2022 |title=Nyagak dam works: Contractor blames delay on govt funding |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nyagak-dam-works-contractor-blames-delay-on-govt-funding-3678556?view=htmlamp |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan jinkiri da yawa, har zuwa watan Yulin 2023, an yi niyyar kammala aikin ne bisa ga gwamnatin Uganda ta ba wa dan kwangilar kimanin dala biliyan UGX:28 (dala miliyan 7.5). &lt;ref name=&quot;StuckR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clement Aluma |date=3 July 2023 |title=Govt pushes completion of Nyagak III Dam for 3rd time |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-pushes-completion-of-nyagak-iii-dam-for-3rd-time-4291214 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178760776|Labeobarbus acutirostris]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''''Labeobarbus'' acutirostris''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:28:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="274" sha1="sxvmha6ubtm0edbvyfncldtq3mokx62" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''Labeobarbus'' acutirostris''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.''&lt;ref&gt;Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). &quot;Labeobarbus acutirostris&quot;. FishBase.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labeobarbus brevicephalus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858722</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:29:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313827374|Labeobarbus brevicephalus]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858722</origin>
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'''''''Labeobarbus'' brevicephalus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha. 

'''''L. brevicephalus''''' yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan barb na Afirka 17 da ke yin garken jinsuna a [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdissa |first=Belay |last2=Getahun |first2=Abebe |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |date=2022-02-15 |title=Cryopreservation of sperm of Labeobarbus brevicephalus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from Lake Tana (Ethiopia) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848621013600 |journal=Aquaculture |language=en |volume=548 |bibcode=2022Aquac.54837697A |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737697 |issn=0044-8486 |s2cid=243973407 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan ƙananan, zooplanktinvorous, nau'in da ke girma da wuri suna yin ayyukan kiwo a cikin tafkin a lokacin ruwan sama na shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdissa |first=Belay |last2=Getahun |first2=Abebe |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |date=2022-04-01 |title=Emulating the natural spawning conditions of Labeobarbus brevicephalus (PISCES: Cyprinidae) from Lake Tana, Ethiopia |journal=Aquaculture Reports |language=en |volume=23 |bibcode=2022AqRep..2301044A |doi=10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101044 |issn=2352-5134 |s2cid=247016294 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna yawan haifuwa a bakin kogi, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ruwa kusa da ajiyar dutse, a Tafkin Tana.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858723</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:30:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1456" sha1="a5jp7fjqor4mfgvsuys9q9jrsit0i88" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''Labeobarbus'' brevicephalus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha. ''

'''''L. brevicephalus''''' yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan barb na Afirka 17 da ke yin garken jinsuna a [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdissa |first=Belay |last2=Getahun |first2=Abebe |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |date=2022-02-15 |title=Cryopreservation of sperm of Labeobarbus brevicephalus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from Lake Tana (Ethiopia) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848621013600 |journal=Aquaculture |language=en |volume=548 |bibcode=2022Aquac.54837697A |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737697 |issn=0044-8486 |s2cid=243973407 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan ƙananan, zooplanktinvorous, nau'in da ke girma da wuri suna yin ayyukan kiwo a cikin tafkin a lokacin ruwan sama na shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdissa |first=Belay |last2=Getahun |first2=Abebe |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |date=2022-04-01 |title=Emulating the natural spawning conditions of Labeobarbus brevicephalus (PISCES: Cyprinidae) from Lake Tana, Ethiopia |journal=Aquaculture Reports |language=en |volume=23 |bibcode=2022AqRep..2301044A |doi=10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101044 |issn=2352-5134 |s2cid=247016294 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna yawan haifuwa a bakin kogi, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ruwa kusa da ajiyar dutse, a Tafkin Tana.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>a5jp7fjqor4mfgvsuys9q9jrsit0i88</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858724</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:30:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358016273|Ayago Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Columns-list|*[[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba Power Station]]
*[[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma Power Station]]
*[[List of power stations in Uganda|Uganda Power Stations]]
*[[List of hydropower stations in Africa|Africa Energy Dams]]
*[[List of hydroelectric power stations|World Energy Dams]]
*[[Nwoya District]]
*[[Northern Region, Uganda|Northern Uganda]]}}'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago''', wani aikin wutar lantarki ne da aka tsara ginawa a [[Uganda]] mai karfin megawatt 840.  Idan aka gina ta, Ayago zai zama babbar tashar wutar lantarki a Uganda, bisa la'akari da karfin samar da wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=31 January 2020 |title=Chinese Firm Applies For Construction of 840MW Ayago Dam |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/chinese-firm-applies-for-construction-of-840mw-ayago-dam |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a '''Ayago''', a kan [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], a gundumar Nwoya, a yankin Acholi, a yankin Arewacin Uganda. Wannan wurin yana kusa da inda ''Kogin Ayago'' ya shiga [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], a cikin iyakokin [[Gidan shakatawa na Murchison Falls|Murchison Falls National Park]] . 

== Bayani ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago ita ce tashar wutar lantarki {{Convert|840|MW}} da aka tsara tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda za a gina a kan [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma, amma a sama da [[Murchison Falls]] . Za a haɓaka aikin a matakai biyu a lokaci guda, wanda aka sani da '''Ayago North''' (ƙiyasin ƙarfin aiki: 450&amp;nbsp;MW) da '''Ayago South''' (ƙiyasin ƙarfin aiki: 390&amp;nbsp;MW). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harriette Onyalla |date=21 March 2007 |title=Government Proposes 14 Dam Sites |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1168644/govt-proposes-14-dam-sites |access-date=17 September 2020 |publisher=[[New Vision Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago tana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki guda uku da aka ware don ci gaba nan take, tare da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma (600)&amp;nbsp;MW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Isimba (183&amp;nbsp;MW), don rage ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa da ke addabar [[Uganda]] tun daga shekarun 1990, da kuma biyan buƙatun ƙasa na 1,130.&amp;nbsp;MW kafin 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Kasita |date=1 February 2011 |title=Electricity Demand To Triple By 2023 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/745469 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122221344/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/745469 |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=18 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
Kamfanin makamashi da masana'antu mallakar gwamnatin Indiya, BHEL, ya kiyasta kudin aikin a kusan dala miliyan 350 a shekarar 2007. Amma wannan ya shafi aikin da aka tsara zai iya daukar mutane 200.&amp;nbsp;MW zuwa 300&amp;nbsp;MW, a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Kakande |date=31 January 2007 |title=Indian Firm To Build Power Dam In North |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1171923/indian-firm-build-power-dam-north |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225034941/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1171923/indian-firm-build-power-dam-north |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2008, gwamnatin Japan, ta hannun Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya ta Japan ( JICA ), tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Uganda, sun fara shirye-shiryen sabbin kimanta tasirin muhalli, neman kwangila daga ƙasashen duniya da kuma alƙawarin zama tushen samar da kuɗaɗen gudanar da aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Kasita |date=1 January 2008 |title=Japan To Send Experts For Ayago Power Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1198849/japan-send-experts-ayago-power-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224214115/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1198849/japan-send-experts-ayago-power-project |archive-date=24 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilun 2013, Gwamnatin Uganda ta ba wa Kamfanin Mapa Construction and Trading Company Incorporated, wani kamfanin gine-gine [[Turkiyya|na Turkiyya]] kwangilar gini ta dala biliyan 1.9. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Vision |date=22 April 2013 |title=Turkish Company To Build Ayago Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/641880-turkish-company-to-build-ayago-dam.html |access-date=7 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a watan Agusta na 2013, an soke wannan kyautar kuma an ba wa Kamfanin Gine-gine na China Gezhouba kwangilar ginin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson Wesonga |date=15 August 2013 |title=Ayago Power Project 'Snatched' From Turks |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Ayago-power-project--snatched--from-Turks/-/688334/1948418/-/ea4e4rz/-/index.html |access-date=7 May 2014 |place=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi tsammanin za a fara ginin a shekarar 2020, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Wakabi |date=17 August 2013 |title=Karuma power plant paves way for more stations |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Karuma-power-plant-paves-way-for-more-stations/-/2560/1957328/-/r8a3wv/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213747/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Karuma-power-plant-paves-way-for-more-stations/-/2560/1957328/-/r8a3wv/-/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma zai ɗauki kimanin watanni 66. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
Zuwa shekarar 2019, an ƙara girman tashar wutar lantarki ta Ayago daga megawatts 600 zuwa 840. Gwamnatin Uganda ta nuna a bainar jama'a cewa tana son a gina tashar wutar lantarki, amma ba ta da ƙarfin kuɗi don yin hakan da kanta. Kamfanin ''Mapa Construction and Trade Company'' na Turkiyya da kuma Gezhouba Group na China sun rasa sha'awar aikin, wani ɓangare saboda gazawar tara jarin da ake buƙata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominic Ochola and Emmy Daniel Ojara |date=31 May 2019 |title=Construction of Ayago Hydro Power Still Hangs in Balance |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/construction-of-ayago-hydro-power-still-hangs-in-balance |access-date=18 September 2020 |publisher=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |place=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2020, Kamfanin Gina Wutar Lantarki na China (PowerChina), wani kamfanin injiniya da gine-gine mallakar gwamnatin China, ya nemi izini daga Hukumar Kula da Lantarki (ERA), don tsara, ba da kuɗi, ginawa, aiki da kuma kula da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago. Amsar ERA ga wannan aikace-aikacen ba a bayyana ta ga jama'a ba har zuwa Satumbar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;13R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elias Biryabarema and David Evans |date=11 February 2020 |title=Uganda says Chinese firm applies to build $1.4 bln power plant on the Nile |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-electricity-idUSL8N2AB4DO |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[Reuters.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;14R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ilaria Grasso Macola |date=13 February 2020 |title=PowerChina seeks licence for Ugandan $1.4bn hydropower plant |url=https://www.power-technology.com/news/powerchina-seeks-licence-for-ugandan-1-4bn-hydropower-plant/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

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*[[Northern Region, Uganda|Northern Uganda]]}}'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago''', wani aikin wutar lantarki ne da aka tsara ginawa a [[Uganda]] mai karfin megawatt 840.  Idan aka gina ta, Ayago zai zama babbar tashar wutar lantarki a Uganda, bisa la'akari da karfin samar da wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=31 January 2020 |title=Chinese Firm Applies For Construction of 840MW Ayago Dam |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/chinese-firm-applies-for-construction-of-840mw-ayago-dam |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a '''Ayago''', a kan [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], a gundumar Nwoya, a yankin Acholi, a yankin Arewacin Uganda. Wannan wurin yana kusa da inda ''Kogin Ayago'' ya shiga [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], a cikin iyakokin [[Gidan shakatawa na Murchison Falls|Murchison Falls National Park]] . 

== Bayani ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago ita ce tashar wutar lantarki {{Convert|840|MW}} da aka tsara tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda za a gina a kan [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma, amma a sama da [[Murchison Falls]] . Za a haɓaka aikin a matakai biyu a lokaci guda, wanda aka sani da '''Ayago North''' (ƙiyasin ƙarfin aiki: 450&amp;nbsp;MW) da '''Ayago South''' (ƙiyasin ƙarfin aiki: 390&amp;nbsp;MW). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harriette Onyalla |date=21 March 2007 |title=Government Proposes 14 Dam Sites |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1168644/govt-proposes-14-dam-sites |access-date=17 September 2020 |publisher=[[New Vision Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago tana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki guda uku da aka ware don ci gaba nan take, tare da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma (600)&amp;nbsp;MW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Isimba (183&amp;nbsp;MW), don rage ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa da ke addabar [[Uganda]] tun daga shekarun 1990, da kuma biyan buƙatun ƙasa na 1,130.&amp;nbsp;MW kafin 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Kasita |date=1 February 2011 |title=Electricity Demand To Triple By 2023 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/745469 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122221344/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/745469 |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=18 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
Kamfanin makamashi da masana'antu mallakar gwamnatin Indiya, BHEL, ya kiyasta kudin aikin a kusan dala miliyan 350 a shekarar 2007. Amma wannan ya shafi aikin da aka tsara zai iya daukar mutane 200.&amp;nbsp;MW zuwa 300&amp;nbsp;MW, a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Kakande |date=31 January 2007 |title=Indian Firm To Build Power Dam In North |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1171923/indian-firm-build-power-dam-north |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225034941/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1171923/indian-firm-build-power-dam-north |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2008, gwamnatin Japan, ta hannun Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya ta Japan ( JICA ), tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Uganda, sun fara shirye-shiryen sabbin kimanta tasirin muhalli, neman kwangila daga ƙasashen duniya da kuma alƙawarin zama tushen samar da kuɗaɗen gudanar da aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Kasita |date=1 January 2008 |title=Japan To Send Experts For Ayago Power Project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1198849/japan-send-experts-ayago-power-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224214115/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1198849/japan-send-experts-ayago-power-project |archive-date=24 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilun 2013, Gwamnatin Uganda ta ba wa Kamfanin Mapa Construction and Trading Company Incorporated, wani kamfanin gine-gine [[Turkiyya|na Turkiyya]] kwangilar gini ta dala biliyan 1.9. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Vision |date=22 April 2013 |title=Turkish Company To Build Ayago Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/641880-turkish-company-to-build-ayago-dam.html |access-date=7 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a watan Agusta na 2013, an soke wannan kyautar kuma an ba wa Kamfanin Gine-gine na China Gezhouba kwangilar ginin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson Wesonga |date=15 August 2013 |title=Ayago Power Project 'Snatched' From Turks |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Ayago-power-project--snatched--from-Turks/-/688334/1948418/-/ea4e4rz/-/index.html |access-date=7 May 2014 |place=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi tsammanin za a fara ginin a shekarar 2020, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Wakabi |date=17 August 2013 |title=Karuma power plant paves way for more stations |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Karuma-power-plant-paves-way-for-more-stations/-/2560/1957328/-/r8a3wv/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213747/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Karuma-power-plant-paves-way-for-more-stations/-/2560/1957328/-/r8a3wv/-/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma zai ɗauki kimanin watanni 66. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
Zuwa shekarar 2019, an ƙara girman tashar wutar lantarki ta Ayago daga megawatts 600 zuwa 840. Gwamnatin Uganda ta nuna a bainar jama'a cewa tana son a gina tashar wutar lantarki, amma ba ta da ƙarfin kuɗi don yin hakan da kanta. Kamfanin ''Mapa Construction and Trade Company'' na Turkiyya da kuma Gezhouba Group na China sun rasa sha'awar aikin, wani ɓangare saboda gazawar tara jarin da ake buƙata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominic Ochola and Emmy Daniel Ojara |date=31 May 2019 |title=Construction of Ayago Hydro Power Still Hangs in Balance |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/construction-of-ayago-hydro-power-still-hangs-in-balance |access-date=18 September 2020 |publisher=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |place=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2020, Kamfanin Gina Wutar Lantarki na China (PowerChina), wani kamfanin injiniya da gine-gine mallakar gwamnatin China, ya nemi izini daga Hukumar Kula da Lantarki (ERA), don tsara, ba da kuɗi, ginawa, aiki da kuma kula da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago. Amsar ERA ga wannan aikace-aikacen ba a bayyana ta ga jama'a ba har zuwa Satumbar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;13R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elias Biryabarema and David Evans |date=11 February 2020 |title=Uganda says Chinese firm applies to build $1.4 bln power plant on the Nile |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-electricity-idUSL8N2AB4DO |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[Reuters.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;14R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ilaria Grasso Macola |date=13 February 2020 |title=PowerChina seeks licence for Ugandan $1.4bn hydropower plant |url=https://www.power-technology.com/news/powerchina-seeks-licence-for-ugandan-1-4bn-hydropower-plant/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>5hslxci52i1c6s3clzl45693ruvftml</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Labeobarbus crassibarbis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858725</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:31:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178760659|Labeobarbus crassibarbis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''''Labeobarbus'' crassibarbis''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>i0qn9x2rfgpgpvr35g8lpduzxesrdwi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858726</id>
      <parentid>858725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:32:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>858726</origin>
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      <text bytes="364" sha1="5jbckygt0xe1q8pvmlm37lxpkdojbot" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''Labeobarbus'' crassibarbis''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.''&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2010). &quot;Labeobarbus crassibarbis&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T181570A7681145. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T181570A7681145.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>5jbckygt0xe1q8pvmlm37lxpkdojbot</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Labeobarbus dainellii</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>858728</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:33:25Z</timestamp>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178760599|Labeobarbus dainellii]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|status=DD|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name = iucn&gt;{{cite journal | author = Getahun, A. | year = 2010 | title = ''Labeobarbus dainellii'' | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | page = 2010: e.T182224A7835985 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182224A7835985.en| doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Labeobarbus dainellii|display_parents=3|authority=([[Giorgio Bini|Bini]], 1940)&lt;ref&gt;{{FishBase|Labeobarbus|dainellii}}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=*''Barbus dainellii'' &lt;small&gt;Bini, 1940&lt;/small&gt;}}

'''''''Labeobarbus'' dainellii''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>kx4fz61qj34dxdn81ic12tnym0px7nt</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>858729</id>
      <parentid>858728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:34:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="358" sha1="b7zev1cfa2xyxuums4g5aw7a3691lj6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''Labeobarbus'' dainellii''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.''&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2010). &quot;Labeobarbus dainellii&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T182224A7835985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182224A7835985.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>b7zev1cfa2xyxuums4g5aw7a3691lj6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858730</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:34:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358016381|Kiba Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiba Hydroelectric Power Station''' an tsara ta ne don samar da wutar lantarki {{Convert|400|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Monitor Reporter |date=19 July 2017 |title=Energy PS, Chinese in bitter fight as $700 million Kiba dam deal is terminated |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Energy-PS-Chinese-fight--700m-Kiba-dam-deal-terminated/688342-4020014-h8laycz/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma, amma a sama da [[Murchison Falls]] . Wannan wurin yana cikin Gundumar Nwoya, a Yankin Arewacin Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|35|km|0}}, sama da iyakar [[Gidan shakatawa na Murchison Falls|Murchison Falls National Park]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt; Kiba tana da tsawon {{Convert|758|m|0}}, sama da matakin teku, kuma yana nuna wurin da Kogin Kiba ya shiga Kogin Nilu.

== Bayani ==
Gwamnatin Uganda ta ba da umarnin gudanar ''da wani bincike mai taken Aikin Babban Tsarin Nazarin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki a Jamhuriyar Uganda'', wanda ''Kamfanin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki Limited'' da ''Kamfanin Nippon Koei Company Limited'' suka gudanar, wanda Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Duniya ta Japan (JICA) ta dauki nauyinsa, a shekarar 2009. A cikin rahoton wannan binciken, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2011, an gano manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki guda uku don ci gaba nan take, a cikin lokacin 2013 zuwa 2023, wato Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba, Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=9 March 2018 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano wasu tashoshi biyu don ci gaba a cikin matsakaicin lokaci, bayan uku na farko, wato Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Oriang (megawatts 400), &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWakabi2013&quot;&gt;Wakabi, Michael (12 October 2013). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html &quot;New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi: [[Nation Media Group]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot; /&gt; da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiba (da farko megawatts 200). &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt;

== Ci gaban aikin ==
A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2015, gwamnatin Uganda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU) da ''Kamfanin Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban Afirka na China'' (CAIDC), inda ta yi kira da a yi cikakken bincike kan yiwuwar da zai kai ga yarjejeniyar Ginawa, Mallaka, Aiki da Canja wurin (BOOT) don Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Kiba da ayyukan layin wutar lantarki da ke da alaƙa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Monitor Reporter |date=19 July 2017 |title=Energy PS, Chinese in bitter fight as $700 million Kiba dam deal is terminated |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Energy-PS-Chinese-fight--700m-Kiba-dam-deal-terminated/688342-4020014-h8laycz/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMonitor_Reporter2017&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (19 July 2017). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Energy-PS-Chinese-fight--700m-Kiba-dam-deal-terminated/688342-4020014-h8laycz/index.html &quot;Energy PS, Chinese in bitter fight as $700 million Kiba dam deal is terminated&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2017, sama da shekaru biyu daga yarjejeniyar, ba tare da wani ci gaba na zahiri ba, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ci Gaban Ma'adinai ta Uganda ta dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Idan za a gina wannan madatsar ruwa, dole ne a samo sabon mai zuba jari. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt; A watan Mayun 2024, PowerChina, ta hanyar reshenta na Sinohydro, ta nuna sha'awar yin aiki tare da gwamnatin Uganda don haɓaka wannan tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Vision |date=13 May 2024 |title=Museveni Engages Chinese Investors On Hydropower Projects |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/museveni-engages-chinese-investors-on-hydropo-NV_187916 |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekarar 2026, [[Ruth Nankabirwa]], ministar makamashi ta Uganda, ta ba da umarnin gudanar da wani bincike kan yiwuwar gina wannan aikin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Ana sa ran zababbun masu ba da shawara za su yi aiki tare da hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban don hanzarta bin diddigin binciken, wanda hakan zai kai ga zabar 'yan kwangila, hanyoyin samar da kudade da kuma fara ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;FeasR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pedson Mumbere |date=9 May 2026 |title=Nankabirwa Engages Consultancy Experts as Govt Fast-Tracks Feasibility Study for 400MW Kiba Hydro Project |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/business/340460/nankabirwa-engages-consultancy-experts-as-govt-fast-tracks-feasibility-study-for-400mw-kiba-hydro-project |access-date=10 May 2026 |website=Nile Post Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FlagR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhamadi Byemboijana |date=9 May 2026 |title=Uganda Flags Off Technical Studies For 400 MW Kiba Hydro Project |url=https://softpower.ug/uganda-flags-off-technical-studies-for-400-mw-kiba-hydro-project/ |access-date=10 March 2026 |website=SoftPower News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Rahoton JICA ya bayyana wata hanya mai yiwuwa ta hanyar matakai, inda za a gina tashar wutar lantarki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma a ba da umarni a matakai, don adana albarkatu da kuma guje wa gina ƙarfin da ya wuce kima. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=9 March 2018 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJICA2011&quot;&gt;JICA (March 2011). [http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf &quot;JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Tokyo: [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiba Hydroelectric Power Station''' an tsara ta ne don samar da wutar lantarki {{Convert|400|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Monitor Reporter |date=19 July 2017 |title=Energy PS, Chinese in bitter fight as $700 million Kiba dam deal is terminated |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Energy-PS-Chinese-fight--700m-Kiba-dam-deal-terminated/688342-4020014-h8laycz/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma, amma a sama da [[Murchison Falls]] . Wannan wurin yana cikin Gundumar Nwoya, a Yankin Arewacin Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|35|km|0}}, sama da iyakar [[Gidan shakatawa na Murchison Falls|Murchison Falls National Park]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt; Kiba tana da tsawon {{Convert|758|m|0}}, sama da matakin teku, kuma yana nuna wurin da Kogin Kiba ya shiga Kogin Nilu.

== Bayani ==
Gwamnatin Uganda ta ba da umarnin gudanar ''da wani bincike mai taken Aikin Babban Tsarin Nazarin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki a Jamhuriyar Uganda'', wanda ''Kamfanin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki Limited'' da ''Kamfanin Nippon Koei Company Limited'' suka gudanar, wanda Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Duniya ta Japan (JICA) ta dauki nauyinsa, a shekarar 2009. A cikin rahoton wannan binciken, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2011, an gano manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki guda uku don ci gaba nan take, a cikin lokacin 2013 zuwa 2023, wato Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba, Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=9 March 2018 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano wasu tashoshi biyu don ci gaba a cikin matsakaicin lokaci, bayan uku na farko, wato Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Oriang (megawatts 400), &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWakabi2013&quot;&gt;Wakabi, Michael (12 October 2013). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html &quot;New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi: [[Nation Media Group]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot; /&gt; da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiba (da farko megawatts 200). &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt;

== Ci gaban aikin ==
A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2015, gwamnatin Uganda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU) da ''Kamfanin Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban Afirka na China'' (CAIDC), inda ta yi kira da a yi cikakken bincike kan yiwuwar da zai kai ga yarjejeniyar Ginawa, Mallaka, Aiki da Canja wurin (BOOT) don Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Kiba da ayyukan layin wutar lantarki da ke da alaƙa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Monitor Reporter |date=19 July 2017 |title=Energy PS, Chinese in bitter fight as $700 million Kiba dam deal is terminated |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Energy-PS-Chinese-fight--700m-Kiba-dam-deal-terminated/688342-4020014-h8laycz/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMonitor_Reporter2017&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (19 July 2017). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Energy-PS-Chinese-fight--700m-Kiba-dam-deal-terminated/688342-4020014-h8laycz/index.html &quot;Energy PS, Chinese in bitter fight as $700 million Kiba dam deal is terminated&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2017, sama da shekaru biyu daga yarjejeniyar, ba tare da wani ci gaba na zahiri ba, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ci Gaban Ma'adinai ta Uganda ta dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Idan za a gina wannan madatsar ruwa, dole ne a samo sabon mai zuba jari. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt; A watan Mayun 2024, PowerChina, ta hanyar reshenta na Sinohydro, ta nuna sha'awar yin aiki tare da gwamnatin Uganda don haɓaka wannan tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Vision |date=13 May 2024 |title=Museveni Engages Chinese Investors On Hydropower Projects |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/museveni-engages-chinese-investors-on-hydropo-NV_187916 |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekarar 2026, [[Ruth Nankabirwa]], ministar makamashi ta Uganda, ta ba da umarnin gudanar da wani bincike kan yiwuwar gina wannan aikin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Ana sa ran zababbun masu ba da shawara za su yi aiki tare da hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban don hanzarta bin diddigin binciken, wanda hakan zai kai ga zabar 'yan kwangila, hanyoyin samar da kudade da kuma fara ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;FeasR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pedson Mumbere |date=9 May 2026 |title=Nankabirwa Engages Consultancy Experts as Govt Fast-Tracks Feasibility Study for 400MW Kiba Hydro Project |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/business/340460/nankabirwa-engages-consultancy-experts-as-govt-fast-tracks-feasibility-study-for-400mw-kiba-hydro-project |access-date=10 May 2026 |website=Nile Post Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FlagR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhamadi Byemboijana |date=9 May 2026 |title=Uganda Flags Off Technical Studies For 400 MW Kiba Hydro Project |url=https://softpower.ug/uganda-flags-off-technical-studies-for-400-mw-kiba-hydro-project/ |access-date=10 March 2026 |website=SoftPower News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Rahoton JICA ya bayyana wata hanya mai yiwuwa ta hanyar matakai, inda za a gina tashar wutar lantarki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma a ba da umarni a matakai, don adana albarkatu da kuma guje wa gina ƙarfin da ya wuce kima. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=9 March 2018 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJICA2011&quot;&gt;JICA (March 2011). [http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf &quot;JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Tokyo: [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>4g536bk6t26due1n37vd3wytenlmnqp</sha1>
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    <title>Labeobarbus gorgorensis</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178760548|Labeobarbus gorgorensis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''''Labeobarbus'' gorgorensis''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus, wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>858733</id>
      <parentid>858732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:35:36Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>858733</origin>
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&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''Labeobarbus'' gorgorensis''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus, wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.''&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2010). &quot;Labeobarbus gorgorensis&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T181782A7733598. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T181782A7733598.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bumbuna II</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329541886|Bumbuna II Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bumbuna II''' an tsara ta ne don samar da wutar lantarki mai {{Convert|143|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Saliyo]] . Ana ci gaba da haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin makamashi mai sabuntawa (IPPs) da masu zuba jari, waɗanda ''Joule Africa Limited'' ke jagoranta. Za a sayar da makamashin da ake samarwa a nan ga ''Hukumar Rarraba Wutar Lantarki da Samar da Kayayyaki'' (EDSA), kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Saliyo, a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 25. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=23 January 2019 |title=Sierra Leone: Electrifi contributes $3.5 million for Bumbuna II hydroelectric project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/sierra-leone-electrifi-contributes-3-5-million-for-bumbuna-ii-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a fadin [[Kogin Rokel|Kogin Seli]] (Kogin Rokel), a wajen garin Bumbuna, a gundumar Tonkolili, a lardin arewacin Saliyo. Wannan wuri yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|7.3|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin tsakiyar birnin Bumbuna, kusa da [[Dam din Bumbuna|tashar wutar lantarki ta Bumbuna I mai]] karfin megawatt 50.  Bumbuna tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|48|km|0}} ta hanyar arewa maso gabashin birnin Magburaka, babban birnin gundumar.  Wannan kimanin {{Convert|232|km|0}} ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin [[Freetown]], babban birnin gundumar kuma birni mafi girma.  Bumbuna II zai zama fadada Bumbuna I, &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da daidaitattun yanayin ƙasa iri ɗaya a 9°04'19.0&quot;N, 11°43'21.0&quot;W (Latitude:09.071944; Longitude:-11.722500). 

== Bayani ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Bumbuna I, wani gini ne mai karfin megawatt 50 mallakar gwamnatin Saliyo. An fara gina tashar wutar lantarki wadda ta kashe dala miliyan 327 a shekarar 2009. Duk da haka, samar da wutar lantarki bai isa ya biya bukatun wutar lantarki na kasar ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=InfraCo Africa |date=August 2021 |title=Sierra Leone: Bumbuna Hydro II |url=https://infracoafrica.com/project/bumbuna-hydro-ii/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=InfraCoAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabon shirin shine gina sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki (Bumbuna II), wacce ke da karfin megawatts 143, kusa da ta farko mai karfin megawatts 50 (Bumbuna I). Wannan ya kunshi fadada madatsar ruwa ta Bumbuna I da kuma gina sabuwar madatsar ruwa a ''Yiben'', kimanin {{Convert|35|km|0}} sama da madatsar ruwa ta Bumbuna I. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=InfraCo Africa |date=August 2021 |title=Sierra Leone: Bumbuna Hydro II |url=https://infracoafrica.com/project/bumbuna-hydro-ii/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=InfraCoAfrica.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFInfraCo_Africa2021&quot;&gt;InfraCo Africa (August 2021). [https://infracoafrica.com/project/bumbuna-hydro-ii/ &quot;Sierra Leone: Bumbuna Hydro II&quot;]. ''InfraCoAfrica.com''. London, United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

A Bumbuna, za a gina sabuwar hanyar shiga ta kimanin {{Convert|400|m|ft}} sama da madatsar ruwa da ke akwai. Za a sanya injinan turbine guda biyu masu nau'in Francis kowanne mai ƙarfin megawatt 42.15 da injin turbine guda ɗaya mai ƙarfin megawatt 3.7 a nan, waɗanda za su samar da jimillar megawatt 88 a cikin sabon ƙarfin. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A Yiben, madatsar ruwa da ke wurin za ta kai {{Convert|83|m|ft}}tsayin ƙafa  kuma zai kasance {{Convert|730|m|ft}}Faɗin  . Zai zama &quot;madatsar ruwa mai nauyin siminti mai naɗi (RCC), wanda ke ƙirƙirar tafki mai faɗin faɗin {{Convert|115|km²|mi2}}   . Gidan wutar lantarki da ke Yiben zai sami injinan injinan Francis guda biyu kowannensu wanda aka sanya musu megawatts 27.7, wanda zai samar da jimillar megawatts 55.4 a cikin sabon ƙarfin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Kamfanin Bumbuna II, wanda ke da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na megawatts 143.4, mallakar kamfanin ''Seli Hydropower Limited'' (SHPL) ne kuma za a haɓaka shi, a sarrafa shi, a kula da shi. Kamfanin SHPL haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Joule Africa, wani kamfani mai samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa IPP wanda hedikwata a London, United Kingdom da Kamfanin Ayyukan Makamashi (ESCO), wanda ke Freetown, Sierra Leone. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gine-gine, kuɗi da kuma lokacin aiki ==
An ƙiyasta kasafin kuɗin ginin a kan dala miliyan 750. Majiyoyin samun kuɗi sun haɗa da (a) [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (AfDB) (b) Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (EC), ta hanyar ''Shirin Ba da Lantarki'' (ElectriFI) (c) Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kayayyakin more rayuwa masu zaman kansu (PIDG) da (d) Asusun Samar da Infrastructure na Afirka Mai tasowa (EAIF). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Za a kwashe megawatts 88 da aka samar a Bumbuna II ta hanyar sabon layin watsawa mai karfin 225kV zuwa wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai nisan {{Convert|4|km|0}} kudu maso yamma da tashar wutar lantarki ta Bumbuna II. Za a mayar da megawatts 55.4 da aka samar a Yiben zuwa Bumbuna II, ta hanyar sabuwar hanyar watsawa mai tsawon da'ira ɗaya, wadda ta kai kimanin {{Convert|34|km|0}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;

Ana tura megawatts 50 da aka samar a Bumbuna I zuwa Freetown ta hanyar layin watsawa na da'ira ɗaya mai ƙarfin 161kV wanda ke da tsawon kusan {{Convert|200|km|0}} . Yana shiga cikin layin ƙasa a can. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Saliyo
* [[Dam din Bumbuna|Madatsar Ruwa ta Bumbuna]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bumbuna II''' an tsara ta ne don samar da wutar lantarki mai {{Convert|143|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Saliyo]] . Ana ci gaba da haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin makamashi mai sabuntawa (IPPs) da masu zuba jari, waɗanda ''Joule Africa Limited'' ke jagoranta. Za a sayar da makamashin da ake samarwa a nan ga ''Hukumar Rarraba Wutar Lantarki da Samar da Kayayyaki'' (EDSA), kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Saliyo, a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 25. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=23 January 2019 |title=Sierra Leone: Electrifi contributes $3.5 million for Bumbuna II hydroelectric project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/sierra-leone-electrifi-contributes-3-5-million-for-bumbuna-ii-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a fadin [[Kogin Rokel|Kogin Seli]] (Kogin Rokel), a wajen garin Bumbuna, a gundumar Tonkolili, a lardin arewacin Saliyo. Wannan wuri yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|7.3|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin tsakiyar birnin Bumbuna, kusa da [[Dam din Bumbuna|tashar wutar lantarki ta Bumbuna I mai]] karfin megawatt 50.  Bumbuna tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|48|km|0}} ta hanyar arewa maso gabashin birnin Magburaka, babban birnin gundumar.  Wannan kimanin {{Convert|232|km|0}} ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin [[Freetown]], babban birnin gundumar kuma birni mafi girma.  Bumbuna II zai zama fadada Bumbuna I, &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da daidaitattun yanayin ƙasa iri ɗaya a 9°04'19.0&quot;N, 11°43'21.0&quot;W (Latitude:09.071944; Longitude:-11.722500). 

== Bayani ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Bumbuna I, wani gini ne mai karfin megawatt 50 mallakar gwamnatin Saliyo. An fara gina tashar wutar lantarki wadda ta kashe dala miliyan 327 a shekarar 2009. Duk da haka, samar da wutar lantarki bai isa ya biya bukatun wutar lantarki na kasar ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=InfraCo Africa |date=August 2021 |title=Sierra Leone: Bumbuna Hydro II |url=https://infracoafrica.com/project/bumbuna-hydro-ii/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=InfraCoAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabon shirin shine gina sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki (Bumbuna II), wacce ke da karfin megawatts 143, kusa da ta farko mai karfin megawatts 50 (Bumbuna I). Wannan ya kunshi fadada madatsar ruwa ta Bumbuna I da kuma gina sabuwar madatsar ruwa a ''Yiben'', kimanin {{Convert|35|km|0}} sama da madatsar ruwa ta Bumbuna I. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=InfraCo Africa |date=August 2021 |title=Sierra Leone: Bumbuna Hydro II |url=https://infracoafrica.com/project/bumbuna-hydro-ii/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=InfraCoAfrica.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFInfraCo_Africa2021&quot;&gt;InfraCo Africa (August 2021). [https://infracoafrica.com/project/bumbuna-hydro-ii/ &quot;Sierra Leone: Bumbuna Hydro II&quot;]. ''InfraCoAfrica.com''. London, United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

A Bumbuna, za a gina sabuwar hanyar shiga ta kimanin {{Convert|400|m|ft}} sama da madatsar ruwa da ke akwai. Za a sanya injinan turbine guda biyu masu nau'in Francis kowanne mai ƙarfin megawatt 42.15 da injin turbine guda ɗaya mai ƙarfin megawatt 3.7 a nan, waɗanda za su samar da jimillar megawatt 88 a cikin sabon ƙarfin. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A Yiben, madatsar ruwa da ke wurin za ta kai {{Convert|83|m|ft}}tsayin ƙafa  kuma zai kasance {{Convert|730|m|ft}}Faɗin  . Zai zama &quot;madatsar ruwa mai nauyin siminti mai naɗi (RCC), wanda ke ƙirƙirar tafki mai faɗin faɗin {{Convert|115|km²|mi2}}   . Gidan wutar lantarki da ke Yiben zai sami injinan injinan Francis guda biyu kowannensu wanda aka sanya musu megawatts 27.7, wanda zai samar da jimillar megawatts 55.4 a cikin sabon ƙarfin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Kamfanin Bumbuna II, wanda ke da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na megawatts 143.4, mallakar kamfanin ''Seli Hydropower Limited'' (SHPL) ne kuma za a haɓaka shi, a sarrafa shi, a kula da shi. Kamfanin SHPL haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Joule Africa, wani kamfani mai samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa IPP wanda hedikwata a London, United Kingdom da Kamfanin Ayyukan Makamashi (ESCO), wanda ke Freetown, Sierra Leone. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gine-gine, kuɗi da kuma lokacin aiki ==
An ƙiyasta kasafin kuɗin ginin a kan dala miliyan 750. Majiyoyin samun kuɗi sun haɗa da (a) [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (AfDB) (b) Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (EC), ta hanyar ''Shirin Ba da Lantarki'' (ElectriFI) (c) Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kayayyakin more rayuwa masu zaman kansu (PIDG) da (d) Asusun Samar da Infrastructure na Afirka Mai tasowa (EAIF). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Za a kwashe megawatts 88 da aka samar a Bumbuna II ta hanyar sabon layin watsawa mai karfin 225kV zuwa wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai nisan {{Convert|4|km|0}} kudu maso yamma da tashar wutar lantarki ta Bumbuna II. Za a mayar da megawatts 55.4 da aka samar a Yiben zuwa Bumbuna II, ta hanyar sabuwar hanyar watsawa mai tsawon da'ira ɗaya, wadda ta kai kimanin {{Convert|34|km|0}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;

Ana tura megawatts 50 da aka samar a Bumbuna I zuwa Freetown ta hanyar layin watsawa na da'ira ɗaya mai ƙarfin 161kV wanda ke da tsawon kusan {{Convert|200|km|0}} . Yana shiga cikin layin ƙasa a can. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2019 |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NSEnergyBusiness.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNS_Energy2019&quot;&gt;NS Energy (2019). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ &quot;Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant: Bumbuna phase two details&quot;]. ''NSEnergyBusiness.com''. United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Saliyo
* [[Dam din Bumbuna|Madatsar Ruwa ta Bumbuna]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>qrwve3ht0045dglnyz9ikorjr6qta2o</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labeobarbus gorguari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858735</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:36:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178760515|Labeobarbus gorguari]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858735</origin>
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'''''Labeobarbus gorguari''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai barazanar. An ƙuntata shi ga [[Tafkin Tana]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]].

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>qsas5qnlrun7qd0voaajn7ccezv1gfg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858737</id>
      <parentid>858735</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:37:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>858737</origin>
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      <text bytes="325" sha1="pfb5aaw7cduwu3qn332u33h5a2hch93" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''''Labeobarbus gorguari''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai barazanar. An ƙuntata shi ga [[Tafkin Tana]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]].&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2010). &quot;Labeobarbus gorguari&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T181988A7779484. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T181988A7779484.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>pfb5aaw7cduwu3qn332u33h5a2hch93</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Labeobarbus longissimus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858738</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:37:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178760473|Labeobarbus longissimus]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858738</origin>
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'''''''Labeobarbus'' longissimus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>o4jvxclk97nkstinl7l2tfc9uahvibq</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>858739</id>
      <parentid>858738</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:38:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>858739</origin>
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      <text bytes="362" sha1="0swi599h2biprla99olw5k4flxnu40i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''Labeobarbus'' longissimus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha.''&lt;ref&gt;Getahun, A. (2010). &quot;Labeobarbus longissimus&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T182657A7936217. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182657A7936217.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1222002140|Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba Hydroelectric''' tana da {{Convert|183.2|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka ƙaddamar a ranar 21 ga Maris 2019 a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Halima Athumani |date=22 March 2019 |title=Uganda Launches China-Built Isimba Dam |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/uganda-launches-china-built-isimba-dam/4842856.html |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=[[Voice of America]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul Tajuba |date=28 July 2013 |title=Govt awards Chinese company Isimba Hydropower project |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-awards-Chinese-company-Isimba-Hydropower-project/-/688334/1928600/-/nbwqln/-/index.html |access-date=23 April 2017 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gina wannan madatsar ruwa a watan Afrilun 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabu Butagira |date=21 March 2019 |title=Relief For Industrialists As 183MW Isimba Dam Opens |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Relief-industrialists-183mw-Isimba-dam-opens/688334-5035140-11bnp4az/index.html |access-date=21 March 2019 |website=[[Daily Monitor]] |place=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an kammala shi a watan Janairun 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 January 2019 |title=Uganda: CWE Commissions 183.2 MW Isimba Hydroelectric Dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-cwe-commissions-183-2-mw-isimba-hydroelectric-dam/ |access-date=21 March 2019 |publisher=Afrik21}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ayyukan kasuwanci a ranar 21 ga Maris 2019. 

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyen Isimba a kan [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], a gundumar Kamuli . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musingo |first=Doreen |date=23 October 2011 |title=Government plans to build power dam in Kamuli District |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1002846/govt-plans-build-power-dam-kamuli-district |access-date=12 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|44|km|mi}} arewacin Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=12 April 2016 |title=Distance between Bujagali Hydropower Plant, Buikwe, Central Region, Uganda and Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station, Ntenjeru, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Bujagali%20Hydropower%20Plant%2C%20Buikwe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Isimba%20Hydroelectric%20Power%20Station%2C%20Ntenjeru%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJw0p_WyR-fhcR13a9kVzmN58&amp;dt2=ChIJM5Zxh5sffBcRY4oaocE58qo |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na yanki na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba sune: 00°46'18.0&quot;N, 33°02'32.0&quot;E (Latitude:0.771667; Longitude:33.042222). 

== Bayani ==
An ba da kwangilar nazarin yuwuwar aiki da shirya takardun tayin, wanda darajarsu ta kai dala miliyan 3.8 ga wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi kamfanonin injiniya Fichtner (jagora) da Norplan . &lt;ref name=&quot;Norplan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Norplan |date=3 March 2010 |title=Norplan consortium signs contract for the Isimba hydro power project in Uganda |url=http://norplan.com/norplan-consortium-signs-contract-for-the-isimba-hydro-power-project-in-uganda |access-date=29 June 2015 |publisher=Norplan AS 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani kamfanin ƙasar Uganda, Kagga &amp; Partners, ya kasance ƙaramin mai ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Norplan&quot; /&gt; Tsarin farko na ɗaukar wutar lantarki a Isimba ya kamata ya zama aƙalla {{Convert|100|MW}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Norplan&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=18 May 2009 |title=Uganda: German Firm Gets Sh8 Billion Isimba Power Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200905190187.html |access-date=15 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2013, kafofin watsa labarai na Uganda sun ba da rahoton cewa an bai wa Kamfanin China International Water &amp;amp;amp; Electric Corporation, wani kamfanin wutar lantarki mallakar gwamnatin [[Sin|China]], kwangilar ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Contract&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Howe |first=Marc |date=10 October 2013 |title=Chinese Begin Work On Uganda's $500M Hydropower Plant |url=http://sourceable.net/chinese-begin-work-on-ugandas-500mn-hydropower-plant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507084929/http://sourceable.net/chinese-begin-work-on-ugandas-500mn-hydropower-plant/ |archive-date=7 May 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=Sourceable.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙara ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki zuwa megawatts 183.2. &lt;ref name=&quot;Contract&quot; /&gt; Ana sa ran ginin zai ɗauki watanni 34. &lt;ref name=&quot;Contract&quot; /&gt; A watan Janairun 2018, bayan ƙarewar kwangilar watanni 40, ''Energy Infratech Private Limited'', daga [[Indiya]], ta miƙa wa sabuwar ƙungiyar injiniya mai sa ido. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ''Artelia EAU &amp; Environment'' daga [[Faransa]] da kuma kamfanin gida ''na KKATT Consult Limited'' . Yanzu ana sa ran kammala aikin a watan Agustan 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=19 January 2018 |title=Isimba dam gets new consultant |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Isimba-dam-gets-new-consultant/688334-4270036-1dyigz/index.html |access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barigaba |first=Julius |date=30 January 2018 |title=Uganda replaces Isimba hydopower dam engineer |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-Isimba-hydopower-dam-engineer/2560-4284230-v93lw3z/index.html |access-date=30 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Afrilun 2018, a cewar Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Electricity Company Limited, aikin ya kammala da kashi 86 cikin 100, tare da jimlar kuɗin da aka kiyasta ya kai dala miliyan 567.7. &lt;ref name=&quot;12R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Julius Businge |date=10 April 2018 |title=Seven experts to scrutinize Isimba Dam works |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/seven-experts-to-scrutinize-isimba-dam-works/ |access-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin da aka tsara kwanan nan ya haɗa da {{Convert|0.5|km|ft}} gada a saman tashar wutar lantarki wadda za ta ratsa kogin Victoria kuma ta samar da wata hanyar ketare kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, hanyar da ta ratsa madatsar ruwa hanya ɗaya ce maimakon layuka biyu da aka tsara, kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin ba za a iya amfani da ita ba. Gwamnatin Uganda ta umurci ɗan kwangilar da ya gina {{Convert|3.5|km|0}} gadar jama'a, a gefen madatsar ruwa ta Isimba, akan kuɗin da ya kai dala biliyan 24 ($6.7 miliyan). Ana sa ran kammala aikin gina gadar jama'a a watan Disamba na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benjamin Jumbe |date=19 November 2019 |title=Muloni trashes Kadaga's Shs24 billion Isimba Dam corruption claims |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Muloni-Kadaga-Shs24-bn-Isimba-Dam-corruption-CWE/688334-5354980-1461a8i/index.html |access-date=21 November 2019 |place=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An kiyasta jimillar kuɗin aikin a matsayin dala miliyan 350 da aka fara kiyasinsa. A shekarar 2008, gwamnatin Uganda ta sami rancen kuɗi daga Bankin Fitar da Kaya na Indiya don ɗaukar nauyin ginin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2008 |title=India Gives $350m for Isimba Dam |url=http://www.esi-africa.com/india-gives-350m-for-isimba-dam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061435/http://www.esi-africa.com/india-gives-350m-for-isimba-dam/ |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=ESI Africa Magazine (South Africa)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2013, kafafen yaɗa labarai na Uganda sun ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Indiya ta faɗaɗa layin bashi na dala miliyan 450 (kimanin dala tiriliyan UGX: tiriliyan 1.1) don gina madatsar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kulabako |first=Faridah |date=22 April 2013 |title=India to give Shs1.1t for Isimba hydro plant |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Commodities/India-to-give-Shs1-1t-for-Isimba-hydro-plant/-/688610/1754556/-/1ivc50/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508062501/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Commodities/India-to-give-Shs1-1t-for-Isimba-hydro-plant/-/688610/1754556/-/1ivc50/-/index.html |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2013, rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai sun nuna cewa kudin madatsar ruwan ya karu zuwa dala miliyan 570 na Amurka (kimanin dala tiriliyan UGX:1.4), wanda aka ba shi tallafin rancen daga Bankin Fitar da Kaya na China . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=30 July 2013 |title=Uganda awards another hydro-electric project to Chinese firm |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/645555-uganda-awards-another-hydro-electric-project-to-chinese-firm.html |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff Reporter |first=China |date=5 August 2013 |title=Chinese to fund and build Uganda's Isimba hydroelectric dam |url=http://asian-power.com/project/news/chinese-fund-and-build-ugandas-isimba-hydroelectric-dam |access-date=12 December 2015 |publisher=Asian-Power.Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vision Reporter |date=7 August 2014 |title=Isimba Dam construction commences |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/658477-isimba-dam-construction-commences.html |access-date=10 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na 2015, Majalisar Dokokin Uganda ta ba wa gwamnatin Uganda izinin rancen dala miliyan 482.5 na Amurka (kimanin dala tiriliyan UGX:1.4) daga Bankin Exim na China a kashi 2 cikin 100 na riba ta shekara-shekara da za a biya cikin shekaru 20, tare da wa'adin shekaru biyar na alheri. Uganda za ta ba da gudummawar sauran dala miliyan 107 na Amurka ga aikin, wanda jimillar kudinsa ya kai dala miliyan 589.5 na Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Okay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson Wesonga |first=and Yasiin Mugerwa |date=15 March 2015 |title=Parliament okays Shs1.4 trillion loan for Isimba hydropower deal |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Parliament-okays-Shs1-4-trillion-loan-for-Isimba-hydropower-deal/-/688334/2653534/-/91uj8z/-/index.html |access-date=15 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An gina sabuwar hanyar watsa wutar lantarki mai karfin kilovolt 132 don kwashe wutar lantarki da aka samar da kuma hada ta cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta kasa a Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul Kiwuuwa |date=6 March 2015 |title=Government seeks approval for Sh1.3 trillion loan |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1321884/govt-seeks-approval-sh13-trillion-loan |access-date=15 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hanyoyin samun kuɗi ga tashar wutar lantarki kawai, ba tare da layin wutar lantarki, hanya da sauran ababen more rayuwa da suka shafi hakan ba. 

== Ayyuka ==
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited ne ke gudanar da tashar wutar lantarkin. &lt;ref name=&quot;10R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Vision |date=21 March 2019 |title=We Hope To Generate 17,000MW By 2018, Says Mutikanga |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1496700/hope-generate-000mw-2028-mutikanga |access-date=21 March 2019 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Kayunga-Busaana-Nabuganyi Road
* Gundumar Kayunga

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba Hydroelectric''' tana da {{Convert|183.2|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka ƙaddamar a ranar 21 ga Maris 2019 a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Halima Athumani |date=22 March 2019 |title=Uganda Launches China-Built Isimba Dam |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/uganda-launches-china-built-isimba-dam/4842856.html |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=[[Voice of America]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul Tajuba |date=28 July 2013 |title=Govt awards Chinese company Isimba Hydropower project |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-awards-Chinese-company-Isimba-Hydropower-project/-/688334/1928600/-/nbwqln/-/index.html |access-date=23 April 2017 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gina wannan madatsar ruwa a watan Afrilun 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabu Butagira |date=21 March 2019 |title=Relief For Industrialists As 183MW Isimba Dam Opens |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Relief-industrialists-183mw-Isimba-dam-opens/688334-5035140-11bnp4az/index.html |access-date=21 March 2019 |website=[[Daily Monitor]] |place=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an kammala shi a watan Janairun 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 January 2019 |title=Uganda: CWE Commissions 183.2 MW Isimba Hydroelectric Dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-cwe-commissions-183-2-mw-isimba-hydroelectric-dam/ |access-date=21 March 2019 |publisher=Afrik21}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ayyukan kasuwanci a ranar 21 ga Maris 2019. 

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyen Isimba a kan [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], a gundumar Kamuli . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musingo |first=Doreen |date=23 October 2011 |title=Government plans to build power dam in Kamuli District |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1002846/govt-plans-build-power-dam-kamuli-district |access-date=12 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|44|km|mi}} arewacin Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=12 April 2016 |title=Distance between Bujagali Hydropower Plant, Buikwe, Central Region, Uganda and Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station, Ntenjeru, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Bujagali%20Hydropower%20Plant%2C%20Buikwe%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Isimba%20Hydroelectric%20Power%20Station%2C%20Ntenjeru%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJw0p_WyR-fhcR13a9kVzmN58&amp;dt2=ChIJM5Zxh5sffBcRY4oaocE58qo |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na yanki na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba sune: 00°46'18.0&quot;N, 33°02'32.0&quot;E (Latitude:0.771667; Longitude:33.042222). 

== Bayani ==
An ba da kwangilar nazarin yuwuwar aiki da shirya takardun tayin, wanda darajarsu ta kai dala miliyan 3.8 ga wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi kamfanonin injiniya Fichtner (jagora) da Norplan . &lt;ref name=&quot;Norplan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Norplan |date=3 March 2010 |title=Norplan consortium signs contract for the Isimba hydro power project in Uganda |url=http://norplan.com/norplan-consortium-signs-contract-for-the-isimba-hydro-power-project-in-uganda |access-date=29 June 2015 |publisher=Norplan AS 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani kamfanin ƙasar Uganda, Kagga &amp; Partners, ya kasance ƙaramin mai ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Norplan&quot; /&gt; Tsarin farko na ɗaukar wutar lantarki a Isimba ya kamata ya zama aƙalla {{Convert|100|MW}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Norplan&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=18 May 2009 |title=Uganda: German Firm Gets Sh8 Billion Isimba Power Deal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200905190187.html |access-date=15 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2013, kafofin watsa labarai na Uganda sun ba da rahoton cewa an bai wa Kamfanin China International Water &amp;amp;amp; Electric Corporation, wani kamfanin wutar lantarki mallakar gwamnatin [[Sin|China]], kwangilar ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Contract&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Howe |first=Marc |date=10 October 2013 |title=Chinese Begin Work On Uganda's $500M Hydropower Plant |url=http://sourceable.net/chinese-begin-work-on-ugandas-500mn-hydropower-plant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507084929/http://sourceable.net/chinese-begin-work-on-ugandas-500mn-hydropower-plant/ |archive-date=7 May 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=Sourceable.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙara ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki zuwa megawatts 183.2. &lt;ref name=&quot;Contract&quot; /&gt; Ana sa ran ginin zai ɗauki watanni 34. &lt;ref name=&quot;Contract&quot; /&gt; A watan Janairun 2018, bayan ƙarewar kwangilar watanni 40, ''Energy Infratech Private Limited'', daga [[Indiya]], ta miƙa wa sabuwar ƙungiyar injiniya mai sa ido. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ''Artelia EAU &amp; Environment'' daga [[Faransa]] da kuma kamfanin gida ''na KKATT Consult Limited'' . Yanzu ana sa ran kammala aikin a watan Agustan 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=19 January 2018 |title=Isimba dam gets new consultant |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Isimba-dam-gets-new-consultant/688334-4270036-1dyigz/index.html |access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barigaba |first=Julius |date=30 January 2018 |title=Uganda replaces Isimba hydopower dam engineer |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-Isimba-hydopower-dam-engineer/2560-4284230-v93lw3z/index.html |access-date=30 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Afrilun 2018, a cewar Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Electricity Company Limited, aikin ya kammala da kashi 86 cikin 100, tare da jimlar kuɗin da aka kiyasta ya kai dala miliyan 567.7. &lt;ref name=&quot;12R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Julius Businge |date=10 April 2018 |title=Seven experts to scrutinize Isimba Dam works |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/seven-experts-to-scrutinize-isimba-dam-works/ |access-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin da aka tsara kwanan nan ya haɗa da {{Convert|0.5|km|ft}} gada a saman tashar wutar lantarki wadda za ta ratsa kogin Victoria kuma ta samar da wata hanyar ketare kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=9 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, hanyar da ta ratsa madatsar ruwa hanya ɗaya ce maimakon layuka biyu da aka tsara, kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin ba za a iya amfani da ita ba. Gwamnatin Uganda ta umurci ɗan kwangilar da ya gina {{Convert|3.5|km|0}} gadar jama'a, a gefen madatsar ruwa ta Isimba, akan kuɗin da ya kai dala biliyan 24 ($6.7 miliyan). Ana sa ran kammala aikin gina gadar jama'a a watan Disamba na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benjamin Jumbe |date=19 November 2019 |title=Muloni trashes Kadaga's Shs24 billion Isimba Dam corruption claims |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Muloni-Kadaga-Shs24-bn-Isimba-Dam-corruption-CWE/688334-5354980-1461a8i/index.html |access-date=21 November 2019 |place=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An kiyasta jimillar kuɗin aikin a matsayin dala miliyan 350 da aka fara kiyasinsa. A shekarar 2008, gwamnatin Uganda ta sami rancen kuɗi daga Bankin Fitar da Kaya na Indiya don ɗaukar nauyin ginin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2008 |title=India Gives $350m for Isimba Dam |url=http://www.esi-africa.com/india-gives-350m-for-isimba-dam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061435/http://www.esi-africa.com/india-gives-350m-for-isimba-dam/ |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=ESI Africa Magazine (South Africa)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2013, kafafen yaɗa labarai na Uganda sun ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Indiya ta faɗaɗa layin bashi na dala miliyan 450 (kimanin dala tiriliyan UGX: tiriliyan 1.1) don gina madatsar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kulabako |first=Faridah |date=22 April 2013 |title=India to give Shs1.1t for Isimba hydro plant |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Commodities/India-to-give-Shs1-1t-for-Isimba-hydro-plant/-/688610/1754556/-/1ivc50/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508062501/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Commodities/India-to-give-Shs1-1t-for-Isimba-hydro-plant/-/688610/1754556/-/1ivc50/-/index.html |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2013, rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai sun nuna cewa kudin madatsar ruwan ya karu zuwa dala miliyan 570 na Amurka (kimanin dala tiriliyan UGX:1.4), wanda aka ba shi tallafin rancen daga Bankin Fitar da Kaya na China . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=30 July 2013 |title=Uganda awards another hydro-electric project to Chinese firm |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/645555-uganda-awards-another-hydro-electric-project-to-chinese-firm.html |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff Reporter |first=China |date=5 August 2013 |title=Chinese to fund and build Uganda's Isimba hydroelectric dam |url=http://asian-power.com/project/news/chinese-fund-and-build-ugandas-isimba-hydroelectric-dam |access-date=12 December 2015 |publisher=Asian-Power.Com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vision Reporter |date=7 August 2014 |title=Isimba Dam construction commences |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/658477-isimba-dam-construction-commences.html |access-date=10 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na 2015, Majalisar Dokokin Uganda ta ba wa gwamnatin Uganda izinin rancen dala miliyan 482.5 na Amurka (kimanin dala tiriliyan UGX:1.4) daga Bankin Exim na China a kashi 2 cikin 100 na riba ta shekara-shekara da za a biya cikin shekaru 20, tare da wa'adin shekaru biyar na alheri. Uganda za ta ba da gudummawar sauran dala miliyan 107 na Amurka ga aikin, wanda jimillar kudinsa ya kai dala miliyan 589.5 na Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Okay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson Wesonga |first=and Yasiin Mugerwa |date=15 March 2015 |title=Parliament okays Shs1.4 trillion loan for Isimba hydropower deal |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Parliament-okays-Shs1-4-trillion-loan-for-Isimba-hydropower-deal/-/688334/2653534/-/91uj8z/-/index.html |access-date=15 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An gina sabuwar hanyar watsa wutar lantarki mai karfin kilovolt 132 don kwashe wutar lantarki da aka samar da kuma hada ta cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta kasa a Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul Kiwuuwa |date=6 March 2015 |title=Government seeks approval for Sh1.3 trillion loan |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1321884/govt-seeks-approval-sh13-trillion-loan |access-date=15 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hanyoyin samun kuɗi ga tashar wutar lantarki kawai, ba tare da layin wutar lantarki, hanya da sauran ababen more rayuwa da suka shafi hakan ba. 

== Ayyuka ==
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited ne ke gudanar da tashar wutar lantarkin. &lt;ref name=&quot;10R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Vision |date=21 March 2019 |title=We Hope To Generate 17,000MW By 2018, Says Mutikanga |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1496700/hope-generate-000mw-2028-mutikanga |access-date=21 March 2019 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Kayunga-Busaana-Nabuganyi Road
* Gundumar Kayunga

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>owk3v9ksj6kr4klujkyxfyu1eft5u19</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labeobarbus macrophtalmus</title>
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    <id>158000</id>
    <revision>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1216049248|Labeobarbus macrophtalmus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''''Labeobarbus'' macrophtalmus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha inda yake daya daga cikin nau'ikan kifi masu ban mamaki. Yana fuskantar barazanar yawan kamun kifi, gurɓataccen ruwa, yaduwa da gabatar da nau'in kifi masu mamayewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858744</id>
      <parentid>858742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:40:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="580" sha1="jukfjbx4lvjm323fiyzmgdj4mucsmyw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''Labeobarbus'' macrophtalmus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tana]] a Habasha inda yake daya daga cikin nau'ikan kifi masu ban mamaki. Yana fuskantar barazanar yawan kamun kifi, gurɓataccen ruwa, yaduwa da gabatar da nau'in kifi masu mamayewa.''&lt;ref&gt;Snoeks, J.; Laleye, P.; Getahun, A.; Contreras-MacBeath, T. (2010). &quot;Labeobarbus macrophtalmus&quot;. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2010: e.T169459A6633029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T169459A6633029.en.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302238761|Bugoye Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4153" sha1="m0wt9yqowscez0wgxgcqufrpokqqvzz" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye''' tana da lamba {{Convert|13|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . A cikin adabi, wani lokacin ana kiran Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku II .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Mubuku'', a Bugoye, gundumar Kasese, a Yammacin Uganda . Wannan wuri yana cikin gindin tsaunukan Rwenzori, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . Bugoye tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|19|km}}, ta hanya, arewacin Kasese, wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take, da kuma babban birni mafi kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kasese And Bugoye With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Bugoye%20(Kasese)&amp;toplace=Kasese%20(Kasese)&amp;fromlat=0.3383333&amp;tolat=0.23&amp;fromlng=30.0772222&amp;tolng=29.9883333 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
'''Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Bugoye''', aikin samar da wutar lantarki ''ta ruwa ne ta hanyar amfani da ƙaramin injin ruwa na kogin'', wanda ke da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na MW 13. Ana shigar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Nkenda, mai nisan {{Convert|6|km|mi}} daga Bugoye, ta hanyar layin watsawa na 33kV.

Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki [[Norway|na]] TronderEnergi ne ke da kuma sarrafa ta. An fara ginin ta a watan Maris na 2008 kuma an fara aikin ginin ta watanni 19 bayan haka a watan Oktoba na 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2010 |title=Bugoye Plant Operating In Uganda |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsbugoye-plant-operating-in-uganda |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Water Power Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Bugoye ita ce ta uku a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Kogin Mubuku. Sauran biyun su ne Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Mubuku I, mallakar Kilembe Mines Limited (KML), wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 5 da Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Mubuku III, mallakar Kasese Cobalt Company Limited (KCCL), wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=B |first=Masereka |title=River Nyamwamba Spills Wrath |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=642322&amp;CatID=442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505055843/http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=642322&amp;CatID=442 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudin gini ==
An kiyasta kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki sun kai kimanin dala miliyan 35 na Amurka. An samu nasarar samar da wannan tallafin ne ta hanyar rancen da aka samu daga [http://www.emergingafricafund.com/ Asusun Samar da Infrastructure na Afirka] (EAIF). Wannan bai haɗa da gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 33kV wanda ke haɗa tashar wutar lantarki da tashar wutar lantarki ba inda aka haɗa wutar lantarki cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. An ba da kuɗin layin wutar lantarki ta hanyar tallafin da Gwamnatin Norway ta bai wa Gwamnatin Uganda . Ta hanyar amincewar juna tsakanin gwamnatocin biyu, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140208091117/http://www.tronderpower.com/ Tronder Power Limited], ta ɗauki nauyin haɓakawa, ginawa, kulawa da kuma kula da layin wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SEAMS And Bugoye Projects |url=http://www.emergingafricafund.com/news/saems-and-bugoye-power-projects.aspx |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Emerging Africa Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tronder Power Limited kamfani ne [[Uganda|na ƙasar Uganda]] wanda TronderEnergi da Norfund suka mallaka tare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Tronder Power Limited |url=http://www.tronderpower.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208091117/http://www.tronderpower.com/ |archive-date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Tronder Power Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tashoshin wutar lantarki na Uganda
* Tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a Afirka
* Hima
* Tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa
* Yammacin Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4165" sha1="7qv22axew440pn7zrtnukbpvc8qj2dm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye''' tana da lamba {{Convert|13|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . A cikin adabi, wani lokacin ana kiran Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku II .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Mubuku'', a Bugoye, gundumar Kasese, a Yammacin Uganda . Wannan wuri yana cikin gindin tsaunukan Rwenzori, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . Bugoye tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|19|km}}, ta hanya, arewacin Kasese, wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take, da kuma babban birni mafi kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kasese And Bugoye With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Bugoye%20(Kasese)&amp;toplace=Kasese%20(Kasese)&amp;fromlat=0.3383333&amp;tolat=0.23&amp;fromlng=30.0772222&amp;tolng=29.9883333 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
'''Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Bugoye''', aikin samar da wutar lantarki ''ta ruwa ne ta hanyar amfani da ƙaramin injin ruwa na kogin'', wanda ke da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na MW 13. Ana shigar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Nkenda, mai nisan {{Convert|6|km|mi}} daga Bugoye, ta hanyar layin watsawa na 33kV.

Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki [[Norway|na]] TronderEnergi ne ke da kuma sarrafa ta. An fara ginin ta a watan Maris na 2008 kuma an fara aikin ginin ta watanni 19 bayan haka a watan Oktoba na 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2010 |title=Bugoye Plant Operating In Uganda |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsbugoye-plant-operating-in-uganda |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Water Power Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Bugoye ita ce ta uku a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Kogin Mubuku. Sauran biyun su ne Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Mubuku I, mallakar Kilembe Mines Limited (KML), wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 5 da Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Mubuku III, mallakar Kasese Cobalt Company Limited (KCCL), wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=B |first=Masereka |title=River Nyamwamba Spills Wrath |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=642322&amp;CatID=442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505055843/http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=642322&amp;CatID=442 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudin gini ==
An kiyasta kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki sun kai kimanin dala miliyan 35 na Amurka. An samu nasarar samar da wannan tallafin ne ta hanyar rancen da aka samu daga [http://www.emergingafricafund.com/ Asusun Samar da Infrastructure na Afirka] (EAIF). Wannan bai haɗa da gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 33kV wanda ke haɗa tashar wutar lantarki da tashar wutar lantarki ba inda aka haɗa wutar lantarki cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. An ba da kuɗin layin wutar lantarki ta hanyar tallafin da Gwamnatin Norway ta bai wa Gwamnatin Uganda . Ta hanyar amincewar juna tsakanin gwamnatocin biyu, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140208091117/http://www.tronderpower.com/ Tronder Power Limited], ta ɗauki nauyin haɓakawa, ginawa, kulawa da kuma kula da layin wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SEAMS And Bugoye Projects |url=http://www.emergingafricafund.com/news/saems-and-bugoye-power-projects.aspx |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Emerging Africa Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tronder Power Limited kamfani ne [[Uganda|na ƙasar Uganda]] wanda TronderEnergi da Norfund suka mallaka tare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Tronder Power Limited |url=http://www.tronderpower.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208091117/http://www.tronderpower.com/ |archive-date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Tronder Power Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tashoshin wutar lantarki na Uganda
* Tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a Afirka
* Hima
* Tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa
* Yammacin Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>7qv22axew440pn7zrtnukbpvc8qj2dm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Muzizi</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:47:38Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1212734295|Muzizi Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Muzizi''' {{Convert|45|MW}}aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta  a [[Uganda]] . Aikin, wanda aka tsara tsawon shekaru da dama, ya sami alƙawarin samar da kuɗi daga KfW da Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Give&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barigaba |first=Julius |title=Muzizi project to begin as European lenders give $95 million |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Muzizi-project-to-begin-as-European-lenders-give--95m/2560-3494198-xdka9cz/index.html |access-date=23 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biryabarema |first=Elias |date=10 December 2016 |title=Uganda signs 90 million euro loan deal for dam |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uganda-electricity/uganda-signs-90-million-euro-loan-deal-for-dam-idUSKBN13Z0M1 |access-date=7 January 2018 |publisher=[[Reuters.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Muzizi]], wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Kagadi da Gundumar Ntoroko, kusa da gabar kudu maso gabashin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], a Yankin Yamma . Wannan wuri yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|10|km}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin garin Ndaiga a gundumar Hoima. Tashar tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|292|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a Uganda. 

== Bayani ==
Tun daga shekarar 1999, gwamnatin Uganda ta gano wurin da tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a matsayin wurin samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ruwa. Da farko, an yi hasashen aikin megawatt 10. Daga baya, an ƙara ƙarfin aikin da aka tsara zuwa megawatts 26. A watan Disamba na 2010, an nemi tayin yin nazari kan tasirin muhalli, ƙirar tashoshin wutar lantarki, da kuma kimanta farashi a kafofin watsa labarai na Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DEVEX |date=9 December 2010 |title=Consulting Services for The Muzizi Hydro Power Project In Uganda |url=https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/consulting-services-for-the-muzizi-hydro-power-project-in-uganda/64135 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Devex.com (DEVEX)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan, an ƙara ƙarfin da aka yi hasashen zuwa megawatts 44.7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=12 February 2014 |title=Application for a License for the Establishment of a 44.7MW Hydro Power Plant in Kibaale District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/281-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-44-7mw-hydro-power-plant-in-kibaale-district |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229094902/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/281-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-44-7mw-hydro-power-plant-in-kibaale-district |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Da farko, ana sa ran fara ginin a shekarar 2015, inda aka shirya fara aikin a shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Businge |first=Julius |date=8 February 2013 |title=Micro Dams To The Rescue |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/7420-micro-dams-to-the-rescue |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212836/http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/7420-micro-dams-to-the-rescue |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, an mayar da ranar fara aikin zuwa 2017, inda aka tsara fara aikin a shekarar 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;Signs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otage |first=Stephen |date=17 August 2015 |title=Govt signs Shs270 billion Muzizi hydro-power deal |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/Govt-signs-Shs270-billion-Muzizi-hydro-power-deal/-/688606/2834978/-/nvugjp/-/index.html |access-date=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dage fara aikin ginin har zuwa 2019, inda aka shirya fara aikin a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;Give&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barigaba |first=Julius |title=Muzizi project to begin as European lenders give $95 million |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Muzizi-project-to-begin-as-European-lenders-give--95m/2560-3494198-xdka9cz/index.html |access-date=23 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran wutar lantarki da ake samarwa za ta shiga layin wutar lantarki na kasa a wani sabon tashar samar da wutar lantarki, kusa da tashar samar da wutar lantarki, tare da sabon layin wutar lantarki mai karfin kilovolt 132 daga Hoima zuwa yankin Mputa, ta ci gaba zuwa Fort Portal sannan ta wuce zuwa tashar Nkenda da ke Kasese . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Giek |date=September 2008 |title=Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Hoima–Mputa–Fort Portal–Nkenda 132kV Power Transmission Line And Associated Substations |url=http://giek.no/resources/pdfer/miljorapporter/EIA_Mputa_Power_Transmission_Line.pdf |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=Giek.no (Giek) |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na 2019, Post Media Limited, ta ruwaito cewa an bai wa Strabag, wani kamfanin gine-gine [[Austriya|na Austria]] kwangilar Injiniya, Sayayya da Gine-gine (EPC). A wancan lokacin, yarjejeniyar fahimta, tsakanin Strabag da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Uganda tana jiran a fara aikin ginin, bayan haka za a fara aikin ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;BeinR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sydona Nazze |date=13 November 2019 |title=Strabag, Finance Ministry to sign MoU on Muzizi Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/business/2019/11/strabag-finance-ministry-to-sign-mou-on-muzizi-hydro-power-project.html |access-date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Post Media Limited (PML Daily)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
A shekarar 2007, an kiyasta kudin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 30 ga {{Convert|10|MW}}aikin  . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Among |first=Barbara |date=10 December 2007 |title=Powerless In Uganda |url=http://www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Africa_8/Powerless_in_Uganda_printer.shtml |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Ocnus.net Quoting [[The EastAfrican]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da kuɗin nazarin yuwuwar aiki ta hanyar tallafin Yuro miliyan 1.5 daga KfW . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=2013 |title=Muzizi Small Hydro Power Project (26MW) |url=http://uegcl.com/muzizi-small-hydropower-project.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120939/http://uegcl.com/muzizi-small-hydropower-project.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Uganda Electricity Generating Company Limited (UEGCL)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2015, kuɗaɗen aikin sun kasu kashi-kashi kamar yadda aka nuna a teburin da ke ƙasa: &lt;ref name=&quot;Give&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barigaba |first=Julius |title=Muzizi project to begin as European lenders give $95 million |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Muzizi-project-to-begin-as-European-lenders-give--95m/2560-3494198-xdka9cz/index.html |access-date=23 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
A shekarar 2014, an ruwaito cewa an ƙara girman aikin zuwa megawatts 44.7 daga megawatts 26 na asali. Yanzu an gabatar da madatsun ruwa guda biyu da suka haɗa kai, Muzizi A (megawatts 26) da Muzizi B (megawatts 18.7).

Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL), wani kamfani na gwamnati, tare da haɗin gwiwar wani mai zuba jari mai zaman kansa. A watan Fabrairun 2014, UEGCL ta nemi izinin Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Uganda don samar da wutar lantarki har zuwa megawatts 44.7 a Muzizi. Da zarar an ba da lasisin, shirin shine UEGCL ta nemi mai zuba jarin ta ci gaba da gini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deep Earth |date=25 February 2014 |title=Muzizi Power Project Could Be Licensed Soon |url=http://deepearthint.com/index.php?Item=5040 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=DeepEarthInt.com (Deep Earth)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amma a watan Mayun 2015, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta yanke shawarar haɓaka Muzizi ba tare da mai zuba jari mai zaman kansa ba. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar aro daga Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa da KfW don ɗaukar nauyin ginin. Kuɗaɗen sun haɗa da kuɗin gina layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki waɗanda za su kwashe wutar zuwa inda za a haɗa ta cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=22 May 2015 |title=Govt to borrow Shs283b for dam |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-to-borrow-Shs283b-for-dam/-/688334/2724866/-/dnisds/-/index.html |access-date=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Muzizi''' {{Convert|45|MW}}aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta  a [[Uganda]] . Aikin, wanda aka tsara tsawon shekaru da dama, ya sami alƙawarin samar da kuɗi daga KfW da Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Give&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barigaba |first=Julius |title=Muzizi project to begin as European lenders give $95 million |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Muzizi-project-to-begin-as-European-lenders-give--95m/2560-3494198-xdka9cz/index.html |access-date=23 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biryabarema |first=Elias |date=10 December 2016 |title=Uganda signs 90 million euro loan deal for dam |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uganda-electricity/uganda-signs-90-million-euro-loan-deal-for-dam-idUSKBN13Z0M1 |access-date=7 January 2018 |publisher=[[Reuters.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Muzizi]], wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Kagadi da Gundumar Ntoroko, kusa da gabar kudu maso gabashin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], a Yankin Yamma . Wannan wuri yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|10|km}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin garin Ndaiga a gundumar Hoima. Tashar tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|292|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a Uganda. 

== Bayani ==
Tun daga shekarar 1999, gwamnatin Uganda ta gano wurin da tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a matsayin wurin samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ruwa. Da farko, an yi hasashen aikin megawatt 10. Daga baya, an ƙara ƙarfin aikin da aka tsara zuwa megawatts 26. A watan Disamba na 2010, an nemi tayin yin nazari kan tasirin muhalli, ƙirar tashoshin wutar lantarki, da kuma kimanta farashi a kafofin watsa labarai na Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DEVEX |date=9 December 2010 |title=Consulting Services for The Muzizi Hydro Power Project In Uganda |url=https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/consulting-services-for-the-muzizi-hydro-power-project-in-uganda/64135 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Devex.com (DEVEX)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan, an ƙara ƙarfin da aka yi hasashen zuwa megawatts 44.7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=12 February 2014 |title=Application for a License for the Establishment of a 44.7MW Hydro Power Plant in Kibaale District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/281-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-44-7mw-hydro-power-plant-in-kibaale-district |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229094902/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/281-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-44-7mw-hydro-power-plant-in-kibaale-district |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Da farko, ana sa ran fara ginin a shekarar 2015, inda aka shirya fara aikin a shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Businge |first=Julius |date=8 February 2013 |title=Micro Dams To The Rescue |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/7420-micro-dams-to-the-rescue |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212836/http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/7420-micro-dams-to-the-rescue |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, an mayar da ranar fara aikin zuwa 2017, inda aka tsara fara aikin a shekarar 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;Signs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otage |first=Stephen |date=17 August 2015 |title=Govt signs Shs270 billion Muzizi hydro-power deal |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/Govt-signs-Shs270-billion-Muzizi-hydro-power-deal/-/688606/2834978/-/nvugjp/-/index.html |access-date=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dage fara aikin ginin har zuwa 2019, inda aka shirya fara aikin a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;Give&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barigaba |first=Julius |title=Muzizi project to begin as European lenders give $95 million |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Muzizi-project-to-begin-as-European-lenders-give--95m/2560-3494198-xdka9cz/index.html |access-date=23 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran wutar lantarki da ake samarwa za ta shiga layin wutar lantarki na kasa a wani sabon tashar samar da wutar lantarki, kusa da tashar samar da wutar lantarki, tare da sabon layin wutar lantarki mai karfin kilovolt 132 daga Hoima zuwa yankin Mputa, ta ci gaba zuwa Fort Portal sannan ta wuce zuwa tashar Nkenda da ke Kasese . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Giek |date=September 2008 |title=Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Hoima–Mputa–Fort Portal–Nkenda 132kV Power Transmission Line And Associated Substations |url=http://giek.no/resources/pdfer/miljorapporter/EIA_Mputa_Power_Transmission_Line.pdf |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=Giek.no (Giek) |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na 2019, Post Media Limited, ta ruwaito cewa an bai wa Strabag, wani kamfanin gine-gine [[Austriya|na Austria]] kwangilar Injiniya, Sayayya da Gine-gine (EPC). A wancan lokacin, yarjejeniyar fahimta, tsakanin Strabag da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Uganda tana jiran a fara aikin ginin, bayan haka za a fara aikin ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;BeinR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sydona Nazze |date=13 November 2019 |title=Strabag, Finance Ministry to sign MoU on Muzizi Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/business/2019/11/strabag-finance-ministry-to-sign-mou-on-muzizi-hydro-power-project.html |access-date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Post Media Limited (PML Daily)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
A shekarar 2007, an kiyasta kudin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 30 ga {{Convert|10|MW}}aikin  . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Among |first=Barbara |date=10 December 2007 |title=Powerless In Uganda |url=http://www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Africa_8/Powerless_in_Uganda_printer.shtml |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Ocnus.net Quoting [[The EastAfrican]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da kuɗin nazarin yuwuwar aiki ta hanyar tallafin Yuro miliyan 1.5 daga KfW . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=2013 |title=Muzizi Small Hydro Power Project (26MW) |url=http://uegcl.com/muzizi-small-hydropower-project.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120939/http://uegcl.com/muzizi-small-hydropower-project.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Uganda Electricity Generating Company Limited (UEGCL)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2015, kuɗaɗen aikin sun kasu kashi-kashi kamar yadda aka nuna a teburin da ke ƙasa: &lt;ref name=&quot;Give&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barigaba |first=Julius |title=Muzizi project to begin as European lenders give $95 million |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Muzizi-project-to-begin-as-European-lenders-give--95m/2560-3494198-xdka9cz/index.html |access-date=23 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
A shekarar 2014, an ruwaito cewa an ƙara girman aikin zuwa megawatts 44.7 daga megawatts 26 na asali. Yanzu an gabatar da madatsun ruwa guda biyu da suka haɗa kai, Muzizi A (megawatts 26) da Muzizi B (megawatts 18.7).

Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL), wani kamfani na gwamnati, tare da haɗin gwiwar wani mai zuba jari mai zaman kansa. A watan Fabrairun 2014, UEGCL ta nemi izinin Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Uganda don samar da wutar lantarki har zuwa megawatts 44.7 a Muzizi. Da zarar an ba da lasisin, shirin shine UEGCL ta nemi mai zuba jarin ta ci gaba da gini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deep Earth |date=25 February 2014 |title=Muzizi Power Project Could Be Licensed Soon |url=http://deepearthint.com/index.php?Item=5040 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=DeepEarthInt.com (Deep Earth)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amma a watan Mayun 2015, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta yanke shawarar haɓaka Muzizi ba tare da mai zuba jari mai zaman kansa ba. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar aro daga Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa da KfW don ɗaukar nauyin ginin. Kuɗaɗen sun haɗa da kuɗin gina layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki waɗanda za su kwashe wutar zuwa inda za a haɗa ta cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kafeero |first=Stephen |date=22 May 2015 |title=Govt to borrow Shs283b for dam |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-to-borrow-Shs283b-for-dam/-/688334/2724866/-/dnisds/-/index.html |access-date=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Oriang</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358016418|Oriang Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6656" sha1="osn5z5q2hqjtrutnzapbc6bhsac56hk" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Oriang Hydroelectric''' ita ce {{Convert|400|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Arewacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;New&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma, amma a sama da [[Murchison Falls]] . Wannan wurin yana cikin Gundumar Nwoya, a Yankin Arewacin Uganda, kusa da wurin da ''Oriang River'' ke shiga [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travelingluck.com |date=24 December 2017 |title=Geographic features &amp; Photographs around Oriang, in Uganda |url=http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Uganda/Uganda+(general)/_226956_Oriang.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=Travelingluck.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oriang yana da kimanin {{Convert|923|m|0}}, sama da matakin teku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Geoview.info |date=24 December 2017 |title=Oriang is a stream and is located in Nwoya District, Northern Region, Uganda. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 923 metres |url=http://ug.geoview.info/oriang,226956 |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=Geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
A shekarar 2009, gwamnatin Uganda ta ba da umarnin gudanar ''da wani bincike mai taken Aikin Babban Tsarin Nazarin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki a Jamhuriyar Uganda'', wanda ''Kamfanin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki Limited'' da ''Kamfanin Nippon Koei Company Limited'' suka gudanar, kuma Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Duniya ta Japan (JICA) ce ta dauki nauyinsa. A cikin rahoton wannan binciken, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2011, an gano manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki guda uku don ci gaba nan take, a cikin lokacin 2013 zuwa 2023, wato [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba]], Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano wasu tashoshi biyu don ci gaba a cikin matsakaicin lokaci, bayan uku na farko, wato Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Oriang (megawatts 400), &lt;ref name=&quot;New&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWakabi2013&quot;&gt;Wakabi, Michael (12 October 2013). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html &quot;New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi: [[Nation Media Group]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot; /&gt; da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiba]] (yanzu megawatts 400). &lt;ref name=&quot;New&quot; /&gt;

== Jadawalin Lokaci ==
Ana ci gaba da aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Oriang. A shekarar 2013, jaridar The EastAfrican ta ruwaito cewa ana shirin fara wannan tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;New&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWakabi2013&quot;&gt;Wakabi, Michael (12 October 2013). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html &quot;New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi: [[Nation Media Group]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran fara aikin ginin a shekarar 2020, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=17 August 2013 |title=Karuma power plant paves way for more stations |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Karuma-power-plant-paves-way-for-more-stations/-/2560/1957328/-/r8a3wv/-/index.html |access-date=24 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJICA2011&quot;&gt;JICA (March 2011). [http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf &quot;JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Tokyo: [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Rahoton JICA ya bayyana wata hanya mai yiwuwa ta aiwatar da ayyuka a matakai, inda ake gina tashar wutar lantarki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma ana aiwatar da ayyuka a matakai, don adana albarkatu da kuma guje wa gina ƙarfin aiki fiye da kima. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJICA2011&quot;&gt;JICA (March 2011). [http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf &quot;JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Tokyo: [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago]]
* [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiba]]
* [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba]]
* Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6668" sha1="chekagnopl98wg9paktjg6h75nxg8hn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Oriang Hydroelectric''' ita ce {{Convert|400|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Arewacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;New&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma, amma a sama da [[Murchison Falls]] . Wannan wurin yana cikin Gundumar Nwoya, a Yankin Arewacin Uganda, kusa da wurin da ''Oriang River'' ke shiga [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travelingluck.com |date=24 December 2017 |title=Geographic features &amp; Photographs around Oriang, in Uganda |url=http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Uganda/Uganda+(general)/_226956_Oriang.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=Travelingluck.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oriang yana da kimanin {{Convert|923|m|0}}, sama da matakin teku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Geoview.info |date=24 December 2017 |title=Oriang is a stream and is located in Nwoya District, Northern Region, Uganda. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 923 metres |url=http://ug.geoview.info/oriang,226956 |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=Geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
A shekarar 2009, gwamnatin Uganda ta ba da umarnin gudanar ''da wani bincike mai taken Aikin Babban Tsarin Nazarin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki a Jamhuriyar Uganda'', wanda ''Kamfanin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki Limited'' da ''Kamfanin Nippon Koei Company Limited'' suka gudanar, kuma Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Duniya ta Japan (JICA) ce ta dauki nauyinsa. A cikin rahoton wannan binciken, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2011, an gano manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki guda uku don ci gaba nan take, a cikin lokacin 2013 zuwa 2023, wato [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba]], Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano wasu tashoshi biyu don ci gaba a cikin matsakaicin lokaci, bayan uku na farko, wato Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Oriang (megawatts 400), &lt;ref name=&quot;New&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWakabi2013&quot;&gt;Wakabi, Michael (12 October 2013). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html &quot;New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi: [[Nation Media Group]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot; /&gt; da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiba]] (yanzu megawatts 400). &lt;ref name=&quot;New&quot; /&gt;

== Jadawalin Lokaci ==
Ana ci gaba da aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Oriang. A shekarar 2013, jaridar The EastAfrican ta ruwaito cewa ana shirin fara wannan tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;New&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=12 October 2013 |title=New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWakabi2013&quot;&gt;Wakabi, Michael (12 October 2013). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/New-hydro-projects-to-ease-Uganda-s-power/2558-2029324-9dvjd2/index.html &quot;New hydro projects to ease Uganda's power costs&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi: [[Nation Media Group]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran fara aikin ginin a shekarar 2020, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=17 August 2013 |title=Karuma power plant paves way for more stations |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Karuma-power-plant-paves-way-for-more-stations/-/2560/1957328/-/r8a3wv/-/index.html |access-date=24 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJICA2011&quot;&gt;JICA (March 2011). [http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf &quot;JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Tokyo: [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Rahoton JICA ya bayyana wata hanya mai yiwuwa ta aiwatar da ayyuka a matakai, inda ake gina tashar wutar lantarki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma ana aiwatar da ayyuka a matakai, don adana albarkatu da kuma guje wa gina ƙarfin aiki fiye da kima. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=March 2011 |title=JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJICA2011&quot;&gt;JICA (March 2011). [http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12023768.pdf &quot;JICA Open Report: Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Tokyo: [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago]]
* [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiba]]
* [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba]]
* Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Albert Ehrhardt</title>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346672905|Albert Ehrhardt]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Albert F. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full Text of Yearbook |url=https://archive.org/stream/1912yearbook00royauoft/1912yearbook00royauoft_djvu.txt |access-date=22 September 2015 |website=Royal Colonial Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Erhardt''' an haife shi ( 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1929) lauya ne na Burtaniya, alƙali, kuma [[Daular Biritaniya|mai mulkin mallaka]]. (((((((((((((((((((((Law in 1889, before joining the [[:en:Colonial_Office|colonial service]] in 1896 as District Commissioner of [[:en:Lagos|Lagos]], now in [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]]. He went on to become [[:en:Resident_of_Ibadan|Resident of Ibadan]], as well as Attorney-General and Treasurer of Lagos (succeeding

Erhardt ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Worcester, Oxford a 1885 tare da digiri a cikin Classic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor1-last=Foster|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-link=Joseph Foster (genealogist)|title=Oxford Men and their Colleges|date=1893|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]|location=Oxford|page=188}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya fara aiki da shari'a a 1889, kafin ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka a 1896 a matsayin Kwamishinan Gundumar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yanzu a [[Najeriya]]. Ya ci gaba da zama [[Resident of Ibadan|Mazaunin Ibadan]], da kuma Babban Lauyan da kuma Baitulmalin Legas (ya gaji [[F. C. Fuller]], a cikin 1902). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 1903 |title=London Personal Gossip |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4933499 |access-date=1 September 2015 |website=Advertiser}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 1903 ya zama [[Babban Lauyan Fiji]],  yana aiki har zuwa shekara ta 1914,&lt;ref&gt;''Fiji Blue Book for the Year 1903'', p112&lt;/ref&gt;A wannan lokacin ya kuma cika Sir Charles Major, Babban Alkalin Fiji da Babban Kwamishinan Shari'a na Yammacin Pacific, daga 1910 zuwa 1911, yayin da Major ke aiki a matsayin Gwamna na Fiji da Babban Komishina na Yammaci Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;Ehrhardt was also Attorney General 1903-1914; acting for Major while Major was Acting Governor of Fiji (1910-1911). {{harv|Lavaka|1981|pp=148}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na Babban Lauyan, ya kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Zartarwa da Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;''Fiji Blue Book for the Year 1903'', pp80–81&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1914, ya koma Afirka a matsayin alƙali na British East Africa Protectorate . Matsayinsa na karshe, a 1920, ya kasance a matsayin mataimakin mai ba da shawara na wucin gadi a Ofishin mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Marcus Garvey|authorlink1=Marcus Garvey|page=605|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVwMJlhJXbMC&amp;q=%22Albert+Ehrhardt%22+%2B+%22Fiji%22&amp;pg=PA605|title=The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume XI: The Caribbean Diaspora, 1910–1920|year=1983|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822346907|access-date=1 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{S-start}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Attorney-General of Fiji]]|years=1903-1914}}
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{{S-ttl|title=Acting&lt;br&gt;[[Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific]]|years=1903-1914}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Charles Henry Major|Sir Charles Major]]}}
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{{S-ttl|title=Acting&lt;br&gt;[[Chief Justice of Fiji]]|years=1903-1914}}

{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>dhdztksaj7hgsz3nsw6iwgpe4ouy6i4</sha1>
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        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Albert F. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full Text of Yearbook |url=https://archive.org/stream/1912yearbook00royauoft/1912yearbook00royauoft_djvu.txt |access-date=22 September 2015 |website=Royal Colonial Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Erhardt''' an haife shi ( 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1929) lauya ne na Burtaniya, alƙali, kuma [[Daular Biritaniya|mai mulkin mallaka]]. 

Erhardt ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Worcester, Oxford a 1885 tare da digiri a cikin Classic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor1-last=Foster|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-link=Joseph Foster (genealogist)|title=Oxford Men and their Colleges|date=1893|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]|location=Oxford|page=188}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya fara aiki da shari'a a 1889, kafin ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka a 1896 a matsayin Kwamishinan Gundumar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yanzu a [[Najeriya]]. Ya ci gaba da zama [[Resident of Ibadan|Mazaunin Ibadan]], da kuma Babban Lauyan da kuma Baitulmalin Legas (ya gaji [[F. C. Fuller]], a cikin 1902). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 1903 |title=London Personal Gossip |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4933499 |access-date=1 September 2015 |website=Advertiser}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 1903 ya zama [[Babban Lauyan Fiji]],  yana aiki har zuwa shekara ta 1914,&lt;ref&gt;''Fiji Blue Book for the Year 1903'', p112&lt;/ref&gt;A wannan lokacin ya kuma cika Sir Charles Major, Babban Alkalin Fiji da Babban Kwamishinan Shari'a na Yammacin Pacific, daga 1910 zuwa 1911, yayin da Major ke aiki a matsayin Gwamna na Fiji da Babban Komishina na Yammaci Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;Ehrhardt was also Attorney General 1903-1914; acting for Major while Major was Acting Governor of Fiji (1910-1911). {{harv|Lavaka|1981|pp=148}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na Babban Lauyan, ya kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Zartarwa da Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;''Fiji Blue Book for the Year 1903'', pp80–81&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1914, ya koma Afirka a matsayin alƙali na British East Africa Protectorate . Matsayinsa na karshe, a 1920, ya kasance a matsayin mataimakin mai ba da shawara na wucin gadi a Ofishin mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Marcus Garvey|authorlink1=Marcus Garvey|page=605|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVwMJlhJXbMC&amp;q=%22Albert+Ehrhardt%22+%2B+%22Fiji%22&amp;pg=PA605|title=The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume XI: The Caribbean Diaspora, 1910–1920|year=1983|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822346907|access-date=1 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{S-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Henry Edward Pollock]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Attorney-General of Fiji]]|years=1903-1914}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Alfred Karney Young]]}}
{{S-bef|rows=2|before=[[Charles Henry Major|Sir Charles Major]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Acting&lt;br&gt;[[Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific]]|years=1903-1914}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Charles Henry Major|Sir Charles Major]]}}
|-
{{S-ttl|title=Acting&lt;br&gt;[[Chief Justice of Fiji]]|years=1903-1914}}

{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar wutar lantarki ta Sindila</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1176824389|Sindila Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila''', tana aiki da karfin {{Convert|5.25|MW}}tashar samar da wutar lantarki  a yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OPIC |date=2017 |title=Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary |url=https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Sindila'', kusa da wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Rwenzori, a gundumar Bundibugyo, a yankin Yammacin Uganda. Wannan yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|20|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin garin Bundibugyo, cibiyar birni mafi kusa da kuma wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=22 December 2017 |title=Distance between Bundibugyo, Western Region, Uganda and Kakuka, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Bundibugyo%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kakuka%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJeYUekghkYRcRdGX-v0A2tJw&amp;dt2=ChIJufOJmfl5YRcRGqbds3IqJps |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=Glbefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wuri yana kusa da {{Convert|6.4|MW|0}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu, wacce mai haɓaka wannan kamfanin ke da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OPIC |date=2017 |title=Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary |url=https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOPIC2017&quot;&gt;OPIC (2017). [https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf &quot;Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Washington, DC: [[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Sindila HEPS wani ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi wanda aka tsara matsakaicin ƙarfin da aka sanya shine 5.9MW. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Sindila Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/sindila/ |publisher=GeFit Uganda Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin haɗin gwiwar masu zuba jari ne ke mallakar aikin kamar yadda aka nuna a teburin mallakar da ke ƙasa. Ƙungiyar da ke da kuma ke haɓaka Tashar Samar da Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila, ita ma tana da Tashar Samar da Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu da ke kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Metier South Africa |date=2016 |title=Sindila Micro-Hydro |url=http://www.metier.co.za/sindila-micro-hydro |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Metier Private Equity (Pty) Ltd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Motar kamfanin na musamman da aka sani da ''Sindila Power Company Uganda Limited'', mallakar kamfanoni ne masu zuwa: &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AVCA |date=21 February 2017 |title=Uganda's Sindila hydropower project, led by Metier, commences construction |url=https://www.avca-africa.org/newsroom/member-news/2017/uganda-s-sindila-hydropower-project-starts-construction/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=African Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (AVCA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin lokaci ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila ta sami amincewar tallafin GetFit a watan Oktoban 2014. An cimma yarjejeniyar rufe harkokin kuɗi a ranar 30 ga Janairun 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AVCA |date=21 February 2017 |title=Uganda's Sindila hydropower project, led by Metier, commences construction |url=https://www.avca-africa.org/newsroom/member-news/2017/uganda-s-sindila-hydropower-project-starts-construction/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=African Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (AVCA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAVCA2017&quot;&gt;AVCA (21 February 2017). [https://www.avca-africa.org/newsroom/member-news/2017/uganda-s-sindila-hydropower-project-starts-construction/ &quot;Uganda's Sindila hydropower project, led by Metier, commences construction&quot;]. London: African Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (AVCA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ginin a watan Fabrairun 2017 kuma an kammala shi a watan Oktoban 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Sindila Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/sindila/ |publisher=GeFit Uganda Reports}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda. [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/sindila/ &quot;GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Sindila Hydroelectric Power Station&quot;]. Kampala: GeFit Uganda Reports.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
Ana sa ran ginin zai ci dala miliyan 17, tare da tallafin GetFit na dala miliyan 3.3. Kudaden da za a kashe don ƙarfafa layin kwashe wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin 33kV, wanda ya kai {{Convert|87|km|0}} an haɗa shi cikin kunshin GetFit. Za a kwashe wutar lantarki da aka samar, tare da wanda aka samu daga Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu da ke kusa, zuwa Fort Portal sannan a sayar da ita ga Kamfanin Transmission Electricity na Uganda, a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa na shekaru ashirin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Buranga
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila''', tana aiki da karfin {{Convert|5.25|MW}}tashar samar da wutar lantarki  a yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OPIC |date=2017 |title=Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary |url=https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Sindila'', kusa da wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Rwenzori, a gundumar Bundibugyo, a yankin Yammacin Uganda. Wannan yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|20|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin garin Bundibugyo, cibiyar birni mafi kusa da kuma wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=22 December 2017 |title=Distance between Bundibugyo, Western Region, Uganda and Kakuka, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Bundibugyo%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kakuka%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJeYUekghkYRcRdGX-v0A2tJw&amp;dt2=ChIJufOJmfl5YRcRGqbds3IqJps |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=Glbefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wuri yana kusa da {{Convert|6.4|MW|0}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu, wacce mai haɓaka wannan kamfanin ke da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OPIC |date=2017 |title=Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary |url=https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOPIC2017&quot;&gt;OPIC (2017). [https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf &quot;Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Washington, DC: [[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Sindila HEPS wani ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi wanda aka tsara matsakaicin ƙarfin da aka sanya shine 5.9MW. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Sindila Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/sindila/ |publisher=GeFit Uganda Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin haɗin gwiwar masu zuba jari ne ke mallakar aikin kamar yadda aka nuna a teburin mallakar da ke ƙasa. Ƙungiyar da ke da kuma ke haɓaka Tashar Samar da Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila, ita ma tana da Tashar Samar da Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu da ke kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Metier South Africa |date=2016 |title=Sindila Micro-Hydro |url=http://www.metier.co.za/sindila-micro-hydro |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Metier Private Equity (Pty) Ltd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Motar kamfanin na musamman da aka sani da ''Sindila Power Company Uganda Limited'', mallakar kamfanoni ne masu zuwa: &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AVCA |date=21 February 2017 |title=Uganda's Sindila hydropower project, led by Metier, commences construction |url=https://www.avca-africa.org/newsroom/member-news/2017/uganda-s-sindila-hydropower-project-starts-construction/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=African Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (AVCA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin lokaci ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila ta sami amincewar tallafin GetFit a watan Oktoban 2014. An cimma yarjejeniyar rufe harkokin kuɗi a ranar 30 ga Janairun 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AVCA |date=21 February 2017 |title=Uganda's Sindila hydropower project, led by Metier, commences construction |url=https://www.avca-africa.org/newsroom/member-news/2017/uganda-s-sindila-hydropower-project-starts-construction/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=African Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (AVCA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAVCA2017&quot;&gt;AVCA (21 February 2017). [https://www.avca-africa.org/newsroom/member-news/2017/uganda-s-sindila-hydropower-project-starts-construction/ &quot;Uganda's Sindila hydropower project, led by Metier, commences construction&quot;]. London: African Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (AVCA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ginin a watan Fabrairun 2017 kuma an kammala shi a watan Oktoban 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Sindila Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/sindila/ |publisher=GeFit Uganda Reports}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda. [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/sindila/ &quot;GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Sindila Hydroelectric Power Station&quot;]. Kampala: GeFit Uganda Reports.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
Ana sa ran ginin zai ci dala miliyan 17, tare da tallafin GetFit na dala miliyan 3.3. Kudaden da za a kashe don ƙarfafa layin kwashe wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin 33kV, wanda ya kai {{Convert|87|km|0}} an haɗa shi cikin kunshin GetFit. Za a kwashe wutar lantarki da aka samar, tare da wanda aka samu daga Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu da ke kusa, zuwa Fort Portal sannan a sayar da ita ga Kamfanin Transmission Electricity na Uganda, a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa na shekaru ashirin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Buranga
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>rl6pu0fkrs8wk4wia7l4awjgltui8v9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ny High II</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1243890478|Nyamwamba II Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric ta Nyamwamba II''', tashar wutar lantarki ce mai ƙarfin megawatts 7.8, wacce aka fara aiki da ita a watan Maris na 2022 a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Serengeti Energy Limited, wani kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na Kenya (IPP), wanda a da ake kira ''responsibility Renewable Energy Holding'' ( '''rAREH''' ) ne ya mallaki kuma ya ƙirƙiro ta, tsakanin Oktoba 2019 da Maris 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stacy Fiehler |date=30 November 2019 |title=rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant |url=https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Responsability.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sayar da makamashin da aka samar a nan kai tsaye ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Uganda, Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL), a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20 (PPA). An haɗa wutar lantarkin cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasar Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyen Kilembe, a ketaren Kogin Nyamwamba, a gundumar Kasese a Yankin Yamma na Uganda . Wannan yana cikin tsaunin tsaunukan Rwenzori, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] . Nyamwamba II HPP tana ratsa ''Kogin Nyamwamba'', sama da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamwamba I mai ƙarfin megawatts 9.2, wacce Serengeti Energy Limited ke sarrafawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nasi Hako |date=6 April 2022 |title=7.8MW hydropower project in Uganda to supply clean energy |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/renewable-energy/7-8mw-hydropower-project-in-uganda-to-supply-clean-energy/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=ESI Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana ''aiki ne da ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin'', tare da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin megawatts 7.8. Serengeti Energy Limited ce ke mallakar tashar wutar lantarki, wani kamfanin IPP da ke Nairobi, Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin kwangilar injiniya, saye da gini (EPC) na Nyamwamba II HPP wani kamfani ne da ya ƙunshi ''South Asia Energy Management Systems LLC'' (SAEMS), wanda ke [[Sri Lanka]], wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan farar hula, da kuma Andritz AG na Austria, waɗanda ke da alhakin samarwa da shigar da janareto da sauran kayan aikin lantarki. ''Zutari Engineering'', wanda ke da hedikwata a South Arica, shi ne Injiniyan Mai shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stacy Fiehler |date=30 November 2019 |title=rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant |url=https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Responsability.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStacy_Fiehler2019&quot;&gt;Stacy Fiehler (30 November 2019). [https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant &quot;rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Responsability.com''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuɗin gini da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa ==
An ruwaito cewa kuɗin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 22. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hanyoyin samun kuɗi don wannan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin aikin gini ==
An fara ginin a watan Oktoba na 2019 kuma an fara gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci a ranar 17 ga Maris na 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stacy Fiehler |date=30 November 2019 |title=rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant |url=https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Responsability.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStacy_Fiehler2019&quot;&gt;Stacy Fiehler (30 November 2019). [https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant &quot;rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Responsability.com''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water Power and Dam Construction |date=6 April 2022 |title=Nyamwamba II hydro plant operational in Uganda |url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsnyamwamba-ii-hydro-plant-operational-in-uganda-9607958 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=WaterPowerMagazine.com |place=Dartford, Kent, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Kamfanin Nyamwamba II HPP ya samar da ayyukan yi 205 a lokacin aikin ginin kuma ya ɗauki ma'aikata 25 a lokacin aikin. Yana samar da wutar lantarki ga kimanin abokan ciniki 161,000 na Uganda. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki da yake samarwa yana taimakawa wajen rage fitar da hayakin [[carbon dioxide]] da tan 18,000 a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stacy Fiehler |date=30 November 2019 |title=rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant |url=https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Responsability.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStacy_Fiehler2019&quot;&gt;Stacy Fiehler (30 November 2019). [https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant &quot;rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Responsability.com''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki na hydroelectric
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric ta Nyamwamba II''', tashar wutar lantarki ce mai ƙarfin megawatts 7.8, wacce aka fara aiki da ita a watan Maris na 2022 a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Serengeti Energy Limited, wani kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na Kenya (IPP), wanda a da ake kira ''responsibility Renewable Energy Holding'' ( '''rAREH''' ) ne ya mallaki kuma ya ƙirƙiro ta, tsakanin Oktoba 2019 da Maris 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stacy Fiehler |date=30 November 2019 |title=rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant |url=https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Responsability.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sayar da makamashin da aka samar a nan kai tsaye ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Uganda, Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL), a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20 (PPA). An haɗa wutar lantarkin cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasar Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyen Kilembe, a ketaren Kogin Nyamwamba, a gundumar Kasese a Yankin Yamma na Uganda . Wannan yana cikin tsaunin tsaunukan Rwenzori, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] . Nyamwamba II HPP tana ratsa ''Kogin Nyamwamba'', sama da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamwamba I mai ƙarfin megawatts 9.2, wacce Serengeti Energy Limited ke sarrafawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nasi Hako |date=6 April 2022 |title=7.8MW hydropower project in Uganda to supply clean energy |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/renewable-energy/7-8mw-hydropower-project-in-uganda-to-supply-clean-energy/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=ESI Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana ''aiki ne da ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin'', tare da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin megawatts 7.8. Serengeti Energy Limited ce ke mallakar tashar wutar lantarki, wani kamfanin IPP da ke Nairobi, Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin kwangilar injiniya, saye da gini (EPC) na Nyamwamba II HPP wani kamfani ne da ya ƙunshi ''South Asia Energy Management Systems LLC'' (SAEMS), wanda ke [[Sri Lanka]], wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan farar hula, da kuma Andritz AG na Austria, waɗanda ke da alhakin samarwa da shigar da janareto da sauran kayan aikin lantarki. ''Zutari Engineering'', wanda ke da hedikwata a South Arica, shi ne Injiniyan Mai shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stacy Fiehler |date=30 November 2019 |title=rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant |url=https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Responsability.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStacy_Fiehler2019&quot;&gt;Stacy Fiehler (30 November 2019). [https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant &quot;rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Responsability.com''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuɗin gini da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa ==
An ruwaito cewa kuɗin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 22. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hanyoyin samun kuɗi don wannan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin aikin gini ==
An fara ginin a watan Oktoba na 2019 kuma an fara gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci a ranar 17 ga Maris na 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stacy Fiehler |date=30 November 2019 |title=rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant |url=https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Responsability.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStacy_Fiehler2019&quot;&gt;Stacy Fiehler (30 November 2019). [https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant &quot;rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Responsability.com''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water Power and Dam Construction |date=6 April 2022 |title=Nyamwamba II hydro plant operational in Uganda |url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsnyamwamba-ii-hydro-plant-operational-in-uganda-9607958 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=WaterPowerMagazine.com |place=Dartford, Kent, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Kamfanin Nyamwamba II HPP ya samar da ayyukan yi 205 a lokacin aikin ginin kuma ya ɗauki ma'aikata 25 a lokacin aikin. Yana samar da wutar lantarki ga kimanin abokan ciniki 161,000 na Uganda. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki da yake samarwa yana taimakawa wajen rage fitar da hayakin [[carbon dioxide]] da tan 18,000 a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 April 2022 |title=Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (6 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nyamwamba-ii-hydroelectric-power-plant-goes-into-commercial-operation/ &quot;Uganda: Nyamwamba II hydroelectric power plant goes into commercial operation&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stacy Fiehler |date=30 November 2019 |title=rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant |url=https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Responsability.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStacy_Fiehler2019&quot;&gt;Stacy Fiehler (30 November 2019). [https://www.responsability.com/en/press-releases/rareh-starts-construction-on-greenfield-ugandan-hydropower-plant &quot;rAREH starts construction on greenfield Ugandan hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Responsability.com''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki na hydroelectric
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>dj3gyt5e9rfxmdjpuz4qscq9fpfozu0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nyagak II Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1152915050|Nyagak II Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3720" sha1="77a5c2hcfresiu2mdsbl0311zwxzpwi" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak II''' {{Convert|5|MW}} an gabatar da ƙaramin aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okethwengu |first=Benedict |date=30 July 2012 |title=West Nile To Get 5 Megawatts Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/633559-west-nile-to-get-5-megawatts-dam.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a fadin [[Kogin Nyagak]], a ƙauyen Rateng, gundumar Paidha, gundumar Okoro, gundumar Zombo, yankin Yammacin Nile, yankin Arewacin Uganda. Wannan wurin yana kusa da garin Paidha, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), kimanin {{Convert|10|km|mi}} ta ƙasan tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak I. &lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okethwengu |first=Benedict |date=30 July 2012 |title=West Nile To Get 5 Megawatts Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/633559-west-nile-to-get-5-megawatts-dam.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
A lokacin gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak I (2006 - 2012), ya bayyana cewa samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 3.5 bai isa ba don biyan bukatun wutar lantarki na yankin Yammacin Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, garuruwan Aruu da Mahagi a DRC sun nuna sha'awar samar da wutar lantarki daga maƙwabciyarsu Uganda.

Domin biyan waɗannan buƙatu yayin da ake jiran gina Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma mai ƙarfin megawatt 600, gwamnatin Uganda ta ba da izinin gina Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyagak II a matsayin ma'aunin gada. Littattafan da ake da su sun nuna cewa gwamnati za ta ba da kuɗin wannan ci gaba da kanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okethwengu |first=Benedict |date=30 July 2012 |title=West Nile To Get 5 Megawatts Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/633559-west-nile-to-get-5-megawatts-dam.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da alama wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta bambanta da [[Nyagak III Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyagak III]], wadda za a haɓaka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DEVEX |date=29 September 2011 |title=Legal Consultants for Nyagak III Uganda Small Hydro (Firm) |url=http://www.devex.com/en/projects/legal-consultants-for-nyagak-iii-uganda-small-hydro-firm |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Devex.com (DEVEX)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
Duk da cewa ba a bayyana ainihin kuɗaɗen gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak II ba, tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak I ta kashe dala miliyan 18 (€ miliyan 14) don kammalawa a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musasizi |date=2012 |title=West Nile Power Crisis: Locals Chide Muloni |url=http://www.energyprogramme.or.ug/west-nile-power-crisis-locals-chide-muloni/ |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=EnergyProgramme.or.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za a kwashe wutar lantarkin da aka samar ta hanyar layukan wutar lantarki na kilovolt 33 da ke haɗe da garuruwan Paidha, Nebbi, Bondo, Okollo, da [[Arua]], waɗanda aka gina a kan kimanin kuɗin dalar Amurka miliyan 15 tsakanin 2006 da 2012 yayin haɓaka Nyagak I. Haka kuma za a faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki zuwa [[Pakwach]] da ke bakin [[White Nile|kogin Albert]], tare da tallafin kuɗi daga tallafin dala miliyan 18 (€ miliyan 13) daga KfW . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ondoga |first=Ayiga |date=15 November 2013 |title=West Nile Power Line Extension Begins |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649445-west-nile-power-line-extension-begins.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>77a5c2hcfresiu2mdsbl0311zwxzpwi</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:11:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>858764</origin>
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      <text bytes="3732" sha1="frw32hxkr7tm5c6sev13jlksxk4i81n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak II''' {{Convert|5|MW}} an gabatar da ƙaramin aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okethwengu |first=Benedict |date=30 July 2012 |title=West Nile To Get 5 Megawatts Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/633559-west-nile-to-get-5-megawatts-dam.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a fadin [[Kogin Nyagak]], a ƙauyen Rateng, gundumar Paidha, gundumar Okoro, gundumar Zombo, yankin Yammacin Nile, yankin Arewacin Uganda. Wannan wurin yana kusa da garin Paidha, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), kimanin {{Convert|10|km|mi}} ta ƙasan tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak I. &lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okethwengu |first=Benedict |date=30 July 2012 |title=West Nile To Get 5 Megawatts Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/633559-west-nile-to-get-5-megawatts-dam.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
A lokacin gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak I (2006 - 2012), ya bayyana cewa samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 3.5 bai isa ba don biyan bukatun wutar lantarki na yankin Yammacin Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, garuruwan Aruu da Mahagi a DRC sun nuna sha'awar samar da wutar lantarki daga maƙwabciyarsu Uganda.

Domin biyan waɗannan buƙatu yayin da ake jiran gina Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma mai ƙarfin megawatt 600, gwamnatin Uganda ta ba da izinin gina Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyagak II a matsayin ma'aunin gada. Littattafan da ake da su sun nuna cewa gwamnati za ta ba da kuɗin wannan ci gaba da kanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okethwengu |first=Benedict |date=30 July 2012 |title=West Nile To Get 5 Megawatts Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/633559-west-nile-to-get-5-megawatts-dam.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da alama wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta bambanta da [[Nyagak III Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyagak III]], wadda za a haɓaka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DEVEX |date=29 September 2011 |title=Legal Consultants for Nyagak III Uganda Small Hydro (Firm) |url=http://www.devex.com/en/projects/legal-consultants-for-nyagak-iii-uganda-small-hydro-firm |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Devex.com (DEVEX)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
Duk da cewa ba a bayyana ainihin kuɗaɗen gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak II ba, tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak I ta kashe dala miliyan 18 (€ miliyan 14) don kammalawa a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musasizi |date=2012 |title=West Nile Power Crisis: Locals Chide Muloni |url=http://www.energyprogramme.or.ug/west-nile-power-crisis-locals-chide-muloni/ |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=EnergyProgramme.or.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za a kwashe wutar lantarkin da aka samar ta hanyar layukan wutar lantarki na kilovolt 33 da ke haɗe da garuruwan Paidha, Nebbi, Bondo, Okollo, da [[Arua]], waɗanda aka gina a kan kimanin kuɗin dalar Amurka miliyan 15 tsakanin 2006 da 2012 yayin haɓaka Nyagak I. Haka kuma za a faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki zuwa [[Pakwach]] da ke bakin [[White Nile|kogin Albert]], tare da tallafin kuɗi daga tallafin dala miliyan 18 (€ miliyan 13) daga KfW . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ondoga |first=Ayiga |date=15 November 2013 |title=West Nile Power Line Extension Begins |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649445-west-nile-power-line-extension-begins.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>frw32hxkr7tm5c6sev13jlksxk4i81n</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nengo Bridge</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:13:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308269092|Nengo Bridge Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4341" sha1="iyfdqoifd9y4drhv45sa7dkyanrl9kh" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nengo Bridge''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nengo Bridge,''' tana da {{Convert|6.7|MW}} da aka tsara. ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]], ƙasa ta uku mafi girma a tattalin arziki a cikin [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin '''Kogin Mirera''' tsakanin Gundumar Rukungiri da Gundumar Kanungu a wurin da ''Gadar Nengo'' take, a kan titin da ke tsakanin Rukungiri da Kanungu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Anthony |date=14 May 2012 |title=Kanungu District Cut Off As Nengo Bridge Collapses |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=42325 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network (URN)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wuri yana da nisan {{Convert|13|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Rukungiri . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Map Showing Rukungiri And Kanungu With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Rukungiri%20(Rukungiri)&amp;toplace=Kanungu%20(Kanungu)%20&amp;fromlat=-0.8411111&amp;tolat=-0.9575&amp;fromlng=29.9419444&amp;tolng=29.7897222 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Ana gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki ta Nengo Bridge daga kogin, ƙaramin aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, tare da shirin samar da wutar lantarki ta MW 6.7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wesonga |first=Nelson |date=17 December 2012 |title=64MW To Boost Power Grid, Avert Shortage |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/64MW-to-boost-power-grid--avert-shortage/-/688334/1645474/-/wi29v9/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023174440/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/64MW-to-boost-power-grid--avert-shortage/-/688334/1645474/-/wi29v9/-/index.html |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jacobsen Elektro, wani kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki [[Norway|na Norway]], ta hannun reshensa [[Uganda|na Uganda]], ''Jacobsen Elektro Uganda Limited'', shi ne ke da haƙƙin ci gaba da tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=25 November 2013 |title=Eight Firms To Benefit From US$58 Million Renewable Energy Deal |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649830-eight-firms-to-benefit-from-58m-renewable-energy-deal.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jacobsen Elektro shi ma yana da tashar wutar lantarki ta Namanve mai ƙarfin Megawatt 50 a gundumar Mukono, wanda suka ƙirƙiro a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=JEC |date=5 November 2008 |title=Namanve 50MW Thermal Power Plant, Uganda |url=http://www.jacobsen-elektro.com/namanve_pp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213132055/http://www.jacobsen-elektro.com/namanve_pp.htm |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=Jacobsen-Elektro.Com (JEC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
{{As of|October 2014}}, the exact construction budget for the power plant and the high-tension power lines that will evacuate the generated electricity to where it will be integrated into the national grid is not publicly known. As a comparison, [[Kanungu Power Station]] with capacity of {{Convert|6.6|MW}}, was developed by a different company between 2008 and 2011 at a total cost of US$14 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rumanzi |first=Perez |date=22 November 2011 |title=Kanungu Mini-Hydro Dam Starts Work Today Amid Power Outages |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1277056/-/bgqsylz/-/index.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanungu Power Station in the town of [[Kanungu]], lies about {{Convert|13|km}}, by road, southwest of Nengo Bridge.

== Jadawalin lokacin gini ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan makamashin da ake sabuntawa guda tara a Uganda waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Lantarki (ERA) ta ba su lasisin samarwa a watan Oktoban 2014. Ana sa ran fara aikin ginin a watan Disamba na 2014, kuma zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Madatsun ruwa na Afirka
* Madatsun Ruwa na Wutar Lantarki

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Augustin Sandtner</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347178780|Augustin Sandtner]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="18989" sha1="eqrngxszsrtcgq1f6uyyyylstaoyunf" xml:space="preserve">Augustin &quot;Gustl&quot; Sandtner (8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1893 - 11 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944) ɗan siyasan kwaminisanci ne na Jamus kuma mai fafutukar adawa da yaki wanda ya yi aiki, a takaice, a matsayin memba na Landtag na Prussia . Lokacin da Nazis sun zo mulki a 1933 ya yi kamfen na makonni da yawa game da fascism da yaki. Bayan kama shi ya tsira fiye da goma sha ɗaya daga cikin shekaru goma sha biyu na Mulkin Nazi a cikin bauta, amma an harbe shi a sansanin fursuna na Sachsenhausen da ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) 'yan watanni kafin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Life ==
Augustin Sandtner was born in [[München|Munich]] on 8 August 1893. His father worked as a marble cutter/grinder. &quot;Gustl&quot; trained for work in a bakery. In 1911 he became an organiser in the &quot;Bakers and Pastry Makers Trades Union&quot;. In 1912 he was conscripted to undertake his military service in the Imperial German Navy. During [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] he joined the &quot;International Group&quot; and the &quot;Spartacus League&quot; which grew out of it. As a member of the crew on the Battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz he organised (illegal) revolutionary groups and distributed anti-war literature. On 3 November 1918 he participated in the Kiel mutiny which triggered a year of insurrections across Germany. A few days later he led a delegation of the Kiel sailors south to Munich where he was elected a member of the Soldiers' and Workers' Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period Sandtner became a member of the leadership of the Spartacus League, which over the final days of 1918 was reconfigured, renamed and relaunched, now the core of the new Communist Party of Germany (KPD). Sandtner was a member from the outset. As a member of the so-called Bavarian &quot;Red army&quot; during the short lived Bavarian Soviet Republic of April/May 1919, after the movement was crushed by a combination of still loyal government forces and &quot;Freikorps&quot; anti-communist volunteer units Sandtner found himself imprisoned at the end of May and threatened with execution. However, the government was keen not to encourage political extremists unnecessarily: many of those involved in the Munich insurrection received amnesties: Sandtner was released at the end of 1919.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; During 1920 and 1921 he was a member of the KPD regional leadership team (''&quot;Bezirksleitung&quot;'') for south Bavaria. It was here that he met Hanna Ritter whom he would later marry.&lt;ref name=&quot;HSlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Hanna * 26.8.1900, † 26.2.1958 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5039 |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was elected chair of the workers' council at BMW. In 1922 he was sentenced to three and a half years' imprisonment because of his involvement in organising solidarity support for the Communist-led insurrections in central Germany in March of the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot; /&gt;

After his release he moved to Berlin where he became a full-time party official in the city's Wedding and Moabit quarters. In 1926 he was re-arrested and taken into investigative custody because of &quot;anti-militarism work among members of the national army&quot;. However, after a relatively brief period of detention he was amnestied, possibly in response to pressure applied by comrades locally, and released. He took over as head of the &quot;State emigration department&quot; (''&quot;Reichsemigrantenabteilung&quot;'') of the party central committee. Sandtner next became local policy chief (''&quot;Polleiter&quot;'') for several local party sub-districts including the northern part of the Berlin-Brandenburg district.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

His focus switched away from [[Berlin]] when he became policy chief (''&quot;Polleiter&quot;'') for the party leadership team in Silesia. Two months later, following the regional election in April 1932, he was elected a member of the Prussian parliament (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwXw&quot;&gt;&quot;Landtag&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;).&lt;ref name=&quot;LandtagPR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2000 |title=Preußen ... Summe der Abgeordneten: 1382 |url=http://hsr-trans.zhsf.uni-koeln.de/volumes/bioweil/preussen.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004083318/http://hsr-trans.zhsf.uni-koeln.de/volumes/bioweil/preussen.htm |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Kollektive Biographie der Landtagsabgeordneten der Weimarer Republik 1918-1933 (&quot;Bioweil&quot;) |publisher=Zentrum für Historische Sozialforschung (&quot;gesis&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The political backdrop changed with the Nazi take-over in January 1933 and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. The Reichstag fire at the end of February 1933 was immediately blamed on &quot;communists&quot;, and it was indeed those members (and former members) of the KPD who had not already gone into hiding or fled abroad who found themselves heading the government's political targets list. Augustin Sandtner spent the first part of 1933 in the border regions of Silesia organising joint rallies by Germany, Polish and Czechoslovak workers opposed to fascism and the looming risks of war.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

On 7 February 1933, Sandtner was one of the participants at the {{Interlanguage link|Illegale Tagung der KPD im Sporthaus Ziegenhals|de}}, celebrated subsequently (especially during the &quot;East German&quot; years) as the last meeting held by the KPD leadership before the participants were arrested and killed, or in a few cases managed to flee abroad.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZiegenhalsTagung&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Teilnehmer an der Tagung des ZK der KPD am 07. Februar 1933 |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Teilnehmer.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis &quot;Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte&quot; e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;/ref&gt; Augustin Sandtner was arrested in Breslau (now Wrocław) on 27 April 1933. In January 1934 he was sentenced to a three year prison term. At the end of the three year term he was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death ==
Inside the concentration camp, as a leader of the illegal KPD organisation among the prisoners, working closely with members of resistance groups from other nations, he played a significant part in organising the anti-fascist struggle. After more than eleven years in detention, and still at Sachsenhausen, August Sandtner was one of 24 German camp inmates deemed culpable of &quot;illegal activities&quot; taken out, together with three French antifascists, and shot dead by ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) paramilitaries on 11 October 1944. Others killed included Ernst Schneller and {{Interlanguage link|Matthias Thesen|de}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DenkmalRede&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andreas Meyer (speech) |last2=Eva Schmidhuber (organiser) |date=12 October 2015 |title=Rede ... zur Einweihung des Denkmals (speech of consecration for the memorial set up on the seventieth anniversary of the shooting at Sachsenhausen) |url=https://www.sachsenhausenkomitee-brd.de/aus-unserer-arbeit/denkmal-f%C3%BCr-die-27/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014646/https://www.sachsenhausenkomitee-brd.de/aus-unserer-arbeit/denkmal-f%C3%BCr-die-27/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Sachsenhausen-Komitee in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e.V., Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Celebration ==
Some of the streets named after &quot;communist heroes&quot; in the days of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were renamed following German reunification in 1990. However, Augustin Sandtner is still (2017) commemorated on the Berlin street map by Augustin-Sandtner-Straße in the city's Oranienburg quarter.&lt;ref name=&quot;Augustin-Sandtner-Straße&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin-Sandtner-Straße, 16515 Oranienburg |url=http://www.berliner-stadtplan.com/Augustin-Sandtner-Strasse-16515-Oranienburg_a29564 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Pharus-Plan |publisher=Rolf Bernstengel, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a Gustl-Sandtner-Straße in Teltow on Berlin's southern edge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gustl-Sandtner-Straße&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin-Sandtner-Straße, 16515 Oranienburg |url=http://www.teltower-stadtplan.com/Gustl-Sandtner-Strasse-14513-Teltow_a10494 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Pharus-Plan |publisher=Rolf Bernstengel, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the East German period an army engineering regiment, the Ingenieurbauregiment 2 ''Augustin Sandtner'', specialising in construction-engineering (including the building of large scale nuclear bunkers such as strategic command posts) was also named after Augustin Sandtner. The unit was also known by the unit designation IBR 2. In NVA nomenclature IBR was shorthand for Ingenieurbauregiment (Engineer Construction Regiment).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Augustin &quot;Gustl&quot; Sandtner (8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1893 - 11 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944) ɗan siyasan kwaminisanci ne na Jamus kuma mai fafutukar adawa da yaki wanda ya yi aiki, a takaice, a matsayin memba na Landtag na Prussia . Lokacin da Nazis sun zo mulki a 1933 ya yi kamfen na makonni da yawa game da fascism da yaki. Bayan kama shi ya tsira fiye da goma sha ɗaya daga cikin shekaru goma sha biyu na Mulkin Nazi a cikin bauta, amma an harbe shi a sansanin fursuna na Sachsenhausen da ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) 'yan watanni kafin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Life ==
Augustin Sandtner was born in [[München|Munich]] on 8 August 1893. His father worked as a marble cutter/grinder. &quot;Gustl&quot; trained for work in a bakery. In 1911 he became an organiser in the &quot;Bakers and Pastry Makers Trades Union&quot;. In 1912 he was conscripted to undertake his military service in the Imperial German Navy. During [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] he joined the &quot;International Group&quot; and the &quot;Spartacus League&quot; which grew out of it. As a member of the crew on the Battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz he organised (illegal) revolutionary groups and distributed anti-war literature. On 3 November 1918 he participated in the Kiel mutiny which triggered a year of insurrections across Germany. A few days later he led a delegation of the Kiel sailors south to Munich where he was elected a member of the Soldiers' and Workers' Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period Sandtner became a member of the leadership of the Spartacus League, which over the final days of 1918 was reconfigured, renamed and relaunched, now the core of the new Communist Party of Germany (KPD). Sandtner was a member from the outset. As a member of the so-called Bavarian &quot;Red army&quot; during the short lived Bavarian Soviet Republic of April/May 1919, after the movement was crushed by a combination of still loyal government forces and &quot;Freikorps&quot; anti-communist volunteer units Sandtner found himself imprisoned at the end of May and threatened with execution. However, the government was keen not to encourage political extremists unnecessarily: many of those involved in the Munich insurrection received amnesties: Sandtner was released at the end of 1919.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; During 1920 and 1921 he was a member of the KPD regional leadership team (''&quot;Bezirksleitung&quot;'') for south Bavaria. It was here that he met Hanna Ritter whom he would later marry.&lt;ref name=&quot;HSlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Hanna * 26.8.1900, † 26.2.1958 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5039 |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was elected chair of the workers' council at BMW. In 1922 he was sentenced to three and a half years' imprisonment because of his involvement in organising solidarity support for the Communist-led insurrections in central Germany in March of the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot; /&gt;

After his release he moved to Berlin where he became a full-time party official in the city's Wedding and Moabit quarters. In 1926 he was re-arrested and taken into investigative custody because of &quot;anti-militarism work among members of the national army&quot;. However, after a relatively brief period of detention he was amnestied, possibly in response to pressure applied by comrades locally, and released. He took over as head of the &quot;State emigration department&quot; (''&quot;Reichsemigrantenabteilung&quot;'') of the party central committee. Sandtner next became local policy chief (''&quot;Polleiter&quot;'') for several local party sub-districts including the northern part of the Berlin-Brandenburg district.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

His focus switched away from [[Berlin]] when he became policy chief (''&quot;Polleiter&quot;'') for the party leadership team in Silesia. Two months later, following the regional election in April 1932, he was elected a member of the Prussian parliament (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwXw&quot;&gt;&quot;Landtag&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;).&lt;ref name=&quot;LandtagPR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2000 |title=Preußen ... Summe der Abgeordneten: 1382 |url=http://hsr-trans.zhsf.uni-koeln.de/volumes/bioweil/preussen.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004083318/http://hsr-trans.zhsf.uni-koeln.de/volumes/bioweil/preussen.htm |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Kollektive Biographie der Landtagsabgeordneten der Weimarer Republik 1918-1933 (&quot;Bioweil&quot;) |publisher=Zentrum für Historische Sozialforschung (&quot;gesis&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The political backdrop changed with the Nazi take-over in January 1933 and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. The Reichstag fire at the end of February 1933 was immediately blamed on &quot;communists&quot;, and it was indeed those members (and former members) of the KPD who had not already gone into hiding or fled abroad who found themselves heading the government's political targets list. Augustin Sandtner spent the first part of 1933 in the border regions of Silesia organising joint rallies by Germany, Polish and Czechoslovak workers opposed to fascism and the looming risks of war.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

On 7 February 1933, Sandtner was one of the participants at the {{Interlanguage link|Illegale Tagung der KPD im Sporthaus Ziegenhals|de}}, celebrated subsequently (especially during the &quot;East German&quot; years) as the last meeting held by the KPD leadership before the participants were arrested and killed, or in a few cases managed to flee abroad.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZiegenhalsTagung&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Teilnehmer an der Tagung des ZK der KPD am 07. Februar 1933 |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Teilnehmer.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis &quot;Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte&quot; e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;/ref&gt; Augustin Sandtner was arrested in Breslau (now Wrocław) on 27 April 1933. In January 1934 he was sentenced to a three year prison term. At the end of the three year term he was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death ==
Inside the concentration camp, as a leader of the illegal KPD organisation among the prisoners, working closely with members of resistance groups from other nations, he played a significant part in organising the anti-fascist struggle. After more than eleven years in detention, and still at Sachsenhausen, August Sandtner was one of 24 German camp inmates deemed culpable of &quot;illegal activities&quot; taken out, together with three French antifascists, and shot dead by ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) paramilitaries on 11 October 1944. Others killed included Ernst Schneller and {{Interlanguage link|Matthias Thesen|de}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHermann_WeberAndreas_Herbst&quot;&gt;[[Hermann Weber]]; [[Andreas Herbst]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 &quot;Sandtner, Augustin (&quot;Gustl&quot;) * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944&quot;]. ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten''. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASlautZiegenhals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html &quot;Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944)&quot;]. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 January&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DenkmalRede&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andreas Meyer (speech) |last2=Eva Schmidhuber (organiser) |date=12 October 2015 |title=Rede ... zur Einweihung des Denkmals (speech of consecration for the memorial set up on the seventieth anniversary of the shooting at Sachsenhausen) |url=https://www.sachsenhausenkomitee-brd.de/aus-unserer-arbeit/denkmal-f%C3%BCr-die-27/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014646/https://www.sachsenhausenkomitee-brd.de/aus-unserer-arbeit/denkmal-f%C3%BCr-die-27/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Sachsenhausen-Komitee in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e.V., Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Celebration ==
Some of the streets named after &quot;communist heroes&quot; in the days of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were renamed following German reunification in 1990. However, Augustin Sandtner is still (2017) commemorated on the Berlin street map by Augustin-Sandtner-Straße in the city's Oranienburg quarter.&lt;ref name=&quot;Augustin-Sandtner-Straße&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin-Sandtner-Straße, 16515 Oranienburg |url=http://www.berliner-stadtplan.com/Augustin-Sandtner-Strasse-16515-Oranienburg_a29564 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Pharus-Plan |publisher=Rolf Bernstengel, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a Gustl-Sandtner-Straße in Teltow on Berlin's southern edge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gustl-Sandtner-Straße&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Augustin-Sandtner-Straße, 16515 Oranienburg |url=http://www.teltower-stadtplan.com/Gustl-Sandtner-Strasse-14513-Teltow_a10494 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Pharus-Plan |publisher=Rolf Bernstengel, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the East German period an army engineering regiment, the Ingenieurbauregiment 2 ''Augustin Sandtner'', specialising in construction-engineering (including the building of large scale nuclear bunkers such as strategic command posts) was also named after Augustin Sandtner. The unit was also known by the unit designation IBR 2. In NVA nomenclature IBR was shorthand for Ingenieurbauregiment (Engineer Construction Regiment).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Calcineurin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329799285|Calcineurin]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Calcineurin''' ('''CaN''') calcium ne da calmodulin dogara da serine / threonine protein phosphatase (wanda aka fi sani da furotin phosphatate 3, da kuma calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatases). &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15865209&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liu L, Zhang J, Yuan J, Dang Y, Yang C, Chen X, Xu J, Yu L |date=March 2005 |title=Characterization of a human regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 3 gene (PPP3RL) expressed specifically in testis |journal=Mol. Biol. Rep. |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=41–5 |doi=10.1007/s11033-004-4250-4 |pmid=15865209 |s2cid=43848098}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana kunna Kwayoyin T na tsarin rigakafi kuma ana iya toshe shi da magunguna. Calcineurin yana kunna ma'anar nukiliya na cytoplasmic na T cell (NFATc), ma'anar fassarar, ta hanyar dephosphorylating shi. Ana kunna NFATc a cikin tsakiya, inda yake daidaita bayyanar interleukin 2 (IL-2), wanda, bi da bi, yana motsa ci gaba da bambancin [[Tsakanin rigakafin kwayar halitta|Amsar T cell]]. Calcineurin shine manufa na wani nau'in magunguna da ake kira calcineurin inhibitors, wanda ya hada da ciclosporin, voclosporin.

Calcineurin is a highly conserved protein within eukaryotic life, appearing within organisms from [[Yis|yeasts]] to mammals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rusnak |first=Frank |last2=Mertz |first2=Pamela |date=2000-01-10 |title=Calcineurin: Form and Function |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |journal=Physiological Reviews |language=en |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1483–1521 |doi=10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=11015619 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Calcineurin is a heterodimer of a 61-kD calmodulin-binding catalytic subunit, calcineurin A and a 19-kD Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;-binding regulatory subunit, calcineurin B.  In humans, there are three isozymes of the catalytic subunit, each encoded by a separate gene (PPP3CA, PPP3CB, and PPP3CC) and two isoforms of the regulatory, also encoded by separate genes (PPP3R1, PPP3R2).
{|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, alpha isozyme|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9314|Symbol=[[PPP3CA]]|AltSymbols=CALN, CALNA|EntrezGene=5530|OMIM=114105|RefSeq=NM_000944|UniProt=Q08209|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=4|Arm=q|Band=24|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, beta isozyme|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9315|Symbol=[[PPP3CB]]|AltSymbols=CALNB|EntrezGene=5532|OMIM=114106|RefSeq=NM_021132|UniProt=P16298|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=10|Arm=q|Band=22.2|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, gamma isozyme|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9316|Symbol=[[PPP3CC]]|AltSymbols=|EntrezGene=5533|OMIM=114107|RefSeq=NM_005605|UniProt=P48454|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=8|Arm=p|Band=21.3|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
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{|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, regulatory subunit B, alpha|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9317|Symbol=[[PPP3R1]]|AltSymbols=|EntrezGene=5534|OMIM=601302|RefSeq=NM_000945|UniProt=P63098|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=2|Arm=p|Band=14|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, regulatory subunit B, beta|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9318|Symbol=[[PPP3R2]]|AltSymbols=|EntrezGene=5535|OMIM=613821|RefSeq=NM_147180|UniProt=Q96LZ3|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=9|Arm=q|Band=31|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
|}
Calcineurin A contains the active site, which is between 57-9 kDa depending on isoform, with larger catalytic subunits found in lower eukaryotes such as Saccharomyces fungus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rusnak |first=Frank |last2=Mertz |first2=Pamela |date=2000-01-10 |title=Calcineurin: Form and Function |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |journal=Physiological Reviews |language=en |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1483–1521 |doi=10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=11015619 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRusnakMertz2000&quot;&gt;Rusnak, Frank; Mertz, Pamela (2000-01-10). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 &quot;Calcineurin: Form and Function&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Physiological Reviews''. '''80''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1483–&lt;/span&gt;1521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483|10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9333 0031-9333]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11015619 11015619].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; This catalytic subunit consists of a catalytic domain homologous to other serine/threonine protein phosphatases as well as three unique regulatory domains at the COOH terminus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; These three regulatory domains were found to be the binding domain of the regulatory subunit of calcineurin B, the domain for calmodulin binding, and the autoinhibitory domain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; When calmodulin or Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; is absent, the autoinhibitory domain binds to the active site, inhibiting activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Conformational changes with the binding of calmodulin or Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; frees the active site and resumes calcineurin function.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

When an antigen-presenting cell interacts with a T cell receptor on T cells, there is an increase in the cytoplasmic level of calcium, which activates calcineurin by binding a regulatory subunit and activating calmodulin binding.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10839803&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yamashita M, Katsumata M, Iwashima M, Kimura M, Shimizu C, Kamata T, Shin T, Seki N, Suzuki S, Taniguchi M, Nakayama T |date=June 2000 |title=T cell receptor-induced calcineurin activation regulates T helper type 2 cell development by modifying the interleukin 4 receptor signaling complex |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=191 |issue=11 |pages=1869–79 |doi=10.1084/jem.191.11.1869 |pmc=2213529 |pmid=10839803}}&lt;/ref&gt; Calcineurin induces transcription factors (NFATs) that are important in the transcription of IL-2 genes. IL-2 activates T-helper lymphocytes and induces the production of other cytokines. In this way, it governs the action of cytotoxic lymphocytes. The amount of IL-2 being produced by the T-helper cells is believed to influence the extent of the immune response significantly.

Calcineurin directly dephosphorylates cytoplasmic subunits of the NFAT1 transcription complex, operating through direct binding through a conserved N terminus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Translocation of the NFAT transcription factors into the nucleus is maintained via the concentration of Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; ions due to the integration of Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; signaling within mitogen-activated protein kinase in NFAT, the activity of Calmodulin can act as a coincidence detector for Ras signaling pathways.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dissociation of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC) by calcineurin leads to regulation of the Mef2 transcription factor, which mediates transition of fast muscle fibers to slow muscle fibers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; This ability to regulate muscular fiber conversion has implications for the developmental impact of the protein and also is believed to be connected to regulation of programmed cell death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Function ==

=== Formation of Structures in Newborn Mammals ===

==== Synaptic Connection ====
Calcineurin is suggested to be a critical component in the formation of synaptic connections. NFATc4 is found to be expressed in hippocampal neurons, with translocation via depolarization and normal synaptic activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrabtree2001&quot;&gt;Crabtree, Gerald R. (January 2001). [[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|&quot;Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription&quot;]]. ''Journal of Biological Chemistry''. '''276''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2313–&lt;/span&gt;2316. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|10.1074/jbc.R000024200]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096121 11096121].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; This in conjunction with a potential downstream gene encoding a Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; channel (IP3R1) form the basis for the potential linkage of calcineurin to synaptic connections, especially within newborn animals which have activation of IP3R1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Should further research support the possible connection between this protein and synapse connection, it would open new directions of study for neurological development in animals.

==== Cardiovascular ====
Heart valve formation and myocardial hypertrophy are also believed to be signaled through the calcineurin signaling pathway. Mutations in the NFATc1 gene are reported to cause failure of development in heart valves,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrabtree2001&quot;&gt;Crabtree, Gerald R. (January 2001). [[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|&quot;Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription&quot;]]. ''Journal of Biological Chemistry''. '''276''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2313–&lt;/span&gt;2316. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|10.1074/jbc.R000024200]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096121 11096121].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; meaning that the calcineurin transcription factor controls a vital developmental pathway for survival of newborn animals. In transgenic mice presenting this mutation are shown to die from [[Gazawar zuciya|congestive heart failure]] in utero.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rusnak |first=Frank |last2=Mertz |first2=Pamela |date=2000-01-10 |title=Calcineurin: Form and Function |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |journal=Physiological Reviews |language=en |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1483–1521 |doi=10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=11015619 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRusnakMertz2000&quot;&gt;Rusnak, Frank; Mertz, Pamela (2000-01-10). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 &quot;Calcineurin: Form and Function&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Physiological Reviews''. '''80''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1483–&lt;/span&gt;1521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483|10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9333 0031-9333]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11015619 11015619].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Stress-induced hypertrophy, a response in cardiac muscle cells, is dependent on calcium, and was discovered to also be induced by overexpression of calcineurin A.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Additionally, overexpression of NFATc4 could also induce similar results, and cyclosporin A prevents cardiac hypertrophy development in response to certain stimuli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Calcineurin is also found to play a critical role in the development of several other structures and functions, such as the liver, skin, inflammatory and immune response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrabtree2001&quot;&gt;Crabtree, Gerald R. (January 2001). [[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|&quot;Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription&quot;]]. ''Journal of Biological Chemistry''. '''276''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2313–&lt;/span&gt;2316. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|10.1074/jbc.R000024200]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096121 11096121].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; This is shown through the augmentation of suboptimal stimuli through the use of calcium, as well as blocking by cyclosporin A.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Cell Cycle Arrest Recovery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ===
Mediation of pheromone-induced growth arrest for mating is performed by a Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; increase and activation of calcineurin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rusnak |first=Frank |last2=Mertz |first2=Pamela |date=2000-01-10 |title=Calcineurin: Form and Function |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |journal=Physiological Reviews |language=en |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1483–1521 |doi=10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=11015619 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRusnakMertz2000&quot;&gt;Rusnak, Frank; Mertz, Pamela (2000-01-10). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 &quot;Calcineurin: Form and Function&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Physiological Reviews''. '''80''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1483–&lt;/span&gt;1521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483|10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9333 0031-9333]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11015619 11015619].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Strains lacking in either of two yeast calcineurin A subunits were unable to recover from growth arrest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Calmodulin is also found to be required from this growth arrest,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; meaning that all factors which govern calcineurin activation as well as the protein itself are necessary for proper function of yeast cells. Without the ability to escape growth arrest, yeast cells are unable to exit G1, removing the ability to continue through the cell cycle and engage in asexual reproduction.

=== Functions in Sleep ===
Presence and abundance of Calcineurin Aα in mice affects the intensity of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yin |first=Xin |last2=Zhang |first2=Zihan |last3=Zhou |first3=Rui |last4=Zuo |first4=Peng |last5=Sang |first5=Di |last6=Zhou |first6=Shuang |last7=Shi |first7=Bihan |last8=Chen |first8=Lin |last9=Wu |first9=Chongyang |last10=Guo |first10=Ying |last11=Wang |first11=Fengchao |last12=Zhang |first12=Eric Erquan |last13=Li |first13=Qi |last14=Yanagisawa |first14=Masashi |last15=Liu |first15=Qinghua |date=2025-01-28 |title=Calcineurin governs baseline and homeostatic regulations of non–rapid eye movement sleep in mice |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=122 |issue=4 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2418317122 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=11789068 |pmid=39847332}}&lt;/ref&gt; In mice which overexpression of the protein subunit occurs, it is observed that the amount of sleep and as a result wakefulness is increased.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, deficiency or knockout of the subunit leads to diminished NREMS in affected mice,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; showing the coupling of sleep with the function of the calcineurin protein. Severe insomnia was also exhibited in mice which lacked CnB1, as well as an increased circadian period as compared to wild type mice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Clinical relevance ==

=== Rheumatic diseases ===
Calcineurin inhibitors are prescribed for adult [[Rheumatoid amosanin gabbai|rheumatoid arthritis]] (RA) as a single drug or in combination with methotrexate. The microemulsion formulation is approved by the U.S. [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Food and Drug Administration]] for treatment of severely active RA. It is also prescribed for: psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, acute ocular Behçet's disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult and juvenile polymyositis and dermatomyositis, adult and juvenile [[Lupus|systemic lupus erythematosus]], adult lupus membranous nephritis, systemic sclerosis, aplastic anemia, steroid-resistant [[Ciwon Nephrotic|nephrotic syndrome]], atopic dermatitis, severe corticosteroid-dependent [[Cutar Asthma|asthma]], severe [[ulcerative colitis]], pemphigus vulgaris, myasthenia gravis, and dry eye disease, with or without Sjögren's syndrome (administered as ophthalmic emulsion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-04-10 |title=Pharmacology and side effects of cyclosporine and tacrolimus |url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacology-and-side-effects-of-cyclosporine-and-tacrolimus |website=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Schizophrenia ===
Calcineurin is linked to receptors for several brain chemicals including glutamate, [[dopamine]] and GABA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bannai H, Lévi S, Schweizer C, Inoue T, Launey T, Racine V, Sibarita JB, Mikoshiba K, Triller A |year=2009 |title=Activity-dependent tuning of inhibitory neurotransmission based on GABAAR diffusion dynamics |journal=Neuron |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=670–82 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.023 |pmid=19524526 |s2cid=18512241 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An experiment with genetically-altered mice that could not produce calcineurin showed similar symptoms as in humans with [[Hauka|schizophrenia]]: impairment in working memory, attention deficits, aberrant social behavior, and several other abnormalities characteristic of schizophrenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12851457&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miyakawa T, Leiter LM, Gerber DJ, Gainetdinov RR, Sotnikova TD, Zeng H, Caron MG, Tonegawa S |date=July 2003 |title=Conditional calcineurin knockout mice exhibit multiple abnormal behaviors related to schizophrenia |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=15 |pages=8987–92 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100.8987M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1432926100 |pmc=166425 |pmid=12851457 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diabetes ===
Calcineurin along with NFAT, may improve the function of diabetics' pancreatic beta cells.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16988714&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heit JJ, Apelqvist AA, Gu X, Winslow MM, Neilson JR, Crabtree GR, Kim SK |date=September 2006 |title=Calcineurin/NFAT signalling regulates pancreatic beta-cell growth and function |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7109 |pages=345–9 |bibcode=2006Natur.443..345H |doi=10.1038/nature05097 |pmid=16988714 |s2cid=4397036}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17876792&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heit JJ |date=October 2007 |title=Calcineurin/NFAT signaling in the beta-cell: From diabetes to new therapeutics |journal=BioEssays |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=1011–21 |doi=10.1002/bies.20644 |pmid=17876792 |s2cid=21027866}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus tacrolimus contributes to the frequent development of new diabetes following renal transplantation.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17699434&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crutchlow MF, Bloom RD |year=2007 |title=Transplant-associated hyperglycemia: a new look at an old problem |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=343–55 |doi=10.2215/CJN.03671106 |pmid=17699434 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Calcineurin/NFAT signaling is required for perinatal lung maturation and function.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16998587&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davé V, Childs T, Xu Y, Ikegami M, Besnard V, Maeda Y, Wert SE, Neilson JR, Crabtree GR, Whitsett JA |date=October 2006 |title=Calcineurin/Nfat signaling is required for perinatal lung maturation and function |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=2597–609 |doi=10.1172/JCI27331 |pmc=1570374 |pmid=16998587}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organ transplantation ===
Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus and ciclosporin are used to suppress the immune system in organ allotransplant recipients to prevent rejection of the transplanted tissue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 March 2019 |title=Tacrolimus |url=https://www.nzf.org.nz/nzf_4754 |website=New Zealand Formulary v81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Interactions ==
Calcineurin has been shown to interact with RCAN1&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10861295&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fuentes JJ, Genescà L, Kingsbury TJ, Cunningham KW, Pérez-Riba M, Estivill X, de la Luna S |date=July 2000 |title=DSCR1, overexpressed in Down syndrome, is an inhibitor of calcineurin-mediated signaling pathways |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=1681–90 |doi=10.1093/hmg/9.11.1681 |pmid=10861295 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and AKAP5.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9765270&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kashishian A, Howard M, Loh C, Gallatin WM, Hoekstra MF, Lai Y |date=October 1998 |title=AKAP79 inhibits calcineurin through a site distinct from the immunophilin-binding region |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue=42 |pages=27412–9 |doi=10.1074/jbc.273.42.27412 |pmid=9765270 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Viral Inhibition ==
Inhibition of calcineurin is also found to be performed by encoded proteins in viruses. Notably, the African swine fever virus encodes the A238L protein, which binds to calcineurin and inhibits translocation and function of NFATc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrabtree2001&quot;&gt;Crabtree, Gerald R. (January 2001). [[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|&quot;Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription&quot;]]. ''Journal of Biological Chemistry''. '''276''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2313–&lt;/span&gt;2316. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|10.1074/jbc.R000024200]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096121 11096121].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Given sequence similarity between A238L and NFATc family members suggests that the protein induces cyclosporin-like immunosuppression in host cells.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Calcineurin''' ('''CaN''') calcium ne da calmodulin dogara da serine / threonine protein phosphatase (wanda aka fi sani da furotin phosphatate 3, da kuma calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatases). &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15865209&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liu L, Zhang J, Yuan J, Dang Y, Yang C, Chen X, Xu J, Yu L |date=March 2005 |title=Characterization of a human regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 3 gene (PPP3RL) expressed specifically in testis |journal=Mol. Biol. Rep. |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=41–5 |doi=10.1007/s11033-004-4250-4 |pmid=15865209 |s2cid=43848098}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana kunna Kwayoyin T na tsarin rigakafi kuma ana iya toshe shi da magunguna. Calcineurin yana kunna ma'anar nukiliya na cytoplasmic na T cell (NFATc), ma'anar fassarar, ta hanyar dephosphorylating shi. Ana kunna NFATc a cikin tsakiya, inda yake daidaita bayyanar interleukin 2 (IL-2), wanda, bi da bi, yana motsa ci gaba da bambancin [[Tsakanin rigakafin kwayar halitta|Amsar T cell]]. Calcineurin shine manufa na wani nau'in magunguna da ake kira calcineurin inhibitors, wanda ya hada da ciclosporin, voclosporin.

Calcineurin is a highly conserved protein within eukaryotic life, appearing within organisms from [[Yis|yeasts]] to mammals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rusnak |first=Frank |last2=Mertz |first2=Pamela |date=2000-01-10 |title=Calcineurin: Form and Function |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |journal=Physiological Reviews |language=en |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1483–1521 |doi=10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=11015619 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Calcineurin is a heterodimer of a 61-kD calmodulin-binding catalytic subunit, calcineurin A and a 19-kD Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;-binding regulatory subunit, calcineurin B.  In humans, there are three isozymes of the catalytic subunit, each encoded by a separate gene (PPP3CA, PPP3CB, and PPP3CC) and two isoforms of the regulatory, also encoded by separate genes (PPP3R1, PPP3R2).
{|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, alpha isozyme|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9314|Symbol=[[PPP3CA]]|AltSymbols=CALN, CALNA|EntrezGene=5530|OMIM=114105|RefSeq=NM_000944|UniProt=Q08209|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=4|Arm=q|Band=24|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, beta isozyme|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9315|Symbol=[[PPP3CB]]|AltSymbols=CALNB|EntrezGene=5532|OMIM=114106|RefSeq=NM_021132|UniProt=P16298|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=10|Arm=q|Band=22.2|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, gamma isozyme|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9316|Symbol=[[PPP3CC]]|AltSymbols=|EntrezGene=5533|OMIM=114107|RefSeq=NM_005605|UniProt=P48454|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=8|Arm=p|Band=21.3|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
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{|
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|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, regulatory subunit B, alpha|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9317|Symbol=[[PPP3R1]]|AltSymbols=|EntrezGene=5534|OMIM=601302|RefSeq=NM_000945|UniProt=P63098|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=2|Arm=p|Band=14|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox protein|Name=protein phosphatase 3, regulatory subunit B, beta|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9318|Symbol=[[PPP3R2]]|AltSymbols=|EntrezGene=5535|OMIM=613821|RefSeq=NM_147180|UniProt=Q96LZ3|PDB=|ECnumber=3.1.3.16|Chromosome=9|Arm=q|Band=31|LocusSupplementaryData=}}
|}
Calcineurin A contains the active site, which is between 57-9 kDa depending on isoform, with larger catalytic subunits found in lower eukaryotes such as Saccharomyces fungus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rusnak |first=Frank |last2=Mertz |first2=Pamela |date=2000-01-10 |title=Calcineurin: Form and Function |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |journal=Physiological Reviews |language=en |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1483–1521 |doi=10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=11015619 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRusnakMertz2000&quot;&gt;Rusnak, Frank; Mertz, Pamela (2000-01-10). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 &quot;Calcineurin: Form and Function&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Physiological Reviews''. '''80''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1483–&lt;/span&gt;1521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483|10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9333 0031-9333]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11015619 11015619].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; This catalytic subunit consists of a catalytic domain homologous to other serine/threonine protein phosphatases as well as three unique regulatory domains at the COOH terminus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; These three regulatory domains were found to be the binding domain of the regulatory subunit of calcineurin B, the domain for calmodulin binding, and the autoinhibitory domain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; When calmodulin or Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; is absent, the autoinhibitory domain binds to the active site, inhibiting activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Conformational changes with the binding of calmodulin or Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; frees the active site and resumes calcineurin function.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

When an antigen-presenting cell interacts with a T cell receptor on T cells, there is an increase in the cytoplasmic level of calcium, which activates calcineurin by binding a regulatory subunit and activating calmodulin binding.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10839803&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yamashita M, Katsumata M, Iwashima M, Kimura M, Shimizu C, Kamata T, Shin T, Seki N, Suzuki S, Taniguchi M, Nakayama T |date=June 2000 |title=T cell receptor-induced calcineurin activation regulates T helper type 2 cell development by modifying the interleukin 4 receptor signaling complex |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=191 |issue=11 |pages=1869–79 |doi=10.1084/jem.191.11.1869 |pmc=2213529 |pmid=10839803}}&lt;/ref&gt; Calcineurin induces transcription factors (NFATs) that are important in the transcription of IL-2 genes. IL-2 activates T-helper lymphocytes and induces the production of other cytokines. In this way, it governs the action of cytotoxic lymphocytes. The amount of IL-2 being produced by the T-helper cells is believed to influence the extent of the immune response significantly.

Calcineurin directly dephosphorylates cytoplasmic subunits of the NFAT1 transcription complex, operating through direct binding through a conserved N terminus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Translocation of the NFAT transcription factors into the nucleus is maintained via the concentration of Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; ions due to the integration of Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; signaling within mitogen-activated protein kinase in NFAT, the activity of Calmodulin can act as a coincidence detector for Ras signaling pathways.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dissociation of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC) by calcineurin leads to regulation of the Mef2 transcription factor, which mediates transition of fast muscle fibers to slow muscle fibers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; This ability to regulate muscular fiber conversion has implications for the developmental impact of the protein and also is believed to be connected to regulation of programmed cell death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Function ==

=== Formation of Structures in Newborn Mammals ===

==== Synaptic Connection ====
Calcineurin is suggested to be a critical component in the formation of synaptic connections. NFATc4 is found to be expressed in hippocampal neurons, with translocation via depolarization and normal synaptic activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrabtree2001&quot;&gt;Crabtree, Gerald R. (January 2001). [[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|&quot;Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription&quot;]]. ''Journal of Biological Chemistry''. '''276''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2313–&lt;/span&gt;2316. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|10.1074/jbc.R000024200]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096121 11096121].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; This in conjunction with a potential downstream gene encoding a Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; channel (IP3R1) form the basis for the potential linkage of calcineurin to synaptic connections, especially within newborn animals which have activation of IP3R1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Should further research support the possible connection between this protein and synapse connection, it would open new directions of study for neurological development in animals.

==== Cardiovascular ====
Heart valve formation and myocardial hypertrophy are also believed to be signaled through the calcineurin signaling pathway. Mutations in the NFATc1 gene are reported to cause failure of development in heart valves,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrabtree2001&quot;&gt;Crabtree, Gerald R. (January 2001). [[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|&quot;Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription&quot;]]. ''Journal of Biological Chemistry''. '''276''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2313–&lt;/span&gt;2316. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|10.1074/jbc.R000024200]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096121 11096121].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; meaning that the calcineurin transcription factor controls a vital developmental pathway for survival of newborn animals. In transgenic mice presenting this mutation are shown to die from [[Gazawar zuciya|congestive heart failure]] in utero.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rusnak |first=Frank |last2=Mertz |first2=Pamela |date=2000-01-10 |title=Calcineurin: Form and Function |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |journal=Physiological Reviews |language=en |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1483–1521 |doi=10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=11015619 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRusnakMertz2000&quot;&gt;Rusnak, Frank; Mertz, Pamela (2000-01-10). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 &quot;Calcineurin: Form and Function&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Physiological Reviews''. '''80''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1483–&lt;/span&gt;1521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483|10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9333 0031-9333]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11015619 11015619].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Stress-induced hypertrophy, a response in cardiac muscle cells, is dependent on calcium, and was discovered to also be induced by overexpression of calcineurin A.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Additionally, overexpression of NFATc4 could also induce similar results, and cyclosporin A prevents cardiac hypertrophy development in response to certain stimuli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Calcineurin is also found to play a critical role in the development of several other structures and functions, such as the liver, skin, inflammatory and immune response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrabtree2001&quot;&gt;Crabtree, Gerald R. (January 2001). [[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|&quot;Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription&quot;]]. ''Journal of Biological Chemistry''. '''276''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2313–&lt;/span&gt;2316. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|10.1074/jbc.R000024200]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096121 11096121].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; This is shown through the augmentation of suboptimal stimuli through the use of calcium, as well as blocking by cyclosporin A.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Cell Cycle Arrest Recovery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ===
Mediation of pheromone-induced growth arrest for mating is performed by a Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; increase and activation of calcineurin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rusnak |first=Frank |last2=Mertz |first2=Pamela |date=2000-01-10 |title=Calcineurin: Form and Function |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |journal=Physiological Reviews |language=en |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1483–1521 |doi=10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=11015619 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRusnakMertz2000&quot;&gt;Rusnak, Frank; Mertz, Pamela (2000-01-10). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 &quot;Calcineurin: Form and Function&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Physiological Reviews''. '''80''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1483–&lt;/span&gt;1521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483|10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9333 0031-9333]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11015619 11015619].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Strains lacking in either of two yeast calcineurin A subunits were unable to recover from growth arrest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Calmodulin is also found to be required from this growth arrest,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; meaning that all factors which govern calcineurin activation as well as the protein itself are necessary for proper function of yeast cells. Without the ability to escape growth arrest, yeast cells are unable to exit G1, removing the ability to continue through the cell cycle and engage in asexual reproduction.

=== Functions in Sleep ===
Presence and abundance of Calcineurin Aα in mice affects the intensity of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yin |first=Xin |last2=Zhang |first2=Zihan |last3=Zhou |first3=Rui |last4=Zuo |first4=Peng |last5=Sang |first5=Di |last6=Zhou |first6=Shuang |last7=Shi |first7=Bihan |last8=Chen |first8=Lin |last9=Wu |first9=Chongyang |last10=Guo |first10=Ying |last11=Wang |first11=Fengchao |last12=Zhang |first12=Eric Erquan |last13=Li |first13=Qi |last14=Yanagisawa |first14=Masashi |last15=Liu |first15=Qinghua |date=2025-01-28 |title=Calcineurin governs baseline and homeostatic regulations of non–rapid eye movement sleep in mice |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=122 |issue=4 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2418317122 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=11789068 |pmid=39847332}}&lt;/ref&gt; In mice which overexpression of the protein subunit occurs, it is observed that the amount of sleep and as a result wakefulness is increased.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, deficiency or knockout of the subunit leads to diminished NREMS in affected mice,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; showing the coupling of sleep with the function of the calcineurin protein. Severe insomnia was also exhibited in mice which lacked CnB1, as well as an increased circadian period as compared to wild type mice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Clinical relevance ==

=== Rheumatic diseases ===
Calcineurin inhibitors are prescribed for adult [[Rheumatoid amosanin gabbai|rheumatoid arthritis]] (RA) as a single drug or in combination with methotrexate. The microemulsion formulation is approved by the U.S. [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Food and Drug Administration]] for treatment of severely active RA. It is also prescribed for: psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, acute ocular Behçet's disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult and juvenile polymyositis and dermatomyositis, adult and juvenile [[Lupus|systemic lupus erythematosus]], adult lupus membranous nephritis, systemic sclerosis, aplastic anemia, steroid-resistant [[Ciwon Nephrotic|nephrotic syndrome]], atopic dermatitis, severe corticosteroid-dependent [[Cutar Asthma|asthma]], severe [[ulcerative colitis]], pemphigus vulgaris, myasthenia gravis, and dry eye disease, with or without Sjögren's syndrome (administered as ophthalmic emulsion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-04-10 |title=Pharmacology and side effects of cyclosporine and tacrolimus |url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacology-and-side-effects-of-cyclosporine-and-tacrolimus |website=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Schizophrenia ===
Calcineurin is linked to receptors for several brain chemicals including glutamate, [[dopamine]] and GABA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bannai H, Lévi S, Schweizer C, Inoue T, Launey T, Racine V, Sibarita JB, Mikoshiba K, Triller A |year=2009 |title=Activity-dependent tuning of inhibitory neurotransmission based on GABAAR diffusion dynamics |journal=Neuron |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=670–82 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.023 |pmid=19524526 |s2cid=18512241 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An experiment with genetically-altered mice that could not produce calcineurin showed similar symptoms as in humans with [[Hauka|schizophrenia]]: impairment in working memory, attention deficits, aberrant social behavior, and several other abnormalities characteristic of schizophrenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12851457&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miyakawa T, Leiter LM, Gerber DJ, Gainetdinov RR, Sotnikova TD, Zeng H, Caron MG, Tonegawa S |date=July 2003 |title=Conditional calcineurin knockout mice exhibit multiple abnormal behaviors related to schizophrenia |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=15 |pages=8987–92 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100.8987M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1432926100 |pmc=166425 |pmid=12851457 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diabetes ===
Calcineurin along with NFAT, may improve the function of diabetics' pancreatic beta cells.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16988714&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heit JJ, Apelqvist AA, Gu X, Winslow MM, Neilson JR, Crabtree GR, Kim SK |date=September 2006 |title=Calcineurin/NFAT signalling regulates pancreatic beta-cell growth and function |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7109 |pages=345–9 |bibcode=2006Natur.443..345H |doi=10.1038/nature05097 |pmid=16988714 |s2cid=4397036}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17876792&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heit JJ |date=October 2007 |title=Calcineurin/NFAT signaling in the beta-cell: From diabetes to new therapeutics |journal=BioEssays |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=1011–21 |doi=10.1002/bies.20644 |pmid=17876792 |s2cid=21027866}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus tacrolimus contributes to the frequent development of new diabetes following renal transplantation.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17699434&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crutchlow MF, Bloom RD |year=2007 |title=Transplant-associated hyperglycemia: a new look at an old problem |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=343–55 |doi=10.2215/CJN.03671106 |pmid=17699434 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Calcineurin/NFAT signaling is required for perinatal lung maturation and function.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16998587&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davé V, Childs T, Xu Y, Ikegami M, Besnard V, Maeda Y, Wert SE, Neilson JR, Crabtree GR, Whitsett JA |date=October 2006 |title=Calcineurin/Nfat signaling is required for perinatal lung maturation and function |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=2597–609 |doi=10.1172/JCI27331 |pmc=1570374 |pmid=16998587}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organ transplantation ===
Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus and ciclosporin are used to suppress the immune system in organ allotransplant recipients to prevent rejection of the transplanted tissue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 March 2019 |title=Tacrolimus |url=https://www.nzf.org.nz/nzf_4754 |website=New Zealand Formulary v81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Interactions ==
Calcineurin has been shown to interact with RCAN1&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10861295&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fuentes JJ, Genescà L, Kingsbury TJ, Cunningham KW, Pérez-Riba M, Estivill X, de la Luna S |date=July 2000 |title=DSCR1, overexpressed in Down syndrome, is an inhibitor of calcineurin-mediated signaling pathways |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=1681–90 |doi=10.1093/hmg/9.11.1681 |pmid=10861295 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and AKAP5.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9765270&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kashishian A, Howard M, Loh C, Gallatin WM, Hoekstra MF, Lai Y |date=October 1998 |title=AKAP79 inhibits calcineurin through a site distinct from the immunophilin-binding region |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue=42 |pages=27412–9 |doi=10.1074/jbc.273.42.27412 |pmid=9765270 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Viral Inhibition ==
Inhibition of calcineurin is also found to be performed by encoded proteins in viruses. Notably, the African swine fever virus encodes the A238L protein, which binds to calcineurin and inhibits translocation and function of NFATc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crabtree |first=Gerald R. |date=January 2001 |title=Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2313–2316 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R000024200 |pmid=11096121 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrabtree2001&quot;&gt;Crabtree, Gerald R. (January 2001). [[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|&quot;Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription&quot;]]. ''Journal of Biological Chemistry''. '''276''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2313–&lt;/span&gt;2316. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1074/jbc.R000024200|10.1074/jbc.R000024200]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096121 11096121].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Given sequence similarity between A238L and NFATc family members suggests that the protein induces cyclosporin-like immunosuppression in host cells.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>3sv2egigi7mlmg8ti3fay8k86kxwmqf</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317570800|Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira''' wata tashar wutar lantarki ce ta hydroelectric a [[Uganda]], wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|200|MW}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elias Biryabarema and George Obulutsa |date=9 May 2020 |title=Kenya and Uganda hit by power blackout, electricity back in most of Kenya |url=https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/business/reuters/kenya-and-uganda-hit-by-power-blackout-electricity-back-in-most-of-kenya-447790/ |access-date=2 August 2020 |format=Quoting Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin tana nan a Kimaka, wani yanki na arewacin Jinja, a gundumar Jinja, a yankin Gabashin Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|5.5|km|0}} arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar gundumar kasuwanci ta birnin Jinja . 

Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira tana aiki kusa da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale]] a wurin da [[Nil|Kogin Nil]] ke kwarara daga [[Tafkin Victoria]], wanda ke fara tafiyarsa ta {{Convert|6650|km}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Nile River &amp;#124; Delta, Map, Basin, Length, Facts, Definition, Map, History, &amp; Location |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River}}&lt;/ref&gt; tafiya zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira sune: 0°27'01.0&quot;N, 33°11'08.0&quot;E (Latitude:0.450272; Longitude:33.185558). 

== Tarihi ==
A shekarar 1993, an fara aiki kan aikin faɗaɗa [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale|tashar wutar lantarki ta Nalubaale]] . Sabon aikin wutar lantarki ne na biyu wanda ke da nisan kimanin {{Convert|1|km|mi}} arewa maso gabas da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale, wadda aka gina a shekarar 1954. An yanke wani sabon magudanar ruwa don kawo ruwa daga [[Tafkin Victoria]] zuwa sabon gidan wutar lantarki. An kammala babban gini a shekarar 1999. Wutar lantarki ta farko da aka samar daga sassa biyu daga cikin sassa biyar da aka sanya, ta zo ta yanar gizo a shekarar 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa Focus |date=21 February 2006 |title=East Africa: Dams and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.africafocus.org/docs06/vic0602.php |access-date=2 August 2020 |publisher=Africa Focus Organization |format=Quoting cited sources in article}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2003, an sanya uku daga cikin manyan injinan samar da wutar lantarki guda biyar. An kammala shigar da injin turbine na biyar kuma na ƙarshe a watan Janairun 2007. Kowace na'ura a wurin fadada tana da ƙarfin megawatts 40. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Wakabi |date=2 January 2007 |title=Uganda: Country to Test-Run Kiira Power Station |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200701020590.html |access-date=2 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin bikin buɗewa na hukuma a shekarar 2003, an sanya wa wannan fadada suna &quot;Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira&quot;. Acres International (wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Hatch Ltd ), Kanada, ne suka tsara da kuma kula da ayyukan fadada aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=15 July 2013 |title=Profile of Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.uegcl.com/kiira-Power.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523012001/http://www.uegcl.com/kiira-Power.html |archive-date=2015-05-23 |access-date=2 August 2020 |publisher=Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL) |format=Archived from the original on 23 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 2002, gwamnatin Uganda, ta hannun Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa 100%, ta ba Eskom Uganda Limited, wani reshe na Eskom, kamfanin makamashi [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]], rangwamen aiki, gudanarwa, da kulawa na tsawon shekaru 20, domin ya rufe Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira da kuma [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale]] da ke kusa. Eskom ya sayar da wutar lantarki da ya samar ga Kamfanin Gudanar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda (UETCL), wanda shi ne mai siyan wutar lantarki da aka ba shi izini. UETCL ta sake sayar da wutar ga [[Umeme]], mai rarraba wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joseph Olanyob |date=5 August 2012 |title=ESKOM to Invest $20 Million On Nalubaale, Kiira Dams |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=20203:eskom-to-invest-20m-on-nalubaale-kiira-dams&amp;catid=38:business |access-date=2 August 2020 |website=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yarjejeniyar shekaru 20 da Eskom ta yi don madatsun ruwa guda biyu ta ƙare a ranar 31 ga Maris 2023 kuma ba a sabunta ta ba. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2023, Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Electricity Company Limited (UEGCL) ya karɓi ragamar kula da tashoshin wutar lantarki kuma ya karɓi kashi 93 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan Eskom Uganda . &lt;ref name=&quot;OveR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Odyek |date=27 March 2023 |title=Government Takes Over Management of Nalubaale, Kiira Power Stations |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/govt-takes-over-management-of-nalubaale-kiira-NV_156930 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
A watan Afrilun 2021, jaridar Daily Monitor ta ruwaito cewa Eskom Uganda, mai samar da wannan madatsar ruwa, ta maye gurbin &quot;gwamnatin lantarki&quot;, wanda &quot;ke sarrafa kwararar ruwa ta cikin injinan turbines&quot;. Tsarin yana sarrafa yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma adadin wutar lantarki da madatsar ruwan ke fitarwa. An maye gurbin wannan kayan aiki a ƙarshe a shekarar 2007 kuma &quot;ya kai ƙarshen lokacin aikinsa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;RepR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tom Brian Angurini |date=28 April 2021 |title=Eskom invests in Kiira dam water controllers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 |access-date=28 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Njeru
* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5767" sha1="9gipgeo03pweu3fgm5df0xhfomxmksu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira''' wata tashar wutar lantarki ce ta hydroelectric a [[Uganda]], wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|200|MW}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elias Biryabarema and George Obulutsa |date=9 May 2020 |title=Kenya and Uganda hit by power blackout, electricity back in most of Kenya |url=https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/business/reuters/kenya-and-uganda-hit-by-power-blackout-electricity-back-in-most-of-kenya-447790/ |access-date=2 August 2020 |format=Quoting Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin tana nan a Kimaka, wani yanki na arewacin Jinja, a gundumar Jinja, a yankin Gabashin Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|5.5|km|0}} arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar gundumar kasuwanci ta birnin Jinja . 

Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira tana aiki kusa da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale]] a wurin da [[Nil|Kogin Nil]] ke kwarara daga [[Tafkin Victoria]], wanda ke fara tafiyarsa ta {{Convert|6650|km}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Nile River &amp;#124; Delta, Map, Basin, Length, Facts, Definition, Map, History, &amp; Location |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River}}&lt;/ref&gt; tafiya zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira sune: 0°27'01.0&quot;N, 33°11'08.0&quot;E (Latitude:0.450272; Longitude:33.185558). 

== Tarihi ==
A shekarar 1993, an fara aiki kan aikin faɗaɗa [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale|tashar wutar lantarki ta Nalubaale]] . Sabon aikin wutar lantarki ne na biyu wanda ke da nisan kimanin {{Convert|1|km|mi}} arewa maso gabas da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale, wadda aka gina a shekarar 1954. An yanke wani sabon magudanar ruwa don kawo ruwa daga [[Tafkin Victoria]] zuwa sabon gidan wutar lantarki. An kammala babban gini a shekarar 1999. Wutar lantarki ta farko da aka samar daga sassa biyu daga cikin sassa biyar da aka sanya, ta zo ta yanar gizo a shekarar 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa Focus |date=21 February 2006 |title=East Africa: Dams and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.africafocus.org/docs06/vic0602.php |access-date=2 August 2020 |publisher=Africa Focus Organization |format=Quoting cited sources in article}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2003, an sanya uku daga cikin manyan injinan samar da wutar lantarki guda biyar. An kammala shigar da injin turbine na biyar kuma na ƙarshe a watan Janairun 2007. Kowace na'ura a wurin fadada tana da ƙarfin megawatts 40. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Wakabi |date=2 January 2007 |title=Uganda: Country to Test-Run Kiira Power Station |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200701020590.html |access-date=2 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin bikin buɗewa na hukuma a shekarar 2003, an sanya wa wannan fadada suna &quot;Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira&quot;. Acres International (wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Hatch Ltd ), Kanada, ne suka tsara da kuma kula da ayyukan fadada aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=15 July 2013 |title=Profile of Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.uegcl.com/kiira-Power.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523012001/http://www.uegcl.com/kiira-Power.html |archive-date=2015-05-23 |access-date=2 August 2020 |publisher=Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL) |format=Archived from the original on 23 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 2002, gwamnatin Uganda, ta hannun Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa 100%, ta ba Eskom Uganda Limited, wani reshe na Eskom, kamfanin makamashi [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]], rangwamen aiki, gudanarwa, da kulawa na tsawon shekaru 20, domin ya rufe Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira da kuma [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale]] da ke kusa. Eskom ya sayar da wutar lantarki da ya samar ga Kamfanin Gudanar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda (UETCL), wanda shi ne mai siyan wutar lantarki da aka ba shi izini. UETCL ta sake sayar da wutar ga [[Umeme]], mai rarraba wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joseph Olanyob |date=5 August 2012 |title=ESKOM to Invest $20 Million On Nalubaale, Kiira Dams |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=20203:eskom-to-invest-20m-on-nalubaale-kiira-dams&amp;catid=38:business |access-date=2 August 2020 |website=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yarjejeniyar shekaru 20 da Eskom ta yi don madatsun ruwa guda biyu ta ƙare a ranar 31 ga Maris 2023 kuma ba a sabunta ta ba. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2023, Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Electricity Company Limited (UEGCL) ya karɓi ragamar kula da tashoshin wutar lantarki kuma ya karɓi kashi 93 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan Eskom Uganda . &lt;ref name=&quot;OveR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Odyek |date=27 March 2023 |title=Government Takes Over Management of Nalubaale, Kiira Power Stations |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/govt-takes-over-management-of-nalubaale-kiira-NV_156930 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==
A watan Afrilun 2021, jaridar Daily Monitor ta ruwaito cewa Eskom Uganda, mai samar da wannan madatsar ruwa, ta maye gurbin &quot;gwamnatin lantarki&quot;, wanda &quot;ke sarrafa kwararar ruwa ta cikin injinan turbines&quot;. Tsarin yana sarrafa yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma adadin wutar lantarki da madatsar ruwan ke fitarwa. An maye gurbin wannan kayan aiki a ƙarshe a shekarar 2007 kuma &quot;ya kai ƙarshen lokacin aikinsa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;RepR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tom Brian Angurini |date=28 April 2021 |title=Eskom invests in Kiira dam water controllers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 |access-date=28 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Njeru
* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkusi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335039033|Nkusi Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6565" sha1="2xg73rueyhayq49zlskby50hxvh2gme" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkusi''', wacce kuma ake kira '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkusi''', tana da {{Convert|9.6|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GETFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GETFit Uganda Annual Report 2016: Nkisi Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nkusi/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=GETFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Nkusi]] a kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Hoima da Gundumar Kibaale . Wannan wurin yana kusa da ƙauyen Nguse, inda magudanar ruwa ta Nkusi da bakin kogin suke. Ƙauyen yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|1|km|0}}, kudu da tashar wutar lantarki kuma yana cikin Kitebere Parish, Ndaiga reshen gundumar, Buyaga West County, a gundumar Kibaale. Kogin, wanda ke da iyaka tsakanin gundumomin biyu, ya yi nisa kafin ya bi ta kan rafin Albert. Ana samun yankin aikin a duka yankunan Kibale da Hoima. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndyabarema |first=Robert |date=29 April 2015 |title=Lower Nkusi Hydropower Project: Environmental and Social Impacts Impacts Assessment Study (ESIA): Final ESIA Report |url=http://www.nkusishp.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ESIA-Nkusi-SHP-May-11th-2015.pdf |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Nkusishp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan wutar lantarki, wanda ke cikin gundumar Hoima, yana kusa da UNHCR Kyangwali Matsugunin 'Yan Gudun Hijira (Kyangwali), wanda ke da kusan {{Convert|77|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Hoima, birni mafi girma a yankin Bunyoro . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=16 August 2017 |title=Distance between Hoima, Western Region, Uganda and Kyangwali, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Hoima%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kyangwali%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJJfeZtKfEZBcR7aOKo9_8RYc&amp;dt2=ChIJ_08pNJBjZBcRlJu-yfz7xlo |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kimanin {{Convert|296|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yammacin [[Kampala]], birni mafi girma kuma babban birnin Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=16 August 2017 |title=Distance between Post Office Building, Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda and Kyangwali, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Post%20Office%20Building%2C%20Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kyangwali%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJXyfX9IC8fRcRorrkbY-nufI&amp;dt2=ChIJ_08pNJBjZBcRlJu-yfz7xlo |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na gidan wutar lantarki sune: 01°07'10.0&quot;N, 30°40'05.0&quot;E (Latitude:1.119444; Longitude:30.668056).  &lt;ref name=&quot;Do&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Secretary ERA |date=17 November 2014 |title=Notice of Intended Application for a License for the Establishment of a 9 MW Hydro Power Plant on River Nkusi at the Border of Kibaale and Hoima Districts |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/384-notice-of-intended-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-9-mw-hydro-power-plant-on-river-nkusi-at-the-border-of-kibale-and-hoima-districts |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi wadda ke da karfin wutar lantarki {{Convert|9.6|MW|}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GETFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GETFit Uganda Annual Report 2016: Nkisi Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nkusi/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=GETFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai shi, PA Technical Services, ne ya ƙirƙiro shi, wanda ke gudanar da shi bayan an kammala ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndyabarema |first=Robert |date=29 April 2015 |title=Lower Nkusi Hydropower Project: Environmental and Social Impacts Impacts Assessment Study (ESIA): Final ESIA Report |url=http://www.nkusishp.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ESIA-Nkusi-SHP-May-11th-2015.pdf |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Nkusishp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Do&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Secretary ERA |date=17 November 2014 |title=Notice of Intended Application for a License for the Establishment of a 9 MW Hydro Power Plant on River Nkusi at the Border of Kibaale and Hoima Districts |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/384-notice-of-intended-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-9-mw-hydro-power-plant-on-river-nkusi-at-the-border-of-kibale-and-hoima-districts |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda wurin da ke kan tsaunuka masu tsayi, a gefen tafkin, hanyar zuwa tashar wutar lantarki tana tafiya ne ta jirgin ruwa (jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa) a Tafkin Albert. Don isa ga ɓangaren shan ruwa na tashar, akwai hanyar ƙafa da aka dakatar da ke bi ta kan tsaunukan tsaye a kan magudanar ruwa ta Nkusi. Ana shiga sassan tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar rami. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt; Ana kwashe wutar da aka samar zuwa wani ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 132/33 kV kusa da tashar wutar lantarki, don haɗawa cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Do&quot; /&gt;

== Jadawalin kuɗi da gini ==
Kudin da aka tsara na ginawa ya kai dala miliyan 23. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GETFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GETFit Uganda Annual Report 2016: Nkisi Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nkusi/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=GETFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGETFit_Uganda2016&quot;&gt;GETFit Uganda (31 December 2016). [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nkusi/ &quot;GETFit Uganda Annual Report 2016: Nkisi Hydroelectric Power Project&quot;]. Kampala: GETFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 August&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ginin ne a watan Yunin 2015, &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt; kuma an fara aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki da aka kammala a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;CompR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=African Energy |date=25 October 2018 |title=Uganda: Nkusi hydro commissioned |url=https://archive.crossborderinformation.com/Article/Uganda+Nkusi+hydro+commissioned.aspx?date=20181025# |access-date=22 April 2019 |publisher=African Energy Magazine |format=Archived from the original on 25 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6577" sha1="fec5ti0333ff5kc8ifcwg8tuo3yoegq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkusi''', wacce kuma ake kira '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkusi''', tana da {{Convert|9.6|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GETFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GETFit Uganda Annual Report 2016: Nkisi Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nkusi/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=GETFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Nkusi]] a kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Hoima da Gundumar Kibaale . Wannan wurin yana kusa da ƙauyen Nguse, inda magudanar ruwa ta Nkusi da bakin kogin suke. Ƙauyen yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|1|km|0}}, kudu da tashar wutar lantarki kuma yana cikin Kitebere Parish, Ndaiga reshen gundumar, Buyaga West County, a gundumar Kibaale. Kogin, wanda ke da iyaka tsakanin gundumomin biyu, ya yi nisa kafin ya bi ta kan rafin Albert. Ana samun yankin aikin a duka yankunan Kibale da Hoima. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndyabarema |first=Robert |date=29 April 2015 |title=Lower Nkusi Hydropower Project: Environmental and Social Impacts Impacts Assessment Study (ESIA): Final ESIA Report |url=http://www.nkusishp.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ESIA-Nkusi-SHP-May-11th-2015.pdf |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Nkusishp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan wutar lantarki, wanda ke cikin gundumar Hoima, yana kusa da UNHCR Kyangwali Matsugunin 'Yan Gudun Hijira (Kyangwali), wanda ke da kusan {{Convert|77|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Hoima, birni mafi girma a yankin Bunyoro . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=16 August 2017 |title=Distance between Hoima, Western Region, Uganda and Kyangwali, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Hoima%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kyangwali%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJJfeZtKfEZBcR7aOKo9_8RYc&amp;dt2=ChIJ_08pNJBjZBcRlJu-yfz7xlo |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kimanin {{Convert|296|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yammacin [[Kampala]], birni mafi girma kuma babban birnin Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=16 August 2017 |title=Distance between Post Office Building, Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda and Kyangwali, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Post%20Office%20Building%2C%20Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kyangwali%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJXyfX9IC8fRcRorrkbY-nufI&amp;dt2=ChIJ_08pNJBjZBcRlJu-yfz7xlo |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na gidan wutar lantarki sune: 01°07'10.0&quot;N, 30°40'05.0&quot;E (Latitude:1.119444; Longitude:30.668056).  &lt;ref name=&quot;Do&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Secretary ERA |date=17 November 2014 |title=Notice of Intended Application for a License for the Establishment of a 9 MW Hydro Power Plant on River Nkusi at the Border of Kibaale and Hoima Districts |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/384-notice-of-intended-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-9-mw-hydro-power-plant-on-river-nkusi-at-the-border-of-kibale-and-hoima-districts |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi wadda ke da karfin wutar lantarki {{Convert|9.6|MW|}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GETFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GETFit Uganda Annual Report 2016: Nkisi Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nkusi/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=GETFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai shi, PA Technical Services, ne ya ƙirƙiro shi, wanda ke gudanar da shi bayan an kammala ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndyabarema |first=Robert |date=29 April 2015 |title=Lower Nkusi Hydropower Project: Environmental and Social Impacts Impacts Assessment Study (ESIA): Final ESIA Report |url=http://www.nkusishp.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ESIA-Nkusi-SHP-May-11th-2015.pdf |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Nkusishp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Do&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Secretary ERA |date=17 November 2014 |title=Notice of Intended Application for a License for the Establishment of a 9 MW Hydro Power Plant on River Nkusi at the Border of Kibaale and Hoima Districts |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/384-notice-of-intended-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-9-mw-hydro-power-plant-on-river-nkusi-at-the-border-of-kibale-and-hoima-districts |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda wurin da ke kan tsaunuka masu tsayi, a gefen tafkin, hanyar zuwa tashar wutar lantarki tana tafiya ne ta jirgin ruwa (jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa) a Tafkin Albert. Don isa ga ɓangaren shan ruwa na tashar, akwai hanyar ƙafa da aka dakatar da ke bi ta kan tsaunukan tsaye a kan magudanar ruwa ta Nkusi. Ana shiga sassan tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar rami. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt; Ana kwashe wutar da aka samar zuwa wani ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 132/33 kV kusa da tashar wutar lantarki, don haɗawa cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Do&quot; /&gt;

== Jadawalin kuɗi da gini ==
Kudin da aka tsara na ginawa ya kai dala miliyan 23. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GETFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GETFit Uganda Annual Report 2016: Nkisi Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nkusi/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=GETFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGETFit_Uganda2016&quot;&gt;GETFit Uganda (31 December 2016). [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nkusi/ &quot;GETFit Uganda Annual Report 2016: Nkisi Hydroelectric Power Project&quot;]. Kampala: GETFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 August&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ginin ne a watan Yunin 2015, &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt; kuma an fara aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki da aka kammala a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;CompR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=African Energy |date=25 October 2018 |title=Uganda: Nkusi hydro commissioned |url=https://archive.crossborderinformation.com/Article/Uganda+Nkusi+hydro+commissioned.aspx?date=20181025# |access-date=22 April 2019 |publisher=African Energy Magazine |format=Archived from the original on 25 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin jima'i</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359137673|Asexuality]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;    &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Asexuality is distinct from sexual abstinence and from celibacy, which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal, social, or religious beliefs. Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is believed to be &quot;enduring&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;apahelp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality |url=http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808010101/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual%2Dorientation.aspx |archive-date=August 8, 2013 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some asexual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex, for a number of reasons, such as a desire to physically please themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to have children.&lt;ref name=&quot;Halter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asexuality is distinct from sexual abstinence and from celibacy, which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal, social, or religious beliefs. Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is believed to be &quot;enduring&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;apahelp&quot; /&gt; Some asexual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex, for a number of reasons, such as a desire to physically please themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to have children.&lt;ref name=&quot;Halter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;

Acceptance of asexuality as a sexual orientation and field of scientific research is still relatively new,&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; as a growing body of research from both sociological and psychological perspectives has begun to develop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt; While some researchers assert that asexuality is a sexual orientation, other researchers disagree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asexual individuals may represent about one percent of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helm&quot; /&gt;

Various asexual communities have started to form since the impact of the Internet and social media in the mid-1990s. The most prolific and well-known of these communities is the Asexual Visibility and Education Network, which was founded in 2001 by David Jay.

== Definition, identity and relationships ==
Because there is significant variation among those who identify as asexual, the term ''asexuality'' can encompass broad definitions. Researchers generally define asexuality as the lack of sexual attraction or the lack of interest in [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|sexual activity]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2006 |title=Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Review of General Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241 |s2cid=143968129 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; though specific definitions vary—the term may be used to refer to individuals with low or absent sexual behavior or exclusively romantic non-sexual partnerships in addition to low or absent sexual desire or attraction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;

Asexuality is often abbreviated as ''[[wiktionary:ace#Etymology_2|ace]]'', a phonetic shortening of ''asexual'',&lt;ref name=&quot;AceSuits&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Julie Sondra Decker}}{{Page needed|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the community as a whole is likewise referred to as the ''ace community''.

=== Relationships ===
 
Despite lacking sexual attraction, some asexuals might engage in purely romantic relationships, while others may not. Some who identify as asexual report that they experience sexual attraction, though lack the inclination to act on it, citing no desire to engage in sexual activity—some asexuals also lack the desire to engage in non-sexual physical activity such as cuddling or hand-holding, while others choose to do so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt; Asexual people may seek relationships without romantic or sexual activity, known as &quot;queerplatonic relationships&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AceSuits&quot; /&gt; A ''squish'' is a term used by the asexual community to describe a platonic crush.&lt;ref name=&quot;AceSuits&quot; /&gt;

Certain asexuals may participate in sexual activity out of curiosity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Some may also masturbate as a form of solitary release, while others may not feel a need to do so.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Scientist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Westphal, Sylvia Pagan |title=Feature: Glad to be asexual |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219003148/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |archive-date=December 19, 2007 |access-date=11 November 2007 |website=[[New Scientist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The desire for masturbation or other sexual activity is often referred to as ''sex drive'' by asexuals, who disassociate it from sexual attraction and being asexual; asexuals who masturbate generally consider it to be a normal product of the human body rather than a sign of latent sexuality, and others do not find it pleasurable.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yule |first=Morag A. |last2=Brotto |first2=Lori A. |last3=Gorzalka |first3=Boris B. |year=2014 |title=Sexual fantasy and masturbation among asexual individuals |journal=The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.3138/cjhs.2409 |s2cid=4091448}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some asexual men are unable to get an erection and are unable to attempt penetration.&lt;ref name=&quot;More to life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan |first=Mark |date=August 2011 |title=There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community |journal=Sexualities |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=462–478 |doi=10.1177/1363460711406462 |s2cid=146445274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asexuals also differ in their views on performing sexual acts: some are indifferent and may engage in sexual activity for the benefit of a romantic partner, while others are more strongly averse to the idea, though they are not typically against sex as a whole so as to condemn other people for engaging in any form of sexual activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cerankowski and Milks&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bridgeman&quot; /&gt;

Many who identify as asexual may identify with diverse [[Asalin jinsi|gender identities]] or classifications of romantic orientation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padraig&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=MacNeela |first=Pádraig |last2=Murphy |first2=Aisling |date=December 30, 2014 |title=Freedom, Invisibility, and Community: A Qualitative Study of Self-Identification with Asexuality |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=799–812 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0458-0 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=25548065 |s2cid=23757013}}&lt;/ref&gt; These are often integrated with a person's asexual identity, and asexuals may still identify as heterosexual, [[Maɗigo|lesbian]], [[Jima'in jinsi|gay]], bisexual or pansexual regarding romantic or emotional aspects of sexual orientation or sexual identity in addition to identifying as asexual. The romantic aspects of sexual orientations may also be indicated by a variety of romantic identities, including biromantic, heteroromantic, homoromantic, or panromantic, and those who do not experience romantic attraction may identify as aromantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richards and Barker&quot; /&gt; This split between romantic and sexual orientation is commonly explained as the split attraction model, which states that romantic and sexual attraction are not strictly linked for all people. Individuals who are both aromantic and asexual are sometimes known as ''[[wiktionary:aro-ace#English|aro-ace]]'' or ''aroace''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kliegman |first=Julie |date=2021-10-29 |title=What Does AroAce Mean? Not Everyone Who's Aromantic Is Asexual |url=https://www.bustle.com/wellness/aroace-aromantic-asexual-yasmin-benoit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728140047/https://www.bustle.com/wellness/aroace-aromantic-asexual-yasmin-benoit |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Romantic and interpersonal relationships ===
Asexual people are very different in terms of matters related to romantic attraction, intimacy and relationship building. Although asexuality implies the lack of sexual attraction, most asexual individuals are romantically attracted, which creates some distinctions between asexual people as aromantic, biromantic, homoromantic, or demiromantic identities. Romantic attraction refers to the yearning of intimacy or relationship which does not depend on sexual ambitions.

Studies in 2011 and 2017 concluded that asexual people have various relationship formats such as long-term romantic relationships, queerplatonic relationships, and mixed-orientation relationships between an asexual person and an allosexual person. Emotional intimacy, understanding of each other, and boundary and expectation communication are strongly related to relationship satisfaction among asexual people. These studies also concluded that successful partnerships often involve clear negotiation of physical affection, respect for differing needs, and flexibility in defining what intimacy means for each partner. In mixed-orientation relationships especially, couples may develop tailored arrangements that accommodate both partners’ comfort levels while preserving trust and mutual support.

A 2012 study concluded that asexual people also might have difficulties in dealing with social stigma, their compulsion to have sex, or their partners not understanding them. These experiences may add to minority stress but are usually alleviated by positive social networks and communities.

=== Gray asexuality ===
The term ''gray asexuality'' refers to the spectrum between asexuality and non-asexuality (also referred to as {{Visible anchor|allosexuality|allosexual}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chasin |first=CJ DeLuzio |year=2015 |title=Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance |journal=Journal of Community &amp; Applied Social Psychology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=167–180 |doi=10.1002/casp.2203 |issn=1099-1298}}&lt;/ref&gt; Individuals who identify as gray asexual may occasionally experience sexual attraction, or only experience sexual attraction as a secondary component once a reasonably stable or large emotional connection has been formed with the target, known as ''demisexuality''.

== Research ==

=== Prevalence ===
[[Fayil:Kinsey_Scale.svg|thumb|Kinsey scale of sexual responses, indicating degrees of sexual orientation. The original scale included a designation of &quot;X&quot;, indicating a lack of sexual behavior.]]
Asexuality is rare, with around 1% of the population identifying as asexual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rothblum |first=Esther D. |last2=Krueger |first2=Evan A. |last3=Kittle |first3=Krystal R. |last4=Meyer |first4=Ilan H. |date=2019-06-18 |title=Asexual and Non-Asexual Respondents from a U.S. Population-Based Study of Sexual Minorities |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=757–767 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01485-0 |issn=0004-0002 |pmc=7059692 |pmid=31214906}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is not a new aspect of human sexuality, but it is relatively new to public discourse. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The current source is an opinion piece (WP:NEWSOPED). (April 2025)&quot;&gt;better&amp;nbsp;source&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In comparison to other sexualities, asexuality has received little attention from the scientific community, and there is relatively little quantitative data available about the prevalence of asexuality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=LeBreton |first=Marianne E. |year=2014 |editor-last=Bogaert |editor-first=Anthony F. |title=Understanding Asexuality |journal=QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=175–177 |doi=10.14321/qed.1.3.0175 |issn=2327-1574 |jstor=10.14321/qed.1.3.0175}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Poston |first=Dudley L. |last2=Baumle |first2=Amanda K. |year=2010 |title=Patterns of asexuality in the United States |journal=Demographic Research |volume=23 |pages=509–530 |doi=10.4054/DemRes.2010.23.18 |issn=1435-9871 |jstor=26349603 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his creation of the Kinsey scale, which he used to rate individuals' sexual activity from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual), Alfred Kinsey included an additional category, &quot;X&quot;, for individuals with &quot;no socio-sexual contacts or reactions&quot;. Although in modern times, this category has been interpreted as representing asexual people, scholar Justin J. Lehmiller has noted that &quot;the Kinsey X classification emphasized a lack of sexual behavior, whereas the modern definition of asexuality emphasizes a lack of sexual attraction. As such, the Kinsey Scale may not be sufficient for accurate classification of asexuality&quot;. Kinsey labeled 1.5% of the adult male population as ''X''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsey-male&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsey-female&quot; /&gt; In his second book, ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Female'', Kinsey reported a breakdown of individuals who fall under the ''X'' category: unmarried females = 14–19%, married females = 1–3%, previously married females = 5–8%, unmarried males = 3–4%, married males = 0%, and previously married males = 1–2%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsey-female&quot; /&gt;

Further empirical data about an asexual demographic appeared in 1994 when a research team in the United Kingdom carried out a comprehensive survey of 18,876 British residents, spurred by the need for sexual information in the wake of the AIDS pandemic. The survey included a question on sexual attraction, to which 1.05% of the respondents replied that they had &quot;never felt sexually attracted to anyone at all&quot;. The study of this phenomenon was continued by Canadian sexuality researcher Anthony Bogaert in 2004, who explored the asexual demographic in a series of studies. Bogaert's research indicated that 1% of the British population does not experience sexual attraction, but he believed that the 1% figure was not an accurate reflection of the likely much larger percentage of the population that could be identified as asexual, noting that 30% of people contacted for the initial survey chose not to participate in the survey. Since less sexually experienced people are more likely to refuse to participate in studies about sexuality, and asexuals tend to be less sexually experienced than allosexuals, asexuals were likely under-represented in the responding participants. The same study found the number of homosexuals and bisexuals combined to be about 1.1% of the population, which is much smaller than other studies indicate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2006 |title=Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Review of General Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241 |s2cid=143968129 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2007}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaert2006&quot;&gt;Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 &quot;Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality&quot;]. ''[[Review of General Psychology]]''. '''10''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;241–&lt;/span&gt;250. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241|10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143968129 143968129]. Archived from &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 the original]&lt;/span&gt; on January 14, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 31,&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2004 |title=Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample |journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=279–87 |doi=10.1080/00224490409552235 |pmid=15497056 |s2cid=41057104}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Contrasting Bogaert's 1% figure, a study by Aicken et al., published in 2013, suggests that, based on Natsal-2 data from 2000 to 2001, the prevalence of asexuality in Britain is only 0.4% for the age range 16–44.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aicken |first=Catherine R. H. |last2=Mercer |first2=Catherine H. |last3=Cassell |first3=Jackie A. |date=2013-05-01 |title=Who reports absence of sexual attraction in Britain? Evidence from national probability surveys |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1301794/ |url-status=live |journal=Psychology &amp; Sexuality |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=121–135 |doi=10.1080/19419899.2013.774161 |issn=1941-9899 |s2cid=62275856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923043744/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1301794/ |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |access-date=October 14, 2018 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; This percentage indicates a decrease from the 0.9% figure determined from the Natsal-1 data collected on the same age-range a decade earlier.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A 2015 analysis by Bogaert also found a similar decline between the Natsal-1 and Natsal-2 data.&lt;ref name=&quot;bogaert2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=A. F. |year=2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aicken, Mercer, and Cassell found some evidence of ethnic differences among respondents who had not experienced sexual attraction; both men and women of Indian and Pakistani origin had a higher likelihood of reporting a lack of sexual attraction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

In a survey conducted by YouGov in 2015, 1,632 British adults were asked to try to place themselves on the Kinsey scale. 1% of participants answered &quot;No sexuality&quot;. The breakdown of participants was 0% men, 2% women, and 1% across all age ranges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-16 |title=1 in 2 young people say they are not 100% heterosexual |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/08/16/half-young-not-heterosexual |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409173050/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/08/16/half-young-not-heterosexual |archive-date=April 9, 2021 |access-date=2018-12-31 |at=See the full poll results |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a nationwide survey conducted in [[Japan]] in 2023 by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, 49 respondents (0.9%) out of 5,339 valid responses identified their sexual orientation as asexual.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Population and Social Security Research |title=家族と性と多様性にかんする全国アンケート結果概要 |trans-title=Summary Report of the National Survey of Family, Gender/Sexuality, and Diversity |url=https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/SOGI2/ZenkokuSOGISummary20231027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524150730/https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/SOGI2/ZenkokuSOGISummary20231027.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2025 |language=ja |publication-date=2023-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same survey, 0.4% identified as gay, lesbian, or homosexual, and 1.8% identified as bisexual.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; This survey &quot;reports that 1.3% of cisgender women and 0.3% of cisgender men identify as asexual, 1.6% (86 people) of all respondents may be classified as aromantic asexual, 1.5% (81 people) of all respondents may be classified as romantic asexual, and 1.1% (58 people) of all respondents may be classified as aromantic sexual&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=Zelma}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a separate survey conducted in 2019 by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in [[Osaka|Osaka City]], Japan, among 4,285 valid responses in a randomized survey on sexual minorities, 33 respondents (0.8%) identified their sexual orientation as asexual. When categorized by sex assigned at birth, 0.3% of male respondents and 1.1% of female respondents identified as asexual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Population and Social Security Research |title=大阪市民の働き方と暮らしの多様性と共生にかんするアンケート報告書 |trans-title=Survey on diversity of work and life, and coexistence among the residents of Osaka City |url=https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/SOGI/%EF%BC%8A20191108%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%92%EF%BC%89.pdf |language=ja |publication-date=2019-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; The survey also investigated not only self-identification but also experiences of sexual and romantic attraction. According to the results, 1.6% of respondents (0.9% of males and 2.1% of females) reported having never experienced either sexual or romantic attraction. Additionally, 1.3% (0.6% of males and 1.8% of females) reported experiencing only romantic attraction, and 0.8% (1.0% of males and 0.7% of females) reported experiencing only sexual attraction.

=== Sexual orientation, mental health and cause ===
There is significant debate over whether or not asexuality is a sexual orientation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaertAF2015&quot;&gt;Bogaert, AF (April 2015). &quot;Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters&quot;. ''[[The Journal of Sex Research]]''. '''52''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;362–&lt;/span&gt;379. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713|10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897566 25897566]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23720993 23720993].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; It has been compared and equated with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), a diagnosis which was in the DSM-4, in that both imply a general lack of sexual attraction to anyone; HSDD has been used to [[Magunguna|medicalize]] asexuality, but asexuality is generally not considered a disorder or a sexual dysfunction (such as anorgasmia, anhedonia, etc.), because it does not necessarily define someone as having a medical problem or problems relating to others socially.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reconsidering Asexuality&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chasin |first=CJ DeLuzio |year=2013 |title=Reconsidering Asexuality and Its Radical Potential |url=http://cj.chasin.ca/Chasin_Reconsidering.Asexuality_FS.Vol39.2_2013.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Feminist Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |page=405 |doi=10.1353/fem.2013.0054 |s2cid=147025548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303164252/http://cj.chasin.ca/Chasin_Reconsidering.Asexuality_FS.Vol39.2_2013.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike people with HSDD, asexual people normally do not experience &quot;marked distress&quot; and &quot;interpersonal difficulty&quot; concerning feelings about their sexuality, or generally a lack of sexual arousal; asexuality is considered the lack or absence of sexual attraction as a life-enduring characteristic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2006 |title=Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Review of General Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241 |s2cid=143968129 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2007}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaert2006&quot;&gt;Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 &quot;Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality&quot;]. ''[[Review of General Psychology]]''. '''10''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;241–&lt;/span&gt;250. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241|10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143968129 143968129]. Archived from &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 the original]&lt;/span&gt; on January 14, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 31,&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Richards and Barker&quot; /&gt; One study found that, compared to HSDD subjects, asexuals reported lower levels of sexual desire, sexual experience, sex-related distress, and depressive symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;brotto2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brotto, L. A. |last2=Yule, M. A. |last3=Gorzalka, B..B. |year=2015 |title=Asexuality: An Extreme Variant of Sexual Desire Disorder? |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=646–660 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12806 |pmid=25545124 |s2cid=30504509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers Richards and Barker report that asexuals do not have disproportionate rates of alexithymia, depression, or personality disorders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richards and Barker&quot; /&gt; Some people, however, may identify as asexual even if their non-sexual state is explained by one or more of the aforementioned disorders. Academic Angela Chen has argued that this distinction is illogical since discrimination and bigotry faced by asexual people can cause distress. She believes that when low sexual desire is inherently seen as a problem, people will want to cure it, but that people should not have to feel like they have a &quot;moral obligation&quot; to increase their sexual desire.

Since the release of the DSM-5 in 2013, which split HSDD into diagnoses for female sexual arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, both disorders have been criticised for similar issues to HSDD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Conley-Fonda |first=Brenna |last2=Leisher |first2=Taylor |date=2018-01-02 |title=Asexuality: Sexual Health Does Not Require Sex |journal=Sexual Addiction &amp; Compulsivity |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=6–11 |doi=10.1080/10720162.2018.1475699 |issn=1072-0162 |s2cid=149652679 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the DSM-5 mentions asexuality as an exclusion criterion for these two disorders, individuals must self-identify as asexual to meet the differential diagnosis and this requirement has been criticised for imposing a diagnosis on people who are possibly asexual but do not yet identify as such.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Van Houdenhove |first=Ellen |last2=Enzlin |first2=Paul |last3=Gijs |first3=Luk |date=2017-04-01 |title=A Positive Approach Toward Asexuality: Some First Steps, But Still a Long Way to Go |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0921-1 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=647–651 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0921-1 |issn=1573-2800 |pmid=28091869 |s2cid=20911875 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2021}}, HSDD continues to be used to describe transgender women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cocchetti |first=Carlotta |last2=Ristori |first2=Jiska |last3=Mazzoli |first3=Francesca |last4=Vignozzi |first4=Linda |last5=Maggi |first5=Mario |last6=Fisher |first6=Alessandra Daphne |date=November 2021 |title=Management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in transgender women: a guide for clinicians |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00409-8 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |language=en |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=703–709 |doi=10.1038/s41443-021-00409-8 |issn=1476-5489 |pmid=33558671 |s2cid=231850308 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719081450/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00409-8 |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |access-date=July 19, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first study that gave empirical data about asexuals was published in 1983 by Paula Nurius concerning the relationship between sexual orientation and mental health. 689 subjects—most of whom were students at various universities in the United States taking psychology or sociology classes—were given several surveys, including four clinical well-being scales. In the results, asexuals were more likely to have low self-esteem and more likely to be depressed than members of other sexual orientations: 25.88% of heterosexuals, 26.54% of bisexuals (called &quot;ambisexuals&quot;), 29.88% of homosexuals, and 33.57% of asexuals were reported to have problems with self-esteem. A similar trend existed for depression. For various reasons, Nurius did not believe that firm conclusions could be drawn from this.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruspini&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurius&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nurius |first=Paula |year=1983 |title=Mental Health Implications of Sexual Orientation |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=119–136 |doi=10.1080/00224498309551174}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a 2013 study, Yule et al. looked into mental health variances between Caucasian heterosexuals, homosexuals, bisexuals, and asexuals. The results of 203 male and 603 female participants were included in the findings. Yule et al. found that asexual male participants were more likely to report having a mood disorder than other males, particularly in comparison to heterosexual participants. The same was found for female asexual participants over their heterosexual counterparts; however, non-asexual, non-heterosexual females had the highest rates. Asexual participants of both sexes were more likely to have anxiety disorders than heterosexual and non-heterosexual participants, as were they more likely than heterosexual participants to report having had recent suicidal feelings. Yule et al. hypothesized that some of these differences may be due to discrimination and other societal factors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yule |first=Morag A. |last2=Brotto |first2=Lori A. |last3=Gorzalka |first3=Boris B. |year=2013 |title=Mental Health and Interpersonal Functioning in Self-Identified Asexual Men and Women |journal=Psychology &amp; Sexuality |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=136–151 |doi=10.1080/19419899.2013.774162 |s2cid=147120909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

With regard to sexual orientation categories, asexuality may be argued as not being a meaningful category to add to the continuum and instead argued as the lack of sexual orientation or sexuality.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaertAF2015&quot;&gt;Bogaert, AF (April 2015). &quot;Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters&quot;. ''[[The Journal of Sex Research]]''. '''52''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;362–&lt;/span&gt;379. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713|10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897566 25897566]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23720993 23720993].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Other arguments propose that asexuality is the denial of one's natural sexuality and that it is a disorder caused by shame of sexuality, anxiety, or sexual abuse, sometimes basing this belief on asexuals who masturbate or occasionally engage in sexual activity to please a romantic partner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;More to life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan |first=Mark |date=August 2011 |title=There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community |journal=Sexualities |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=462–478 |doi=10.1177/1363460711406462 |s2cid=146445274}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCarrigan2011&quot;&gt;Carrigan, Mark (August 2011). &quot;There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community&quot;. ''Sexualities''. '''14''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;462–&lt;/span&gt;478. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1363460711406462|10.1177/1363460711406462]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146445274 146445274].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Within the context of sexual orientation identity politics, asexuality may pragmatically fulfill the political function of a sexual orientation identity category.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chasin |first=CJ DeLuzio |year=2015 |title=Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance |journal=Journal of Community &amp; Applied Social Psychology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=167–180 |doi=10.1002/casp.2203 |issn=1099-1298}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChasin2015&quot;&gt;Chasin, CJ DeLuzio (2015). &quot;Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance&quot;. ''Journal of Community &amp; Applied Social Psychology''. '''25''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;167–&lt;/span&gt;180. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/casp.2203|10.1002/casp.2203]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1099-1298 1099-1298].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The suggestion that asexuality is a sexual dysfunction is controversial among the asexual community. Those who identify as asexual usually prefer it to be recognized as a sexual orientation. Scholars who argue that asexuality is a sexual orientation may point to the existence of different sexual preferences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaertAF2015&quot;&gt;Bogaert, AF (April 2015). &quot;Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters&quot;. ''[[The Journal of Sex Research]]''. '''52''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;362–&lt;/span&gt;379. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713|10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897566 25897566]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23720993 23720993].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;More to life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan |first=Mark |date=August 2011 |title=There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community |journal=Sexualities |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=462–478 |doi=10.1177/1363460711406462 |s2cid=146445274}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCarrigan2011&quot;&gt;Carrigan, Mark (August 2011). &quot;There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community&quot;. ''Sexualities''. '''14''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;462–&lt;/span&gt;478. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1363460711406462|10.1177/1363460711406462]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146445274 146445274].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; They and many asexual people believe that the lack of sexual attraction is valid enough to be categorized as a sexual orientation. The researchers argue that asexuals do not choose to have no sexual desire and generally start to find out their differences in sexual behaviors around adolescence. Because of these facts coming to light, it is reasoned that asexuality is more than a behavioral choice and is not something that can be cured like a disorder.&lt;ref name=&quot;More to life&quot; /&gt; There is also analysis on whether identifying as asexual is becoming more popular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Doug |year=2017 |title=The Disregarding of Heteronormativity: Emphasizing a Happy Queer Adulthood and Localizing Anti-Queer Violence to Adolescent Schools |journal=Sexuality Research &amp; Social Policy |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=331–344 |doi=10.1007/s13178-016-0272-7 |s2cid=151482192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research on the etiology of sexual orientation when applied to asexuality has the definitional problem of sexual orientation not consistently being defined by researchers as including asexuality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garcia-Falgueras |first=A |last2=Swaab |first2=DF |year=2010 |title=Sexual hormones and the brain: an essential alliance for sexual identity and sexual orientation |journal=Endocrine Development |volume=17 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1159/000262525 |isbn=978-3-8055-9302-1 |pmid=19955753}}&lt;/ref&gt; While heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality are usually, but not always, determined during the early years of preadolescent life, it is not known when asexuality is determined. &quot;It is unclear whether these characteristics [''viz.'', &quot;lacking interest in or desire for sex&quot;] are thought to be lifelong, or if they may be acquired&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

One criterion usually taken to define a sexual orientation is that it is stable over time. In a 2016 analysis in the ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', Brotto et al. found &quot;only weak support&quot; for this criterion being met among asexual individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brotto-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brotto |first=L. A. |last2=Yule |first2=M. |year=2016 |title=Asexuality: Sexual Orientation, Paraphilia, Sexual Dysfunction, or None of the Above? |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=619–627 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0802-7 |pmid=27542079 |s2cid=207092428}}&lt;/ref&gt; An analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health by Stephen Cranney found that, of 14{{Efn|This denominator is mistakenly given as 25 in the abstract of Cranney's initial study. The number of individuals who reported no sexual attraction in wave III was 14, according to Table 2, the first paragraph of the section &quot;Multivariate Analysis&quot;, and the following quote from Cranney's subsequent commentary: &quot;Specifically, of the 14 people who indicated 'no sexual attraction' in Wave III, only three went on to do so in Wave IV (Table 2).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranney-2&quot; /&gt;}} individuals who reported no sexual attraction in the study's third wave (when subjects ranged in age from 18 to 26), only 3 continued to identify in this way at the fourth wave, six years later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cranney |first=Stephen |year=2016 |title=The Temporal Stability of Lack of Sexual Attraction across Young Adulthood |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=743–749 |doi=10.1007/s10508-015-0583-4 |pmc=5443108 |pmid=26228992}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Cranney notes that asexual identification in the third wave was still significant as a predictor of asexual identification in the subsequent wave. In a subsequent commentary, Cranney stated that the interpretation of this data was complicated by the absence of any &quot;set quantitative standard for how long a sexual desire must last before it is considered stable or intrinsic enough to be considered an orientation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranney-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cranney |first=Stephen |year=2016 |title=Does Asexuality Meet the Stability Criterion for a Sexual Orientation? |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=637–638 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0887-z |pmid=27815642 |s2cid=40119928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While some asexuals masturbate as a solitary form of release or have sex for the benefit of a romantic partner, others do not (see above).&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New Scientist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Westphal, Sylvia Pagan |title=Feature: Glad to be asexual |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219003148/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |archive-date=December 19, 2007 |access-date=11 November 2007 |website=[[New Scientist]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWestphal,_Sylvia_Pagan&quot;&gt;Westphal, Sylvia Pagan. [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 &quot;Feature: Glad to be asexual&quot;]. ''[[New Scientist]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071219003148/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 Archived] from the original on December 19, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 11,&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fischer et al. reported that &quot;scholars who study the physiology of asexuality suggest that people who are asexual are capable of genital arousal but may experience difficulty with so-called subjective arousal&quot;. This means that &quot;while the body becomes aroused, subjectively – at the level of the mind and emotions – one does not experience arousal&quot;.

The Kinsey Institute sponsored another small survey on the topic in 2007, which found that self-identified asexuals &quot;reported significantly less desire for sex with a partner, lower sexual arousability, and lower sexual excitation but did not differ consistently from non-asexuals in their sexual inhibition scores or their desire to masturbate&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A 1977 paper titled ''Asexual and Autoerotic Women: Two Invisible Groups'', by Myra T. Johnson, is explicitly devoted to asexuality in humans. Johnson defines asexuals as those men and women &quot;who, regardless of physical or emotional condition, actual sexual history, and marital status or ideological orientation, seem to ''prefer'' not to engage in sexual activity&quot;. She contrasts autoerotic women with asexual women: &quot;The asexual woman&amp;nbsp;... has no sexual desires at all [but] the autoerotic woman&amp;nbsp;... recognizes such desires but prefers to satisfy them alone&quot;. Johnson's evidence is mostly letters to the editor found in women's magazines written by asexual/autoerotic women. She portrays them as invisible, &quot;oppressed by a consensus that they are non-existent,&quot; and left behind by both the sexual revolution and the feminist movement. Johnson argued that society either ignores or denies their existence or insists they must be ascetic for religious reasons, neurotic, or asexual for political reasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cerankowski and Milks 3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Asexual and Autoerotic Women: Two Invisible Groups&quot; found in ed. Gochros, H.&amp;nbsp;L.; J.&amp;nbsp;S. Gochros (1977). ''The Sexually Oppressed''. Associated Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8096-1915-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a study published in 1979 in volume five of ''Advances in the Study of Affect'', as well as in another article using the same data and published in 1980 in the ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', Michael D. Storms of the University of Kansas outlined his own reimagining of the Kinsey scale. Whereas Kinsey measured sexual orientation based on a combination of actual sexual behavior and fantasizing and eroticism, Storms used only fantasizing and eroticism. Storms, however, placed hetero-eroticism and homo-eroticism on separate axes rather than at two ends of a single scale; this allows for a distinction between bisexuality (exhibiting both hetero- and homo-eroticism in degrees comparable to hetero- or homosexuals, respectively) and asexuality (exhibiting a level of homo-eroticism comparable to a heterosexual and a level of hetero-eroticism comparable to a homosexual, namely, little to none). This type of scale accounted for asexuality for the first time. Storms conjectured that many researchers following Kinsey's model could be mis-categorizing asexual subjects as bisexual, because both were simply defined by a lack of preference for gender in sexual partners.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms1980&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Storms |first=Michael D. |year=1980 |title=Theories of Sexual Orientation |url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Theories_of_sexual_orientation.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]] |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=783–792 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.783 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923043737/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Theories_of_sexual_orientation.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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{{Databox}}

Asexuality is distinct from sexual abstinence and from celibacy, which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal, social, or religious beliefs. Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is believed to be &quot;enduring&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;apahelp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality |url=http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808010101/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual%2Dorientation.aspx |archive-date=August 8, 2013 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some asexual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex, for a number of reasons, such as a desire to physically please themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to have children.&lt;ref name=&quot;Halter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asexuality is distinct from sexual abstinence and from celibacy, which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal, social, or religious beliefs. Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is believed to be &quot;enduring&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;apahelp&quot; /&gt; Some asexual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex, for a number of reasons, such as a desire to physically please themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to have children.&lt;ref name=&quot;Halter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;

Acceptance of asexuality as a sexual orientation and field of scientific research is still relatively new,&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; as a growing body of research from both sociological and psychological perspectives has begun to develop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt; While some researchers assert that asexuality is a sexual orientation, other researchers disagree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asexual individuals may represent about one percent of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helm&quot; /&gt;

Various asexual communities have started to form since the impact of the Internet and social media in the mid-1990s. The most prolific and well-known of these communities is the Asexual Visibility and Education Network, which was founded in 2001 by David Jay.

== Definition, identity and relationships ==
Because there is significant variation among those who identify as asexual, the term ''asexuality'' can encompass broad definitions. Researchers generally define asexuality as the lack of sexual attraction or the lack of interest in [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|sexual activity]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2006 |title=Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Review of General Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241 |s2cid=143968129 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; though specific definitions vary—the term may be used to refer to individuals with low or absent sexual behavior or exclusively romantic non-sexual partnerships in addition to low or absent sexual desire or attraction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;

Asexuality is often abbreviated as ''[[wiktionary:ace#Etymology_2|ace]]'', a phonetic shortening of ''asexual'',&lt;ref name=&quot;AceSuits&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Julie Sondra Decker}}{{Page needed|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the community as a whole is likewise referred to as the ''ace community''.

=== Relationships ===
 
Despite lacking sexual attraction, some asexuals might engage in purely romantic relationships, while others may not. Some who identify as asexual report that they experience sexual attraction, though lack the inclination to act on it, citing no desire to engage in sexual activity—some asexuals also lack the desire to engage in non-sexual physical activity such as cuddling or hand-holding, while others choose to do so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt; Asexual people may seek relationships without romantic or sexual activity, known as &quot;queerplatonic relationships&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AceSuits&quot; /&gt; A ''squish'' is a term used by the asexual community to describe a platonic crush.&lt;ref name=&quot;AceSuits&quot; /&gt;

Certain asexuals may participate in sexual activity out of curiosity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Some may also masturbate as a form of solitary release, while others may not feel a need to do so.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Scientist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Westphal, Sylvia Pagan |title=Feature: Glad to be asexual |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219003148/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |archive-date=December 19, 2007 |access-date=11 November 2007 |website=[[New Scientist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The desire for masturbation or other sexual activity is often referred to as ''sex drive'' by asexuals, who disassociate it from sexual attraction and being asexual; asexuals who masturbate generally consider it to be a normal product of the human body rather than a sign of latent sexuality, and others do not find it pleasurable.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yule |first=Morag A. |last2=Brotto |first2=Lori A. |last3=Gorzalka |first3=Boris B. |year=2014 |title=Sexual fantasy and masturbation among asexual individuals |journal=The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.3138/cjhs.2409 |s2cid=4091448}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some asexual men are unable to get an erection and are unable to attempt penetration.&lt;ref name=&quot;More to life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan |first=Mark |date=August 2011 |title=There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community |journal=Sexualities |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=462–478 |doi=10.1177/1363460711406462 |s2cid=146445274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asexuals also differ in their views on performing sexual acts: some are indifferent and may engage in sexual activity for the benefit of a romantic partner, while others are more strongly averse to the idea, though they are not typically against sex as a whole so as to condemn other people for engaging in any form of sexual activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cerankowski and Milks&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bridgeman&quot; /&gt;

Many who identify as asexual may identify with diverse [[Asalin jinsi|gender identities]] or classifications of romantic orientation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padraig&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=MacNeela |first=Pádraig |last2=Murphy |first2=Aisling |date=December 30, 2014 |title=Freedom, Invisibility, and Community: A Qualitative Study of Self-Identification with Asexuality |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=799–812 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0458-0 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=25548065 |s2cid=23757013}}&lt;/ref&gt; These are often integrated with a person's asexual identity, and asexuals may still identify as heterosexual, [[Maɗigo|lesbian]], [[Jima'in jinsi|gay]], bisexual or pansexual regarding romantic or emotional aspects of sexual orientation or sexual identity in addition to identifying as asexual. The romantic aspects of sexual orientations may also be indicated by a variety of romantic identities, including biromantic, heteroromantic, homoromantic, or panromantic, and those who do not experience romantic attraction may identify as aromantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richards and Barker&quot; /&gt; This split between romantic and sexual orientation is commonly explained as the split attraction model, which states that romantic and sexual attraction are not strictly linked for all people. Individuals who are both aromantic and asexual are sometimes known as ''[[wiktionary:aro-ace#English|aro-ace]]'' or ''aroace''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kliegman |first=Julie |date=2021-10-29 |title=What Does AroAce Mean? Not Everyone Who's Aromantic Is Asexual |url=https://www.bustle.com/wellness/aroace-aromantic-asexual-yasmin-benoit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728140047/https://www.bustle.com/wellness/aroace-aromantic-asexual-yasmin-benoit |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Romantic and interpersonal relationships ===
Asexual people are very different in terms of matters related to romantic attraction, intimacy and relationship building. Although asexuality implies the lack of sexual attraction, most asexual individuals are romantically attracted, which creates some distinctions between asexual people as aromantic, biromantic, homoromantic, or demiromantic identities. Romantic attraction refers to the yearning of intimacy or relationship which does not depend on sexual ambitions.

Studies in 2011 and 2017 concluded that asexual people have various relationship formats such as long-term romantic relationships, queerplatonic relationships, and mixed-orientation relationships between an asexual person and an allosexual person. Emotional intimacy, understanding of each other, and boundary and expectation communication are strongly related to relationship satisfaction among asexual people. These studies also concluded that successful partnerships often involve clear negotiation of physical affection, respect for differing needs, and flexibility in defining what intimacy means for each partner. In mixed-orientation relationships especially, couples may develop tailored arrangements that accommodate both partners’ comfort levels while preserving trust and mutual support.

A 2012 study concluded that asexual people also might have difficulties in dealing with social stigma, their compulsion to have sex, or their partners not understanding them. These experiences may add to minority stress but are usually alleviated by positive social networks and communities.

=== Gray asexuality ===
The term ''gray asexuality'' refers to the spectrum between asexuality and non-asexuality (also referred to as {{Visible anchor|allosexuality|allosexual}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chasin |first=CJ DeLuzio |year=2015 |title=Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance |journal=Journal of Community &amp; Applied Social Psychology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=167–180 |doi=10.1002/casp.2203 |issn=1099-1298}}&lt;/ref&gt; Individuals who identify as gray asexual may occasionally experience sexual attraction, or only experience sexual attraction as a secondary component once a reasonably stable or large emotional connection has been formed with the target, known as ''demisexuality''.

== Research ==

=== Prevalence ===
[[Fayil:Kinsey_Scale.svg|thumb|Kinsey scale of sexual responses, indicating degrees of sexual orientation. The original scale included a designation of &quot;X&quot;, indicating a lack of sexual behavior.]]
Asexuality is rare, with around 1% of the population identifying as asexual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rothblum |first=Esther D. |last2=Krueger |first2=Evan A. |last3=Kittle |first3=Krystal R. |last4=Meyer |first4=Ilan H. |date=2019-06-18 |title=Asexual and Non-Asexual Respondents from a U.S. Population-Based Study of Sexual Minorities |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=757–767 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01485-0 |issn=0004-0002 |pmc=7059692 |pmid=31214906}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is not a new aspect of human sexuality, but it is relatively new to public discourse. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The current source is an opinion piece (WP:NEWSOPED). (April 2025)&quot;&gt;better&amp;nbsp;source&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In comparison to other sexualities, asexuality has received little attention from the scientific community, and there is relatively little quantitative data available about the prevalence of asexuality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=LeBreton |first=Marianne E. |year=2014 |editor-last=Bogaert |editor-first=Anthony F. |title=Understanding Asexuality |journal=QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=175–177 |doi=10.14321/qed.1.3.0175 |issn=2327-1574 |jstor=10.14321/qed.1.3.0175}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Poston |first=Dudley L. |last2=Baumle |first2=Amanda K. |year=2010 |title=Patterns of asexuality in the United States |journal=Demographic Research |volume=23 |pages=509–530 |doi=10.4054/DemRes.2010.23.18 |issn=1435-9871 |jstor=26349603 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his creation of the Kinsey scale, which he used to rate individuals' sexual activity from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual), Alfred Kinsey included an additional category, &quot;X&quot;, for individuals with &quot;no socio-sexual contacts or reactions&quot;. Although in modern times, this category has been interpreted as representing asexual people, scholar Justin J. Lehmiller has noted that &quot;the Kinsey X classification emphasized a lack of sexual behavior, whereas the modern definition of asexuality emphasizes a lack of sexual attraction. As such, the Kinsey Scale may not be sufficient for accurate classification of asexuality&quot;. Kinsey labeled 1.5% of the adult male population as ''X''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsey-male&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsey-female&quot; /&gt; In his second book, ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Female'', Kinsey reported a breakdown of individuals who fall under the ''X'' category: unmarried females = 14–19%, married females = 1–3%, previously married females = 5–8%, unmarried males = 3–4%, married males = 0%, and previously married males = 1–2%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsey-female&quot; /&gt;

Further empirical data about an asexual demographic appeared in 1994 when a research team in the United Kingdom carried out a comprehensive survey of 18,876 British residents, spurred by the need for sexual information in the wake of the AIDS pandemic. The survey included a question on sexual attraction, to which 1.05% of the respondents replied that they had &quot;never felt sexually attracted to anyone at all&quot;. The study of this phenomenon was continued by Canadian sexuality researcher Anthony Bogaert in 2004, who explored the asexual demographic in a series of studies. Bogaert's research indicated that 1% of the British population does not experience sexual attraction, but he believed that the 1% figure was not an accurate reflection of the likely much larger percentage of the population that could be identified as asexual, noting that 30% of people contacted for the initial survey chose not to participate in the survey. Since less sexually experienced people are more likely to refuse to participate in studies about sexuality, and asexuals tend to be less sexually experienced than allosexuals, asexuals were likely under-represented in the responding participants. The same study found the number of homosexuals and bisexuals combined to be about 1.1% of the population, which is much smaller than other studies indicate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2006 |title=Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Review of General Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241 |s2cid=143968129 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2007}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaert2006&quot;&gt;Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 &quot;Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality&quot;]. ''[[Review of General Psychology]]''. '''10''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;241–&lt;/span&gt;250. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241|10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143968129 143968129]. Archived from &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 the original]&lt;/span&gt; on January 14, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 31,&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2004 |title=Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample |journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=279–87 |doi=10.1080/00224490409552235 |pmid=15497056 |s2cid=41057104}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Contrasting Bogaert's 1% figure, a study by Aicken et al., published in 2013, suggests that, based on Natsal-2 data from 2000 to 2001, the prevalence of asexuality in Britain is only 0.4% for the age range 16–44.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aicken |first=Catherine R. H. |last2=Mercer |first2=Catherine H. |last3=Cassell |first3=Jackie A. |date=2013-05-01 |title=Who reports absence of sexual attraction in Britain? Evidence from national probability surveys |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1301794/ |url-status=live |journal=Psychology &amp; Sexuality |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=121–135 |doi=10.1080/19419899.2013.774161 |issn=1941-9899 |s2cid=62275856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923043744/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1301794/ |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |access-date=October 14, 2018 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; This percentage indicates a decrease from the 0.9% figure determined from the Natsal-1 data collected on the same age-range a decade earlier.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A 2015 analysis by Bogaert also found a similar decline between the Natsal-1 and Natsal-2 data.&lt;ref name=&quot;bogaert2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=A. F. |year=2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aicken, Mercer, and Cassell found some evidence of ethnic differences among respondents who had not experienced sexual attraction; both men and women of Indian and Pakistani origin had a higher likelihood of reporting a lack of sexual attraction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

In a survey conducted by YouGov in 2015, 1,632 British adults were asked to try to place themselves on the Kinsey scale. 1% of participants answered &quot;No sexuality&quot;. The breakdown of participants was 0% men, 2% women, and 1% across all age ranges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-16 |title=1 in 2 young people say they are not 100% heterosexual |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/08/16/half-young-not-heterosexual |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409173050/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/08/16/half-young-not-heterosexual |archive-date=April 9, 2021 |access-date=2018-12-31 |at=See the full poll results |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a nationwide survey conducted in [[Japan]] in 2023 by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, 49 respondents (0.9%) out of 5,339 valid responses identified their sexual orientation as asexual.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Population and Social Security Research |title=家族と性と多様性にかんする全国アンケート結果概要 |trans-title=Summary Report of the National Survey of Family, Gender/Sexuality, and Diversity |url=https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/SOGI2/ZenkokuSOGISummary20231027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524150730/https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/SOGI2/ZenkokuSOGISummary20231027.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2025 |language=ja |publication-date=2023-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same survey, 0.4% identified as gay, lesbian, or homosexual, and 1.8% identified as bisexual.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; This survey &quot;reports that 1.3% of cisgender women and 0.3% of cisgender men identify as asexual, 1.6% (86 people) of all respondents may be classified as aromantic asexual, 1.5% (81 people) of all respondents may be classified as romantic asexual, and 1.1% (58 people) of all respondents may be classified as aromantic sexual&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=Zelma}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a separate survey conducted in 2019 by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in [[Osaka|Osaka City]], Japan, among 4,285 valid responses in a randomized survey on sexual minorities, 33 respondents (0.8%) identified their sexual orientation as asexual. When categorized by sex assigned at birth, 0.3% of male respondents and 1.1% of female respondents identified as asexual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Population and Social Security Research |title=大阪市民の働き方と暮らしの多様性と共生にかんするアンケート報告書 |trans-title=Survey on diversity of work and life, and coexistence among the residents of Osaka City |url=https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/j/SOGI/%EF%BC%8A20191108%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%92%EF%BC%89.pdf |language=ja |publication-date=2019-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; The survey also investigated not only self-identification but also experiences of sexual and romantic attraction. According to the results, 1.6% of respondents (0.9% of males and 2.1% of females) reported having never experienced either sexual or romantic attraction. Additionally, 1.3% (0.6% of males and 1.8% of females) reported experiencing only romantic attraction, and 0.8% (1.0% of males and 0.7% of females) reported experiencing only sexual attraction.

=== Sexual orientation, mental health and cause ===
There is significant debate over whether or not asexuality is a sexual orientation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaertAF2015&quot;&gt;Bogaert, AF (April 2015). &quot;Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters&quot;. ''[[The Journal of Sex Research]]''. '''52''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;362–&lt;/span&gt;379. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713|10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897566 25897566]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23720993 23720993].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; It has been compared and equated with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), a diagnosis which was in the DSM-4, in that both imply a general lack of sexual attraction to anyone; HSDD has been used to [[Magunguna|medicalize]] asexuality, but asexuality is generally not considered a disorder or a sexual dysfunction (such as anorgasmia, anhedonia, etc.), because it does not necessarily define someone as having a medical problem or problems relating to others socially.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reconsidering Asexuality&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chasin |first=CJ DeLuzio |year=2013 |title=Reconsidering Asexuality and Its Radical Potential |url=http://cj.chasin.ca/Chasin_Reconsidering.Asexuality_FS.Vol39.2_2013.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Feminist Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |page=405 |doi=10.1353/fem.2013.0054 |s2cid=147025548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303164252/http://cj.chasin.ca/Chasin_Reconsidering.Asexuality_FS.Vol39.2_2013.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike people with HSDD, asexual people normally do not experience &quot;marked distress&quot; and &quot;interpersonal difficulty&quot; concerning feelings about their sexuality, or generally a lack of sexual arousal; asexuality is considered the lack or absence of sexual attraction as a life-enduring characteristic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bogaert |first=Anthony F. |year=2006 |title=Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Review of General Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241 |s2cid=143968129 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2007}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaert2006&quot;&gt;Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191419/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 &quot;Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality&quot;]. ''[[Review of General Psychology]]''. '''10''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;241–&lt;/span&gt;250. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241|10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143968129 143968129]. Archived from &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=18172400 the original]&lt;/span&gt; on January 14, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 31,&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Richards and Barker&quot; /&gt; One study found that, compared to HSDD subjects, asexuals reported lower levels of sexual desire, sexual experience, sex-related distress, and depressive symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;brotto2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brotto, L. A. |last2=Yule, M. A. |last3=Gorzalka, B..B. |year=2015 |title=Asexuality: An Extreme Variant of Sexual Desire Disorder? |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=646–660 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12806 |pmid=25545124 |s2cid=30504509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers Richards and Barker report that asexuals do not have disproportionate rates of alexithymia, depression, or personality disorders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richards and Barker&quot; /&gt; Some people, however, may identify as asexual even if their non-sexual state is explained by one or more of the aforementioned disorders. Academic Angela Chen has argued that this distinction is illogical since discrimination and bigotry faced by asexual people can cause distress. She believes that when low sexual desire is inherently seen as a problem, people will want to cure it, but that people should not have to feel like they have a &quot;moral obligation&quot; to increase their sexual desire.

Since the release of the DSM-5 in 2013, which split HSDD into diagnoses for female sexual arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, both disorders have been criticised for similar issues to HSDD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Conley-Fonda |first=Brenna |last2=Leisher |first2=Taylor |date=2018-01-02 |title=Asexuality: Sexual Health Does Not Require Sex |journal=Sexual Addiction &amp; Compulsivity |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=6–11 |doi=10.1080/10720162.2018.1475699 |issn=1072-0162 |s2cid=149652679 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the DSM-5 mentions asexuality as an exclusion criterion for these two disorders, individuals must self-identify as asexual to meet the differential diagnosis and this requirement has been criticised for imposing a diagnosis on people who are possibly asexual but do not yet identify as such.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Van Houdenhove |first=Ellen |last2=Enzlin |first2=Paul |last3=Gijs |first3=Luk |date=2017-04-01 |title=A Positive Approach Toward Asexuality: Some First Steps, But Still a Long Way to Go |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0921-1 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=647–651 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0921-1 |issn=1573-2800 |pmid=28091869 |s2cid=20911875 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2021}}, HSDD continues to be used to describe transgender women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cocchetti |first=Carlotta |last2=Ristori |first2=Jiska |last3=Mazzoli |first3=Francesca |last4=Vignozzi |first4=Linda |last5=Maggi |first5=Mario |last6=Fisher |first6=Alessandra Daphne |date=November 2021 |title=Management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in transgender women: a guide for clinicians |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00409-8 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |language=en |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=703–709 |doi=10.1038/s41443-021-00409-8 |issn=1476-5489 |pmid=33558671 |s2cid=231850308 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719081450/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00409-8 |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |access-date=July 19, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first study that gave empirical data about asexuals was published in 1983 by Paula Nurius concerning the relationship between sexual orientation and mental health. 689 subjects—most of whom were students at various universities in the United States taking psychology or sociology classes—were given several surveys, including four clinical well-being scales. In the results, asexuals were more likely to have low self-esteem and more likely to be depressed than members of other sexual orientations: 25.88% of heterosexuals, 26.54% of bisexuals (called &quot;ambisexuals&quot;), 29.88% of homosexuals, and 33.57% of asexuals were reported to have problems with self-esteem. A similar trend existed for depression. For various reasons, Nurius did not believe that firm conclusions could be drawn from this.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruspini&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurius&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nurius |first=Paula |year=1983 |title=Mental Health Implications of Sexual Orientation |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=119–136 |doi=10.1080/00224498309551174}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a 2013 study, Yule et al. looked into mental health variances between Caucasian heterosexuals, homosexuals, bisexuals, and asexuals. The results of 203 male and 603 female participants were included in the findings. Yule et al. found that asexual male participants were more likely to report having a mood disorder than other males, particularly in comparison to heterosexual participants. The same was found for female asexual participants over their heterosexual counterparts; however, non-asexual, non-heterosexual females had the highest rates. Asexual participants of both sexes were more likely to have anxiety disorders than heterosexual and non-heterosexual participants, as were they more likely than heterosexual participants to report having had recent suicidal feelings. Yule et al. hypothesized that some of these differences may be due to discrimination and other societal factors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yule |first=Morag A. |last2=Brotto |first2=Lori A. |last3=Gorzalka |first3=Boris B. |year=2013 |title=Mental Health and Interpersonal Functioning in Self-Identified Asexual Men and Women |journal=Psychology &amp; Sexuality |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=136–151 |doi=10.1080/19419899.2013.774162 |s2cid=147120909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

With regard to sexual orientation categories, asexuality may be argued as not being a meaningful category to add to the continuum and instead argued as the lack of sexual orientation or sexuality.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaertAF2015&quot;&gt;Bogaert, AF (April 2015). &quot;Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters&quot;. ''[[The Journal of Sex Research]]''. '''52''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;362–&lt;/span&gt;379. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713|10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897566 25897566]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23720993 23720993].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Other arguments propose that asexuality is the denial of one's natural sexuality and that it is a disorder caused by shame of sexuality, anxiety, or sexual abuse, sometimes basing this belief on asexuals who masturbate or occasionally engage in sexual activity to please a romantic partner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;More to life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan |first=Mark |date=August 2011 |title=There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community |journal=Sexualities |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=462–478 |doi=10.1177/1363460711406462 |s2cid=146445274}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCarrigan2011&quot;&gt;Carrigan, Mark (August 2011). &quot;There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community&quot;. ''Sexualities''. '''14''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;462–&lt;/span&gt;478. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1363460711406462|10.1177/1363460711406462]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146445274 146445274].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Within the context of sexual orientation identity politics, asexuality may pragmatically fulfill the political function of a sexual orientation identity category.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chasin |first=CJ DeLuzio |year=2015 |title=Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance |journal=Journal of Community &amp; Applied Social Psychology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=167–180 |doi=10.1002/casp.2203 |issn=1099-1298}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChasin2015&quot;&gt;Chasin, CJ DeLuzio (2015). &quot;Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance&quot;. ''Journal of Community &amp; Applied Social Psychology''. '''25''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;167–&lt;/span&gt;180. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/casp.2203|10.1002/casp.2203]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1099-1298 1099-1298].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The suggestion that asexuality is a sexual dysfunction is controversial among the asexual community. Those who identify as asexual usually prefer it to be recognized as a sexual orientation. Scholars who argue that asexuality is a sexual orientation may point to the existence of different sexual preferences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bogaert 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bogaert, AF |date=April 2015 |title=Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713 |pmid=25897566 |s2cid=23720993}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBogaertAF2015&quot;&gt;Bogaert, AF (April 2015). &quot;Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters&quot;. ''[[The Journal of Sex Research]]''. '''52''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;362–&lt;/span&gt;379. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713|10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897566 25897566]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23720993 23720993].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;More to life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan |first=Mark |date=August 2011 |title=There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community |journal=Sexualities |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=462–478 |doi=10.1177/1363460711406462 |s2cid=146445274}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCarrigan2011&quot;&gt;Carrigan, Mark (August 2011). &quot;There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community&quot;. ''Sexualities''. '''14''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;462–&lt;/span&gt;478. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1363460711406462|10.1177/1363460711406462]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146445274 146445274].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; They and many asexual people believe that the lack of sexual attraction is valid enough to be categorized as a sexual orientation. The researchers argue that asexuals do not choose to have no sexual desire and generally start to find out their differences in sexual behaviors around adolescence. Because of these facts coming to light, it is reasoned that asexuality is more than a behavioral choice and is not something that can be cured like a disorder.&lt;ref name=&quot;More to life&quot; /&gt; There is also analysis on whether identifying as asexual is becoming more popular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Doug |year=2017 |title=The Disregarding of Heteronormativity: Emphasizing a Happy Queer Adulthood and Localizing Anti-Queer Violence to Adolescent Schools |journal=Sexuality Research &amp; Social Policy |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=331–344 |doi=10.1007/s13178-016-0272-7 |s2cid=151482192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research on the etiology of sexual orientation when applied to asexuality has the definitional problem of sexual orientation not consistently being defined by researchers as including asexuality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garcia-Falgueras |first=A |last2=Swaab |first2=DF |year=2010 |title=Sexual hormones and the brain: an essential alliance for sexual identity and sexual orientation |journal=Endocrine Development |volume=17 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1159/000262525 |isbn=978-3-8055-9302-1 |pmid=19955753}}&lt;/ref&gt; While heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality are usually, but not always, determined during the early years of preadolescent life, it is not known when asexuality is determined. &quot;It is unclear whether these characteristics [''viz.'', &quot;lacking interest in or desire for sex&quot;] are thought to be lifelong, or if they may be acquired&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

One criterion usually taken to define a sexual orientation is that it is stable over time. In a 2016 analysis in the ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', Brotto et al. found &quot;only weak support&quot; for this criterion being met among asexual individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brotto-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brotto |first=L. A. |last2=Yule |first2=M. |year=2016 |title=Asexuality: Sexual Orientation, Paraphilia, Sexual Dysfunction, or None of the Above? |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=619–627 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0802-7 |pmid=27542079 |s2cid=207092428}}&lt;/ref&gt; An analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health by Stephen Cranney found that, of 14{{Efn|This denominator is mistakenly given as 25 in the abstract of Cranney's initial study. The number of individuals who reported no sexual attraction in wave III was 14, according to Table 2, the first paragraph of the section &quot;Multivariate Analysis&quot;, and the following quote from Cranney's subsequent commentary: &quot;Specifically, of the 14 people who indicated 'no sexual attraction' in Wave III, only three went on to do so in Wave IV (Table 2).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranney-2&quot; /&gt;}} individuals who reported no sexual attraction in the study's third wave (when subjects ranged in age from 18 to 26), only 3 continued to identify in this way at the fourth wave, six years later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cranney |first=Stephen |year=2016 |title=The Temporal Stability of Lack of Sexual Attraction across Young Adulthood |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=743–749 |doi=10.1007/s10508-015-0583-4 |pmc=5443108 |pmid=26228992}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Cranney notes that asexual identification in the third wave was still significant as a predictor of asexual identification in the subsequent wave. In a subsequent commentary, Cranney stated that the interpretation of this data was complicated by the absence of any &quot;set quantitative standard for how long a sexual desire must last before it is considered stable or intrinsic enough to be considered an orientation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranney-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cranney |first=Stephen |year=2016 |title=Does Asexuality Meet the Stability Criterion for a Sexual Orientation? |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=637–638 |doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0887-z |pmid=27815642 |s2cid=40119928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While some asexuals masturbate as a solitary form of release or have sex for the benefit of a romantic partner, others do not (see above).&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New Scientist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Westphal, Sylvia Pagan |title=Feature: Glad to be asexual |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219003148/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 |archive-date=December 19, 2007 |access-date=11 November 2007 |website=[[New Scientist]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWestphal,_Sylvia_Pagan&quot;&gt;Westphal, Sylvia Pagan. [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 &quot;Feature: Glad to be asexual&quot;]. ''[[New Scientist]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071219003148/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6533 Archived] from the original on December 19, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 11,&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fischer et al. reported that &quot;scholars who study the physiology of asexuality suggest that people who are asexual are capable of genital arousal but may experience difficulty with so-called subjective arousal&quot;. This means that &quot;while the body becomes aroused, subjectively – at the level of the mind and emotions – one does not experience arousal&quot;.

The Kinsey Institute sponsored another small survey on the topic in 2007, which found that self-identified asexuals &quot;reported significantly less desire for sex with a partner, lower sexual arousability, and lower sexual excitation but did not differ consistently from non-asexuals in their sexual inhibition scores or their desire to masturbate&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prause&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prause |first=Nicole |last2=Cynthia A. Graham |date=2007 |title=Asexuality: Classification and Characterization |url=https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 |pmid=17345167 |s2cid=12034925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrauseCynthia_A._Graham2007&quot;&gt;Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014407/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PDF/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf &quot;Asexuality: Classification and Characterization&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. '''36''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;341–&lt;/span&gt;356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3|10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345167 17345167]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12034925 12034925]. Archived from [https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/PrauseGraham-Asexuality.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on September 27, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A 1977 paper titled ''Asexual and Autoerotic Women: Two Invisible Groups'', by Myra T. Johnson, is explicitly devoted to asexuality in humans. Johnson defines asexuals as those men and women &quot;who, regardless of physical or emotional condition, actual sexual history, and marital status or ideological orientation, seem to ''prefer'' not to engage in sexual activity&quot;. She contrasts autoerotic women with asexual women: &quot;The asexual woman&amp;nbsp;... has no sexual desires at all [but] the autoerotic woman&amp;nbsp;... recognizes such desires but prefers to satisfy them alone&quot;. Johnson's evidence is mostly letters to the editor found in women's magazines written by asexual/autoerotic women. She portrays them as invisible, &quot;oppressed by a consensus that they are non-existent,&quot; and left behind by both the sexual revolution and the feminist movement. Johnson argued that society either ignores or denies their existence or insists they must be ascetic for religious reasons, neurotic, or asexual for political reasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cerankowski and Milks 3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Asexual and Autoerotic Women: Two Invisible Groups&quot; found in ed. Gochros, H.&amp;nbsp;L.; J.&amp;nbsp;S. Gochros (1977). ''The Sexually Oppressed''. Associated Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8096-1915-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a study published in 1979 in volume five of ''Advances in the Study of Affect'', as well as in another article using the same data and published in 1980 in the ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', Michael D. Storms of the University of Kansas outlined his own reimagining of the Kinsey scale. Whereas Kinsey measured sexual orientation based on a combination of actual sexual behavior and fantasizing and eroticism, Storms used only fantasizing and eroticism. Storms, however, placed hetero-eroticism and homo-eroticism on separate axes rather than at two ends of a single scale; this allows for a distinction between bisexuality (exhibiting both hetero- and homo-eroticism in degrees comparable to hetero- or homosexuals, respectively) and asexuality (exhibiting a level of homo-eroticism comparable to a heterosexual and a level of hetero-eroticism comparable to a homosexual, namely, little to none). This type of scale accounted for asexuality for the first time. Storms conjectured that many researchers following Kinsey's model could be mis-categorizing asexual subjects as bisexual, because both were simply defined by a lack of preference for gender in sexual partners.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms1980&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Storms |first=Michael D. |year=1980 |title=Theories of Sexual Orientation |url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Theories_of_sexual_orientation.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]] |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=783–792 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.783 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923043737/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Theories_of_sexual_orientation.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I</title>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/847989076|Nyamagasani I Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3062" sha1="77lt02sfhl3ngo5gkzu5m41iqoxoevo" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I''', kuma '''tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani 1''' {{Convert|15|MW}}aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa , wanda ake ginawa a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=Get Fit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani I &amp; II |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana kusa da ƙauyen Kyarumba, a gundumar Kasese, &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frontier Energy |date=17 December 2017 |title=Nyamagasani 1 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/nyamagasani-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=Frontier Investment Management ApS}}&lt;/ref&gt; kimanin {{Convert|45.3|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Kasese, babban gari mafi kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=17 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kasese, Western Region, Uganda and Kyarumba, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kyarumba%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ&amp;dt2=ChIJY9_VW4vvYRcRWxQKY84NSQY |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I, wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi, wadda aka tsara fara aikin shigar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|15|MW|0}}, lokacin da aka kammala aikin. Aikin yana kan iyakar Kogin Nyamagasani, kusa da aikin ƙanwarsa, Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II, a tsayin tsaunukan Rwenzori, a matsakaicin tsayin kimanin {{Convert|1392|m|ft}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mapcarta |date=17 December 2017 |title=Average Elevation of Kyarumba Village |url=https://mapcarta.com/12806424 |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=Mapcarta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin aikin, ''Rwenzori Hydro Private Limited'', mallakar DI Frontier Market Energy &amp; Carbon Fund ne, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|na makamashi mai sabuntawa]] da ke Denmark. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot; /&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An ware kasafin kuɗin gina wannan tashar wutar lantarki kan dala miliyan 36.7 na Amurka, tare da dala miliyan 9.4 na Amurka, a cikin rangwamen GetFit. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=Get Fit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani I &amp; II |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda2016&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda (31 December 2016). [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ &quot;Get Fit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani I &amp; II&quot;]. Kampala: GetFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>77lt02sfhl3ngo5gkzu5m41iqoxoevo</sha1>
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      <text bytes="3074" sha1="liwqo7sls5rd8af5if2hmqm58dcd19h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I''', kuma '''tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani 1''' {{Convert|15|MW}}aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa , wanda ake ginawa a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=Get Fit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani I &amp; II |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana kusa da ƙauyen Kyarumba, a gundumar Kasese, &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frontier Energy |date=17 December 2017 |title=Nyamagasani 1 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/nyamagasani-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=Frontier Investment Management ApS}}&lt;/ref&gt; kimanin {{Convert|45.3|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Kasese, babban gari mafi kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=17 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kasese, Western Region, Uganda and Kyarumba, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kyarumba%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ&amp;dt2=ChIJY9_VW4vvYRcRWxQKY84NSQY |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I, wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi, wadda aka tsara fara aikin shigar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|15|MW|0}}, lokacin da aka kammala aikin. Aikin yana kan iyakar Kogin Nyamagasani, kusa da aikin ƙanwarsa, Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II, a tsayin tsaunukan Rwenzori, a matsakaicin tsayin kimanin {{Convert|1392|m|ft}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mapcarta |date=17 December 2017 |title=Average Elevation of Kyarumba Village |url=https://mapcarta.com/12806424 |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=Mapcarta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin aikin, ''Rwenzori Hydro Private Limited'', mallakar DI Frontier Market Energy &amp; Carbon Fund ne, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|na makamashi mai sabuntawa]] da ke Denmark. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot; /&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An ware kasafin kuɗin gina wannan tashar wutar lantarki kan dala miliyan 36.7 na Amurka, tare da dala miliyan 9.4 na Amurka, a cikin rangwamen GetFit. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=Get Fit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani I &amp; II |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda2016&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda (31 December 2016). [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ &quot;Get Fit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani I &amp; II&quot;]. Kampala: GetFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:30:53Z</timestamp>
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        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304996442|Ndugutu Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu''', an tsara ta ne don samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|5.9|MW}}tashar samar da wutar lantarki  a yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Emu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=28 October 2015 |title=Application for a License for the Establishment of a 4.8MW Hydro Power Plant in Bundibugyo District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/479-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-4-8mw-hydro-power-plant-in-bundibugyo-district |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bbiri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OPIC |date= |title=Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary |url=https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC) |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a ''kogin Ndugutu'', kusa da wurin shakatawa na Rwenzori, a gundumar Bundibugyo, a yankin Yammacin Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|20|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin garin Bundibugyo, cibiyar birni mafi kusa da kuma wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=22 December 2017 |title=Distance between Bundibugyo, Western Region, Uganda and Kakuka, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Bundibugyo%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kakuka%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJeYUekghkYRcRdGX-v0A2tJw&amp;dt2=ChIJufOJmfl5YRcRGqbds3IqJps |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=Glbefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wuri yana kusa da {{Convert|5.9|MW|0}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila, wacce mai haɓaka wannan kamfanin ke da ita

== Bayani ==
Ndugutu HEPS wani ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi wanda matsakaicin ƙarfin da aka tsara shine MW 4.8. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ssatu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Ndugutu Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/ndugutu/ |publisher=GeFit Uganda Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin KMR East Africa ne &lt;ref name=&quot;Bbiri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OPIC |date= |title=Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary |url=https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC) |format=PDF}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOPIC&quot;&gt;OPIC. [https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf &quot;Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Washington, DC: [[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; (wanda kuma shine Ndugutu Power Company Uganda Limited), &lt;ref name=&quot;Emu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=28 October 2015 |title=Application for a License for the Establishment of a 4.8MW Hydro Power Plant in Bundibugyo District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/479-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-4-8mw-hydro-power-plant-in-bundibugyo-district |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFERA2015&quot;&gt;ERA (28 October 2015). [http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/479-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-4-8mw-hydro-power-plant-in-bundibugyo-district &quot;Application for a License for the Establishment of a 4.8MW Hydro Power Plant in Bundibugyo District&quot;]. Kampala: [[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; masu haɓaka aikin. An ware kasafin kuɗin gina wannan tashar samar da wutar lantarki akan dala miliyan 15, tare da rangwamen dala miliyan 3.2 na GetFit. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ssatu&quot; /&gt;

== Jadawalin Lokaci ==
Aikin ya sami amincewar tallafin GetFit a watan Yunin 2015. An cimma yarjejeniyar rufe harkokin kuɗi a shekarar 2016. Ana sa ran fara aikin ginin a shekarar 2017, kuma ana sa ran kammala shi a cikin kwata na huɗu na shekarar 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ssatu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Ndugutu Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/ndugutu/ |publisher=GeFit Uganda Reports}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda. [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/ndugutu/ &quot;GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Ndugutu Hydroelectric Power Station&quot;]. Kampala: GeFit Uganda Reports.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndugutu''', an tsara ta ne don samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|5.9|MW}}tashar samar da wutar lantarki  a yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Emu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=28 October 2015 |title=Application for a License for the Establishment of a 4.8MW Hydro Power Plant in Bundibugyo District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/479-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-4-8mw-hydro-power-plant-in-bundibugyo-district |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bbiri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OPIC |date= |title=Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary |url=https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC) |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a ''kogin Ndugutu'', kusa da wurin shakatawa na Rwenzori, a gundumar Bundibugyo, a yankin Yammacin Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|20|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin garin Bundibugyo, cibiyar birni mafi kusa da kuma wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=22 December 2017 |title=Distance between Bundibugyo, Western Region, Uganda and Kakuka, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Bundibugyo%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kakuka%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJeYUekghkYRcRdGX-v0A2tJw&amp;dt2=ChIJufOJmfl5YRcRGqbds3IqJps |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=Glbefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wuri yana kusa da {{Convert|5.9|MW|0}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sindila, wacce mai haɓaka wannan kamfanin ke da ita

== Bayani ==
Ndugutu HEPS wani ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi wanda matsakaicin ƙarfin da aka tsara shine MW 4.8. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ssatu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Ndugutu Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/ndugutu/ |publisher=GeFit Uganda Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin KMR East Africa ne &lt;ref name=&quot;Bbiri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OPIC |date= |title=Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary |url=https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC) |format=PDF}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOPIC&quot;&gt;OPIC. [https://www3.opic.gov/Environment/EIA/Sindila/Initial_Project_Summary_KMRI_Sindila_SHPP_final.pdf &quot;Sindila Mini-Hydropower Station: Initial Project Summary&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Washington, DC: [[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; (wanda kuma shine Ndugutu Power Company Uganda Limited), &lt;ref name=&quot;Emu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=28 October 2015 |title=Application for a License for the Establishment of a 4.8MW Hydro Power Plant in Bundibugyo District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/479-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-4-8mw-hydro-power-plant-in-bundibugyo-district |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFERA2015&quot;&gt;ERA (28 October 2015). [http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/479-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-a-4-8mw-hydro-power-plant-in-bundibugyo-district &quot;Application for a License for the Establishment of a 4.8MW Hydro Power Plant in Bundibugyo District&quot;]. Kampala: [[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; masu haɓaka aikin. An ware kasafin kuɗin gina wannan tashar samar da wutar lantarki akan dala miliyan 15, tare da rangwamen dala miliyan 3.2 na GetFit. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ssatu&quot; /&gt;

== Jadawalin Lokaci ==
Aikin ya sami amincewar tallafin GetFit a watan Yunin 2015. An cimma yarjejeniyar rufe harkokin kuɗi a shekarar 2016. Ana sa ran fara aikin ginin a shekarar 2017, kuma ana sa ran kammala shi a cikin kwata na huɗu na shekarar 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ssatu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Ndugutu Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/ndugutu/ |publisher=GeFit Uganda Reports}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda. [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/ndugutu/ &quot;GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Ndugutu Hydroelectric Power Station&quot;]. Kampala: GeFit Uganda Reports.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>2k3t4tgfoxsyn5x6kbqpctn2ru0c0ps</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waki Hydroelectric Power Station</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>858780</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:33:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276657971|Waki Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Waki''' {{Convert|5|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]], ƙasa ta uku mafi girma a tattalin arziki a cikin [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a fadin ''Kogin Waki'', a Butiaba, gundumar Masindi, a Yammacin Uganda . Wannan wurin yana kusa da gabashin gabar [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|tafkin Albert]], kusa da wurin da Kogin Waki ke kwarara cikin tafkin. Butiaba tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|60|km|mi}}, ta hanya, yamma da Masindi, wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take, da kuma babban gari mafi kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Masindi And Butiaba With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Masindi%20(Masindi)&amp;toplace=Butiaba%20(Masindi)&amp;fromlat=1.6744444&amp;tolat=1.8113889&amp;fromlng=31.715&amp;tolng=31.3305556 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
'''Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Waki''', zai kasance na aikin gina ƙaramin wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin, tare da ƙarfin da aka sanya na MW 5. Za a samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa ta hanyar ko dai layin wutar lantarki na 11 kV ko 22 kV. An fara nazarin yiwuwar amfani da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1997. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Nathaniel |date=31 May 1997 |title=Feasibility Study For The Development of A Mini-Hydro Power Plant Along The Eastern Shore of Lake Albert |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACB843.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053309/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACB843.pdf |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan, a shekarar 2006, '''kamfanin SN Power Invest''' na [[Norway]], ya gudanar da sabbin nazarin yiwuwar amfani da wutar lantarki kan ayyukan wutar lantarki na Waki da Buseruka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newvision |first=Archive |date=5 February 2006 |title=Loadshedding Will End Soon |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/459/480277 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Apollo Mubiru |first=and Mariam Nalunkuuma |date=25 April 2006 |title=Electricity Prices Set To Rise |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/495178 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, kamfanin SN Power Invest ya yi watsi da aikin kuma a shekarar 2008, an sake ba da lasisin ci gaba ga '''Tronder Power Limited''', shi ma daga [[Norway]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=15 May 2008 |title=More Power Licenses Given Out |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220 |access-date=11 June 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, kamfanin Tronder Power Limited shi ma ya janye daga yarjejeniyar kuma a shekarar 2010, an ba da lasisin tashar wutar lantarki ta Waki ga '''Hydromax''' . '''Hydromax''', wani mai zuba jari a fannin makamashi mai zaman kansa, zai mallaki kuma ya sarrafa tashar wutar lantarki ta Buseruka a gundumar Hoima, tsakanin 2005 da 2013.

Da farko an sa ran fara aikin ginin a shekarar 2012, inda ake sa ran fara aikin a shekarar 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluka |first=Benon Herbert |date=6 April 2010 |title=Uganda's Energy Relief Still A Long Way |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Business%20Power/-/688616/893144/-/l55abu/-/index.html |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Lantarki (ERA), ta ba wa masu haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki lasisin samar da wutar lantarki. Ana sa ran fara aikin ginin a watan Disamba na 2014, tare da shirin kammala shi cikin watanni 24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Madatsun ruwa na Afirka
* Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>bvtu46urt4uwj1jhgaxpxk0o9ybmfj5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858782</id>
      <parentid>858780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
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      <text bytes="3988" sha1="hivq3d6ejeyz41ep1ba312jhxj9lrrg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Waki''' {{Convert|5|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]], ƙasa ta uku mafi girma a tattalin arziki a cikin [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a fadin ''Kogin Waki'', a Butiaba, gundumar Masindi, a Yammacin Uganda . Wannan wurin yana kusa da gabashin gabar [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|tafkin Albert]], kusa da wurin da Kogin Waki ke kwarara cikin tafkin. Butiaba tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|60|km|mi}}, ta hanya, yamma da Masindi, wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take, da kuma babban gari mafi kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Masindi And Butiaba With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Masindi%20(Masindi)&amp;toplace=Butiaba%20(Masindi)&amp;fromlat=1.6744444&amp;tolat=1.8113889&amp;fromlng=31.715&amp;tolng=31.3305556 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
'''Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Waki''', zai kasance na aikin gina ƙaramin wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin, tare da ƙarfin da aka sanya na MW 5. Za a samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa ta hanyar ko dai layin wutar lantarki na 11 kV ko 22 kV. An fara nazarin yiwuwar amfani da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1997. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Nathaniel |date=31 May 1997 |title=Feasibility Study For The Development of A Mini-Hydro Power Plant Along The Eastern Shore of Lake Albert |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACB843.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053309/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACB843.pdf |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan, a shekarar 2006, '''kamfanin SN Power Invest''' na [[Norway]], ya gudanar da sabbin nazarin yiwuwar amfani da wutar lantarki kan ayyukan wutar lantarki na Waki da Buseruka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newvision |first=Archive |date=5 February 2006 |title=Loadshedding Will End Soon |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/459/480277 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Apollo Mubiru |first=and Mariam Nalunkuuma |date=25 April 2006 |title=Electricity Prices Set To Rise |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/495178 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, kamfanin SN Power Invest ya yi watsi da aikin kuma a shekarar 2008, an sake ba da lasisin ci gaba ga '''Tronder Power Limited''', shi ma daga [[Norway]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=15 May 2008 |title=More Power Licenses Given Out |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220 |access-date=11 June 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, kamfanin Tronder Power Limited shi ma ya janye daga yarjejeniyar kuma a shekarar 2010, an ba da lasisin tashar wutar lantarki ta Waki ga '''Hydromax''' . '''Hydromax''', wani mai zuba jari a fannin makamashi mai zaman kansa, zai mallaki kuma ya sarrafa tashar wutar lantarki ta Buseruka a gundumar Hoima, tsakanin 2005 da 2013.

Da farko an sa ran fara aikin ginin a shekarar 2012, inda ake sa ran fara aikin a shekarar 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluka |first=Benon Herbert |date=6 April 2010 |title=Uganda's Energy Relief Still A Long Way |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Business%20Power/-/688616/893144/-/l55abu/-/index.html |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Lantarki (ERA), ta ba wa masu haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki lasisin samar da wutar lantarki. Ana sa ran fara aikin ginin a watan Disamba na 2014, tare da shirin kammala shi cikin watanni 24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Madatsun ruwa na Afirka
* Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>hivq3d6ejeyz41ep1ba312jhxj9lrrg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kálmán Kádas</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:36:43Z</timestamp>
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        <id>45710</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342434056|Kálmán Kádas]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858783</origin>
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'''Kálmán Kádas''' (Kisoroszi, 1908 Yuli 30 - [[Budapest]], 1985 Maris 17) ya kasance injiniyan Hungary, masanin tattalin arziki, masanin lissafi, marubucin tattalin arzikin sufuri kuma farfesa, abokin aiki na Farkas Heller, likita na injiniya (1974).

== Early life and career ==
His parents were Sándor Kádas and Gabriella Bentsik. He married in 1943, his wife was Emma Bartha (1908–1990) and they had two sons: István (1946) and Sándor (1948).

Kálmán Kádas completed his elementary schools in Kisoroszi, graduated from the Piarist High School in Vác in 1926, his class teacher was József Öveges. He obtained a degree in Budapest University of Technology and Economics mechanical engineering in Budapest in 1931, with a degree in economic engineering in 1932, and a doctorate in economics in 1936. He received his CSc degree (PhD equivalent) in 1961 at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS), &quot;High-efficiency types of transport development. Based on his dissertation entitled Reasonable application and research of new technology in transport, he was awarded the title of Candidate of Technical Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magyar Tudomány – A MTA Értesítője, 1961 (68. kötet = Új folyam 6. kötet) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/AkademiaiErtesito_MATUD_1961/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&amp;pg=436&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He received the degree DsC of the HAS in 1974. The title of the doctoral dissertation: Some types of technical-economic contexts enhancing the macroeconomic efficiency of transport development and the possibilities of their systematic utilization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magyar Tudomány – A MTA Értesítője, 1974 (81. kötet = Új folyam 19. kötet) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/AkademiaiErtesito_MATUD_1974/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&amp;pg=407&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Positions ==

* 1933–1948 at the Department of National Economy and Finance of the Technical University (from 1934 to 1948 Royal Hungarian Nádor József University of Technology and Economics) under Farkas Heller, from 1933 as an assistant lecturer, from 1936 as lecturer, from 1943 to 1948 as a university private professor at the department headed by Farkas Heller until the termination of the department.
* 1938–1949 industrial economics expert of the Central Statistical Office
* 1949–1955 employee of the Ministry of Transport and Post (KPM)
* 1955–1976 professor, head of the Department of Transportation Economics at the Technical University of Construction and Transport
* 1957–1964 dean of the Faculty of Transportation Engineering of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics
* 1967–1970 deputy rector of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics

== Research ==
His diverse work in economics covered industrial economics, transport economics, transport statistics, econometrics, and prognostics. After 1945 he was engaged in industrial and transport economics research.

== Notable works ==

* &quot;Statistical analysis of human labor productivity in the Hungarian manufacturing industry&quot;. (in Hungarian); ''Magyar Statisztikai Szemle'', 1944. July–August&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Központi Statisztikai Hivatal |url=https://www.ksh.hu/statszemle_archivum |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=www.ksh.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Economic issues in transport''. University textbook. (in Hungarian); Tankönyvkiadó. Bp., 1958
* ''Major economic issues in transport''. Engineering manual. (in Hungarian); Bp., 1961
* Fazekas Ferenc-Kádas Kálmán. Applications of mathematical methods in the transport repair industry. (in Hungarian); Mérnöki Továbbképző Intézet. Bp., 1966
* Acta Oeconomica. 4. 1969 / 1. REVIEWS. Kádas Kálmán: 8th European congress of the regional Science Association&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acta Oeconomica 4. (1969) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/ActaOeconomica_04/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&amp;pg=108&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Statistics. 1–2. (in Hungarian); Tankönyvkiadó. Bp., 1966; 2nd, extended edition, 1972
* {{Cite journal |last=Kádas |first=Kálmán |date=1968 |title=Approximate Solutions of the Macroeconomic Transport Problem and Modelling of the Economic Strategy in Transport |url=https://pp.bme.hu/me/article/view/6171 |journal=Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=159–166 |issn=1587-379X}}
* ''Business Economics''. (in Hungarian); Tankönyvkiadó. Bp., 1968; 2nd, extended edition, 1971
* Technisch-ökonomische Steuerung von Verkehrsabläufen mit Hilfe kybernetischer Systeme. (in German); Göttingen, 1970
* ''Transport Economics''. (in Hungarian); university textbook, Tankönyvkiadó. Bp., 1972; 2nd edition, 1976

== Society memberships ==

: 1945–1951 general secretary of the Hungarian Economic Society
: 1959–1976 vice president of the Hungarian Economic Association
: 1948–1951 secretary of the Hungarian Statistical Society
: 1963–1985 member of the International Statistical Institute in The Hague
: 1969–1985 member of the Environment and Planning editorial board in London
: 1970–1985 member of the editorial board of Regional and Urban Economics in Amsterdam
: 1972–1985 elected member of the Österreichische Verkehrswissenschaftliche Gesellschaft in Vienna

* Acta Oeconomica 5. 1970 / 4. REVIEWS The New Editorial Board of Acta Oeconomic. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acta Oeconomica 5. (1970) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/ActaOeconomica_05_Repert_01-05/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n%20acta&amp;pg=428&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Magyar életrajzi lexikon /K/ Kádas Kálmán (in Hungarian)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kádas Kálmán {{!}} Magyar életrajzi lexikon {{!}} Kézikönyvtár |url=https://www.arcanum.hu/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyar-eletrajzi-lexikon-7428D/k-760F2/kadas-kalman-76120/ |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=www.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Közlekedéstudományi Szemle. 1985/4. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Közlekedéstudományi Szemle, 1985 (35. évfolyam, 1–12. szám) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/KozlekedestudomanyiSzemle_1985/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n%201908%201985&amp;pg=218&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1994. Kádas Kálmán&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1978–1991 (1994) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/MagyarEletrajziLexikon_4/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n%201908%201985&amp;pg=451&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gazdaság. 1970. 9. Kádas Kálmán
* Névpont. 2013. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kádas Kálmán |url=http://www.nevpont.hu/view/9605 |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=Névpont.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Statisztikai Szemle. 1985/8. Kálmán Kádas
* Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon. 1000–1990. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000–1990 |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/00300/00355/html/ABC07165/07211.htm |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=mek.oszk.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kozák Péter. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kádas Kálmán |url=http://nevpont.hu/view/9605 |access-date=June 23, 2020 |website=Névpont.hu}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=História – Tudósnaptár - |url=https://tudosnaptar.kfki.hu/historia/egyen.php?namenev=kadas |access-date=June 23, 2020 |website=tudosnaptar.kfki.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* KSH. 2018. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 30, 2018 |title=A KSH Könyvtár hivatalos blogja: Kádas Kálmán (1908. július 30. – 1985. március 17.) |url=https://kshkonyvtarblog.blogspot.com/2018/07/kadas-kalman-1908-julius-30-1985.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=A KSH Könyvtár hivatalos blogja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Műegyetemi évfordulók 2008-ban. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2011 |title=BME Portál |url=http://portal.bme.hu/Document%20Library/evfordulok_2008.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226192736/http://portal.bme.hu/Document%20Library/evfordulok_2008.aspx |archive-date=February 26, 2011 |access-date=July 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]]</text>
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'''Kálmán Kádas''' (Kisoroszi, 1908 Yuli 30 - [[Budapest]], 1985 Maris 17) ya kasance injiniyan Hungary, masanin tattalin arziki, masanin lissafi, marubucin tattalin arzikin sufuri kuma farfesa, abokin aiki na Farkas Heller, likita na injiniya (1974).

== Early life and career ==
His parents were Sándor Kádas and Gabriella Bentsik. He married in 1943, his wife was Emma Bartha (1908–1990) and they had two sons: István (1946) and Sándor (1948).

Kálmán Kádas completed his elementary schools in Kisoroszi, graduated from the Piarist High School in Vác in 1926, his class teacher was József Öveges. He obtained a degree in Budapest University of Technology and Economics mechanical engineering in Budapest in 1931, with a degree in economic engineering in 1932, and a doctorate in economics in 1936. He received his CSc degree (PhD equivalent) in 1961 at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS), &quot;High-efficiency types of transport development. Based on his dissertation entitled Reasonable application and research of new technology in transport, he was awarded the title of Candidate of Technical Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magyar Tudomány – A MTA Értesítője, 1961 (68. kötet = Új folyam 6. kötet) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/AkademiaiErtesito_MATUD_1961/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&amp;pg=436&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He received the degree DsC of the HAS in 1974. The title of the doctoral dissertation: Some types of technical-economic contexts enhancing the macroeconomic efficiency of transport development and the possibilities of their systematic utilization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magyar Tudomány – A MTA Értesítője, 1974 (81. kötet = Új folyam 19. kötet) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/AkademiaiErtesito_MATUD_1974/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&amp;pg=407&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Positions ==

* 1933–1948 at the Department of National Economy and Finance of the Technical University (from 1934 to 1948 Royal Hungarian Nádor József University of Technology and Economics) under Farkas Heller, from 1933 as an assistant lecturer, from 1936 as lecturer, from 1943 to 1948 as a university private professor at the department headed by Farkas Heller until the termination of the department.
* 1938–1949 industrial economics expert of the Central Statistical Office
* 1949–1955 employee of the Ministry of Transport and Post (KPM)
* 1955–1976 professor, head of the Department of Transportation Economics at the Technical University of Construction and Transport
* 1957–1964 dean of the Faculty of Transportation Engineering of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics
* 1967–1970 deputy rector of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics

== Research ==
His diverse work in economics covered industrial economics, transport economics, transport statistics, econometrics, and prognostics. After 1945 he was engaged in industrial and transport economics research.

== Notable works ==

* &quot;Statistical analysis of human labor productivity in the Hungarian manufacturing industry&quot;. (in Hungarian); ''Magyar Statisztikai Szemle'', 1944. July–August&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Központi Statisztikai Hivatal |url=https://www.ksh.hu/statszemle_archivum |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=www.ksh.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Economic issues in transport''. University textbook. (in Hungarian); Tankönyvkiadó. Bp., 1958
* ''Major economic issues in transport''. Engineering manual. (in Hungarian); Bp., 1961
* Fazekas Ferenc-Kádas Kálmán. Applications of mathematical methods in the transport repair industry. (in Hungarian); Mérnöki Továbbképző Intézet. Bp., 1966
* Acta Oeconomica. 4. 1969 / 1. REVIEWS. Kádas Kálmán: 8th European congress of the regional Science Association&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acta Oeconomica 4. (1969) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/ActaOeconomica_04/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&amp;pg=108&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Statistics. 1–2. (in Hungarian); Tankönyvkiadó. Bp., 1966; 2nd, extended edition, 1972
* {{Cite journal |last=Kádas |first=Kálmán |date=1968 |title=Approximate Solutions of the Macroeconomic Transport Problem and Modelling of the Economic Strategy in Transport |url=https://pp.bme.hu/me/article/view/6171 |journal=Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=159–166 |issn=1587-379X}}
* ''Business Economics''. (in Hungarian); Tankönyvkiadó. Bp., 1968; 2nd, extended edition, 1971
* Technisch-ökonomische Steuerung von Verkehrsabläufen mit Hilfe kybernetischer Systeme. (in German); Göttingen, 1970
* ''Transport Economics''. (in Hungarian); university textbook, Tankönyvkiadó. Bp., 1972; 2nd edition, 1976

== Society memberships ==

: 1945–1951 general secretary of the Hungarian Economic Society
: 1959–1976 vice president of the Hungarian Economic Association
: 1948–1951 secretary of the Hungarian Statistical Society
: 1963–1985 member of the International Statistical Institute in The Hague
: 1969–1985 member of the Environment and Planning editorial board in London
: 1970–1985 member of the editorial board of Regional and Urban Economics in Amsterdam
: 1972–1985 elected member of the Österreichische Verkehrswissenschaftliche Gesellschaft in Vienna

* Acta Oeconomica 5. 1970 / 4. REVIEWS The New Editorial Board of Acta Oeconomic. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acta Oeconomica 5. (1970) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/ActaOeconomica_05_Repert_01-05/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n%20acta&amp;pg=428&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Magyar életrajzi lexikon /K/ Kádas Kálmán (in Hungarian)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kádas Kálmán {{!}} Magyar életrajzi lexikon {{!}} Kézikönyvtár |url=https://www.arcanum.hu/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyar-eletrajzi-lexikon-7428D/k-760F2/kadas-kalman-76120/ |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=www.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Közlekedéstudományi Szemle. 1985/4. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Közlekedéstudományi Szemle, 1985 (35. évfolyam, 1–12. szám) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/KozlekedestudomanyiSzemle_1985/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n%201908%201985&amp;pg=218&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1994. Kádas Kálmán&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1978–1991 (1994) {{!}} Arcanum Digitális Tudománytár |url=https://adtplus.arcanum.hu/hu/view/MagyarEletrajziLexikon_4/?query=k%C3%A1das%20k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n%201908%201985&amp;pg=451&amp;layout=s |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=adtplus.arcanum.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gazdaság. 1970. 9. Kádas Kálmán
* Névpont. 2013. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kádas Kálmán |url=http://www.nevpont.hu/view/9605 |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=Névpont.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Statisztikai Szemle. 1985/8. Kálmán Kádas
* Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon. 1000–1990. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000–1990 |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/00300/00355/html/ABC07165/07211.htm |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=mek.oszk.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kozák Péter. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kádas Kálmán |url=http://nevpont.hu/view/9605 |access-date=June 23, 2020 |website=Névpont.hu}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=História – Tudósnaptár - |url=https://tudosnaptar.kfki.hu/historia/egyen.php?namenev=kadas |access-date=June 23, 2020 |website=tudosnaptar.kfki.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* KSH. 2018. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 30, 2018 |title=A KSH Könyvtár hivatalos blogja: Kádas Kálmán (1908. július 30. – 1985. március 17.) |url=https://kshkonyvtarblog.blogspot.com/2018/07/kadas-kalman-1908-julius-30-1985.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=A KSH Könyvtár hivatalos blogja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Műegyetemi évfordulók 2008-ban. Kálmán Kádas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2011 |title=BME Portál |url=http://portal.bme.hu/Document%20Library/evfordulok_2008.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226192736/http://portal.bme.hu/Document%20Library/evfordulok_2008.aspx |archive-date=February 26, 2011 |access-date=July 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/847989927|Rwimi Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5792" sha1="7wci0l7s700250qc2jcptr5i278yz5i" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi''', tana da {{Convert|5.54|MW}} da ke aiki. tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2017 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station |url=https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana kan ''kogin Rwimi'', a kan iyakar gundumar Kasese da gundumar Bunyangabu . Wannan wurin yana kusa da garin Rwimi a gundumar Bunyangabu, kimanin {{Convert|34|km|0}}, arewacin Kasese tare da titin Fort Portal-Kasese-Mpondwe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=17 August 2017 |title=Distance between Kasese, Western Region, Uganda and Rwimi Mosque, Bunyangabu, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Rwimi%20Mosque%2C%20Bunyangabu%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ&amp;dt2=ChIJ4xkWb9MnYhcRVCnWRwyxS-I |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan wuri yana da nisan {{Convert|47|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu da Fort Portal, birni mafi girma a yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=17 August 2017 |title=Distance between Fort Portal, Western Region, Uganda and Rwimi Mosque, Bunyangabu, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Fort%20Portal%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Rwimi%20Mosque%2C%20Bunyangabu%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJwUHNPELaYxcRUEdocKxcEbM&amp;dt2=ChIJ4xkWb9MnYhcRVCnWRwyxS-I |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi sune:0°23'10.0&quot;N, 30°11'07.0&quot;E (Latitude:0.386111; Longitude:30.185278). 

== Bayani ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rwimi wata ƙaramar tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa, wadda ke da ƙarfin shigar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{Convert|5.54|MW}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wesonga |first=Nelson |date=17 December 2012 |title=64MW To Boost Power Grid, Avert Shortage |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/64MW-to-boost-power-grid--avert-shortage/-/688334/1645474/-/wi29v9/-/index.html |access-date=12 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20141118034124/http://www.ecopowersrilanka.com/our_projects_services.php Kamfanin Eco Power (Private) Limited], kamfanin wutar lantarki mafi girma a [[Sri Lanka]], ta hannun reshensa na Uganda, ''Eco Power Uganda Limited'' an ba shi haƙƙin ci gaba na aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=25 November 2013 |title=Eight Firms To Benefit From $58 Million Renewable Energy Deal |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649830-eight-firms-to-benefit-from-58m-renewable-energy-deal.html |access-date=12 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An ware kasafin kuɗin ginin a kan dala miliyan 21.1 (da farko dala miliyan 20.9 na Amurka). &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2017 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station |url=https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda2017&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda (31 December 2017). [https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ &quot;GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station&quot;]. GetFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wannan, Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Belgium don Ƙasashe Masu tasowa (BIO), yana ba da rancen dala miliyan 13 na Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BIO |date=2015 |title=Rwimi Small Hydro Power |url=http://www.bio-invest.be/en/portfolio/africa/details/209.html?mn=7 |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=[[Belgian Investment Company for Developing Countries]] (BIO)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Norfund yana ba da rancen dala miliyan 4.2 na Amurka (NOK: miliyan 33.4), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Norfund |date=31 March 2017 |title=Norfund Investments: Rwimi EP Company Limited: Investment Details |url=https://www.norfund.no/investmentdetails/rwimi-ep-company-ltd-article10628-1042.html |access-date=17 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma GETFit Uganda tana ba da rancen dala miliyan 3.9 na Amurka ta hanyar KfW . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Jadawalin lokacin gini ==
A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki (ERA), ta ba da lasisin sabbin ayyukan makamashi guda tara masu sabuntawa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tara, ita ce Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin ginin a watan Disamba na 2014 kuma zai ɗauki kimanin watanni 24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aikin ginin a watan Yulin 2015, tare da sabuwar ranar fara ayyukan kasuwanci a rabin na biyu na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2017 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station |url=https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda2017&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda (31 December 2017). [https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ &quot;GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station&quot;]. GetFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Madatsun ruwa na Afirka
* Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>7wci0l7s700250qc2jcptr5i278yz5i</sha1>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <text bytes="5804" sha1="s45xpe6qkpkz6mw9qa23ud1pzxyk8f5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi''', tana da {{Convert|5.54|MW}} da ke aiki. tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2017 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station |url=https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana kan ''kogin Rwimi'', a kan iyakar gundumar Kasese da gundumar Bunyangabu . Wannan wurin yana kusa da garin Rwimi a gundumar Bunyangabu, kimanin {{Convert|34|km|0}}, arewacin Kasese tare da titin Fort Portal-Kasese-Mpondwe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=17 August 2017 |title=Distance between Kasese, Western Region, Uganda and Rwimi Mosque, Bunyangabu, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Rwimi%20Mosque%2C%20Bunyangabu%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ&amp;dt2=ChIJ4xkWb9MnYhcRVCnWRwyxS-I |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan wuri yana da nisan {{Convert|47|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu da Fort Portal, birni mafi girma a yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=17 August 2017 |title=Distance between Fort Portal, Western Region, Uganda and Rwimi Mosque, Bunyangabu, Western Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Fort%20Portal%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Rwimi%20Mosque%2C%20Bunyangabu%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJwUHNPELaYxcRUEdocKxcEbM&amp;dt2=ChIJ4xkWb9MnYhcRVCnWRwyxS-I |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi sune:0°23'10.0&quot;N, 30°11'07.0&quot;E (Latitude:0.386111; Longitude:30.185278). 

== Bayani ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rwimi wata ƙaramar tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa, wadda ke da ƙarfin shigar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{Convert|5.54|MW}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wesonga |first=Nelson |date=17 December 2012 |title=64MW To Boost Power Grid, Avert Shortage |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/64MW-to-boost-power-grid--avert-shortage/-/688334/1645474/-/wi29v9/-/index.html |access-date=12 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20141118034124/http://www.ecopowersrilanka.com/our_projects_services.php Kamfanin Eco Power (Private) Limited], kamfanin wutar lantarki mafi girma a [[Sri Lanka]], ta hannun reshensa na Uganda, ''Eco Power Uganda Limited'' an ba shi haƙƙin ci gaba na aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=25 November 2013 |title=Eight Firms To Benefit From $58 Million Renewable Energy Deal |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649830-eight-firms-to-benefit-from-58m-renewable-energy-deal.html |access-date=12 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An ware kasafin kuɗin ginin a kan dala miliyan 21.1 (da farko dala miliyan 20.9 na Amurka). &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2017 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station |url=https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda2017&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda (31 December 2017). [https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ &quot;GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station&quot;]. GetFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wannan, Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Belgium don Ƙasashe Masu tasowa (BIO), yana ba da rancen dala miliyan 13 na Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BIO |date=2015 |title=Rwimi Small Hydro Power |url=http://www.bio-invest.be/en/portfolio/africa/details/209.html?mn=7 |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=[[Belgian Investment Company for Developing Countries]] (BIO)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Norfund yana ba da rancen dala miliyan 4.2 na Amurka (NOK: miliyan 33.4), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Norfund |date=31 March 2017 |title=Norfund Investments: Rwimi EP Company Limited: Investment Details |url=https://www.norfund.no/investmentdetails/rwimi-ep-company-ltd-article10628-1042.html |access-date=17 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma GETFit Uganda tana ba da rancen dala miliyan 3.9 na Amurka ta hanyar KfW . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Jadawalin lokacin gini ==
A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki (ERA), ta ba da lasisin sabbin ayyukan makamashi guda tara masu sabuntawa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tara, ita ce Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwimi. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin ginin a watan Disamba na 2014 kuma zai ɗauki kimanin watanni 24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aikin ginin a watan Yulin 2015, tare da sabuwar ranar fara ayyukan kasuwanci a rabin na biyu na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2017 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station |url=https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda2017&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda (31 December 2017). [https://www.getfit-reports.com/2017/projects/rwimi/ &quot;GetFit Uganda: 2017 Annual Report, Rwimi Power Station&quot;]. GetFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Madatsun ruwa na Afirka
* Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>s45xpe6qkpkz6mw9qa23ud1pzxyk8f5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Siti I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1186635786|Siti I Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti I''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti''', tana da {{Convert|5.0|MW}}ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki  a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deep Earth |date=31 October 2013 |title=Power Watchdog Assessing 21.5MW Siti Proposed Plant |url=http://deepearthint.com/index.php?Item=5023 |access-date=12 July 2014 |publisher=DeepEarthInt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Siti'', a cikin ''Siti Parish'', gundumar Bukwo, a arewacin Yankin Gabashin Uganda, kusa da kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kenya|Jamhuriyar Kenya]] . Wannan wurin, yana kan gangaren arewa maso gabashin [[Dutsen Elgon]], a cikin Dutsen Elgon National Park, a tsayin kimanin {{Convert|2000|m}}, sama da matakin teku. Yana kusa da tashar wutar lantarki ta 'yar'uwarsa, Siti II Hydroelectric Power Station &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frontier |date=August 2016 |title=Siti 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/siti-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Frontier.dk (Fronter)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Done&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sources |date=5 May 2017 |title=Frontier Energy: Uganda's Siti I hydropower plant starts operations |url=http://www.4-traders.com/FRONTIER-ENERGY-CORP-164143/news/Frontier-Energy-Uganda-s-Siti-1-hydropower-plant-starts-operations-24333659/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=SyndiGate Media Inc. Quoting Middle East &amp; North African Newspapers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana aiki ne da ƙaramin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, mai ƙarfin Megawatts 5. An ƙera ta a lokaci guda da {{Convert|16.5|MW}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Siti II . Dukansu mallakar masu haɓaka guda ɗaya ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Done&quot; /&gt; An yi kuma an gabatar da nazarin kimanta tasirin kafin a gina. Wani mai haɓaka mai zaman kansa, ''Elgon Hydro Siti Private'', ya nemi haƙƙin haɓakawa na aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Elgon Hydro Siti (Private) Public Hearing For A 21.5MW Generation License Concluded |url=http://era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/198-elgon-hydro-siti-pvt-public-hearing-for-a-21-5mw-generation-license-concluded |access-date=12 July 2014 |publisher=Electricity Regulatory Authority - Uganda (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin Megawatt 21.5 wacce ta ƙunshi Siti I da Siti II ita ce babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki a arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Wutar lantarki da aka samar daga wannan rukunin samar da wutar lantarki za ta samar wa al'ummomin yankin da ke gundumar Bukwo kuma za a haɗa ma'aunin a cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa.

== Jadawalin lokacin gini ==
A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki (ERA), ta ba da lasisin sabbin ayyukan makamashi masu sabuntawa guda tara, ciki har da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti I. Cibiyar wutar lantarki ta ƙunshi sassan samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu; Siti I mai ƙarfin Megawatts 5 da Siti II, mai ƙarfin Megawatts 16.5. An fara ginin a watan Maris na 2015, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an fara ayyukan kasuwanci a watan Mayu na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;On&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Elizabeth |date=4 May 2017 |title=Operations begin at 5-MW Siti I small hydropower plant in Uganda |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/05/operations-begin-at-5-mw-siti-1-small-hydropower-plant-in-uganda.html |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Madatsun ruwa na Afirka
* Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>1kplnz7kv57x3mmjwxxtxhkljm9p1y8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858789</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:40:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <text bytes="3753" sha1="83unqpz37fdz8fya9a98fr16k9qnpnj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti I''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti''', tana da {{Convert|5.0|MW}}ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki  a [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deep Earth |date=31 October 2013 |title=Power Watchdog Assessing 21.5MW Siti Proposed Plant |url=http://deepearthint.com/index.php?Item=5023 |access-date=12 July 2014 |publisher=DeepEarthInt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Siti'', a cikin ''Siti Parish'', gundumar Bukwo, a arewacin Yankin Gabashin Uganda, kusa da kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kenya|Jamhuriyar Kenya]] . Wannan wurin, yana kan gangaren arewa maso gabashin [[Dutsen Elgon]], a cikin Dutsen Elgon National Park, a tsayin kimanin {{Convert|2000|m}}, sama da matakin teku. Yana kusa da tashar wutar lantarki ta 'yar'uwarsa, Siti II Hydroelectric Power Station &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frontier |date=August 2016 |title=Siti 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/siti-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Frontier.dk (Fronter)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Done&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sources |date=5 May 2017 |title=Frontier Energy: Uganda's Siti I hydropower plant starts operations |url=http://www.4-traders.com/FRONTIER-ENERGY-CORP-164143/news/Frontier-Energy-Uganda-s-Siti-1-hydropower-plant-starts-operations-24333659/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=SyndiGate Media Inc. Quoting Middle East &amp; North African Newspapers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana aiki ne da ƙaramin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, mai ƙarfin Megawatts 5. An ƙera ta a lokaci guda da {{Convert|16.5|MW}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Siti II . Dukansu mallakar masu haɓaka guda ɗaya ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Done&quot; /&gt; An yi kuma an gabatar da nazarin kimanta tasirin kafin a gina. Wani mai haɓaka mai zaman kansa, ''Elgon Hydro Siti Private'', ya nemi haƙƙin haɓakawa na aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Elgon Hydro Siti (Private) Public Hearing For A 21.5MW Generation License Concluded |url=http://era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/198-elgon-hydro-siti-pvt-public-hearing-for-a-21-5mw-generation-license-concluded |access-date=12 July 2014 |publisher=Electricity Regulatory Authority - Uganda (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin Megawatt 21.5 wacce ta ƙunshi Siti I da Siti II ita ce babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki a arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Wutar lantarki da aka samar daga wannan rukunin samar da wutar lantarki za ta samar wa al'ummomin yankin da ke gundumar Bukwo kuma za a haɗa ma'aunin a cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa.

== Jadawalin lokacin gini ==
A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki (ERA), ta ba da lasisin sabbin ayyukan makamashi masu sabuntawa guda tara, ciki har da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti I. Cibiyar wutar lantarki ta ƙunshi sassan samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu; Siti I mai ƙarfin Megawatts 5 da Siti II, mai ƙarfin Megawatts 16.5. An fara ginin a watan Maris na 2015, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=23 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an fara ayyukan kasuwanci a watan Mayu na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;On&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Elizabeth |date=4 May 2017 |title=Operations begin at 5-MW Siti I small hydropower plant in Uganda |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/05/operations-begin-at-5-mw-siti-1-small-hydropower-plant-in-uganda.html |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Madatsun ruwa na Afirka
* Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>83unqpz37fdz8fya9a98fr16k9qnpnj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alex Akinyele</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:41:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345800542|Alex Akinyele]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Alexander Opeyemi Akinyele''' an haife shi (24 ga watan Afrilu 1938 ya rasu ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba 2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-11-15 |title=Former minister Alex Akinyele is dead |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/former-minister-alex-akinyele-is-dead/6gdrkv4 |access-date=2020-03-30 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kasance jami'in kwastam da ya yi ritaya kuma mai kula da Najeriya wanda ya kasance Ministan Bayanai kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban Hukumar Wasannin Najeriya..(((((((((((((((((((((((((((customs officer and Nigeria administrator who was a Minister of Information and later became chairman of the [[:en:National_Sports_Commission|Nigerian Sports Commission]].

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Akinyele a garin [[Ondo (birni)|Ondo]] ga mahaifin da ya kasance malami amma daga baya ya yi aiki a Yammacin Afirka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Bayan dawowar mahaifinsa daga yakin, Akinyele ya fara karatun firamare a All Saints School, Ondo kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Gboluji Grammar School. Daga nan sai ya halarci Kwalejin St Andrews, Oyo don samun takardar shaidar horar da malami. A St Andrew's shugaban shi ne [[Seth Kale|Seth Runsewe Kale]], wanda ya ji daɗin Akinyele kuma ya nada shi a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin, jakadan makarantar don karɓar baƙi. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya koyar da ɗan gajeren lokaci a alma mater, Gboluji, kafin ya sami digiri a harshen Ingilishi daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Jami'ar Ife]] . Wata makarantar sakandare a [[Idanre]] ce ta dauki nauyin digiri kuma bayan ya sami difloma, sai ya koma makarantar don koyar da Turanci na shekaru da yawa a makarantar&lt;ref name=&quot;dimgba2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Igwe |first=Dimgba |date=April 24, 1988 |title=Showcase Report&quot; 50 Years of Alex Akinyele |work=Sunday Concord (Lagos)}}&lt;/ref&gt;A shekara ta 1967, Akinyele ya sauya ayyuka zuwa Ma'aikatar Kwastam a Legas. Yayinda yake zaune a Legas, ya sami lokaci don yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar marubuta na Babban Jami'in ƙauyen.

Bisa ga shawarar darektan Kwastam, Etim Duke, Akinyele ya zama jami'in hulɗa da jama'a na sashen. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1978 lokacin da ya shiga kamfanin kayan kwalliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;dimgba3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Igwe |first=Dimgba |date=April 24, 1988 |title=Showcase Report&quot; 50 Years of Alex Akinyele |work=Sunday Concord (Lagos)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akinyele ya kasance mai saka hannun jari a mujallar Newswatch kuma ya taka rawar gani a tattaunawar tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da mujallar lokacin da aka haramta wannan a shekarar 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;dimgba4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Igwe |first=Dimgba |date=April 24, 1988 |title=Showcase Report&quot; 50 Years of Alex Akinyele |work=Sunday Concord (Lagos)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1995, [[Sani Abacha]] ya nada Akinyele a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin sulhu na kasa tare da manufar bude tattaunawa tare da kungiyoyin masu sha'awa a kasar don tallafawa shirin sauya tsarin dimokuradiyya na gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ken Saro- Wiwa's Shadow|last=Osha|first=Sanya|date=2007-03-31|publisher=Adonis &amp; Abbey Publishers Ltd|isbn=9781912234844|pages=125|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]]</text>
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'''Alexander Opeyemi Akinyele''' an haife shi (24 ga watan Afrilu 1938 ya rasu ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba 2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-11-15 |title=Former minister Alex Akinyele is dead |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/former-minister-alex-akinyele-is-dead/6gdrkv4 |access-date=2020-03-30 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kasance jami'in kwastam da ya yi ritaya kuma mai kula da Najeriya wanda ya kasance Ministan Bayanai kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban Hukumar Wasannin Najeriya.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Akinyele a garin [[Ondo (birni)|Ondo]] ga mahaifin da ya kasance malami amma daga baya ya yi aiki a Yammacin Afirka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Bayan dawowar mahaifinsa daga yakin, Akinyele ya fara karatun firamare a All Saints School, Ondo kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Gboluji Grammar School. Daga nan sai ya halarci Kwalejin St Andrews, Oyo don samun takardar shaidar horar da malami. A St Andrew's shugaban shi ne [[Seth Kale|Seth Runsewe Kale]], wanda ya ji daɗin Akinyele kuma ya nada shi a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin, jakadan makarantar don karɓar baƙi. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya koyar da ɗan gajeren lokaci a alma mater, Gboluji, kafin ya sami digiri a harshen Ingilishi daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Jami'ar Ife]] . Wata makarantar sakandare a [[Idanre]] ce ta dauki nauyin digiri kuma bayan ya sami difloma, sai ya koma makarantar don koyar da Turanci na shekaru da yawa a makarantar&lt;ref name=&quot;dimgba2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Igwe |first=Dimgba |date=April 24, 1988 |title=Showcase Report&quot; 50 Years of Alex Akinyele |work=Sunday Concord (Lagos)}}&lt;/ref&gt;A shekara ta 1967, Akinyele ya sauya ayyuka zuwa Ma'aikatar Kwastam a Legas. Yayinda yake zaune a Legas, ya sami lokaci don yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar marubuta na Babban Jami'in ƙauyen.

Bisa ga shawarar darektan Kwastam, Etim Duke, Akinyele ya zama jami'in hulɗa da jama'a na sashen. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1978 lokacin da ya shiga kamfanin kayan kwalliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;dimgba3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Igwe |first=Dimgba |date=April 24, 1988 |title=Showcase Report&quot; 50 Years of Alex Akinyele |work=Sunday Concord (Lagos)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akinyele ya kasance mai saka hannun jari a mujallar Newswatch kuma ya taka rawar gani a tattaunawar tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da mujallar lokacin da aka haramta wannan a shekarar 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;dimgba4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Igwe |first=Dimgba |date=April 24, 1988 |title=Showcase Report&quot; 50 Years of Alex Akinyele |work=Sunday Concord (Lagos)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1995, [[Sani Abacha]] ya nada Akinyele a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin sulhu na kasa tare da manufar bude tattaunawa tare da kungiyoyin masu sha'awa a kasar don tallafawa shirin sauya tsarin dimokuradiyya na gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ken Saro- Wiwa's Shadow|last=Osha|first=Sanya|date=2007-03-31|publisher=Adonis &amp; Abbey Publishers Ltd|isbn=9781912234844|pages=125|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lubilia</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:41:24Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325535420|Lubilia Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lubilia''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lubilia Kawembe''', tana da karfin 5.4&amp;nbsp;Tashar wutar lantarki ta MW a [[Uganda]], wacce ita ce ta uku mafi girma a tattalin arziki a cikin [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Lubilia'', a yankin Ihandiro, gundumar Kasese, a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, kusa da kan iyakar kasa da kasa da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . Wannan wurin yana kusa da garin Mpondwe a Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|67|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Kasese, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Distance Between Mpondwe And Kasese With Map |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Mpondwe%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJAaeNjq_dYRcRMdNdo7uSGiw&amp;dt2=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana aiki da kogi, {{Convert|5.4|MW}}, aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a fadin ''Kogin Lubilia'' . Hakkin ci gaba na tashar samar da wutar lantarki mallakar '''Lubilia Kawembe Hydro Limited''' (LKHL) ne. A watan Mayu na 2013, ''DI Frontier Market Energy &amp; Carbon Fund'', ta sami mafi yawan hannun jari a LKHL. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Frontier Investment Management: Lubilia Mini Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.frontier.dk/lubilia-small-hydro-power-project |access-date=24 October 2014 |publisher=Frontier.Dk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
{{As of|December 2016}}, the estimated construction budget was US$18.7 million, with US$3.2 million in GetFit guarantees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda 2016 Annual Report: Lubilia Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/lubilia/ |access-date=15 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin aikin gini ==
A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Uganda (ERA), wacce ta ba da lasisin tashar wutar lantarki ta Lubilia, ta ba da izinin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 5.4MW ga tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. Ana sa ran za a fara ginin a watan Disamba na 2014 kuma zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=24 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ginin a watan Maris na 2016, ana sa ran kammala shi a kwata na huɗu na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda 2016 Annual Report: Lubilia Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/lubilia/ |access-date=15 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda2016&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda (31 December 2016). [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/lubilia/ &quot;GetFit Uganda 2016 Annual Report: Lubilia Hydroelectric Power Station&quot;]. GetFit Uganda: GetFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lubilia''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lubilia Kawembe''', tana da karfin 5.4&amp;nbsp;Tashar wutar lantarki ta MW a [[Uganda]], wacce ita ce ta uku mafi girma a tattalin arziki a cikin [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Lubilia'', a yankin Ihandiro, gundumar Kasese, a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, kusa da kan iyakar kasa da kasa da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . Wannan wurin yana kusa da garin Mpondwe a Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|67|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Kasese, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Distance Between Mpondwe And Kasese With Map |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Mpondwe%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJAaeNjq_dYRcRMdNdo7uSGiw&amp;dt2=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana aiki da kogi, {{Convert|5.4|MW}}, aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a fadin ''Kogin Lubilia'' . Hakkin ci gaba na tashar samar da wutar lantarki mallakar '''Lubilia Kawembe Hydro Limited''' (LKHL) ne. A watan Mayu na 2013, ''DI Frontier Market Energy &amp; Carbon Fund'', ta sami mafi yawan hannun jari a LKHL. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Frontier Investment Management: Lubilia Mini Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.frontier.dk/lubilia-small-hydro-power-project |access-date=24 October 2014 |publisher=Frontier.Dk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
{{As of|December 2016}}, the estimated construction budget was US$18.7 million, with US$3.2 million in GetFit guarantees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda 2016 Annual Report: Lubilia Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/lubilia/ |access-date=15 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin aikin gini ==
A watan Oktoban 2014, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Uganda (ERA), wacce ta ba da lasisin tashar wutar lantarki ta Lubilia, ta ba da izinin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 5.4MW ga tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. Ana sa ran za a fara ginin a watan Disamba na 2014 kuma zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanya |first=Samuel |date=22 October 2014 |title=ERA Licenses 9 Renewable Energy Projects |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/660985-era-licenses-9-renewable-energy-projects.html |access-date=24 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ginin a watan Maris na 2016, ana sa ran kammala shi a kwata na huɗu na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda 2016 Annual Report: Lubilia Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/lubilia/ |access-date=15 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGetFit_Uganda2016&quot;&gt;GetFit Uganda (31 December 2016). [http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/lubilia/ &quot;GetFit Uganda 2016 Annual Report: Lubilia Hydroelectric Power Station&quot;]. GetFit Uganda: GetFit Uganda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikilisiya da Jiha (Succession)</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:41:32Z</timestamp>
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        <id>45710</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354429401|Church and State (Succession)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="16726" sha1="t92jquu1sar76ogcglmt3ir479g0em6" xml:space="preserve">&quot;Church and State&quot; shi ne karo na tara kuma na karshe na [./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id=]Succession_season_4&quot; id=&quot;mwDA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Succession season 4&quot;&gt;karo na huɗu da na ƙarshe na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na satirical na Amurka Succession, da kuma karo na 38 gaba ɗaya. Mai kirkirar jerin Jesse Armstrong ne ya rubuta shi kuma Mark Mylod ne ya ba da umarni, kuma an fara watsa shi a HBO a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2023.

''Succession'' centers on the Roy family, the owners of global media and entertainment conglomerate Waystar RoyCo, and their fight for control of the company amidst uncertainty about the health of the family's patriarch Logan (Brian Cox), who has died by this point of the series. The episode follows Logan's funeral, amidst protests against the apparent victory of far-right [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] Jeryd Mencken (Justin Kirk) in the United States presidential election in the previous episode &quot;America Decides&quot;. Over the course of the episode, both Kendall ([[Jeremy Strong]]) and Shiv ([[Sarah Snook]]) continue their attempts to secure their respective positions in the ongoing struggle for power in the wake of Logan's death, while Roman (Kieran Culkin) struggles with grief for his father.

“Church and State&quot; received critical acclaim, with praise for the script, direction, emotional weight and performances of the cast. For his performance in the episode, Kieran Culkin won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, winning over both Cox and Strong, also nominated for ''Succession''. The episode was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards in totals, including for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for [[Harriet Walter]] and James Cromwell's respective performances as Logan's ex-wife Caroline Collingwood and brother Ewan Roy. The episode marked the final appearance of main cast member Hiam Abbass as Logan's third and last wife Marcia Roy.

== Plot ==
The morning after the presidential election,{{Efn|As depicted in &quot;[[America Decides]]&quot;.}} the Roys prepare for Logan's funeral as protests break out in the streets. Kendall is enraged to learn from Rava that she will be taking the kids upstate to avoid the unrest rather than attend the funeral, and unsuccessfully attempts to stop her from leaving. Kendall is further agitated when he learns that Jess is planning to quit her job as his assistant, which Kendall believes is because of ATN's role in electing Mencken.

Shiv, meanwhile, advises Matsson to release the news of his dubious subscriber counts in India,{{Efn|As discussed in &quot;[[Tailgate Party (Succession)|Tailgate Party]]&quot;.}} given it will receive relatively low coverage due to the election fallout and Logan's funeral. En route to the funeral, she tells Kendall and Roman about her pregnancy. Tom has skipped the funeral to perform post-election damage control at ATN, with ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' having published a timeline of events that implicates Tom in the decision to prematurely call the election for Mencken.

At the funeral service, Shiv speaks with Matsson and proposes making a deal with Mencken to allow the GoJo sale through in exchange for Matsson naming an American as Waystar's CEO. Shiv nominates herself, but Matsson is lukewarm, questioning her inexperience and ability to effectively perform while pregnant and as a new mother. Caroline arrives and immediately realizes that Shiv is pregnant. Later, she finds Kerry and introduces her and Marcia to Sally-Anne, Logan's mistress during his marriage to Caroline, and the four women share a moment together.

As the eulogies begin, Ewan goes up to the podium to speak despite Greg and Shiv's attempt to stop him. He lends insight into his and Logan's troubled childhood, including the fact that their aunt and uncle blamed Logan for their sister Rose's death by polio. He then lambasts his brother for his corrupt influence on the world, as well as the people in attendance at the funeral for their lavish lifestyle.

Roman then nervously attempts to give his eulogy, but he becomes overwhelmed on seeing Logan's coffin and breaks down crying, asking to remove the body from the church. His siblings comfort him, and Kendall goes to speak in his place. In an impromptu eulogy, Kendall reflects positively on the &quot;terrible force&quot; of Logan's capitalist ambition, and the impact his success had on the lives of others. Shiv speaks last, describing the precious rarity of receiving love from her cold father as well as the struggles of being the daughter of a man who did not understand women.

The family then goes to Logan's committal at a mausoleum he had purchased. Kendall instructs Hugo to spread rumors of internal opposition within Waystar to the GoJo deal, enlisting him as a key aide in his planned takeover of Waystar.

At a reception after the funeral, Kendall offers to hire Colin as his own bodyguard, then attempts to negotiate with Mencken; however, the meeting is quickly derailed when Greg, Roman, and Connor swarm around him as well. Shiv brings Mencken to meet with Matsson, where the two pitch for the sale to go through with an American CEO. Tom finally arrives at the reception and shares a moment with Shiv and Caroline. Matsson later calls Shiv to report that Mencken has accepted the terms of their deal; Shiv is elated, believing her position as CEO of Waystar is secured.

Kendall, meanwhile, enlists Roman's aid in working against Shiv at the impending board meeting, where the deal will be finalized. Kendall bluntly tells Roman that he &quot;fucked it&quot; at the funeral and with Mencken. Videos begin to circulate of Roman's breakdown at the funeral. Roman, feeling overwhelmed by the funeral and ashamed of his failure, walks into a crowd of protesters on the street and provokes them into beating him.

== Production ==
[[Fayil:NY_loyola.jpg|right|thumb|The episode used the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in New York's Upper East Side to film Logan's funeral service.]]
&quot;Church and State&quot; was written by ''Succession'' creator and showrunner Jesse Armstrong and directed by Mark Mylod in his fifteenth episode for the series.

Logan's funeral Mass was filmed at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in New York City, the location reflecting Logan's [[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] faith and located near the character's home on the Upper East Side. The production was given limited time in the church to film the funeral scenes, which contained over 600 extras and comprised most of the script's length; Mylod consequently filmed the sequence as a continuous take using a four-camera setup to maximize coverage – the same technique employed in shooting &quot;Connor's Wedding&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Succession &amp;#124; Inside the Episode: Season 4, Episode 9 &amp;#124; Max |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmK50WDwJnY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522070047/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmK50WDwJnY |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church's pastor, Dennis Yesalonia, consulted on costuming and ritual procedures, and makes a cameo in the episode as the cardinal presiding over Logan's funeral.&lt;ref name=&quot;church&quot; /&gt; Similarly, William Villanova, director of the Frank E. Campbell funeral home who also consulted for the series, cameos as Logan's funeral director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Church and State&quot; with James Cromwell and Jeremy Strong |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpIAujo0Qmk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522092859/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpIAujo0Qmk&amp;feature=youtu.be |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Logan's committal service was filmed at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.&lt;ref name=&quot;church&quot; /&gt;

To preserve the secrecy of Logan's death, Mylod recounted that both the scripts and the set dressing for &quot;Church and State&quot; replaced Logan's name with Ewan's. Additionally, actor Brian Cox himself attended the filming of Logan's funeral to mislead onlookers and paparazzi present during the shoot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wigler |first=Josh |date=May 22, 2023 |title=‘Succession’ Director Mark Mylod on Filming the Immersive Funeral Episode and How They Kept the Show’s Big Secret |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/succession-director-mark-mylod-logan-roy-funeral-church-state-1235497619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523070634/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/succession-director-mark-mylod-logan-roy-funeral-church-state-1235497619/ |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=May 23, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Numerous guest stars reprise their roles from prior seasons in the episode, including James Cromwell as Ewan Roy, [[Harriet Walter]] as Caroline Collingwood (having filmed in New York for the first time in the series),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Rebecca |date=May 21, 2023 |title=Harriet Walter Embraced ''Succession''{{'}}s Meeting of the WAGs |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/succession-harriet-walter-church-and-state-funeral-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522105333/https://www.vulture.com/article/succession-harriet-walter-church-and-state-funeral-interview.html |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pip Torrens as Peter Munion, and Mary Birdsong as Greg's mother Marianne Hirsch, in her first appearance since early in the first season. Additionally, Nicole Ansari-Cox, wife of Brian Cox, appears in the episode as Sally-Anne, a woman with whom Logan had a passionate affair while married to Caroline, as alluded to in earlier episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Squires |first=Bethy |date=May 21, 2023 |title=''Succession'' Snuck a Real WAG into Logan's Funeral |url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/05/succession-brian-cox-wife-nicole-ansari-cameo-funeral.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522024338/https://www.vulture.com/2023/05/succession-brian-cox-wife-nicole-ansari-cameo-funeral.html |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arian Moayed appeared in publicity material as Stewy, and is credited in the episode's opening titles, but ultimately did not appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=succession|title=The funeral. Tomorrow on @HBOMax.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;better&amp;nbsp;source&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Reception ==
{{Multiple image|}}&quot;Church and State&quot; received critical acclaim, with reviewers praising Armstrong's script, Mylod's direction, the episode's emotional weight, and the performances of the cast, with several critics calling it one of the best episodes in the series. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 100% based on 19 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, &quot;If parting is such sweet sorrow, ''Succession'' makes it supremely satisfying as well in a penultimate chapter that lays out the series' emotional stakes with blistering clarity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Succession'': Season 4, Episode 9 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/succession/s04/e09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416150201/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/succession/s04/e09 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Erik Kain of ''Forbes'' declared it a &quot;television masterpiece&quot; and one of the best episodes of the series, feeling it used its extended runtime &quot;to perfection&quot;. Kain singled out James Cromwell's performance during Ewan's eulogy, describing it as &quot;one of the finest speeches—and performances—we've seen in ''Succession''{{'}}s four-season run.&quot; Scott Tobias of ''Vulture'' gave the episode 5 out of 5 stars, praising Armstrong for using Kendall's &quot;incredible&quot; eulogy to &quot;sum up his most important insights about America and Kendall himself&quot;, and commending the episode for placing its central familial drama within the context of the country's political turmoil, which he described as &quot;the larger picture of what Logan's legacy has actually wrought&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tobias |first=Scott |date=May 21, 2023 |title=''Succession'' Recap: Not Widely Liked |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/succession-recap-season-4-episode-9-church-and-state.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522023525/https://www.vulture.com/article/succession-recap-season-4-episode-9-church-and-state.html |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noel Murray of ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' praised the performances of Culkin, [[Jeremy Strong]] and [[Sarah Snook]] during the siblings' eulogies – describing Culkin's in particular as &quot;shattering&quot; and Strong's as &quot;riveting and real&quot; – and further praised Mylod's direction for capturing a wide array of reaction shots during the sequence. Both Liz Shannon Miller of ''Consequence'' and Philippa Snow of ''The Independent'' considered Culkin's performance worthy of an Emmy Award for Lead Actor in a Drama, with the former describing Roman's breakdown as &quot;a searing moment for the character, and a reminder that grief is a monster from which there is no escape.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Liz Shannon |date=May 21, 2023 |title=Succession's Penultimate Episode, &quot;Church and State,&quot; Captures the Chaos of Grieving |url=https://consequence.net/2023/05/succession-season-4-episode-9-recap-church-and-state/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522024852/https://consequence.net/2023/05/succession-season-4-episode-9-recap-church-and-state/ |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, Sophie Gilbert of ''The Atlantic'' found Kendall's &quot;soaring, Shakespearean soliloquy&quot; to be an &quot;improbable&quot; moment for the character, writing, &quot;it requires so much suspension of disbelief to consider him an orator of this kind of power.&quot;

William Hughes of ''The A.V. Club'' gave the episode an A−, praising it as an installment &quot;filled with funny, profoundly human moments&quot;, but criticized its &quot;over-long&quot; runtime, feeling its dual plotlines of the funeral and the setup for the series finale &quot;operat[ed] at sometimes frustrating odds with each other.&quot; He wrote, &quot;The funeral speeches make for such a gripping emotional climax—with the scene between the four kids at the actual burial as a funny, strangely sweet dénouement—that the realization that there's still another 15 minutes of politicking left to go afterward makes the episode feel strangely lopsided.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=William |date=May 21, 2023 |title=''Succession'' recap: Three brilliant speeches try, and fail, to put Logan Roy to rest at last |url=https://www.avclub.com/succession-recap-season-4-episode-9-church-and-stat-1850453127 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Travers of ''IndieWire'' was more positive, feeling the episode did a &quot;remarkable job setting the table&quot; for the finale, and praised the &quot;piercing precision&quot; of Mylod's direction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travers |first=Ben |date=May 21, 2023 |title='Succession' Review: Episode 9 Says Goodbye to a Father and Hello to the World He's Wrought |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/shows/succession-season-4-episode-9-review-church-and-state-spoilers-1234865434/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522093402/https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/shows/succession-season-4-episode-9-review-church-and-state-spoilers-1234865434/ |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Alan Sepinwall of ''Rolling Stone'' commended Armstrong and Mylod for taking &quot;great advantage of the episode's super-sized running time, giving grace notes to nearly every significant character.&quot;

''IndieWire'' named &quot;Church and State&quot; as one of the 25 best TV episodes of 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greene |first=Steve |last2=Travers |first2=Ben |last3=Strecker |first3=Erin |date=November 29, 2023 |title=The 25 Best TV Episodes of 2023 |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-tv-episodes-2023/ |access-date=December 2, 2023 |website=IndieWire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Accolades ===

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

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&quot;Church and State&quot; shi ne karo na tara kuma na karshe na [./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id=]Succession_season_4&quot; id=&quot;mwDA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Succession season 4&quot;&gt;karo na huɗu da na ƙarshe na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na satirical na Amurka Succession, da kuma karo na 38 gaba ɗaya. Mai kirkirar jerin Jesse Armstrong ne ya rubuta shi kuma Mark Mylod ne ya ba da umarni, kuma an fara watsa shi a HBO a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2023.

''Succession'' centers on the Roy family, the owners of global media and entertainment conglomerate Waystar RoyCo, and their fight for control of the company amidst uncertainty about the health of the family's patriarch Logan (Brian Cox), who has died by this point of the series. The episode follows Logan's funeral, amidst protests against the apparent victory of far-right [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] Jeryd Mencken (Justin Kirk) in the United States presidential election in the previous episode &quot;America Decides&quot;. Over the course of the episode, both Kendall ([[Jeremy Strong]]) and Shiv ([[Sarah Snook]]) continue their attempts to secure their respective positions in the ongoing struggle for power in the wake of Logan's death, while Roman (Kieran Culkin) struggles with grief for his father.

“Church and State&quot; received critical acclaim, with praise for the script, direction, emotional weight and performances of the cast. For his performance in the episode, Kieran Culkin won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, winning over both Cox and Strong, also nominated for ''Succession''. The episode was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards in totals, including for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for [[Harriet Walter]] and James Cromwell's respective performances as Logan's ex-wife Caroline Collingwood and brother Ewan Roy. The episode marked the final appearance of main cast member Hiam Abbass as Logan's third and last wife Marcia Roy.

== Plot ==
The morning after the presidential election,{{Efn|As depicted in &quot;[[America Decides]]&quot;.}} the Roys prepare for Logan's funeral as protests break out in the streets. Kendall is enraged to learn from Rava that she will be taking the kids upstate to avoid the unrest rather than attend the funeral, and unsuccessfully attempts to stop her from leaving. Kendall is further agitated when he learns that Jess is planning to quit her job as his assistant, which Kendall believes is because of ATN's role in electing Mencken.

Shiv, meanwhile, advises Matsson to release the news of his dubious subscriber counts in India,{{Efn|As discussed in &quot;[[Tailgate Party (Succession)|Tailgate Party]]&quot;.}} given it will receive relatively low coverage due to the election fallout and Logan's funeral. En route to the funeral, she tells Kendall and Roman about her pregnancy. Tom has skipped the funeral to perform post-election damage control at ATN, with ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' having published a timeline of events that implicates Tom in the decision to prematurely call the election for Mencken.

At the funeral service, Shiv speaks with Matsson and proposes making a deal with Mencken to allow the GoJo sale through in exchange for Matsson naming an American as Waystar's CEO. Shiv nominates herself, but Matsson is lukewarm, questioning her inexperience and ability to effectively perform while pregnant and as a new mother. Caroline arrives and immediately realizes that Shiv is pregnant. Later, she finds Kerry and introduces her and Marcia to Sally-Anne, Logan's mistress during his marriage to Caroline, and the four women share a moment together.

As the eulogies begin, Ewan goes up to the podium to speak despite Greg and Shiv's attempt to stop him. He lends insight into his and Logan's troubled childhood, including the fact that their aunt and uncle blamed Logan for their sister Rose's death by polio. He then lambasts his brother for his corrupt influence on the world, as well as the people in attendance at the funeral for their lavish lifestyle.

Roman then nervously attempts to give his eulogy, but he becomes overwhelmed on seeing Logan's coffin and breaks down crying, asking to remove the body from the church. His siblings comfort him, and Kendall goes to speak in his place. In an impromptu eulogy, Kendall reflects positively on the &quot;terrible force&quot; of Logan's capitalist ambition, and the impact his success had on the lives of others. Shiv speaks last, describing the precious rarity of receiving love from her cold father as well as the struggles of being the daughter of a man who did not understand women.

The family then goes to Logan's committal at a mausoleum he had purchased. Kendall instructs Hugo to spread rumors of internal opposition within Waystar to the GoJo deal, enlisting him as a key aide in his planned takeover of Waystar.

At a reception after the funeral, Kendall offers to hire Colin as his own bodyguard, then attempts to negotiate with Mencken; however, the meeting is quickly derailed when Greg, Roman, and Connor swarm around him as well. Shiv brings Mencken to meet with Matsson, where the two pitch for the sale to go through with an American CEO. Tom finally arrives at the reception and shares a moment with Shiv and Caroline. Matsson later calls Shiv to report that Mencken has accepted the terms of their deal; Shiv is elated, believing her position as CEO of Waystar is secured.

Kendall, meanwhile, enlists Roman's aid in working against Shiv at the impending board meeting, where the deal will be finalized. Kendall bluntly tells Roman that he &quot;fucked it&quot; at the funeral and with Mencken. Videos begin to circulate of Roman's breakdown at the funeral. Roman, feeling overwhelmed by the funeral and ashamed of his failure, walks into a crowd of protesters on the street and provokes them into beating him.

== Production ==
[[Fayil:NY_loyola.jpg|right|thumb|The episode used the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in New York's Upper East Side to film Logan's funeral service.]]
&quot;Church and State&quot; was written by ''Succession'' creator and showrunner Jesse Armstrong and directed by Mark Mylod in his fifteenth episode for the series.

Logan's funeral Mass was filmed at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in New York City, the location reflecting Logan's [[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] faith and located near the character's home on the Upper East Side. The production was given limited time in the church to film the funeral scenes, which contained over 600 extras and comprised most of the script's length; Mylod consequently filmed the sequence as a continuous take using a four-camera setup to maximize coverage – the same technique employed in shooting &quot;Connor's Wedding&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Succession &amp;#124; Inside the Episode: Season 4, Episode 9 &amp;#124; Max |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmK50WDwJnY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522070047/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmK50WDwJnY |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church's pastor, Dennis Yesalonia, consulted on costuming and ritual procedures, and makes a cameo in the episode as the cardinal presiding over Logan's funeral.&lt;ref name=&quot;church&quot; /&gt; Similarly, William Villanova, director of the Frank E. Campbell funeral home who also consulted for the series, cameos as Logan's funeral director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Church and State&quot; with James Cromwell and Jeremy Strong |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpIAujo0Qmk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522092859/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpIAujo0Qmk&amp;feature=youtu.be |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Logan's committal service was filmed at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.&lt;ref name=&quot;church&quot; /&gt;

To preserve the secrecy of Logan's death, Mylod recounted that both the scripts and the set dressing for &quot;Church and State&quot; replaced Logan's name with Ewan's. Additionally, actor Brian Cox himself attended the filming of Logan's funeral to mislead onlookers and paparazzi present during the shoot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wigler |first=Josh |date=May 22, 2023 |title=‘Succession’ Director Mark Mylod on Filming the Immersive Funeral Episode and How They Kept the Show’s Big Secret |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/succession-director-mark-mylod-logan-roy-funeral-church-state-1235497619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523070634/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/succession-director-mark-mylod-logan-roy-funeral-church-state-1235497619/ |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=May 23, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Numerous guest stars reprise their roles from prior seasons in the episode, including James Cromwell as Ewan Roy, [[Harriet Walter]] as Caroline Collingwood (having filmed in New York for the first time in the series),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Rebecca |date=May 21, 2023 |title=Harriet Walter Embraced ''Succession''{{'}}s Meeting of the WAGs |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/succession-harriet-walter-church-and-state-funeral-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522105333/https://www.vulture.com/article/succession-harriet-walter-church-and-state-funeral-interview.html |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pip Torrens as Peter Munion, and Mary Birdsong as Greg's mother Marianne Hirsch, in her first appearance since early in the first season. Additionally, Nicole Ansari-Cox, wife of Brian Cox, appears in the episode as Sally-Anne, a woman with whom Logan had a passionate affair while married to Caroline, as alluded to in earlier episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Squires |first=Bethy |date=May 21, 2023 |title=''Succession'' Snuck a Real WAG into Logan's Funeral |url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/05/succession-brian-cox-wife-nicole-ansari-cameo-funeral.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522024338/https://www.vulture.com/2023/05/succession-brian-cox-wife-nicole-ansari-cameo-funeral.html |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arian Moayed appeared in publicity material as Stewy, and is credited in the episode's opening titles, but ultimately did not appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=succession|title=The funeral. Tomorrow on @HBOMax.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;better&amp;nbsp;source&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Reception ==
{{Multiple image|}}&quot;Church and State&quot; received critical acclaim, with reviewers praising Armstrong's script, Mylod's direction, the episode's emotional weight, and the performances of the cast, with several critics calling it one of the best episodes in the series. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 100% based on 19 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, &quot;If parting is such sweet sorrow, ''Succession'' makes it supremely satisfying as well in a penultimate chapter that lays out the series' emotional stakes with blistering clarity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Succession'': Season 4, Episode 9 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/succession/s04/e09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416150201/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/succession/s04/e09 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Erik Kain of ''Forbes'' declared it a &quot;television masterpiece&quot; and one of the best episodes of the series, feeling it used its extended runtime &quot;to perfection&quot;. Kain singled out James Cromwell's performance during Ewan's eulogy, describing it as &quot;one of the finest speeches—and performances—we've seen in ''Succession''{{'}}s four-season run.&quot; Scott Tobias of ''Vulture'' gave the episode 5 out of 5 stars, praising Armstrong for using Kendall's &quot;incredible&quot; eulogy to &quot;sum up his most important insights about America and Kendall himself&quot;, and commending the episode for placing its central familial drama within the context of the country's political turmoil, which he described as &quot;the larger picture of what Logan's legacy has actually wrought&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tobias |first=Scott |date=May 21, 2023 |title=''Succession'' Recap: Not Widely Liked |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/succession-recap-season-4-episode-9-church-and-state.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522023525/https://www.vulture.com/article/succession-recap-season-4-episode-9-church-and-state.html |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noel Murray of ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' praised the performances of Culkin, [[Jeremy Strong]] and [[Sarah Snook]] during the siblings' eulogies – describing Culkin's in particular as &quot;shattering&quot; and Strong's as &quot;riveting and real&quot; – and further praised Mylod's direction for capturing a wide array of reaction shots during the sequence. Both Liz Shannon Miller of ''Consequence'' and Philippa Snow of ''The Independent'' considered Culkin's performance worthy of an Emmy Award for Lead Actor in a Drama, with the former describing Roman's breakdown as &quot;a searing moment for the character, and a reminder that grief is a monster from which there is no escape.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Liz Shannon |date=May 21, 2023 |title=Succession's Penultimate Episode, &quot;Church and State,&quot; Captures the Chaos of Grieving |url=https://consequence.net/2023/05/succession-season-4-episode-9-recap-church-and-state/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522024852/https://consequence.net/2023/05/succession-season-4-episode-9-recap-church-and-state/ |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, Sophie Gilbert of ''The Atlantic'' found Kendall's &quot;soaring, Shakespearean soliloquy&quot; to be an &quot;improbable&quot; moment for the character, writing, &quot;it requires so much suspension of disbelief to consider him an orator of this kind of power.&quot;

William Hughes of ''The A.V. Club'' gave the episode an A−, praising it as an installment &quot;filled with funny, profoundly human moments&quot;, but criticized its &quot;over-long&quot; runtime, feeling its dual plotlines of the funeral and the setup for the series finale &quot;operat[ed] at sometimes frustrating odds with each other.&quot; He wrote, &quot;The funeral speeches make for such a gripping emotional climax—with the scene between the four kids at the actual burial as a funny, strangely sweet dénouement—that the realization that there's still another 15 minutes of politicking left to go afterward makes the episode feel strangely lopsided.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=William |date=May 21, 2023 |title=''Succession'' recap: Three brilliant speeches try, and fail, to put Logan Roy to rest at last |url=https://www.avclub.com/succession-recap-season-4-episode-9-church-and-stat-1850453127 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Travers of ''IndieWire'' was more positive, feeling the episode did a &quot;remarkable job setting the table&quot; for the finale, and praised the &quot;piercing precision&quot; of Mylod's direction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travers |first=Ben |date=May 21, 2023 |title='Succession' Review: Episode 9 Says Goodbye to a Father and Hello to the World He's Wrought |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/shows/succession-season-4-episode-9-review-church-and-state-spoilers-1234865434/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522093402/https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/shows/succession-season-4-episode-9-review-church-and-state-spoilers-1234865434/ |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Alan Sepinwall of ''Rolling Stone'' commended Armstrong and Mylod for taking &quot;great advantage of the episode's super-sized running time, giving grace notes to nearly every significant character.&quot;

''IndieWire'' named &quot;Church and State&quot; as one of the 25 best TV episodes of 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greene |first=Steve |last2=Travers |first2=Ben |last3=Strecker |first3=Erin |date=November 29, 2023 |title=The 25 Best TV Episodes of 2023 |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-tv-episodes-2023/ |access-date=December 2, 2023 |website=IndieWire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Accolades ===

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kawun na</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344361265|Mon Oncle]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''&lt;span&gt;''Kawun na''&lt;/span&gt;'''''(Faransa pronunciation: [mɔ̃n‿ɔ̃kl]; transl. My Uncle) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na harshen Faransanci na 1958 wanda Jacques Tati ya jagoranta. Na farko daga cikin fina-finai na Tati da za a saki a launi, ''Kawun na'' lashe Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje, &lt;ref name=&quot;Oscars1959&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 31st Academy Awards {{!}} 1959 |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1959 |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=[[Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyauta ta Musamman a Bikin Fim na Cannes na 1958, &lt;ref name=&quot;festival-cannes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mon Oncle |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/mon-oncle/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |publisher=[[Cannes Film Festival]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kyautar Masu Fim na New York don Mafi kyawun Filimi na Harshen Harshen Ƙasa, yana karɓar girmamawa fiye da kowane ɗayan ayyukan fim na Tati.{{Efn|''[[Jour de fête]]'' (1949), Tati's first full-length film, was filmed in colour but released in black and white due to technical issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Rosenbaum |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/movies/archives/1998/0198/01168b.html |title=The Color of Paradise |newspaper=[[Chicago Reader]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615153910/http://www.chicagoreader.com/movies/archives/1998/0198/01168b.html |archive-date=15 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{IPA|fr|mɔ̃n‿ɔ̃kl}}{{IPA|fr|mɔ̃n‿ɔ̃kl}}{{IPA|fr|mɔ̃n‿ɔ̃kl}}

The film centers on the socially awkward yet lovable character of Monsieur Hulot and his [[wiktionary:quixotic|quixotic]] struggle with postwar France's infatuation with modern architecture, mechanical efficiency and consumerism. Like most Tati films, ''Mon Oncle'' is largely a visual comedy: colour and lighting are employed to help tell the story. The dialogue in ''Mon Oncle'' is barely audible, and largely subordinated to the role of a sound effect. The drifting noises of heated arguments and idle banter complement other sounds and the physical movements of the characters, intensifying comedic effect. The complex soundtrack also uses music to characterise environments, including a lively musical theme that represents Hulot's world of comical inefficiency and freedom.

At its debut in 1958 in France, ''Mon Oncle'' was denounced by some critics for what they viewed as a reactionary or even ''poujadiste'' view of an emerging French consumer society, which had lately embraced a new wave of industrial modernization and a more rigid social structure.{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}} However, this criticism soon gave way in the face of the film's huge popularity in France and abroad – even in the United States, where rampant discretionary consumption and a recession had caused those on both the right and the left to question the economic and social values of the era.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Ruth Feldstein}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was another box office success for Tati, with a total of 4,576,928 admissions in France.&lt;ref name=&quot;JPBox Office&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mon oncle (1958) |url=https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=9477 |website=JP Box-Office |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Plot ==
M. Hulot is the dreamy, impractical, and adored uncle of nine-year-old Gérard Arpel, who lives with his materialistic parents, M. and Mme. Arpel, in an ultra-modern geometric house and garden, Villa Arpel, in a new suburb of Paris, situated just beyond the crumbling stone buildings of the old neighborhoods of the city. Gérard's parents are entrenched in a machine-like existence of work, fixed gender roles, the acquisition of status through possessions, and conspicuous displays to impress guests, such as the fish-shaped fountain at the center of the garden that, in a running gag, Mme. Arpel activates only for important visitors.
[[Fayil:Villa_arpel.jpg|right|thumb|A replica of Villa Arpel at the Cent Quatre in Paris, 2009]]
Each element of Villa Arpel is stylistically rather than functionally designed, creating an environment completely indifferent to the comfort, or lack of comfort, of its occupants. In choosing modern architecture to punctuate his satire, Tati once stated, &quot;{{Lang|fr|Les lignes géométriques ne rendent pas les gens aimables}}&quot; (&quot;Geometrical lines do not produce likeable people&quot;).{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}} From inconveniently located stepping stones, to difficult-to-sit-on furniture, to a kitchen filled with deafeningly loud appliances, every facet of Villa Arpel emphasizes the impracticality of a dedication to superficial aesthetics and electrical gadgets over the necessities of daily living.

Despite the superficial beauty of its modern design, the Arpels' home is entirely impersonal, as are the Arpels themselves. In fact, M. and Mme. Arpel have completely subordinated their individuality to maintain their social position and their shiny new possessions. Tati emphasises his themes surrounding the Arpel lifestyle (as well as M. Arpel's automatonic workplace, ''Plastac'') with monochromatic shades and cloudy days.

By contrast, Monsieur Hulot lives in an old and run-down city district.{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}} He is unemployed, and gets around town either on foot or on a ''VéloSoleX'' motorised bicycle. Gérard, utterly bored by the sterility and monotony of his life with his parents, fastens himself to his uncle at every opportunity. Hulot, little more than a child himself at times, is completely at home with Gérard, but also completely ineffectual at controlling his horseplay with his school friends, who take delight in tormenting adults with practical jokes.{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}} Exasperated at their relative's perceived immaturity, the Arpels soon scheme to saddle him with the twin yokes of family and business responsibilities.{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}}

== Cast ==
 

== Production ==
[[File:Mon_Oncle_hulot.jpg|right|thumb|Tati as M. Hulot]]
The sets for the film, designed by Jacques Lagrange, were built in 1956 at Victorine Studios (now known as Studios Riviera), near [[Nice]], and torn down after filming was complete.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Noel |first=Elodie |date=2009-04-02 |title=Visitez la Villa Arpel au 104 |url=http://www.sortiraparis.com/art-culture/visitez-la-villa-arpel-au-104-16697.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513020117/http://www.sortiraparis.com/art-culture/visitez-la-villa-arpel-au-104-16697.html |archive-date=2009-05-13 |access-date=2009-05-24 |website=Sortir à Paris |language=fr |quote={{lang|fr|Le décor du film Mon Oncle fut monté en 1956 aux Studios de La Victorine, près de Nice, et détruit à la fin du tournage.}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== English-language version ===
An English version of the film, nine minutes shorter than the original and released as ''My Uncle'', was filmed at the same time as the French-language version. There are slight differences in the staging of the scenes and in the performances. In the English-language release, French signs are replaced by ones in English; important dialogue is dubbed in English, although background voices remain in French.

== Reception ==
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, ''Mon Oncle'' holds an approval rating of 94% based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads, &quot;Jacques Tati's most accessible film is a paean to gentle values and observing the small details of life.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mon Oncle |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mon_oncle |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 84 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating &quot;universal acclaim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=My Uncle Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/my-uncle/ |website=www.metacritic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bosley Crowther of ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' said the film had a &quot;cast of colorful and adroit supporting players, all nonprofessionals&quot; and a &quot;gay but somewhat monotonous musical score&quot;; he called the film &quot;perceptibly contrived when it lingers too long and gets too deeply into the dullness of things mechanical. After you've pushed one button and one modernistic face, you've pushed them all. Mr. Hulot [as played by Tati] is the focus of amusement, not electrical doors and machines that squeeze out plastic hose.&quot; Crowther noted that its style of humor &quot;was done superbly more than twenty-five years ago by René Clair in ''À Nous la Liberté'' and afterward by [[Charlie Chaplin]] in ''Modern Times''.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;bosley&quot; /&gt; ''Variety'' said that although it was &quot;[s]omewhat long for a comedy, Jacques Tati's film has inventiveness, gags, warmth and a 'poetic' approach to satire&quot;; they complemented the film's &quot;expert blocking out of the characters, creative use of sound, and eschewing of all useless dialog.&quot;

== See also ==

* List of submissions to the 31st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
* List of French submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Kawun na'''(Faransa pronunciation: [mɔ̃n‿ɔ̃kl]; transl. My Uncle) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na harshen Faransanci na 1958 wanda Jacques Tati ya jagoranta. Na farko daga cikin fina-finai na Tati da za a saki a launi, ''Kawun na'' lashe Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje, &lt;ref name=&quot;Oscars1959&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 31st Academy Awards {{!}} 1959 |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1959 |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=[[Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyauta ta Musamman a Bikin Fim na Cannes na 1958, &lt;ref name=&quot;festival-cannes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mon Oncle |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/mon-oncle/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |publisher=[[Cannes Film Festival]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kyautar Masu Fim na New York don Mafi kyawun Filimi na Harshen Harshen Ƙasa, yana karɓar girmamawa fiye da kowane ɗayan ayyukan fim na Tati.{{Efn|''[[Jour de fête]]'' (1949), Tati's first full-length film, was filmed in colour but released in black and white due to technical issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Rosenbaum |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/movies/archives/1998/0198/01168b.html |title=The Color of Paradise |newspaper=[[Chicago Reader]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615153910/http://www.chicagoreader.com/movies/archives/1998/0198/01168b.html |archive-date=15 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{IPA|fr|mɔ̃n‿ɔ̃kl}}{{IPA|fr|mɔ̃n‿ɔ̃kl}}{{IPA|fr|mɔ̃n‿ɔ̃kl}}

The film centers on the socially awkward yet lovable character of Monsieur Hulot and his [[wiktionary:quixotic|quixotic]] struggle with postwar France's infatuation with modern architecture, mechanical efficiency and consumerism. Like most Tati films, ''Mon Oncle'' is largely a visual comedy: colour and lighting are employed to help tell the story. The dialogue in ''Mon Oncle'' is barely audible, and largely subordinated to the role of a sound effect. The drifting noises of heated arguments and idle banter complement other sounds and the physical movements of the characters, intensifying comedic effect. The complex soundtrack also uses music to characterise environments, including a lively musical theme that represents Hulot's world of comical inefficiency and freedom.

At its debut in 1958 in France, ''Mon Oncle'' was denounced by some critics for what they viewed as a reactionary or even ''poujadiste'' view of an emerging French consumer society, which had lately embraced a new wave of industrial modernization and a more rigid social structure.{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}} However, this criticism soon gave way in the face of the film's huge popularity in France and abroad – even in the United States, where rampant discretionary consumption and a recession had caused those on both the right and the left to question the economic and social values of the era.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Ruth Feldstein}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was another box office success for Tati, with a total of 4,576,928 admissions in France.&lt;ref name=&quot;JPBox Office&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mon oncle (1958) |url=https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=9477 |website=JP Box-Office |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Plot ==
M. Hulot is the dreamy, impractical, and adored uncle of nine-year-old Gérard Arpel, who lives with his materialistic parents, M. and Mme. Arpel, in an ultra-modern geometric house and garden, Villa Arpel, in a new suburb of Paris, situated just beyond the crumbling stone buildings of the old neighborhoods of the city. Gérard's parents are entrenched in a machine-like existence of work, fixed gender roles, the acquisition of status through possessions, and conspicuous displays to impress guests, such as the fish-shaped fountain at the center of the garden that, in a running gag, Mme. Arpel activates only for important visitors.
[[Fayil:Villa_arpel.jpg|right|thumb|A replica of Villa Arpel at the Cent Quatre in Paris, 2009]]
Each element of Villa Arpel is stylistically rather than functionally designed, creating an environment completely indifferent to the comfort, or lack of comfort, of its occupants. In choosing modern architecture to punctuate his satire, Tati once stated, &quot;{{Lang|fr|Les lignes géométriques ne rendent pas les gens aimables}}&quot; (&quot;Geometrical lines do not produce likeable people&quot;).{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}} From inconveniently located stepping stones, to difficult-to-sit-on furniture, to a kitchen filled with deafeningly loud appliances, every facet of Villa Arpel emphasizes the impracticality of a dedication to superficial aesthetics and electrical gadgets over the necessities of daily living.

Despite the superficial beauty of its modern design, the Arpels' home is entirely impersonal, as are the Arpels themselves. In fact, M. and Mme. Arpel have completely subordinated their individuality to maintain their social position and their shiny new possessions. Tati emphasises his themes surrounding the Arpel lifestyle (as well as M. Arpel's automatonic workplace, ''Plastac'') with monochromatic shades and cloudy days.

By contrast, Monsieur Hulot lives in an old and run-down city district.{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}} He is unemployed, and gets around town either on foot or on a ''VéloSoleX'' motorised bicycle. Gérard, utterly bored by the sterility and monotony of his life with his parents, fastens himself to his uncle at every opportunity. Hulot, little more than a child himself at times, is completely at home with Gérard, but also completely ineffectual at controlling his horseplay with his school friends, who take delight in tormenting adults with practical jokes.{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}} Exasperated at their relative's perceived immaturity, the Arpels soon scheme to saddle him with the twin yokes of family and business responsibilities.{{Sfn|''Arte Magazine''|2002}}

== Cast ==
 

== Production ==
[[File:Mon_Oncle_hulot.jpg|right|thumb|Tati as M. Hulot]]
The sets for the film, designed by Jacques Lagrange, were built in 1956 at Victorine Studios (now known as Studios Riviera), near [[Nice]], and torn down after filming was complete.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Noel |first=Elodie |date=2009-04-02 |title=Visitez la Villa Arpel au 104 |url=http://www.sortiraparis.com/art-culture/visitez-la-villa-arpel-au-104-16697.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513020117/http://www.sortiraparis.com/art-culture/visitez-la-villa-arpel-au-104-16697.html |archive-date=2009-05-13 |access-date=2009-05-24 |website=Sortir à Paris |language=fr |quote={{lang|fr|Le décor du film Mon Oncle fut monté en 1956 aux Studios de La Victorine, près de Nice, et détruit à la fin du tournage.}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== English-language version ===
An English version of the film, nine minutes shorter than the original and released as ''My Uncle'', was filmed at the same time as the French-language version. There are slight differences in the staging of the scenes and in the performances. In the English-language release, French signs are replaced by ones in English; important dialogue is dubbed in English, although background voices remain in French.

== Reception ==
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, ''Mon Oncle'' holds an approval rating of 94% based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads, &quot;Jacques Tati's most accessible film is a paean to gentle values and observing the small details of life.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mon Oncle |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mon_oncle |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 84 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating &quot;universal acclaim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=My Uncle Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/my-uncle/ |website=www.metacritic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bosley Crowther of ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' said the film had a &quot;cast of colorful and adroit supporting players, all nonprofessionals&quot; and a &quot;gay but somewhat monotonous musical score&quot;; he called the film &quot;perceptibly contrived when it lingers too long and gets too deeply into the dullness of things mechanical. After you've pushed one button and one modernistic face, you've pushed them all. Mr. Hulot [as played by Tati] is the focus of amusement, not electrical doors and machines that squeeze out plastic hose.&quot; Crowther noted that its style of humor &quot;was done superbly more than twenty-five years ago by René Clair in ''À Nous la Liberté'' and afterward by [[Charlie Chaplin]] in ''Modern Times''.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;bosley&quot; /&gt; ''Variety'' said that although it was &quot;[s]omewhat long for a comedy, Jacques Tati's film has inventiveness, gags, warmth and a 'poetic' approach to satire&quot;; they complemented the film's &quot;expert blocking out of the characters, creative use of sound, and eschewing of all useless dialog.&quot;

== See also ==

* List of submissions to the 31st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
* List of French submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>3rwoxuwipenijxu2t1kczyfqaq4umrw</sha1>
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    <title>George Hurrell</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324047756|George Hurrell]]&quot;</comment>
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'''George Edward Hurrell''' (1 ga Yuni, 1904 - 17 ga Mayu, 1992) ya kasance mai daukar hoto wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga hoton glamour da Hollywood ta gabatar a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940.

== Early life ==
Born in the Walnut Hills district of Cincinnati, Ohio, and studied at the [[Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago|School of the Art Institute of Chicago]] and American Academy of Art College. Hurrell originally studied as a painter with no particular interest in photography.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vieira, Mark 2014, P 15&quot;&gt;Vieira, M. A.: &quot;George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits 1925 – 1992&quot;, {{ISBN|978-0-7624-5039-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He first began to use photography only as a medium for recording his paintings. After moving to Laguna Beach, California from [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] in 1925 he met many other painters who had connections. One of those connections was Edward Steichen who encouraged him to pursue photography after seeing some of his works. Hurrell also found that photography was a more reliable source of income than painting.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Postrel |first=Virginia |date=July–August 2007 |title=Starlight and Shadow |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ |journal=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hurrell was an apprentice to Eugene Hutchinson.  His photography was encouraged by his friend aviator [[Pancho Barnes]], who often posed for him. He eventually opened a photographic studio in Los Angeles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot; /&gt;

== Career in Hollywood ==
In the late 1920s, Hurrell was introduced to the actor Ramon Novarro, by [[Pancho Barnes]], and agreed to take a series of photographs of him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Postrel |first=Virginia |date=July–August 2007 |title=Starlight and Shadow |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ |journal=The Atlantic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPostrel2007&quot;&gt;Postrel, Virginia (July–August 2007). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ &quot;Starlight and Shadow&quot;]. ''The Atlantic''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Novarro was impressed with the results and showed them to the actress Norma Shearer, who was attempting to mould her wholesome image into something more glamorous and sophisticated in an attempt to land the title role in the movie ''The Divorcee''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot; /&gt; She asked Hurrell to photograph her in poses more provocative than her fans had seen before. After she showed these photographs to her husband, MGM production chief Irving Thalberg, Thalberg was so impressed that he signed Hurrell to a contract with MGM Studios, making him head of the portrait photography department. But in 1932, Hurrell left MGM after differences with their publicity head, and from then on until 1938 ran his own studio at 8706 Sunset Boulevard.&lt;ref name=&quot;studio&quot;&gt;Vieira, M. A.: ''[http://www.thestarlightstudio.com/hhppage.htm Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection]'', {{ISBN|0-8109-3434-5}}. URL last accessed June 7, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Jane_Russell_in_The_Outlaw.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Russell (pictured in 1943) by Hurrell, in a publicity image for ''The Outlaw'']]
[[Fayil:Olivia_de_Havilland_by_George_Hurrell,_Aug_1938.jpg|left|thumb|Olivia de Havilland by George Hurrell, 1938]]
Throughout the decade, Hurrell photographed every star contracted to MGM, and his striking black-and-white images were used extensively in the marketing of these stars. Among the performers regularly photographed by him during these years were silent screen star Dorothy Jordan, as well as Myrna Loy, Robert Montgomery, Jean Harlow, Ramon Novarro, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Rosalind Russell, Marion Davies, Jeanette MacDonald, Lupe Vélez, Anna May Wong, Carole Lombard and Norma Shearer, who was said to have refused to allow herself to be photographed by anyone else. He also photographed Greta Garbo at a session to produce promotional material for the movie ''Romance''. The session didn't go well and she never used him again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Postrel |first=Virginia |date=July–August 2007 |title=Starlight and Shadow |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ |journal=The Atlantic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPostrel2007&quot;&gt;Postrel, Virginia (July–August 2007). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ &quot;Starlight and Shadow&quot;]. ''The Atlantic''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

In the early 1940s Hurrell moved to Warner Brothers Studios photographing, among others Bette Davis, Jane Russell, Ann Sheridan, Errol Flynn, [[Olivia de Havilland]], Ida Lupino, Alexis Smith, Lauren Bacall, Humphrey Bogart and James Cagney. Later in the decade he moved to Columbia Pictures where his photographs were used to help the studio build the career of Rita Hayworth. He also opened his own photography studio on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills for shoots outside of Hollywood productions.

== Postwar ==
He left Hollywood briefly to make training films for the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces. When he returned to Hollywood in the mid-1950s his old style of glamour had fallen from favour. Where he had worked hard to create an idealised image of his subjects, the new style of Hollywood glamour was more earthy and gritty, and for the first time in his career Hurrell's style was not in demand. He moved to New York City and worked for the advertising industry where glamour was still valued. He continued his work for fashion magazines and photographed for print advertisements for several years before returning to Hollywood in the 1960s. He captured early Marilyn Monroe, and actress Mamie Van Doren, who became a lifelong friend of his.

During the early 1950s, he and then wife Phyllis Bounds approached her uncle [[Walt Disney]] who was interested in investing in television as a medium to form a company that would produce commercials with his cartoon characters. They formed Hurrell Productions which produce advertisements promoting products from Kellogg's, Sunkist, Hunt's, Johnson &amp;amp;amp; Johnson, 7-Up, Jell-O and other clients. He also serves as producer, director, and occasionally as cinematographer for several of the commercials. He decided to expand beyond commercials was began negotiating a deal with Mitchell Gertz to produce a ''Zorro'' television series starring Gilbert Roland. Walt, however, intervened and put a stop to the plans in favor of his own show. Hurrell began clashing with Walt and decided to move back to New York following his divorce from Bounds but retained the production company until its closure in 1959.

Relocating to Beverly Hills, Hurrell reopened his photography studio and began as stills photographer for various TV shows and films.

After 1970, his most prominent work was as a photographer for album covers. He shot the cover photos for [[Cass Elliot]]'s self-titled album (1972), Helen Reddy's Imagination (1983), Tom Waits' ''Foreign Affairs'' (1977), Fleetwood Mac's ''Mirage'' (1982), Queen's ''The Works'' (1984), Midge Ure's ''The Gift'' (1985) and Paul McCartney's ''Press to Play'' (1986).

== Personal life ==
In 1939, he married his first wife, Katherine Cuddy, who was a beauty contest winner from Seattle. During the marriage, he had an affair with Phyllis Bounds, niece of [[Walt Disney]]. Cuddy and Hurrell divorced in 1942 before he married Bounds one year later. This marriage resulted in the birth of their children; Victoria (b. 1945), Clancy (b. 1946) and Alexandria (b. 1948). They divorced in 1954.

In 1955, he met and married, Betty Willis. They had three children, George Jr., Daphne, and Michael.

== Death ==
Hurrell died from complications from bladder cancer shortly after completing a TBS documentary about his life.  He died on May 17, 1992.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''George Edward Hurrell''' (1 ga Yuni, 1904 - 17 ga Mayu, 1992) ya kasance mai daukar hoto wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga hoton glamour da Hollywood ta gabatar a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940.

== Early life ==
Born in the Walnut Hills district of Cincinnati, Ohio, and studied at the [[Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago|School of the Art Institute of Chicago]] and American Academy of Art College. Hurrell originally studied as a painter with no particular interest in photography.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vieira, Mark 2014, P 15&quot;&gt;Vieira, M. A.: &quot;George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits 1925 – 1992&quot;, {{ISBN|978-0-7624-5039-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He first began to use photography only as a medium for recording his paintings. After moving to Laguna Beach, California from [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] in 1925 he met many other painters who had connections. One of those connections was Edward Steichen who encouraged him to pursue photography after seeing some of his works. Hurrell also found that photography was a more reliable source of income than painting.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Postrel |first=Virginia |date=July–August 2007 |title=Starlight and Shadow |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ |journal=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hurrell was an apprentice to Eugene Hutchinson.  His photography was encouraged by his friend aviator [[Pancho Barnes]], who often posed for him. He eventually opened a photographic studio in Los Angeles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot; /&gt;

== Career in Hollywood ==
In the late 1920s, Hurrell was introduced to the actor Ramon Novarro, by [[Pancho Barnes]], and agreed to take a series of photographs of him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Postrel |first=Virginia |date=July–August 2007 |title=Starlight and Shadow |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ |journal=The Atlantic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPostrel2007&quot;&gt;Postrel, Virginia (July–August 2007). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ &quot;Starlight and Shadow&quot;]. ''The Atlantic''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Novarro was impressed with the results and showed them to the actress Norma Shearer, who was attempting to mould her wholesome image into something more glamorous and sophisticated in an attempt to land the title role in the movie ''The Divorcee''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot; /&gt; She asked Hurrell to photograph her in poses more provocative than her fans had seen before. After she showed these photographs to her husband, MGM production chief Irving Thalberg, Thalberg was so impressed that he signed Hurrell to a contract with MGM Studios, making him head of the portrait photography department. But in 1932, Hurrell left MGM after differences with their publicity head, and from then on until 1938 ran his own studio at 8706 Sunset Boulevard.&lt;ref name=&quot;studio&quot;&gt;Vieira, M. A.: ''[http://www.thestarlightstudio.com/hhppage.htm Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection]'', {{ISBN|0-8109-3434-5}}. URL last accessed June 7, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Jane_Russell_in_The_Outlaw.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Russell (pictured in 1943) by Hurrell, in a publicity image for ''The Outlaw'']]
[[Fayil:Olivia_de_Havilland_by_George_Hurrell,_Aug_1938.jpg|left|thumb|Olivia de Havilland by George Hurrell, 1938]]
Throughout the decade, Hurrell photographed every star contracted to MGM, and his striking black-and-white images were used extensively in the marketing of these stars. Among the performers regularly photographed by him during these years were silent screen star Dorothy Jordan, as well as Myrna Loy, Robert Montgomery, Jean Harlow, Ramon Novarro, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Rosalind Russell, Marion Davies, Jeanette MacDonald, Lupe Vélez, Anna May Wong, Carole Lombard and Norma Shearer, who was said to have refused to allow herself to be photographed by anyone else. He also photographed Greta Garbo at a session to produce promotional material for the movie ''Romance''. The session didn't go well and she never used him again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postrel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Postrel |first=Virginia |date=July–August 2007 |title=Starlight and Shadow |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ |journal=The Atlantic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPostrel2007&quot;&gt;Postrel, Virginia (July–August 2007). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/07/starlight-and-shadow/305978/ &quot;Starlight and Shadow&quot;]. ''The Atlantic''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

In the early 1940s Hurrell moved to Warner Brothers Studios photographing, among others Bette Davis, Jane Russell, Ann Sheridan, Errol Flynn, [[Olivia de Havilland]], Ida Lupino, Alexis Smith, Lauren Bacall, Humphrey Bogart and James Cagney. Later in the decade he moved to Columbia Pictures where his photographs were used to help the studio build the career of Rita Hayworth. He also opened his own photography studio on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills for shoots outside of Hollywood productions.

== Postwar ==
He left Hollywood briefly to make training films for the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces. When he returned to Hollywood in the mid-1950s his old style of glamour had fallen from favour. Where he had worked hard to create an idealised image of his subjects, the new style of Hollywood glamour was more earthy and gritty, and for the first time in his career Hurrell's style was not in demand. He moved to New York City and worked for the advertising industry where glamour was still valued. He continued his work for fashion magazines and photographed for print advertisements for several years before returning to Hollywood in the 1960s. He captured early Marilyn Monroe, and actress Mamie Van Doren, who became a lifelong friend of his.

During the early 1950s, he and then wife Phyllis Bounds approached her uncle [[Walt Disney]] who was interested in investing in television as a medium to form a company that would produce commercials with his cartoon characters. They formed Hurrell Productions which produce advertisements promoting products from Kellogg's, Sunkist, Hunt's, Johnson &amp;amp;amp; Johnson, 7-Up, Jell-O and other clients. He also serves as producer, director, and occasionally as cinematographer for several of the commercials. He decided to expand beyond commercials was began negotiating a deal with Mitchell Gertz to produce a ''Zorro'' television series starring Gilbert Roland. Walt, however, intervened and put a stop to the plans in favor of his own show. Hurrell began clashing with Walt and decided to move back to New York following his divorce from Bounds but retained the production company until its closure in 1959.

Relocating to Beverly Hills, Hurrell reopened his photography studio and began as stills photographer for various TV shows and films.

After 1970, his most prominent work was as a photographer for album covers. He shot the cover photos for [[Cass Elliot]]'s self-titled album (1972), Helen Reddy's Imagination (1983), Tom Waits' ''Foreign Affairs'' (1977), Fleetwood Mac's ''Mirage'' (1982), Queen's ''The Works'' (1984), Midge Ure's ''The Gift'' (1985) and Paul McCartney's ''Press to Play'' (1986).

== Personal life ==
In 1939, he married his first wife, Katherine Cuddy, who was a beauty contest winner from Seattle. During the marriage, he had an affair with Phyllis Bounds, niece of [[Walt Disney]]. Cuddy and Hurrell divorced in 1942 before he married Bounds one year later. This marriage resulted in the birth of their children; Victoria (b. 1945), Clancy (b. 1946) and Alexandria (b. 1948). They divorced in 1954.

In 1955, he met and married, Betty Willis. They had three children, George Jr., Daphne, and Michael.

== Death ==
Hurrell died from complications from bladder cancer shortly after completing a TBS documentary about his life.  He died on May 17, 1992.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344076238|Ergophobia]]&quot;</comment>
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Ana bayyana '''Ergophobia''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''ergasiophobia''' ko '''ponophobia''' ) a matsayin [[tsoro]] mai tsanani da ke raunana aiki ( aikin hannu, aikin hannu, da sauransu), tsoron neman ko rasa aiki, ko tsoron takamaiman ayyuka a wurin aiki. Kalmar ''ergophobia'' ta fito ne daga Girkanci &quot; [[wiktionary:ergon|ergon]] &quot; (aiki) da &quot; phobos &quot; (tsoro).

Ba a fayyace ƙa'idodin Ergophobia a cikin DSM-5 ba. Ana iya lissafa ƙa'idodi a ƙarƙashin rukunin &quot;Sauran&quot; takamaiman phobia 300.29 (F40.298).

Sifofin ergophobia galibi suna daidai da tsoron zamantakewa ko damuwa ta aiki, musamman damuwa mara dalili game da aiki da yanayin wurin aiki. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tsoron gazawa a ayyukan da aka ba su, yin magana a bainar jama'a a wurin aiki, damuwa ta aiki, tsoron yin mu'amala da abokan aiki, da kuma tsoron raunin motsin rai, tunani da/ko na jiki a wurin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Phobias ==
Tsoron tsoro wani yanayi ne na tunani wanda mutum ke jin tsoron wani yanayi ko wani abu da ba ya daidaita da barazanar da yake haifarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Agras&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Agras |first=S. |last2=Sylvester |first2=D. |last3=Oliveau |first3=D. |year=1969 |title=The epidemiology of common fears and phobia |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=151–156 |doi=10.1016/0010-440x(69)90022-4 |pmid=5774552}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne daga buƙatar mutum ya kasance a faɗake a koyaushe kuma ya guji tushen tsoron da ke haifar da damuwa ta tunani. Tsoron tsoro na iya zama takamaiman ga wani abu mai motsa rai ko kuma gabaɗaya ga yanayin zamantakewa. Mafi kyawun magani ga phobia shine maganin fallasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wolitzky-Taylor |first=Kate B. |last2=Horowitz |first2=Jonathan D. |last3=Powers |first3=Mark B. |last4=Telch |first4=Michael J. |date=July 2008 |title=Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1021–1037 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.007 |issn=0272-7358 |pmid=18410984}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ana danganta phobias da wasu cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa: matsalar damuwa, [[matsalar damuwa]], [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar bipolar]], shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma matsalolin halayen mutum . Akwai yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin rashin aikin zartarwa da [[Anxiety|damuwa]] da ta shafi aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eysenck |first=M. W. |last2=Derakshan |first2=N. |last3=Santos |first3=R. |last4=Calvo |first4=M. G. |year=2007 |title=Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory |journal=Emotion |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=336–53 |doi=10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 |pmid=17516812 |s2cid=33462708}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomin ==
Kiyayya ga Ergophobia tana da alamun jiki da na tunani da ke da alaƙa da tsoro da guje wa yanayin aiki. Wani bincike da aka yi kan gajiyar aiki tsakanin malamai ya kammala da cewa waɗanda ke fuskantar kiyayya ga ergophobia sun fi muni a ma'aunin lafiyar jiki idan aka kwatanta da abokan aikinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelcastroHays1984&quot;&gt;Belcastro, Philip A.; Hays, Leon C. (1984). &quot;Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout?&quot;. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice''. '''15''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;260–&lt;/span&gt;270. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260|10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1323 1939-1323].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guglielmi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guglielmi |first=R Sergio |last2=Tatrow |first2=Kristin |date=March 1998 |title=Occupational Stress, Burnout, and Health in Teachers: A Methodological and Theoretical Analysis |journal=Review of Educational Research |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=61–99 |doi=10.3102/00346543068001061 |issn=0034-6543 |s2cid=145613756}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin kiyayya ga ergophobia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia …ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iya haɗawa da saurin bugun zuciya, bushewar baki, gumi mai yawa, rashin jin daɗi gabaɗaya, da [[Harin tsoro|hare-haren firgici]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot; /&gt; Ana kuma bayyana kiyayya ga Ergo a matsayin wanda ke haifar da rauni a wurin aiki, gami da rashin iya cika buƙatun aiki, wahalar riƙe aiki, guje wa ɗaukar ƙarin nauyin aiki, tunani game da mummunan yanayin aiki ko ƙalubale a wurin aiki, da kuma nisantar aiki daga wurin aiki.

== Tarihi da aunawa ==
Kiyayya ga Ergo wani ra'ayi ne mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, kuma a baya an yi watsi da shi a matsayin kasala. William Upson ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;fasahar kasala&quot;  da kuma &quot;tsoro ko ƙin aiki mara kyau&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Upson |first=William |date=1933 |title=Ergophobia - Saturday Evening Post |url=https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/flipbooks/reprints/Ergophobia/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=www.saturdayeveningpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani asibiti a New Jersey ya ambaci kiyayya ga Ergo a shekarun 1860. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guglielmi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guglielmi |first=R Sergio |last2=Tatrow |first2=Kristin |date=March 1998 |title=Occupational Stress, Burnout, and Health in Teachers: A Methodological and Theoretical Analysis |journal=Review of Educational Research |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=61–99 |doi=10.3102/00346543068001061 |issn=0034-6543 |s2cid=145613756}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGuglielmiTatrow1998&quot;&gt;Guglielmi, R Sergio; Tatrow, Kristin (March 1998). &quot;Occupational Stress, Burnout, and Health in Teachers: A Methodological and Theoretical Analysis&quot;. ''Review of Educational Research''. '''68''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;61–&lt;/span&gt;99. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3102/00346543068001061|10.3102/00346543068001061]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6543 0034-6543]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145613756 145613756].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu suna ɗaukar cewa tsoron ƙanƙantar da kai wani abu ne da ke haifar da gajiya a wurin aiki, wanda ake ganin sakamakon damuwa ta aiki ta dogon lokaci ne da ba za a iya warwarewa ba. Kalmar &quot;ƙonewa&quot; ba a saba amfani da ita ba har zuwa shekarun 1970 a Amurka. Misali, Freudenberger ya yi amfani da ita don bayyana abin da ke faruwa na gajiya ta jiki da ta motsin rai, tare da munanan halaye da ke tattare da su waɗanda suka taso daga mu'amala mai tsanani lokacin aiki da mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freudenberger |first=Herbert J. |date=1974-01-01 |title=Staff Burn-Out |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=159–165 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x |issn=1540-4560}}&lt;/ref&gt; Konewa ya fi zama ruwan dare a cikin sana'o'i sun haɗa da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kula da lafiya da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a, lauyoyi, da ma'aikatan ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelcastroHays1984&quot;&gt;Belcastro, Philip A.; Hays, Leon C. (1984). &quot;Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout?&quot;. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice''. '''15''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;260–&lt;/span&gt;270. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260|10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1323 1939-1323].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa babu wata hanyar ganewar asali ta ergophobia ko ƙonewa, Maslach Burnout Inventory - jerin tambayoyin ƙonawa a cikin aiki, ana amfani da su tare da Binciken Yankunan Aiki (AWS) don tantance matakan ƙonawa. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna auna ƙonewa a cikin motsin rai, rashin iyawa, da nasarorin mutum, kuma sun dace da kimantawa na mutum ɗaya da na rukuni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelcastroHays1984&quot;&gt;Belcastro, Philip A.; Hays, Leon C. (1984). &quot;Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout?&quot;. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice''. '''15''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;260–&lt;/span&gt;270. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260|10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1323 1939-1323].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makamantan cututtuka ==
Ana ganin irin wannan ciwo kamar ergophobia a cikin [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya]] (GAD), inda mutum ke fuskantar matsanancin damuwa da damuwa game da batutuwa da abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rada |first=R. E. |last2=Johnson-Leong |first2=C. |year=2004 |title=Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=788–794 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279 |pmid=15270165 |s2cid=1707474}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda yake da phobias, mutanen da ke da GAD suna fuskantar damuwa wanda ba ta dace da ainihin barazanar da yanayi ke haifarwa ba. Manya da ke da GAD na iya jin damuwa da damuwa game da aiki game da ayyukan yau da kullun, kimantawa, da gabatarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot; /&gt;

Rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa, wanda aka fi sani da tsoron zamantakewa, ana siffanta shi da jin damuwa da hulɗar zamantakewa ko yanayi ke haifarwa, inda wasu za su iya bincika ko su ƙi mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pereira-Lima |first=K. |last2=Loureiro |first2=S. R. |year=2015 |title=Burnout, anxiety, depression, and social skills in medical residents |journal=Psychology, Health &amp; Medicine |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=353–362 |doi=10.1080/13548506.2014.936889 |pmid=25030412 |s2cid=19609254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan damuwa tana ƙara ta'azzara cikin sauƙi ta hanyar yanayi masu alaƙa da aiki kamar gabatarwa, hulɗar ƙwararru da abokantaka a wurin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rada |first=R. E. |last2=Johnson-Leong |first2=C. |year=2004 |title=Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=788–794 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279 |pmid=15270165 |s2cid=1707474}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRadaJohnson-Leong2004&quot;&gt;Rada, R. E.; Johnson-Leong, C. (2004). &quot;Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists&quot;. ''The Journal of the American Dental Association''. '''135''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;788–&lt;/span&gt;794. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279|10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15270165 15270165]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1707474 1707474].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, &quot;Sauran Matsalolin Damuwa da aka ƙayyade&quot; kuma yana haifar da damuwa da matakan damuwa masu yawa, amma ba ta hanyar da ta ƙunshi cikakkun alamun gano cututtukan damuwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rada |first=R. E. |last2=Johnson-Leong |first2=C. |year=2004 |title=Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=788–794 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279 |pmid=15270165 |s2cid=1707474}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRadaJohnson-Leong2004&quot;&gt;Rada, R. E.; Johnson-Leong, C. (2004). &quot;Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists&quot;. ''The Journal of the American Dental Association''. '''135''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;788–&lt;/span&gt;794. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279|10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15270165 15270165]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1707474 1707474].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan matsalar tana da tasiri sosai ga aiki a zamantakewa, aiki ko wasu muhimman yanayi, don haka yana iya kama da Ergophobia ko gajiyar aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot; /&gt;

== A cikin al'ada ==
Adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar ergophobia yana karuwa tare da adadin mutanen da ke aiki a cikin yanayin da ake nuna wariya ga ergophobia, ba tare da la'akari da canje-canje a cikin adadin da aka ruwaito na ergophobia da kanta ba.  Canjin yanayi na dangantakar ma'aikata da ma'aikata shi ma ya canza sosai ta hanyar wannan juyin juya hali zuwa tattalin arziki mai tushen sabis. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Michelle |last2=Benson |first2=John |year=2003 |title=Rated to exhaustion? Reactions to performance appraisal processes |journal=Industrial Relations |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.1111/1468-2338.00259 |s2cid=153654853}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kimanta aiki yanzu kayan aiki ne mai shahara a cikin ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka jajircewar ma'aikata da yawan aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelcastroHays1984&quot;&gt;Belcastro, Philip A.; Hays, Leon C. (1984). &quot;Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout?&quot;. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice''. '''15''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;260–&lt;/span&gt;270. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260|10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1323 1939-1323].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Irin waɗannan tsarin na iya ƙara gajiyar motsin rai tsakanin ma'aikata da kuma jin gajiya ko ergophobia daga baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot; /&gt;

Yaɗuwar jawabai kan wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin al'adun Yammacin duniya na iya haifar da rashin ganewar cutar tabin hankali ko wuce gona da iri.  Ganin cewa tsoron aiki da kansa kalma ce ta gama gari, mutane da yawa na iya yin kuskuren yarda cewa suna fama da ergophobia alhali kuwa a zahiri, kawai suna fama da damuwa ta aiki, ko kuma suna fama da wasu matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar su Matsalar Damuwa ta Gabaɗaya ko Matsalar Damuwa ta zamantakewa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Michelle |last2=Benson |first2=John |year=2003 |title=Rated to exhaustion? Reactions to performance appraisal processes |journal=Industrial Relations |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.1111/1468-2338.00259 |s2cid=153654853}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrownBenson2003&quot;&gt;Brown, Michelle; Benson, John (2003). &quot;Rated to exhaustion? Reactions to performance appraisal processes&quot;. ''Industrial Relations''. '''34''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;67–&lt;/span&gt;81. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/1468-2338.00259|10.1111/1468-2338.00259]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153654853 153654853].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Ana bayyana '''Ergophobia''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''ergasiophobia''' ko '''ponophobia''' ) a matsayin [[tsoro]] mai tsanani da ke raunana aiki ( aikin hannu, aikin hannu, da sauransu), tsoron neman ko rasa aiki, ko tsoron takamaiman ayyuka a wurin aiki. Kalmar ''ergophobia'' ta fito ne daga Girkanci &quot; [[wiktionary:ergon|ergon]] &quot; (aiki) da &quot; phobos &quot; (tsoro).

Ba a fayyace ƙa'idodin Ergophobia a cikin DSM-5 ba. Ana iya lissafa ƙa'idodi a ƙarƙashin rukunin &quot;Sauran&quot; takamaiman phobia 300.29 (F40.298).

Sifofin ergophobia galibi suna daidai da tsoron zamantakewa ko damuwa ta aiki, musamman damuwa mara dalili game da aiki da yanayin wurin aiki. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tsoron gazawa a ayyukan da aka ba su, yin magana a bainar jama'a a wurin aiki, damuwa ta aiki, tsoron yin mu'amala da abokan aiki, da kuma tsoron raunin motsin rai, tunani da/ko na jiki a wurin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Phobias ==
Tsoron tsoro wani yanayi ne na tunani wanda mutum ke jin tsoron wani yanayi ko wani abu da ba ya daidaita da barazanar da yake haifarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Agras&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Agras |first=S. |last2=Sylvester |first2=D. |last3=Oliveau |first3=D. |year=1969 |title=The epidemiology of common fears and phobia |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=151–156 |doi=10.1016/0010-440x(69)90022-4 |pmid=5774552}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne daga buƙatar mutum ya kasance a faɗake a koyaushe kuma ya guji tushen tsoron da ke haifar da damuwa ta tunani. Tsoron tsoro na iya zama takamaiman ga wani abu mai motsa rai ko kuma gabaɗaya ga yanayin zamantakewa. Mafi kyawun magani ga phobia shine maganin fallasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wolitzky-Taylor |first=Kate B. |last2=Horowitz |first2=Jonathan D. |last3=Powers |first3=Mark B. |last4=Telch |first4=Michael J. |date=July 2008 |title=Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1021–1037 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.007 |issn=0272-7358 |pmid=18410984}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ana danganta phobias da wasu cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa: matsalar damuwa, [[matsalar damuwa]], [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar bipolar]], shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma matsalolin halayen mutum . Akwai yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin rashin aikin zartarwa da [[Anxiety|damuwa]] da ta shafi aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eysenck |first=M. W. |last2=Derakshan |first2=N. |last3=Santos |first3=R. |last4=Calvo |first4=M. G. |year=2007 |title=Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory |journal=Emotion |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=336–53 |doi=10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 |pmid=17516812 |s2cid=33462708}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomin ==
Kiyayya ga Ergophobia tana da alamun jiki da na tunani da ke da alaƙa da tsoro da guje wa yanayin aiki. Wani bincike da aka yi kan gajiyar aiki tsakanin malamai ya kammala da cewa waɗanda ke fuskantar kiyayya ga ergophobia sun fi muni a ma'aunin lafiyar jiki idan aka kwatanta da abokan aikinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelcastroHays1984&quot;&gt;Belcastro, Philip A.; Hays, Leon C. (1984). &quot;Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout?&quot;. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice''. '''15''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;260–&lt;/span&gt;270. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260|10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1323 1939-1323].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guglielmi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guglielmi |first=R Sergio |last2=Tatrow |first2=Kristin |date=March 1998 |title=Occupational Stress, Burnout, and Health in Teachers: A Methodological and Theoretical Analysis |journal=Review of Educational Research |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=61–99 |doi=10.3102/00346543068001061 |issn=0034-6543 |s2cid=145613756}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin kiyayya ga ergophobia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia …ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iya haɗawa da saurin bugun zuciya, bushewar baki, gumi mai yawa, rashin jin daɗi gabaɗaya, da [[Harin tsoro|hare-haren firgici]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot; /&gt; Ana kuma bayyana kiyayya ga Ergo a matsayin wanda ke haifar da rauni a wurin aiki, gami da rashin iya cika buƙatun aiki, wahalar riƙe aiki, guje wa ɗaukar ƙarin nauyin aiki, tunani game da mummunan yanayin aiki ko ƙalubale a wurin aiki, da kuma nisantar aiki daga wurin aiki.

== Tarihi da aunawa ==
Kiyayya ga Ergo wani ra'ayi ne mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, kuma a baya an yi watsi da shi a matsayin kasala. William Upson ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;fasahar kasala&quot;  da kuma &quot;tsoro ko ƙin aiki mara kyau&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Upson |first=William |date=1933 |title=Ergophobia - Saturday Evening Post |url=https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/flipbooks/reprints/Ergophobia/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=www.saturdayeveningpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani asibiti a New Jersey ya ambaci kiyayya ga Ergo a shekarun 1860. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guglielmi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guglielmi |first=R Sergio |last2=Tatrow |first2=Kristin |date=March 1998 |title=Occupational Stress, Burnout, and Health in Teachers: A Methodological and Theoretical Analysis |journal=Review of Educational Research |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=61–99 |doi=10.3102/00346543068001061 |issn=0034-6543 |s2cid=145613756}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGuglielmiTatrow1998&quot;&gt;Guglielmi, R Sergio; Tatrow, Kristin (March 1998). &quot;Occupational Stress, Burnout, and Health in Teachers: A Methodological and Theoretical Analysis&quot;. ''Review of Educational Research''. '''68''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;61–&lt;/span&gt;99. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3102/00346543068001061|10.3102/00346543068001061]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6543 0034-6543]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145613756 145613756].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu suna ɗaukar cewa tsoron ƙanƙantar da kai wani abu ne da ke haifar da gajiya a wurin aiki, wanda ake ganin sakamakon damuwa ta aiki ta dogon lokaci ne da ba za a iya warwarewa ba. Kalmar &quot;ƙonewa&quot; ba a saba amfani da ita ba har zuwa shekarun 1970 a Amurka. Misali, Freudenberger ya yi amfani da ita don bayyana abin da ke faruwa na gajiya ta jiki da ta motsin rai, tare da munanan halaye da ke tattare da su waɗanda suka taso daga mu'amala mai tsanani lokacin aiki da mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freudenberger |first=Herbert J. |date=1974-01-01 |title=Staff Burn-Out |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=159–165 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x |issn=1540-4560}}&lt;/ref&gt; Konewa ya fi zama ruwan dare a cikin sana'o'i sun haɗa da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kula da lafiya da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a, lauyoyi, da ma'aikatan ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelcastroHays1984&quot;&gt;Belcastro, Philip A.; Hays, Leon C. (1984). &quot;Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout?&quot;. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice''. '''15''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;260–&lt;/span&gt;270. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260|10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1323 1939-1323].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa babu wata hanyar ganewar asali ta ergophobia ko ƙonewa, Maslach Burnout Inventory - jerin tambayoyin ƙonawa a cikin aiki, ana amfani da su tare da Binciken Yankunan Aiki (AWS) don tantance matakan ƙonawa. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna auna ƙonewa a cikin motsin rai, rashin iyawa, da nasarorin mutum, kuma sun dace da kimantawa na mutum ɗaya da na rukuni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelcastroHays1984&quot;&gt;Belcastro, Philip A.; Hays, Leon C. (1984). &quot;Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout?&quot;. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice''. '''15''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;260–&lt;/span&gt;270. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260|10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1323 1939-1323].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makamantan cututtuka ==
Ana ganin irin wannan ciwo kamar ergophobia a cikin [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya]] (GAD), inda mutum ke fuskantar matsanancin damuwa da damuwa game da batutuwa da abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rada |first=R. E. |last2=Johnson-Leong |first2=C. |year=2004 |title=Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=788–794 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279 |pmid=15270165 |s2cid=1707474}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda yake da phobias, mutanen da ke da GAD suna fuskantar damuwa wanda ba ta dace da ainihin barazanar da yanayi ke haifarwa ba. Manya da ke da GAD na iya jin damuwa da damuwa game da aiki game da ayyukan yau da kullun, kimantawa, da gabatarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot; /&gt;

Rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa, wanda aka fi sani da tsoron zamantakewa, ana siffanta shi da jin damuwa da hulɗar zamantakewa ko yanayi ke haifarwa, inda wasu za su iya bincika ko su ƙi mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pereira-Lima |first=K. |last2=Loureiro |first2=S. R. |year=2015 |title=Burnout, anxiety, depression, and social skills in medical residents |journal=Psychology, Health &amp; Medicine |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=353–362 |doi=10.1080/13548506.2014.936889 |pmid=25030412 |s2cid=19609254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan damuwa tana ƙara ta'azzara cikin sauƙi ta hanyar yanayi masu alaƙa da aiki kamar gabatarwa, hulɗar ƙwararru da abokantaka a wurin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rada |first=R. E. |last2=Johnson-Leong |first2=C. |year=2004 |title=Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=788–794 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279 |pmid=15270165 |s2cid=1707474}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRadaJohnson-Leong2004&quot;&gt;Rada, R. E.; Johnson-Leong, C. (2004). &quot;Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists&quot;. ''The Journal of the American Dental Association''. '''135''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;788–&lt;/span&gt;794. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279|10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15270165 15270165]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1707474 1707474].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, &quot;Sauran Matsalolin Damuwa da aka ƙayyade&quot; kuma yana haifar da damuwa da matakan damuwa masu yawa, amma ba ta hanyar da ta ƙunshi cikakkun alamun gano cututtukan damuwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rada |first=R. E. |last2=Johnson-Leong |first2=C. |year=2004 |title=Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=788–794 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279 |pmid=15270165 |s2cid=1707474}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRadaJohnson-Leong2004&quot;&gt;Rada, R. E.; Johnson-Leong, C. (2004). &quot;Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists&quot;. ''The Journal of the American Dental Association''. '''135''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;788–&lt;/span&gt;794. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279|10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0279]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15270165 15270165]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1707474 1707474].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan matsalar tana da tasiri sosai ga aiki a zamantakewa, aiki ko wasu muhimman yanayi, don haka yana iya kama da Ergophobia ko gajiyar aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rada&quot; /&gt;

== A cikin al'ada ==
Adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar ergophobia yana karuwa tare da adadin mutanen da ke aiki a cikin yanayin da ake nuna wariya ga ergophobia, ba tare da la'akari da canje-canje a cikin adadin da aka ruwaito na ergophobia da kanta ba.  Canjin yanayi na dangantakar ma'aikata da ma'aikata shi ma ya canza sosai ta hanyar wannan juyin juya hali zuwa tattalin arziki mai tushen sabis. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Michelle |last2=Benson |first2=John |year=2003 |title=Rated to exhaustion? Reactions to performance appraisal processes |journal=Industrial Relations |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.1111/1468-2338.00259 |s2cid=153654853}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kimanta aiki yanzu kayan aiki ne mai shahara a cikin ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka jajircewar ma'aikata da yawan aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcastro |first=Philip A. |last2=Hays |first2=Leon C. |date=1984 |title=Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout? |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=260–270 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260 |issn=1939-1323}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelcastroHays1984&quot;&gt;Belcastro, Philip A.; Hays, Leon C. (1984). &quot;Ergophilia … ergophobia … ergo … burnout?&quot;. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice''. '''15''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;260–&lt;/span&gt;270. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260|10.1037/0735-7028.15.2.260]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1323 1939-1323].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Irin waɗannan tsarin na iya ƙara gajiyar motsin rai tsakanin ma'aikata da kuma jin gajiya ko ergophobia daga baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belcastro&quot; /&gt;

Yaɗuwar jawabai kan wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin al'adun Yammacin duniya na iya haifar da rashin ganewar cutar tabin hankali ko wuce gona da iri.  Ganin cewa tsoron aiki da kansa kalma ce ta gama gari, mutane da yawa na iya yin kuskuren yarda cewa suna fama da ergophobia alhali kuwa a zahiri, kawai suna fama da damuwa ta aiki, ko kuma suna fama da wasu matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar su Matsalar Damuwa ta Gabaɗaya ko Matsalar Damuwa ta zamantakewa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Michelle |last2=Benson |first2=John |year=2003 |title=Rated to exhaustion? Reactions to performance appraisal processes |journal=Industrial Relations |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.1111/1468-2338.00259 |s2cid=153654853}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrownBenson2003&quot;&gt;Brown, Michelle; Benson, John (2003). &quot;Rated to exhaustion? Reactions to performance appraisal processes&quot;. ''Industrial Relations''. '''34''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;67–&lt;/span&gt;81. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/1468-2338.00259|10.1111/1468-2338.00259]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153654853 153654853].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304996370|Kabalega Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kabalega''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kabalega''', lamba {{Convert|9|MW}} ce ƙaramin aikin wutar lantarki na ruwa wanda ke a fadin Kogin Wambabya, a Gundumar Buseruka, Gundumar Hoima, a Yammacin Uganda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=29 September 2012 |title=Uganda Lacks Welders Artisans To Take Oil Jobs |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/635780-uganda-lacks-welders--artisans-to-take-oil-jobs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001082426/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/635780-uganda-lacks-welders--artisans-to-take-oil-jobs.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=5 May 2012 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon shiri da kuma lokacin gini, an kira tashar wutar lantarki da '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Buseruka''', amma an sake mata suna bayan kammala aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugerwa |first=Francis |date=28 August 2013 |title=Oil Gives Bunyoro A New Lease of Life |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Oil+gives+Bunyoro+a+new+lease+of+life/-/688342/1970312/-/a626kq/-/index.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin '''ƙauyen Buseruka''', kusa da gabashin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|tafkin Albert]] . Buseruka tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|37|km}}, ta hanya, yamma da Hoima . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Buseruka and Hoima with Map |url=http://www.distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Biseruka%20(Hoima)&amp;toplace=Hoima%20(Hoima)&amp;fromlat=1.5827778&amp;tolat=1.4355556&amp;fromlng=31.1188889&amp;tolng=31.3436111 |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kiyasta kuɗin farko da aka kashe don madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 30. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atuhairwe |first=Robert |date=21 September 2011 |title=Hoima Power Dam Works End November 2011 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/765661 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505105905/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/765661 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da lokaci ke tafiya, an ƙara wannan kiyasin zuwa dala miliyan 36. Madatsar ruwa, tashar wutar lantarki da {{Convert|44|km}}Ana gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa daga gidan wutar lantarki zuwa '''tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Kinubi'''  ke Hoima, ta hannun '''Hydromax''', wani mai zuba jari a fannin makamashi mai zaman kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kwesiga |first=Pascal |date=23 August 2009 |title=Hoima Plant To Supply Electricity |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/692235 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505114217/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/692235 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun tallafin aikin ta hanyar rancen daga [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (dala miliyan 9) da kuma daga [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin PTA]] (dala miliyan 10). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=19 April 2009 |title=AfDB Lends US$9 Million for Buseruka Power Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/677886 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505113838/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/677886 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kammalawa ==
An kammala ginin, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2005, a watan Janairun 2013 kuma shugaban Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]], ne ya ba da umarnin a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2013. A wannan lokacin, layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi wanda zai kwashe wutar lantarki da aka samar zuwa wani ƙaramin tasha wanda zai haɗa da layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, har yanzu ba a kammala shi ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brian Mayanja |first=Pascal Kwesiga and Robert Atuhairwe |date=26 January 2013 |title=Museveni Launches Hoima Power Plant |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/639235-museveni-launches-hoima-power-plant.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kalyango |first=Ronald |date=25 January 2013 |title=Buseruka Dam to Supply Power to 1,000 Homes |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/639196-buseruka-dam-to-supply-power-to-1-000-homes.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki na hydroelectric

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kabalega''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kabalega''', lamba {{Convert|9|MW}} ce ƙaramin aikin wutar lantarki na ruwa wanda ke a fadin Kogin Wambabya, a Gundumar Buseruka, Gundumar Hoima, a Yammacin Uganda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=29 September 2012 |title=Uganda Lacks Welders Artisans To Take Oil Jobs |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/635780-uganda-lacks-welders--artisans-to-take-oil-jobs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001082426/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/635780-uganda-lacks-welders--artisans-to-take-oil-jobs.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=5 May 2012 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon shiri da kuma lokacin gini, an kira tashar wutar lantarki da '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Buseruka''', amma an sake mata suna bayan kammala aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugerwa |first=Francis |date=28 August 2013 |title=Oil Gives Bunyoro A New Lease of Life |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Oil+gives+Bunyoro+a+new+lease+of+life/-/688342/1970312/-/a626kq/-/index.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin '''ƙauyen Buseruka''', kusa da gabashin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|tafkin Albert]] . Buseruka tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|37|km}}, ta hanya, yamma da Hoima . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Buseruka and Hoima with Map |url=http://www.distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Biseruka%20(Hoima)&amp;toplace=Hoima%20(Hoima)&amp;fromlat=1.5827778&amp;tolat=1.4355556&amp;fromlng=31.1188889&amp;tolng=31.3436111 |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kiyasta kuɗin farko da aka kashe don madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 30. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atuhairwe |first=Robert |date=21 September 2011 |title=Hoima Power Dam Works End November 2011 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/765661 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505105905/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/765661 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da lokaci ke tafiya, an ƙara wannan kiyasin zuwa dala miliyan 36. Madatsar ruwa, tashar wutar lantarki da {{Convert|44|km}}Ana gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa daga gidan wutar lantarki zuwa '''tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Kinubi'''  ke Hoima, ta hannun '''Hydromax''', wani mai zuba jari a fannin makamashi mai zaman kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kwesiga |first=Pascal |date=23 August 2009 |title=Hoima Plant To Supply Electricity |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/692235 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505114217/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/692235 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun tallafin aikin ta hanyar rancen daga [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (dala miliyan 9) da kuma daga [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin PTA]] (dala miliyan 10). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=19 April 2009 |title=AfDB Lends US$9 Million for Buseruka Power Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/677886 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505113838/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/677886 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kammalawa ==
An kammala ginin, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2005, a watan Janairun 2013 kuma shugaban Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]], ne ya ba da umarnin a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2013. A wannan lokacin, layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi wanda zai kwashe wutar lantarki da aka samar zuwa wani ƙaramin tasha wanda zai haɗa da layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, har yanzu ba a kammala shi ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brian Mayanja |first=Pascal Kwesiga and Robert Atuhairwe |date=26 January 2013 |title=Museveni Launches Hoima Power Plant |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/639235-museveni-launches-hoima-power-plant.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kalyango |first=Ronald |date=25 January 2013 |title=Buseruka Dam to Supply Power to 1,000 Homes |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/639196-buseruka-dam-to-supply-power-to-1-000-homes.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda
* Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki na hydroelectric

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Tanzaniya</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin ing...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4323" sha1="9jnf3nogjl5o5jx2pu527o9bbbz88j0" xml:space="preserve">'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="9674" sha1="gvxs8e6ngpwzyaahw3ozl03dmh4p37w" xml:space="preserve">'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="13482" sha1="jryg3ac8ugaku0q0jkxurrblmoj4l26" xml:space="preserve">'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jryg3ac8ugaku0q0jkxurrblmoj4l26</sha1>
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      <text bytes="18723" sha1="kk83u7vnabzin1ft0z5jbhjernuo5uo" xml:space="preserve">'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kk83u7vnabzin1ft0z5jbhjernuo5uo</sha1>
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      <text bytes="19948" sha1="rkxze9scl0o83y6kjm3oycqtppctd1n" xml:space="preserve">'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.</text>
      <sha1>9te9dex1rzgmd7dgrylalyph815ep9f</sha1>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.</text>
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      <text bytes="43522" sha1="cn47u6f8oiclttlt4640zhqauhhe9jd" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.</text>
      <sha1>rbntu69rqkbylfcypmdvwo8ly875nm8</sha1>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Cikakken Bayani'''. A yankunan karkara, ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana samar da su ne ta hanyar Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs). An kafa su ta hanyar tsarin ƙananan hukumomi na majalisun ƙauye biyo bayan amincewa da Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da batutuwan da suka shafi fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli har zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Rawar COWSOs ita ce gudanarwa da kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sa ran za su cika dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kula da tsarinsu na samar da ruwa ta hanyar harajin da ake karɓa daga masu amfani da ruwa, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga kuɗaɗen babban birni na tsarinsu. Duk da haka, ƙarancin horon fasaha na ƙungiyoyin al'umma wajen gudanarwa da kulawa ya haifar da rashin amfani da kyau da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwa na karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen zuba jari na babban birni shi ne tallafin kuɗi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa don dabarun aiki (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikice-rikice tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A ka'idance, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin zama mamba, shiga tarurruka, ɓunƙasa kaddarorin dokoki da ƙa'idoji, da tsarin zaɓe na muƙaman shugabanci. Duk da haka, shigar mambobi a kai a kai ya kasance ƙasa kaɗan yayin da mazauna ƙauyen suka zaɓi shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ba na ƙa'ida ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Lardin Kilimanjaro, mutane 200,000 a cikin ƙauyuka 55 ana yi musu hidima ta hanyar tsarin magudanar ruwa mai amfani da dabarar ja (gravity systems) daga tushe a cikin dajin da ke kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimanjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan ya kasance cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin cikin gida ba su kula da ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun kasa samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarar 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada sa hannun cikin gida da mallakar al'umma gami da biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna ma'auni, sun juya lamarin da kyau. Tare da zuba jari da aka samar a matsayin ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga kyakkyawan tarihin cikin gida na taimakon kai da kai. Tsarin ruwa yanzu ana gudanar da shi ne kuma ana kula da shi ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan cikin gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓa. Suna kayyade haraji, gudanar da kasafin kuɗinsu, kuma suna ɗaukar manajoji ga kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna duba ma'aikatan fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ke ɗauka aiki. Ana siyar da ruwa a famfunan jama'a ta hanyar wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da su ga haɗin gwiwar gida masu auna ma'auni. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen fiye da cikakken iko.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Har zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan takardun kuɗin ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Cikakken Bayani'''. A yankunan karkara, ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana samar da su ne ta hanyar Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs). An kafa su ta hanyar tsarin ƙananan hukumomi na majalisun ƙauye biyo bayan amincewa da Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da batutuwan da suka shafi fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli har zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Rawar COWSOs ita ce gudanarwa da kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sa ran za su cika dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kula da tsarinsu na samar da ruwa ta hanyar harajin da ake karɓa daga masu amfani da ruwa, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga kuɗaɗen babban birni na tsarinsu. Duk da haka, ƙarancin horon fasaha na ƙungiyoyin al'umma wajen gudanarwa da kulawa ya haifar da rashin amfani da kyau da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwa na karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen zuba jari na babban birni shi ne tallafin kuɗi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa don dabarun aiki (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikice-rikice tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A ka'idance, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin zama mamba, shiga tarurruka, ɓunƙasa kaddarorin dokoki da ƙa'idoji, da tsarin zaɓe na muƙaman shugabanci. Duk da haka, shigar mambobi a kai a kai ya kasance ƙasa kaɗan yayin da mazauna ƙauyen suka zaɓi shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ba na ƙa'ida ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Lardin Kilimanjaro, mutane 200,000 a cikin ƙauyuka 55 ana yi musu hidima ta hanyar tsarin magudanar ruwa mai amfani da dabarar ja (gravity systems) daga tushe a cikin dajin da ke kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimanjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan ya kasance cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin cikin gida ba su kula da ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun kasa samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarar 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada sa hannun cikin gida da mallakar al'umma gami da biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna ma'auni, sun juya lamarin da kyau. Tare da zuba jari da aka samar a matsayin ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga kyakkyawan tarihin cikin gida na taimakon kai da kai. Tsarin ruwa yanzu ana gudanar da shi ne kuma ana kula da shi ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan cikin gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓa. Suna kayyade haraji, gudanar da kasafin kuɗinsu, kuma suna ɗaukar manajoji ga kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna duba ma'aikatan fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ke ɗauka aiki. Ana siyar da ruwa a famfunan jama'a ta hanyar wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da su ga haɗin gwiwar gida masu auna ma'auni. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen fiye da cikakken iko.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Har zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan takardun kuɗin ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hukumomin Ƙa'ida da na Al'ada.''A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na ƙa'ida ko gudanar da ruwa, nau'ikan gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli ana mika su ne ta hanyar tsaroko zuwa tsaroko a matsayin [[Ilimin dabarun muhalli na gargajiya]]. A nan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin ƙa'ida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rikice-rikicen ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar al'ada, maimakon a kai su gaban kotunan farko da na gunduma waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin farar hula ===
Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraja,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma MSABI.


== Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara ==
Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin farar hula ===
Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraja,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma MSABI.


== Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara ==
Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayin jama'a ==
Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon tattalin arziki ==
Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci.

'''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin farar hula ===
Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraja,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma MSABI.


== Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara ==
Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayin jama'a ==
Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon tattalin arziki ==
Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci.

'''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sassan kuɗi ==

=== Farashi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe ===
Manufar ruwa ta ƙasa (NAWAPO) tana bayyana kamfanoni a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da kayayyaki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, tana haɓaka batun '''dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare''' (operational and maintenance - O&amp;M) a matsayin tushe na samar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Ana sa ran Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara za su biya cikakkun kuɗaɗen O&amp;M da kuma kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen jarin gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt; An raba Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Birane zuwa guda uku bisa ga yadda suke nuna ƙwazo wajen dawo da kuɗaɗen:
* Rukunin A: hukumomin da ke biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, gami da albashin ma'aikata, kuɗin wutar lantarki da wasu gudunmawa ga zuba jari;
* Rukunin B: hukumomin da ke biyan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, suna raba kuɗin wutar lantarki da gwamnati, kuma suna iya biyan cikakken albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin;
* Rukunin C: hukumomin da ke buƙatar tallafin gwamnati don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da kuma biyan albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin.

[[File:Lindi.jpg|thumb|right|Lindi tana ɗaya daga cikin birane biyu a Tanzaniya inda kamfanin ruwa ba ya tara isassun kuɗaɗen shiga don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da albashi, duk da cewa tana da mafi girman farashin ruwa a ƙasar.]]
An tsara wannan tsarin ne don ya zama kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanoni don inganta ayyukansu. A cewar MoWI, guda 14 daga cikin UWSSAs na shiyya 20 suna cikin rukunin A, guda 4 an rarraba su azaman B, yayin da kamfanoni a Babati da Lindi suna cikin rukunin C. Sai dai sakamakon wani bincike da Tobias A. Swai na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ya yi, ya nuna cewa UWSSAs na Rukunin A sune mafi karancin inganci duk da cewa suna dogaro da kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot; /&gt; Bayanan EWURA sun kuma nuna cewa guda biyu daga cikin kamfanonin shiyya ashirin suna da rabon kuɗin gudanarwa mafi girma fiye da ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za su iya dorewar matakin hidimar yanzu. Wasu kamfanoni guda bakwai kuma suna iya tafiyar da ayyukansu na yanzu da kyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Matakan farashi''' ana tsara su ne a matakin gida, amma suna buƙatar amincewar hukumar kula da kayayyaki ta ƙasa wato EWURA. A yankunan birane, UWSSAs suna ƙayyade farashi gwargwadon buƙatun kuɗaɗensu da rukunin da suke aiki a ciki. A cikin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi ke gudanarwa, ana ƙayyade matakan farashi ta Majalisar Gundumar da abin ya shafa, amma ba tare da takamaiman manufa ta dawo da kuɗaɗen ba. Farashin yawanci yana da arha kuma ba a sake duba shi ba a shekarun baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; A Dar es Salaam matsakaicin farashin ruwa a shekarar 2008 ya kasance TSh 599 ko dalar Amurka 0.46 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Lindi ce ke da mafi girman matsakaicin farashin ruwa: TSh 833 ko dalar Amurka 0.64 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Matsakaicin farashin ruwan birni ya kasance TSh 437.40, daidai da dalar Amurka 0.34 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

UWSSAs suna gudanar da '''auna lissafin ruwa''' (water metering). A Arusha, Dodoma, Moshi, Mwanza da Tanga an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na haɗin gidaje an auna su. Alkaluman sun fito fili sama da kashi 50% a wasu birane guda goma sha ɗaya, inda Lindi ta kasance mafi muni da kashi 26% na haɗin gwiwar da aka auna. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008 akwai jimillar haɗin gidaje sama da 331,000 da aka auna a yankin da kamfanonin shiyya ke yi wa hidima (adadin ya kusan ninkawa idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2007 - kusan haɗin gwiwa 169,000 da aka auna). Kula da mita na ruwa da kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan an bayyana su ta MoWI a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa ga masu samar da ruwa na birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Game da '''ikon biya''', wani nazari na binciken kasafin kuɗin gida na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan masu kuɗi na 'yan Tanzaniya suna kashe fiye da TSh 4,000 (dalar Amurka 3.10) kowane wata don ruwa, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Waɗanda ke cikin mafi rashi suna kashe kusan TSh 1,000 (dalar Amurka 0.77) kowane wata don ruwa, amma wannan yana wakiltar kashi 4.5 na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Guda cikin dalilan da suka sa talakawa ke kashe kuɗi kaɗan a zahiri akan ruwa shi ne cewa suna ɗebo ruwa kyauta daga rijiyoyi da rafuka. Ba a bambance bayanan tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ba, kodayake akwai yuwuwar talakawan birni waɗanda ba su da hanyar samun ruwa kyauta suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa don ruwa fiye da waɗanda ke yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET)|title=Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=11}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin farar hula ===
Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraja,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma MSABI.


== Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara ==
Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayin jama'a ==
Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon tattalin arziki ==
Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci.

'''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sassan kuɗi ==

=== Farashi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe ===
Manufar ruwa ta ƙasa (NAWAPO) tana bayyana kamfanoni a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da kayayyaki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, tana haɓaka batun '''dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare''' (operational and maintenance - O&amp;M) a matsayin tushe na samar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Ana sa ran Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara za su biya cikakkun kuɗaɗen O&amp;M da kuma kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen jarin gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt; An raba Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Birane zuwa guda uku bisa ga yadda suke nuna ƙwazo wajen dawo da kuɗaɗen:
* Rukunin A: hukumomin da ke biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, gami da albashin ma'aikata, kuɗin wutar lantarki da wasu gudunmawa ga zuba jari;
* Rukunin B: hukumomin da ke biyan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, suna raba kuɗin wutar lantarki da gwamnati, kuma suna iya biyan cikakken albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin;
* Rukunin C: hukumomin da ke buƙatar tallafin gwamnati don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da kuma biyan albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin.

[[File:Lindi.jpg|thumb|right|Lindi tana ɗaya daga cikin birane biyu a Tanzaniya inda kamfanin ruwa ba ya tara isassun kuɗaɗen shiga don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da albashi, duk da cewa tana da mafi girman farashin ruwa a ƙasar.]]
An tsara wannan tsarin ne don ya zama kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanoni don inganta ayyukansu. A cewar MoWI, guda 14 daga cikin UWSSAs na shiyya 20 suna cikin rukunin A, guda 4 an rarraba su azaman B, yayin da kamfanoni a Babati da Lindi suna cikin rukunin C. Sai dai sakamakon wani bincike da Tobias A. Swai na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ya yi, ya nuna cewa UWSSAs na Rukunin A sune mafi karancin inganci duk da cewa suna dogaro da kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot; /&gt; Bayanan EWURA sun kuma nuna cewa guda biyu daga cikin kamfanonin shiyya ashirin suna da rabon kuɗin gudanarwa mafi girma fiye da ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za su iya dorewar matakin hidimar yanzu. Wasu kamfanoni guda bakwai kuma suna iya tafiyar da ayyukansu na yanzu da kyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Matakan farashi''' ana tsara su ne a matakin gida, amma suna buƙatar amincewar hukumar kula da kayayyaki ta ƙasa wato EWURA. A yankunan birane, UWSSAs suna ƙayyade farashi gwargwadon buƙatun kuɗaɗensu da rukunin da suke aiki a ciki. A cikin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi ke gudanarwa, ana ƙayyade matakan farashi ta Majalisar Gundumar da abin ya shafa, amma ba tare da takamaiman manufa ta dawo da kuɗaɗen ba. Farashin yawanci yana da arha kuma ba a sake duba shi ba a shekarun baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; A Dar es Salaam matsakaicin farashin ruwa a shekarar 2008 ya kasance TSh 599 ko dalar Amurka 0.46 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Lindi ce ke da mafi girman matsakaicin farashin ruwa: TSh 833 ko dalar Amurka 0.64 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Matsakaicin farashin ruwan birni ya kasance TSh 437.40, daidai da dalar Amurka 0.34 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

UWSSAs suna gudanar da '''auna lissafin ruwa''' (water metering). A Arusha, Dodoma, Moshi, Mwanza da Tanga an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na haɗin gidaje an auna su. Alkaluman sun fito fili sama da kashi 50% a wasu birane guda goma sha ɗaya, inda Lindi ta kasance mafi muni da kashi 26% na haɗin gwiwar da aka auna. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008 akwai jimillar haɗin gidaje sama da 331,000 da aka auna a yankin da kamfanonin shiyya ke yi wa hidima (adadin ya kusan ninkawa idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2007 - kusan haɗin gwiwa 169,000 da aka auna). Kula da mita na ruwa da kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan an bayyana su ta MoWI a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa ga masu samar da ruwa na birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Game da '''ikon biya''', wani nazari na binciken kasafin kuɗin gida na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan masu kuɗi na 'yan Tanzaniya suna kashe fiye da TSh 4,000 (dalar Amurka 3.10) kowane wata don ruwa, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Waɗanda ke cikin mafi rashi suna kashe kusan TSh 1,000 (dalar Amurka 0.77) kowane wata don ruwa, amma wannan yana wakiltar kashi 4.5 na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Guda cikin dalilan da suka sa talakawa ke kashe kuɗi kaɗan a zahiri akan ruwa shi ne cewa suna ɗebo ruwa kyauta daga rijiyoyi da rafuka. Ba a bambance bayanan tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ba, kodayake akwai yuwuwar talakawan birni waɗanda ba su da hanyar samun ruwa kyauta suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa don ruwa fiye da waɗanda ke yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET)|title=Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=11}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe ===
'''Zuba jari.''' A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, jimillar kasafin kuɗi na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 ya kasance biliyan TSh 286.5, daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 220. Daga cikin waɗannan, dalar Amurka miliyan 175 ne aka kashe a zahiri. Kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010 shi ne biliyan TSh 309.6, ko dalar Amurka miliyan 238. An ware kashi 40.1% ga ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli sannan kashi 43.9% ga ruwan birane da magudanar ruwa. Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da ci gaban hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki an ware musu kashi 8.5% da kashi 7.4% na kasafin kuɗin bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi 31&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%20Bibliography Water Sector Status Report 2009] p.31&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton UN Water Country Brief na Tanzaniya, ya nuna kiyasin matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a lokacin 2002–2011. A cewar rahoton, kuɗaɗen zuba jari na gwamnati dalar Amurka miliyan 30 ne kawai a kowace shekara tare da tallafin ci gaba na hukuma na dalar Amurka miliyan 82 a kowace shekara, kusan sau bakwai ƙasa da alkaluman gwamnati na shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-09. Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sun canza sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara, tare da kololuwa a 2008-09.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=UN Water|title=Republic of Tanzania: UN-Water Country Brief|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822033747/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a na Sashen Ruwa ya ba da cikakken bincike kan tsarin kashe kasafin kuɗi. Ya bayyana cewa a sashen ruwa babban ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen ci gaba kuma kashi 15% ne kawai kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa akai-akai (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% na kuɗaɗen ci gaba a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati). Haka kuma, sakamakon manufar rarraba madafun iko na gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin da aka ware wa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi da shiyyoyi ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 LGAs suna da rabo a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin sashen ruwa na kusan kashi 25%, yayin da adadin ya kasance kashi 20% ga shiyyoyi. Sabanin haka, wani sashe na kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin tsakiya da ke ƙaruwa ana sadaukar da shi ne ga nazarin dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies): wannan yana nuna irin rawar haɗin gwiwa da tsara manufofi da MoWI ke canzawa zuwa gare ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Financing.''' Tanzaniya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi karɓar tallafin ƙasashen waje a yankin Saharar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html Overview of Aid in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524091313/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html |date=24 May 2010 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da taimako ta hanyar tallafi, lamuni na rangwame da sauƙaƙe bashi. Gudanar da taimako a Tanzaniya yana jagorantar da Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa (JAST) wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma an yi niyya don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Sanarwar Paris kan Ingantaccen Taimako. JAST tana ba da shawarar haɗa dukkan kuɗaɗen ci gaba cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, tana haɓaka ikon mallakar ƙasa da haɓaka &quot;rarraba ayyuka&quot; tsakanin masu ba da gudunmawa.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html JAST for Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124201/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html |date=7 October 2010 }}, retrieved 4 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a ya nuna cewa ba duka kashe kuɗi a sashen ruwa ke cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati ba. Kwatanta tsakanin bayanan OECD da na Ma'aikatar Kuɗi akan tallafin bangarori biyu ya nuna cewa akwai gibi tsakanin tushen guda biyu. Wannan yana nuna cewa an sami tallafin da ba ya cikin kasafin kuɗi na kusan kashi 26% na jimillar tallafin bangarori biyu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt; Dangane da bayanan da MoWI ta amurke, na kuɗaɗen da aka tsara don sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010, kusan kashi 88% za a samar da su ne daga canja wurin kuɗaɗen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin farar hula ===
Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraja,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma MSABI.


== Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara ==
Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayin jama'a ==
Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon tattalin arziki ==
Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci.

'''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sassan kuɗi ==

=== Farashi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe ===
Manufar ruwa ta ƙasa (NAWAPO) tana bayyana kamfanoni a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da kayayyaki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, tana haɓaka batun '''dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare''' (operational and maintenance - O&amp;M) a matsayin tushe na samar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Ana sa ran Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara za su biya cikakkun kuɗaɗen O&amp;M da kuma kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen jarin gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt; An raba Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Birane zuwa guda uku bisa ga yadda suke nuna ƙwazo wajen dawo da kuɗaɗen:
* Rukunin A: hukumomin da ke biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, gami da albashin ma'aikata, kuɗin wutar lantarki da wasu gudunmawa ga zuba jari;
* Rukunin B: hukumomin da ke biyan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, suna raba kuɗin wutar lantarki da gwamnati, kuma suna iya biyan cikakken albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin;
* Rukunin C: hukumomin da ke buƙatar tallafin gwamnati don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da kuma biyan albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin.

[[File:Lindi.jpg|thumb|right|Lindi tana ɗaya daga cikin birane biyu a Tanzaniya inda kamfanin ruwa ba ya tara isassun kuɗaɗen shiga don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da albashi, duk da cewa tana da mafi girman farashin ruwa a ƙasar.]]
An tsara wannan tsarin ne don ya zama kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanoni don inganta ayyukansu. A cewar MoWI, guda 14 daga cikin UWSSAs na shiyya 20 suna cikin rukunin A, guda 4 an rarraba su azaman B, yayin da kamfanoni a Babati da Lindi suna cikin rukunin C. Sai dai sakamakon wani bincike da Tobias A. Swai na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ya yi, ya nuna cewa UWSSAs na Rukunin A sune mafi karancin inganci duk da cewa suna dogaro da kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot; /&gt; Bayanan EWURA sun kuma nuna cewa guda biyu daga cikin kamfanonin shiyya ashirin suna da rabon kuɗin gudanarwa mafi girma fiye da ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za su iya dorewar matakin hidimar yanzu. Wasu kamfanoni guda bakwai kuma suna iya tafiyar da ayyukansu na yanzu da kyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Matakan farashi''' ana tsara su ne a matakin gida, amma suna buƙatar amincewar hukumar kula da kayayyaki ta ƙasa wato EWURA. A yankunan birane, UWSSAs suna ƙayyade farashi gwargwadon buƙatun kuɗaɗensu da rukunin da suke aiki a ciki. A cikin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi ke gudanarwa, ana ƙayyade matakan farashi ta Majalisar Gundumar da abin ya shafa, amma ba tare da takamaiman manufa ta dawo da kuɗaɗen ba. Farashin yawanci yana da arha kuma ba a sake duba shi ba a shekarun baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; A Dar es Salaam matsakaicin farashin ruwa a shekarar 2008 ya kasance TSh 599 ko dalar Amurka 0.46 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Lindi ce ke da mafi girman matsakaicin farashin ruwa: TSh 833 ko dalar Amurka 0.64 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Matsakaicin farashin ruwan birni ya kasance TSh 437.40, daidai da dalar Amurka 0.34 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

UWSSAs suna gudanar da '''auna lissafin ruwa''' (water metering). A Arusha, Dodoma, Moshi, Mwanza da Tanga an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na haɗin gidaje an auna su. Alkaluman sun fito fili sama da kashi 50% a wasu birane guda goma sha ɗaya, inda Lindi ta kasance mafi muni da kashi 26% na haɗin gwiwar da aka auna. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008 akwai jimillar haɗin gidaje sama da 331,000 da aka auna a yankin da kamfanonin shiyya ke yi wa hidima (adadin ya kusan ninkawa idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2007 - kusan haɗin gwiwa 169,000 da aka auna). Kula da mita na ruwa da kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan an bayyana su ta MoWI a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa ga masu samar da ruwa na birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Game da '''ikon biya''', wani nazari na binciken kasafin kuɗin gida na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan masu kuɗi na 'yan Tanzaniya suna kashe fiye da TSh 4,000 (dalar Amurka 3.10) kowane wata don ruwa, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Waɗanda ke cikin mafi rashi suna kashe kusan TSh 1,000 (dalar Amurka 0.77) kowane wata don ruwa, amma wannan yana wakiltar kashi 4.5 na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Guda cikin dalilan da suka sa talakawa ke kashe kuɗi kaɗan a zahiri akan ruwa shi ne cewa suna ɗebo ruwa kyauta daga rijiyoyi da rafuka. Ba a bambance bayanan tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ba, kodayake akwai yuwuwar talakawan birni waɗanda ba su da hanyar samun ruwa kyauta suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa don ruwa fiye da waɗanda ke yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET)|title=Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=11}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe ===
'''Zuba jari.''' A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, jimillar kasafin kuɗi na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 ya kasance biliyan TSh 286.5, daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 220. Daga cikin waɗannan, dalar Amurka miliyan 175 ne aka kashe a zahiri. Kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010 shi ne biliyan TSh 309.6, ko dalar Amurka miliyan 238. An ware kashi 40.1% ga ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli sannan kashi 43.9% ga ruwan birane da magudanar ruwa. Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da ci gaban hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki an ware musu kashi 8.5% da kashi 7.4% na kasafin kuɗin bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi 31&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%20Bibliography Water Sector Status Report 2009] p.31&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton UN Water Country Brief na Tanzaniya, ya nuna kiyasin matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a lokacin 2002–2011. A cewar rahoton, kuɗaɗen zuba jari na gwamnati dalar Amurka miliyan 30 ne kawai a kowace shekara tare da tallafin ci gaba na hukuma na dalar Amurka miliyan 82 a kowace shekara, kusan sau bakwai ƙasa da alkaluman gwamnati na shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-09. Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sun canza sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara, tare da kololuwa a 2008-09.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=UN Water|title=Republic of Tanzania: UN-Water Country Brief|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822033747/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a na Sashen Ruwa ya ba da cikakken bincike kan tsarin kashe kasafin kuɗi. Ya bayyana cewa a sashen ruwa babban ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen ci gaba kuma kashi 15% ne kawai kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa akai-akai (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% na kuɗaɗen ci gaba a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati). Haka kuma, sakamakon manufar rarraba madafun iko na gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin da aka ware wa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi da shiyyoyi ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 LGAs suna da rabo a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin sashen ruwa na kusan kashi 25%, yayin da adadin ya kasance kashi 20% ga shiyyoyi. Sabanin haka, wani sashe na kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin tsakiya da ke ƙaruwa ana sadaukar da shi ne ga nazarin dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies): wannan yana nuna irin rawar haɗin gwiwa da tsara manufofi da MoWI ke canzawa zuwa gare ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Financing.''' Tanzaniya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi karɓar tallafin ƙasashen waje a yankin Saharar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html Overview of Aid in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524091313/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html |date=24 May 2010 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da taimako ta hanyar tallafi, lamuni na rangwame da sauƙaƙe bashi. Gudanar da taimako a Tanzaniya yana jagorantar da Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa (JAST) wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma an yi niyya don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Sanarwar Paris kan Ingantaccen Taimako. JAST tana ba da shawarar haɗa dukkan kuɗaɗen ci gaba cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, tana haɓaka ikon mallakar ƙasa da haɓaka &quot;rarraba ayyuka&quot; tsakanin masu ba da gudunmawa.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html JAST for Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124201/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html |date=7 October 2010 }}, retrieved 4 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a ya nuna cewa ba duka kashe kuɗi a sashen ruwa ke cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati ba. Kwatanta tsakanin bayanan OECD da na Ma'aikatar Kuɗi akan tallafin bangarori biyu ya nuna cewa akwai gibi tsakanin tushen guda biyu. Wannan yana nuna cewa an sami tallafin da ba ya cikin kasafin kuɗi na kusan kashi 26% na jimillar tallafin bangarori biyu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt; Dangane da bayanan da MoWI ta amurke, na kuɗaɗen da aka tsara don sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010, kusan kashi 88% za a samar da su ne daga canja wurin kuɗaɗen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Tanzaniya tana karɓar tallafin waje daga hukumomin bayar da gudunmawa da yawa. An tsara su a cikin Rukunin Abokan Ci Gaba (DPG) wanda ke da nufin inganta daidaiton masu ba da gudunmawa da ingantaccen taimako. Ana gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin DPG da Ma'aikatun da ke da alhakin ruwa ta hanyar rukunoni guda huɗu na ayyuka na jigo waɗanda ke nuna al'amuran ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |title=Development Partners Group Tanzania |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525162332/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan masu ba da gudunmawa guda biyar a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya sune: Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Jamus, Netherlands da Bankin Duniya. A cikin iyakokin JAST, Gwamnatin Tanzaniya, Bankin Duniya, Jamus, da gwamnatin Dutch suna ba da gudunmawa ga Asusun WSDP Basket Fund wanda wani tsari ne na Tsarin Sashi Guda (SWAp).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sauran masu ba da gudunmawa sun haɗa da: AFD ta Faransa, JICA ta Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, UK (DFID), Amurka (USAID da MCC).

=== Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ===
Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB) yana cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya tare da ayyuka guda uku. Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2001, yana mai da hankali kan inganta damar samun ruwa, inganci da amincin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF ''Dar Salaam Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726091819/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF |date=26 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Gundumar Monduli a shekarar 2003 da nufin tabbatar da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga mazauna ƙauyuka goma sha takwas a Gundumar Monduli. AfDB ta ba da tallafin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 10 wanda ya rufe kashi 90% na kuɗaɗen aikin.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2003-145-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-MONDULI-DISTRICT-WATER-PROJECT.PDF ''Monduli District Water Supply Project, Appraisal Report'']&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2006, AfDB tare da sauran masu ba da gudunmawa suna ba da gudunmawa ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara. Shirin yana da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara da kuma inganta ƙarfin hukumomi - a matakin gunduma da gwamnati - don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara bisa ga buƙata.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760 ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Overview''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010225108/http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760/ |date=10 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114530/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF |date=27 September 2011 }}, retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ===
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya ta hanyar albarkatun Asusun Ci Gaban Turai National Indicative Programme (NIP) da kuma Tsarin Ruwa na EU. A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, ayyuka goma sha uku da aka haɗa gwiwa da Tsarin Ruwa don tallafawa suna kan aiwatarwa, akan jimillar kuɗi yuro miliyan 20.08.&lt;ref&gt;European Commission [http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/jar08_tz_en.pdf JOINT ANNUAL REPORT, Tanzania 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;
Haɗin gwiwar EU a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana mai da hankali ne kan talakawa a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane.</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin farar hula ===
Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraja,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma MSABI.


== Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara ==
Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayin jama'a ==
Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon tattalin arziki ==
Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci.

'''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sassan kuɗi ==

=== Farashi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe ===
Manufar ruwa ta ƙasa (NAWAPO) tana bayyana kamfanoni a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da kayayyaki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, tana haɓaka batun '''dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare''' (operational and maintenance - O&amp;M) a matsayin tushe na samar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Ana sa ran Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara za su biya cikakkun kuɗaɗen O&amp;M da kuma kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen jarin gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt; An raba Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Birane zuwa guda uku bisa ga yadda suke nuna ƙwazo wajen dawo da kuɗaɗen:
* Rukunin A: hukumomin da ke biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, gami da albashin ma'aikata, kuɗin wutar lantarki da wasu gudunmawa ga zuba jari;
* Rukunin B: hukumomin da ke biyan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, suna raba kuɗin wutar lantarki da gwamnati, kuma suna iya biyan cikakken albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin;
* Rukunin C: hukumomin da ke buƙatar tallafin gwamnati don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da kuma biyan albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin.

[[File:Lindi.jpg|thumb|right|Lindi tana ɗaya daga cikin birane biyu a Tanzaniya inda kamfanin ruwa ba ya tara isassun kuɗaɗen shiga don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da albashi, duk da cewa tana da mafi girman farashin ruwa a ƙasar.]]
An tsara wannan tsarin ne don ya zama kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanoni don inganta ayyukansu. A cewar MoWI, guda 14 daga cikin UWSSAs na shiyya 20 suna cikin rukunin A, guda 4 an rarraba su azaman B, yayin da kamfanoni a Babati da Lindi suna cikin rukunin C. Sai dai sakamakon wani bincike da Tobias A. Swai na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ya yi, ya nuna cewa UWSSAs na Rukunin A sune mafi karancin inganci duk da cewa suna dogaro da kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot; /&gt; Bayanan EWURA sun kuma nuna cewa guda biyu daga cikin kamfanonin shiyya ashirin suna da rabon kuɗin gudanarwa mafi girma fiye da ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za su iya dorewar matakin hidimar yanzu. Wasu kamfanoni guda bakwai kuma suna iya tafiyar da ayyukansu na yanzu da kyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Matakan farashi''' ana tsara su ne a matakin gida, amma suna buƙatar amincewar hukumar kula da kayayyaki ta ƙasa wato EWURA. A yankunan birane, UWSSAs suna ƙayyade farashi gwargwadon buƙatun kuɗaɗensu da rukunin da suke aiki a ciki. A cikin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi ke gudanarwa, ana ƙayyade matakan farashi ta Majalisar Gundumar da abin ya shafa, amma ba tare da takamaiman manufa ta dawo da kuɗaɗen ba. Farashin yawanci yana da arha kuma ba a sake duba shi ba a shekarun baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; A Dar es Salaam matsakaicin farashin ruwa a shekarar 2008 ya kasance TSh 599 ko dalar Amurka 0.46 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Lindi ce ke da mafi girman matsakaicin farashin ruwa: TSh 833 ko dalar Amurka 0.64 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Matsakaicin farashin ruwan birni ya kasance TSh 437.40, daidai da dalar Amurka 0.34 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

UWSSAs suna gudanar da '''auna lissafin ruwa''' (water metering). A Arusha, Dodoma, Moshi, Mwanza da Tanga an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na haɗin gidaje an auna su. Alkaluman sun fito fili sama da kashi 50% a wasu birane guda goma sha ɗaya, inda Lindi ta kasance mafi muni da kashi 26% na haɗin gwiwar da aka auna. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008 akwai jimillar haɗin gidaje sama da 331,000 da aka auna a yankin da kamfanonin shiyya ke yi wa hidima (adadin ya kusan ninkawa idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2007 - kusan haɗin gwiwa 169,000 da aka auna). Kula da mita na ruwa da kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan an bayyana su ta MoWI a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa ga masu samar da ruwa na birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Game da '''ikon biya''', wani nazari na binciken kasafin kuɗin gida na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan masu kuɗi na 'yan Tanzaniya suna kashe fiye da TSh 4,000 (dalar Amurka 3.10) kowane wata don ruwa, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Waɗanda ke cikin mafi rashi suna kashe kusan TSh 1,000 (dalar Amurka 0.77) kowane wata don ruwa, amma wannan yana wakiltar kashi 4.5 na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Guda cikin dalilan da suka sa talakawa ke kashe kuɗi kaɗan a zahiri akan ruwa shi ne cewa suna ɗebo ruwa kyauta daga rijiyoyi da rafuka. Ba a bambance bayanan tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ba, kodayake akwai yuwuwar talakawan birni waɗanda ba su da hanyar samun ruwa kyauta suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa don ruwa fiye da waɗanda ke yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET)|title=Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=11}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe ===
'''Zuba jari.''' A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, jimillar kasafin kuɗi na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 ya kasance biliyan TSh 286.5, daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 220. Daga cikin waɗannan, dalar Amurka miliyan 175 ne aka kashe a zahiri. Kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010 shi ne biliyan TSh 309.6, ko dalar Amurka miliyan 238. An ware kashi 40.1% ga ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli sannan kashi 43.9% ga ruwan birane da magudanar ruwa. Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da ci gaban hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki an ware musu kashi 8.5% da kashi 7.4% na kasafin kuɗin bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi 31&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%20Bibliography Water Sector Status Report 2009] p.31&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton UN Water Country Brief na Tanzaniya, ya nuna kiyasin matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a lokacin 2002–2011. A cewar rahoton, kuɗaɗen zuba jari na gwamnati dalar Amurka miliyan 30 ne kawai a kowace shekara tare da tallafin ci gaba na hukuma na dalar Amurka miliyan 82 a kowace shekara, kusan sau bakwai ƙasa da alkaluman gwamnati na shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-09. Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sun canza sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara, tare da kololuwa a 2008-09.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=UN Water|title=Republic of Tanzania: UN-Water Country Brief|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822033747/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a na Sashen Ruwa ya ba da cikakken bincike kan tsarin kashe kasafin kuɗi. Ya bayyana cewa a sashen ruwa babban ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen ci gaba kuma kashi 15% ne kawai kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa akai-akai (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% na kuɗaɗen ci gaba a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati). Haka kuma, sakamakon manufar rarraba madafun iko na gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin da aka ware wa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi da shiyyoyi ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 LGAs suna da rabo a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin sashen ruwa na kusan kashi 25%, yayin da adadin ya kasance kashi 20% ga shiyyoyi. Sabanin haka, wani sashe na kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin tsakiya da ke ƙaruwa ana sadaukar da shi ne ga nazarin dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies): wannan yana nuna irin rawar haɗin gwiwa da tsara manufofi da MoWI ke canzawa zuwa gare ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Financing.''' Tanzaniya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi karɓar tallafin ƙasashen waje a yankin Saharar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html Overview of Aid in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524091313/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html |date=24 May 2010 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da taimako ta hanyar tallafi, lamuni na rangwame da sauƙaƙe bashi. Gudanar da taimako a Tanzaniya yana jagorantar da Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa (JAST) wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma an yi niyya don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Sanarwar Paris kan Ingantaccen Taimako. JAST tana ba da shawarar haɗa dukkan kuɗaɗen ci gaba cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, tana haɓaka ikon mallakar ƙasa da haɓaka &quot;rarraba ayyuka&quot; tsakanin masu ba da gudunmawa.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html JAST for Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124201/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html |date=7 October 2010 }}, retrieved 4 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a ya nuna cewa ba duka kashe kuɗi a sashen ruwa ke cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati ba. Kwatanta tsakanin bayanan OECD da na Ma'aikatar Kuɗi akan tallafin bangarori biyu ya nuna cewa akwai gibi tsakanin tushen guda biyu. Wannan yana nuna cewa an sami tallafin da ba ya cikin kasafin kuɗi na kusan kashi 26% na jimillar tallafin bangarori biyu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt; Dangane da bayanan da MoWI ta amurke, na kuɗaɗen da aka tsara don sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010, kusan kashi 88% za a samar da su ne daga canja wurin kuɗaɗen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Tanzaniya tana karɓar tallafin waje daga hukumomin bayar da gudunmawa da yawa. An tsara su a cikin Rukunin Abokan Ci Gaba (DPG) wanda ke da nufin inganta daidaiton masu ba da gudunmawa da ingantaccen taimako. Ana gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin DPG da Ma'aikatun da ke da alhakin ruwa ta hanyar rukunoni guda huɗu na ayyuka na jigo waɗanda ke nuna al'amuran ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |title=Development Partners Group Tanzania |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525162332/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan masu ba da gudunmawa guda biyar a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya sune: Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Jamus, Netherlands da Bankin Duniya. A cikin iyakokin JAST, Gwamnatin Tanzaniya, Bankin Duniya, Jamus, da gwamnatin Dutch suna ba da gudunmawa ga Asusun WSDP Basket Fund wanda wani tsari ne na Tsarin Sashi Guda (SWAp).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sauran masu ba da gudunmawa sun haɗa da: AFD ta Faransa, JICA ta Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, UK (DFID), Amurka (USAID da MCC).

=== Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ===
Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB) yana cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya tare da ayyuka guda uku. Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2001, yana mai da hankali kan inganta damar samun ruwa, inganci da amincin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF ''Dar Salaam Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726091819/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF |date=26 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Gundumar Monduli a shekarar 2003 da nufin tabbatar da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga mazauna ƙauyuka goma sha takwas a Gundumar Monduli. AfDB ta ba da tallafin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 10 wanda ya rufe kashi 90% na kuɗaɗen aikin.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2003-145-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-MONDULI-DISTRICT-WATER-PROJECT.PDF ''Monduli District Water Supply Project, Appraisal Report'']&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2006, AfDB tare da sauran masu ba da gudunmawa suna ba da gudunmawa ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara. Shirin yana da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara da kuma inganta ƙarfin hukumomi - a matakin gunduma da gwamnati - don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara bisa ga buƙata.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760 ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Overview''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010225108/http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760/ |date=10 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114530/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF |date=27 September 2011 }}, retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ===
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya ta hanyar albarkatun Asusun Ci Gaban Turai National Indicative Programme (NIP) da kuma Tsarin Ruwa na EU. A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, ayyuka goma sha uku da aka haɗa gwiwa da Tsarin Ruwa don tallafawa suna kan aiwatarwa, akan jimillar kuɗi yuro miliyan 20.08.&lt;ref&gt;European Commission [http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/jar08_tz_en.pdf JOINT ANNUAL REPORT, Tanzania 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;
Haɗin gwiwar EU a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana mai da hankali ne kan talakawa a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane.
Tsakanin 2003 da 2007, EU ta ƙaddamar da kusan yuro miliyan 33 ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa zuwa Cibiyoyin Shiyya, wanda aka ba da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kuɗi na Jamus. Babban makasudin shirin shi ne inganta damar samun daidaiton samar da ruwa mai dorewa da sabis na gudanar da ruwan sha a cibiyoyin shiyya guda uku na Mwanza, Iringa da Mbeya. An samar da ƙarin kuɗaɗe na kusan yuro miliyan 6.6 don Aikin Gyaran Magudanar Ruwa na Mwanza tsakanin 2000 da 2004, wanda manufarsa ita ce hana ambaliyar danyen ruwan sha daga Mwanza zuwa Tafkin Victoria. Ana tallafawa ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar babban tsarin kasafin kuɗi na EU don haɗa kuɗaɗen ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;European Commission's Delegation in Tanzania [http://deltza.ec.europa.eu/en/cooperation/sectors/water.htm EU Water Projects]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamus ===
[[File:Mbeya.jpg|thumb|right|Mbeya birni ne inda haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus ke tallafawa ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.]]
Tun daga shekarun 1970, Jamus tana haɗa gwiwa da Gwamnatin Tanzaniya a yunƙurinta na inganta yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙasar. Ana gudanar da haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus galibi ta hanyar KfW da GIZ. Tsakanin 2007 da 2009, KfW ta samar da EUR 17.25 miliyan don Water Basket. Bugu da ƙari, KfW tana aiki a cikin ayyukan ƙasa da na shiyya da yawa a Tanzaniya. Misali, a cikin shekarar 2003 KfW ta ba da yuro miliyan 21 don aikin ''Supporting Regional Center's Water Supply and Sewerage'' a cikin garuruwan Mbeya da Mwanza da ke haɓaka cikin sauri. An kuma shirya nazarin dacewa da tsarin zuba jari don Iringa, inda aka fara aiwatarwa a shekarar 2006. Makasudin aikin shi ne inganta samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da ayyukan magudanar ruwa ta hanyar ƙarfafa ƙarfin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane masu zaman kansu. Don cimma wannan, an faɗaɗa tare da gyara ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, an inganta ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli kuma an gudanar da matakan gina ƙarfi, gami da inganta tsarin IT da ake amfani da su don lissafin kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;KfW Tanzania Office [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/LocalPresence/Sub-Sahara62/Office_Tanzania/Activities_in_Tanzania/Water_Supply_and_Sanitation.jsp KfW Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

GIZ tana haɓaka damar cikin gida a cikin sashen, gami da ma'aikatar, EWURA da kuma masu samar da sabis na kasuwanci, kamar waɗanda ke Tanga da kuma Yankin Kilimanjaro.&lt;ref&gt;GIZ [http://www.GIZ.de/de/dokumente/en-tanzanian-german-development-cooperation.pdf ''Tanzanian-German Development Cooperation - Water sector'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p.10-13&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indiya ===
A shekarar 2012 gwamnatan Indiya ta ba da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 178 don aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa don rage ƙarancin ruwa a Dar es Salaam &quot;zuwa 2014&quot;. Lamunin zai ba da kuɗin haɓaka ƙarfin masana'antar Upper Ruvu zuwa mita cubic 196,000 daga mita cubic 82,000 na yanzu a rana guda kuma a gina sabon layin watsawa daga masana'antar zuwa birnin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, wasu sassa na birnin suna karɓar ruwa sau biyu a mako yayin da wasu ba su sami ko ɗaya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tanzania: Dar es Salaam Gets U.S. $271 Million for Water|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210081281.html|publisher=allafrica.com|access-date=12 May 2013|date=8 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Netherlands ===
Gwamnatin Netherlands ta ba da kuɗi don WSDP Water Basket (ta hanyar umarni ga KfW). Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV) tana ba da tallafi a manyan fannoni guda uku na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: (a) inganta aikin wuraren ruwa da ke akwai ta hanyar taswirar wuraren ruwa (wanda aka gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar WaterAid), (b) tallafi ga ayyukan ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli a makarantu, da (c) gina ƙarfi a cikin IWRM.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728034836/http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx |date=28 July 2011 }}[[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation|SNV]]&lt;span&gt; joins hands with WaterAid and CONCERN during Water Week&lt;/span&gt;, retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka ===
Amurka ta ba da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 66.3 don ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa Masana'antar Lower Ruvu wacce ke samar da ruwa ga Dar es Salaam daga mita cubic 180,000 zuwa 270,000 kowace rana, gami da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga da kuma gyara masana'antun tace ruwa guda biyu a Morogoro kusa da Dar es Salaam</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin farar hula ===
Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraja,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma MSABI.


== Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara ==
Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayin jama'a ==
Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon tattalin arziki ==
Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci.

'''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sassan kuɗi ==

=== Farashi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe ===
Manufar ruwa ta ƙasa (NAWAPO) tana bayyana kamfanoni a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da kayayyaki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, tana haɓaka batun '''dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare''' (operational and maintenance - O&amp;M) a matsayin tushe na samar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Ana sa ran Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara za su biya cikakkun kuɗaɗen O&amp;M da kuma kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen jarin gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt; An raba Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Birane zuwa guda uku bisa ga yadda suke nuna ƙwazo wajen dawo da kuɗaɗen:
* Rukunin A: hukumomin da ke biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, gami da albashin ma'aikata, kuɗin wutar lantarki da wasu gudunmawa ga zuba jari;
* Rukunin B: hukumomin da ke biyan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, suna raba kuɗin wutar lantarki da gwamnati, kuma suna iya biyan cikakken albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin;
* Rukunin C: hukumomin da ke buƙatar tallafin gwamnati don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da kuma biyan albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin.

[[File:Lindi.jpg|thumb|right|Lindi tana ɗaya daga cikin birane biyu a Tanzaniya inda kamfanin ruwa ba ya tara isassun kuɗaɗen shiga don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da albashi, duk da cewa tana da mafi girman farashin ruwa a ƙasar.]]
An tsara wannan tsarin ne don ya zama kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanoni don inganta ayyukansu. A cewar MoWI, guda 14 daga cikin UWSSAs na shiyya 20 suna cikin rukunin A, guda 4 an rarraba su azaman B, yayin da kamfanoni a Babati da Lindi suna cikin rukunin C. Sai dai sakamakon wani bincike da Tobias A. Swai na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ya yi, ya nuna cewa UWSSAs na Rukunin A sune mafi karancin inganci duk da cewa suna dogaro da kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot; /&gt; Bayanan EWURA sun kuma nuna cewa guda biyu daga cikin kamfanonin shiyya ashirin suna da rabon kuɗin gudanarwa mafi girma fiye da ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za su iya dorewar matakin hidimar yanzu. Wasu kamfanoni guda bakwai kuma suna iya tafiyar da ayyukansu na yanzu da kyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Matakan farashi''' ana tsara su ne a matakin gida, amma suna buƙatar amincewar hukumar kula da kayayyaki ta ƙasa wato EWURA. A yankunan birane, UWSSAs suna ƙayyade farashi gwargwadon buƙatun kuɗaɗensu da rukunin da suke aiki a ciki. A cikin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi ke gudanarwa, ana ƙayyade matakan farashi ta Majalisar Gundumar da abin ya shafa, amma ba tare da takamaiman manufa ta dawo da kuɗaɗen ba. Farashin yawanci yana da arha kuma ba a sake duba shi ba a shekarun baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; A Dar es Salaam matsakaicin farashin ruwa a shekarar 2008 ya kasance TSh 599 ko dalar Amurka 0.46 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Lindi ce ke da mafi girman matsakaicin farashin ruwa: TSh 833 ko dalar Amurka 0.64 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Matsakaicin farashin ruwan birni ya kasance TSh 437.40, daidai da dalar Amurka 0.34 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

UWSSAs suna gudanar da '''auna lissafin ruwa''' (water metering). A Arusha, Dodoma, Moshi, Mwanza da Tanga an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na haɗin gidaje an auna su. Alkaluman sun fito fili sama da kashi 50% a wasu birane guda goma sha ɗaya, inda Lindi ta kasance mafi muni da kashi 26% na haɗin gwiwar da aka auna. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008 akwai jimillar haɗin gidaje sama da 331,000 da aka auna a yankin da kamfanonin shiyya ke yi wa hidima (adadin ya kusan ninkawa idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2007 - kusan haɗin gwiwa 169,000 da aka auna). Kula da mita na ruwa da kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan an bayyana su ta MoWI a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa ga masu samar da ruwa na birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Game da '''ikon biya''', wani nazari na binciken kasafin kuɗin gida na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan masu kuɗi na 'yan Tanzaniya suna kashe fiye da TSh 4,000 (dalar Amurka 3.10) kowane wata don ruwa, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Waɗanda ke cikin mafi rashi suna kashe kusan TSh 1,000 (dalar Amurka 0.77) kowane wata don ruwa, amma wannan yana wakiltar kashi 4.5 na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Guda cikin dalilan da suka sa talakawa ke kashe kuɗi kaɗan a zahiri akan ruwa shi ne cewa suna ɗebo ruwa kyauta daga rijiyoyi da rafuka. Ba a bambance bayanan tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ba, kodayake akwai yuwuwar talakawan birni waɗanda ba su da hanyar samun ruwa kyauta suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa don ruwa fiye da waɗanda ke yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET)|title=Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=11}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe ===
'''Zuba jari.''' A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, jimillar kasafin kuɗi na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 ya kasance biliyan TSh 286.5, daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 220. Daga cikin waɗannan, dalar Amurka miliyan 175 ne aka kashe a zahiri. Kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010 shi ne biliyan TSh 309.6, ko dalar Amurka miliyan 238. An ware kashi 40.1% ga ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli sannan kashi 43.9% ga ruwan birane da magudanar ruwa. Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da ci gaban hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki an ware musu kashi 8.5% da kashi 7.4% na kasafin kuɗin bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi 31&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%20Bibliography Water Sector Status Report 2009] p.31&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton UN Water Country Brief na Tanzaniya, ya nuna kiyasin matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a lokacin 2002–2011. A cewar rahoton, kuɗaɗen zuba jari na gwamnati dalar Amurka miliyan 30 ne kawai a kowace shekara tare da tallafin ci gaba na hukuma na dalar Amurka miliyan 82 a kowace shekara, kusan sau bakwai ƙasa da alkaluman gwamnati na shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-09. Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sun canza sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara, tare da kololuwa a 2008-09.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=UN Water|title=Republic of Tanzania: UN-Water Country Brief|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822033747/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a na Sashen Ruwa ya ba da cikakken bincike kan tsarin kashe kasafin kuɗi. Ya bayyana cewa a sashen ruwa babban ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen ci gaba kuma kashi 15% ne kawai kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa akai-akai (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% na kuɗaɗen ci gaba a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati). Haka kuma, sakamakon manufar rarraba madafun iko na gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin da aka ware wa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi da shiyyoyi ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 LGAs suna da rabo a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin sashen ruwa na kusan kashi 25%, yayin da adadin ya kasance kashi 20% ga shiyyoyi. Sabanin haka, wani sashe na kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin tsakiya da ke ƙaruwa ana sadaukar da shi ne ga nazarin dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies): wannan yana nuna irin rawar haɗin gwiwa da tsara manufofi da MoWI ke canzawa zuwa gare ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Financing.''' Tanzaniya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi karɓar tallafin ƙasashen waje a yankin Saharar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html Overview of Aid in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524091313/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html |date=24 May 2010 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da taimako ta hanyar tallafi, lamuni na rangwame da sauƙaƙe bashi. Gudanar da taimako a Tanzaniya yana jagorantar da Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa (JAST) wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma an yi niyya don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Sanarwar Paris kan Ingantaccen Taimako. JAST tana ba da shawarar haɗa dukkan kuɗaɗen ci gaba cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, tana haɓaka ikon mallakar ƙasa da haɓaka &quot;rarraba ayyuka&quot; tsakanin masu ba da gudunmawa.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html JAST for Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124201/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html |date=7 October 2010 }}, retrieved 4 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a ya nuna cewa ba duka kashe kuɗi a sashen ruwa ke cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati ba. Kwatanta tsakanin bayanan OECD da na Ma'aikatar Kuɗi akan tallafin bangarori biyu ya nuna cewa akwai gibi tsakanin tushen guda biyu. Wannan yana nuna cewa an sami tallafin da ba ya cikin kasafin kuɗi na kusan kashi 26% na jimillar tallafin bangarori biyu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt; Dangane da bayanan da MoWI ta amurke, na kuɗaɗen da aka tsara don sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010, kusan kashi 88% za a samar da su ne daga canja wurin kuɗaɗen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Tanzaniya tana karɓar tallafin waje daga hukumomin bayar da gudunmawa da yawa. An tsara su a cikin Rukunin Abokan Ci Gaba (DPG) wanda ke da nufin inganta daidaiton masu ba da gudunmawa da ingantaccen taimako. Ana gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin DPG da Ma'aikatun da ke da alhakin ruwa ta hanyar rukunoni guda huɗu na ayyuka na jigo waɗanda ke nuna al'amuran ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |title=Development Partners Group Tanzania |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525162332/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan masu ba da gudunmawa guda biyar a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya sune: Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Jamus, Netherlands da Bankin Duniya. A cikin iyakokin JAST, Gwamnatin Tanzaniya, Bankin Duniya, Jamus, da gwamnatin Dutch suna ba da gudunmawa ga Asusun WSDP Basket Fund wanda wani tsari ne na Tsarin Sashi Guda (SWAp).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sauran masu ba da gudunmawa sun haɗa da: AFD ta Faransa, JICA ta Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, UK (DFID), Amurka (USAID da MCC).

=== Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ===
Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB) yana cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya tare da ayyuka guda uku. Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2001, yana mai da hankali kan inganta damar samun ruwa, inganci da amincin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF ''Dar Salaam Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726091819/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF |date=26 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Gundumar Monduli a shekarar 2003 da nufin tabbatar da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga mazauna ƙauyuka goma sha takwas a Gundumar Monduli. AfDB ta ba da tallafin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 10 wanda ya rufe kashi 90% na kuɗaɗen aikin.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2003-145-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-MONDULI-DISTRICT-WATER-PROJECT.PDF ''Monduli District Water Supply Project, Appraisal Report'']&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2006, AfDB tare da sauran masu ba da gudunmawa suna ba da gudunmawa ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara. Shirin yana da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara da kuma inganta ƙarfin hukumomi - a matakin gunduma da gwamnati - don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara bisa ga buƙata.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760 ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Overview''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010225108/http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760/ |date=10 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114530/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF |date=27 September 2011 }}, retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ===
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya ta hanyar albarkatun Asusun Ci Gaban Turai National Indicative Programme (NIP) da kuma Tsarin Ruwa na EU. A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, ayyuka goma sha uku da aka haɗa gwiwa da Tsarin Ruwa don tallafawa suna kan aiwatarwa, akan jimillar kuɗi yuro miliyan 20.08.&lt;ref&gt;European Commission [http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/jar08_tz_en.pdf JOINT ANNUAL REPORT, Tanzania 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;
Haɗin gwiwar EU a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana mai da hankali ne kan talakawa a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane.
Tsakanin 2003 da 2007, EU ta ƙaddamar da kusan yuro miliyan 33 ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa zuwa Cibiyoyin Shiyya, wanda aka ba da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kuɗi na Jamus. Babban makasudin shirin shi ne inganta damar samun daidaiton samar da ruwa mai dorewa da sabis na gudanar da ruwan sha a cibiyoyin shiyya guda uku na Mwanza, Iringa da Mbeya. An samar da ƙarin kuɗaɗe na kusan yuro miliyan 6.6 don Aikin Gyaran Magudanar Ruwa na Mwanza tsakanin 2000 da 2004, wanda manufarsa ita ce hana ambaliyar danyen ruwan sha daga Mwanza zuwa Tafkin Victoria. Ana tallafawa ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar babban tsarin kasafin kuɗi na EU don haɗa kuɗaɗen ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;European Commission's Delegation in Tanzania [http://deltza.ec.europa.eu/en/cooperation/sectors/water.htm EU Water Projects]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamus ===
[[File:Mbeya.jpg|thumb|right|Mbeya birni ne inda haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus ke tallafawa ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.]]
Tun daga shekarun 1970, Jamus tana haɗa gwiwa da Gwamnatin Tanzaniya a yunƙurinta na inganta yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙasar. Ana gudanar da haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus galibi ta hanyar KfW da GIZ. Tsakanin 2007 da 2009, KfW ta samar da EUR 17.25 miliyan don Water Basket. Bugu da ƙari, KfW tana aiki a cikin ayyukan ƙasa da na shiyya da yawa a Tanzaniya. Misali, a cikin shekarar 2003 KfW ta ba da yuro miliyan 21 don aikin ''Supporting Regional Center's Water Supply and Sewerage'' a cikin garuruwan Mbeya da Mwanza da ke haɓaka cikin sauri. An kuma shirya nazarin dacewa da tsarin zuba jari don Iringa, inda aka fara aiwatarwa a shekarar 2006. Makasudin aikin shi ne inganta samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da ayyukan magudanar ruwa ta hanyar ƙarfafa ƙarfin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane masu zaman kansu. Don cimma wannan, an faɗaɗa tare da gyara ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, an inganta ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli kuma an gudanar da matakan gina ƙarfi, gami da inganta tsarin IT da ake amfani da su don lissafin kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;KfW Tanzania Office [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/LocalPresence/Sub-Sahara62/Office_Tanzania/Activities_in_Tanzania/Water_Supply_and_Sanitation.jsp KfW Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

GIZ tana haɓaka damar cikin gida a cikin sashen, gami da ma'aikatar, EWURA da kuma masu samar da sabis na kasuwanci, kamar waɗanda ke Tanga da kuma Yankin Kilimanjaro.&lt;ref&gt;GIZ [http://www.GIZ.de/de/dokumente/en-tanzanian-german-development-cooperation.pdf ''Tanzanian-German Development Cooperation - Water sector'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p.10-13&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indiya ===
A shekarar 2012 gwamnatan Indiya ta ba da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 178 don aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa don rage ƙarancin ruwa a Dar es Salaam &quot;zuwa 2014&quot;. Lamunin zai ba da kuɗin haɓaka ƙarfin masana'antar Upper Ruvu zuwa mita cubic 196,000 daga mita cubic 82,000 na yanzu a rana guda kuma a gina sabon layin watsawa daga masana'antar zuwa birnin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, wasu sassa na birnin suna karɓar ruwa sau biyu a mako yayin da wasu ba su sami ko ɗaya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tanzania: Dar es Salaam Gets U.S. $271 Million for Water|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210081281.html|publisher=allafrica.com|access-date=12 May 2013|date=8 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Netherlands ===
Gwamnatin Netherlands ta ba da kuɗi don WSDP Water Basket (ta hanyar umarni ga KfW). Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV) tana ba da tallafi a manyan fannoni guda uku na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: (a) inganta aikin wuraren ruwa da ke akwai ta hanyar taswirar wuraren ruwa (wanda aka gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar WaterAid), (b) tallafi ga ayyukan ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli a makarantu, da (c) gina ƙarfi a cikin IWRM.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728034836/http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx |date=28 July 2011 }}[[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation|SNV]]&lt;span&gt; joins hands with WaterAid and CONCERN during Water Week&lt;/span&gt;, retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka ===
Amurka ta ba da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 66.3 don ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa Masana'antar Lower Ruvu wacce ke samar da ruwa ga Dar es Salaam daga mita cubic 180,000 zuwa 270,000 kowace rana, gami da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga da kuma gyara masana'antun tace ruwa guda biyu a Morogoro kusa da Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Millennium Challenge Account Tanzania|title=The Water Sector|url=http://www.mca-t.go.tz/en/about-us-v15-70/vision/projects-v15-96/the-water-sector.html|access-date=12 May 2013|date=20 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bugu da ƙari, USAID/Tanzania ta ba da kuɗin shirin shekaru 3 na dala miliyan 15 na Tanzania Integrated Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (iWASH&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tanzania iWASH Project|url=http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012173151/http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;) wanda ya haɗa da tallafin dacewa daga haɗin gwiwar Water and Development Alliance (WADA) tsakanin USAID da Kamfanin Coca-Cola. Shirin ya fara ne a watan Janairun shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita ba da kuɗaɗen farko ta hanyar 2013, sannan kuma ta hanyar 2015 (tare da ƙarin kuɗi dala miliyan 4.6). Wani ƙarin shirin na shekaru 2, WADA II, ya fara a watan Satumban shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita shi zuwa watan Agusta 2013 ta hanyar ba da kuɗi tare da Global Environment and Technology Foundation (GETF).
Wannan haɗaɗɗen shirin (iWASH) yana aiki ne don tallafawa ayyukan samar da ruwa mai dorewa, masu dogaro da kasuwa,</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin farar hula ===
Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraja,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma MSABI.


== Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara ==
Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayin jama'a ==
Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon tattalin arziki ==
Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci.

'''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sassan kuɗi ==

=== Farashi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe ===
Manufar ruwa ta ƙasa (NAWAPO) tana bayyana kamfanoni a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da kayayyaki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, tana haɓaka batun '''dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare''' (operational and maintenance - O&amp;M) a matsayin tushe na samar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Ana sa ran Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara za su biya cikakkun kuɗaɗen O&amp;M da kuma kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen jarin gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt; An raba Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Birane zuwa guda uku bisa ga yadda suke nuna ƙwazo wajen dawo da kuɗaɗen:
* Rukunin A: hukumomin da ke biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, gami da albashin ma'aikata, kuɗin wutar lantarki da wasu gudunmawa ga zuba jari;
* Rukunin B: hukumomin da ke biyan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, suna raba kuɗin wutar lantarki da gwamnati, kuma suna iya biyan cikakken albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin;
* Rukunin C: hukumomin da ke buƙatar tallafin gwamnati don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da kuma biyan albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin.

[[File:Lindi.jpg|thumb|right|Lindi tana ɗaya daga cikin birane biyu a Tanzaniya inda kamfanin ruwa ba ya tara isassun kuɗaɗen shiga don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da albashi, duk da cewa tana da mafi girman farashin ruwa a ƙasar.]]
An tsara wannan tsarin ne don ya zama kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanoni don inganta ayyukansu. A cewar MoWI, guda 14 daga cikin UWSSAs na shiyya 20 suna cikin rukunin A, guda 4 an rarraba su azaman B, yayin da kamfanoni a Babati da Lindi suna cikin rukunin C. Sai dai sakamakon wani bincike da Tobias A. Swai na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ya yi, ya nuna cewa UWSSAs na Rukunin A sune mafi karancin inganci duk da cewa suna dogaro da kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot; /&gt; Bayanan EWURA sun kuma nuna cewa guda biyu daga cikin kamfanonin shiyya ashirin suna da rabon kuɗin gudanarwa mafi girma fiye da ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za su iya dorewar matakin hidimar yanzu. Wasu kamfanoni guda bakwai kuma suna iya tafiyar da ayyukansu na yanzu da kyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Matakan farashi''' ana tsara su ne a matakin gida, amma suna buƙatar amincewar hukumar kula da kayayyaki ta ƙasa wato EWURA. A yankunan birane, UWSSAs suna ƙayyade farashi gwargwadon buƙatun kuɗaɗensu da rukunin da suke aiki a ciki. A cikin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi ke gudanarwa, ana ƙayyade matakan farashi ta Majalisar Gundumar da abin ya shafa, amma ba tare da takamaiman manufa ta dawo da kuɗaɗen ba. Farashin yawanci yana da arha kuma ba a sake duba shi ba a shekarun baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; A Dar es Salaam matsakaicin farashin ruwa a shekarar 2008 ya kasance TSh 599 ko dalar Amurka 0.46 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Lindi ce ke da mafi girman matsakaicin farashin ruwa: TSh 833 ko dalar Amurka 0.64 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Matsakaicin farashin ruwan birni ya kasance TSh 437.40, daidai da dalar Amurka 0.34 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

UWSSAs suna gudanar da '''auna lissafin ruwa''' (water metering). A Arusha, Dodoma, Moshi, Mwanza da Tanga an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na haɗin gidaje an auna su. Alkaluman sun fito fili sama da kashi 50% a wasu birane guda goma sha ɗaya, inda Lindi ta kasance mafi muni da kashi 26% na haɗin gwiwar da aka auna. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008 akwai jimillar haɗin gidaje sama da 331,000 da aka auna a yankin da kamfanonin shiyya ke yi wa hidima (adadin ya kusan ninkawa idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2007 - kusan haɗin gwiwa 169,000 da aka auna). Kula da mita na ruwa da kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan an bayyana su ta MoWI a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa ga masu samar da ruwa na birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Game da '''ikon biya''', wani nazari na binciken kasafin kuɗin gida na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan masu kuɗi na 'yan Tanzaniya suna kashe fiye da TSh 4,000 (dalar Amurka 3.10) kowane wata don ruwa, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Waɗanda ke cikin mafi rashi suna kashe kusan TSh 1,000 (dalar Amurka 0.77) kowane wata don ruwa, amma wannan yana wakiltar kashi 4.5 na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Guda cikin dalilan da suka sa talakawa ke kashe kuɗi kaɗan a zahiri akan ruwa shi ne cewa suna ɗebo ruwa kyauta daga rijiyoyi da rafuka. Ba a bambance bayanan tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ba, kodayake akwai yuwuwar talakawan birni waɗanda ba su da hanyar samun ruwa kyauta suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa don ruwa fiye da waɗanda ke yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET)|title=Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=11}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe ===
'''Zuba jari.''' A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, jimillar kasafin kuɗi na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 ya kasance biliyan TSh 286.5, daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 220. Daga cikin waɗannan, dalar Amurka miliyan 175 ne aka kashe a zahiri. Kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010 shi ne biliyan TSh 309.6, ko dalar Amurka miliyan 238. An ware kashi 40.1% ga ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli sannan kashi 43.9% ga ruwan birane da magudanar ruwa. Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da ci gaban hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki an ware musu kashi 8.5% da kashi 7.4% na kasafin kuɗin bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi 31&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%20Bibliography Water Sector Status Report 2009] p.31&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton UN Water Country Brief na Tanzaniya, ya nuna kiyasin matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a lokacin 2002–2011. A cewar rahoton, kuɗaɗen zuba jari na gwamnati dalar Amurka miliyan 30 ne kawai a kowace shekara tare da tallafin ci gaba na hukuma na dalar Amurka miliyan 82 a kowace shekara, kusan sau bakwai ƙasa da alkaluman gwamnati na shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-09. Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sun canza sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara, tare da kololuwa a 2008-09.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=UN Water|title=Republic of Tanzania: UN-Water Country Brief|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822033747/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a na Sashen Ruwa ya ba da cikakken bincike kan tsarin kashe kasafin kuɗi. Ya bayyana cewa a sashen ruwa babban ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen ci gaba kuma kashi 15% ne kawai kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa akai-akai (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% na kuɗaɗen ci gaba a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati). Haka kuma, sakamakon manufar rarraba madafun iko na gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin da aka ware wa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi da shiyyoyi ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 LGAs suna da rabo a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin sashen ruwa na kusan kashi 25%, yayin da adadin ya kasance kashi 20% ga shiyyoyi. Sabanin haka, wani sashe na kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin tsakiya da ke ƙaruwa ana sadaukar da shi ne ga nazarin dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies): wannan yana nuna irin rawar haɗin gwiwa da tsara manufofi da MoWI ke canzawa zuwa gare ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Financing.''' Tanzaniya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi karɓar tallafin ƙasashen waje a yankin Saharar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html Overview of Aid in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524091313/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html |date=24 May 2010 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da taimako ta hanyar tallafi, lamuni na rangwame da sauƙaƙe bashi. Gudanar da taimako a Tanzaniya yana jagorantar da Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa (JAST) wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma an yi niyya don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Sanarwar Paris kan Ingantaccen Taimako. JAST tana ba da shawarar haɗa dukkan kuɗaɗen ci gaba cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, tana haɓaka ikon mallakar ƙasa da haɓaka &quot;rarraba ayyuka&quot; tsakanin masu ba da gudunmawa.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html JAST for Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124201/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html |date=7 October 2010 }}, retrieved 4 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a ya nuna cewa ba duka kashe kuɗi a sashen ruwa ke cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati ba. Kwatanta tsakanin bayanan OECD da na Ma'aikatar Kuɗi akan tallafin bangarori biyu ya nuna cewa akwai gibi tsakanin tushen guda biyu. Wannan yana nuna cewa an sami tallafin da ba ya cikin kasafin kuɗi na kusan kashi 26% na jimillar tallafin bangarori biyu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt; Dangane da bayanan da MoWI ta amurke, na kuɗaɗen da aka tsara don sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010, kusan kashi 88% za a samar da su ne daga canja wurin kuɗaɗen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Tanzaniya tana karɓar tallafin waje daga hukumomin bayar da gudunmawa da yawa. An tsara su a cikin Rukunin Abokan Ci Gaba (DPG) wanda ke da nufin inganta daidaiton masu ba da gudunmawa da ingantaccen taimako. Ana gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin DPG da Ma'aikatun da ke da alhakin ruwa ta hanyar rukunoni guda huɗu na ayyuka na jigo waɗanda ke nuna al'amuran ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |title=Development Partners Group Tanzania |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525162332/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan masu ba da gudunmawa guda biyar a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya sune: Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Jamus, Netherlands da Bankin Duniya. A cikin iyakokin JAST, Gwamnatin Tanzaniya, Bankin Duniya, Jamus, da gwamnatin Dutch suna ba da gudunmawa ga Asusun WSDP Basket Fund wanda wani tsari ne na Tsarin Sashi Guda (SWAp).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sauran masu ba da gudunmawa sun haɗa da: AFD ta Faransa, JICA ta Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, UK (DFID), Amurka (USAID da MCC).

=== Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ===
Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB) yana cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya tare da ayyuka guda uku. Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2001, yana mai da hankali kan inganta damar samun ruwa, inganci da amincin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF ''Dar Salaam Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726091819/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF |date=26 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Gundumar Monduli a shekarar 2003 da nufin tabbatar da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga mazauna ƙauyuka goma sha takwas a Gundumar Monduli. AfDB ta ba da tallafin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 10 wanda ya rufe kashi 90% na kuɗaɗen aikin.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2003-145-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-MONDULI-DISTRICT-WATER-PROJECT.PDF ''Monduli District Water Supply Project, Appraisal Report'']&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2006, AfDB tare da sauran masu ba da gudunmawa suna ba da gudunmawa ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara. Shirin yana da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara da kuma inganta ƙarfin hukumomi - a matakin gunduma da gwamnati - don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara bisa ga buƙata.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760 ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Overview''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010225108/http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760/ |date=10 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114530/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF |date=27 September 2011 }}, retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ===
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya ta hanyar albarkatun Asusun Ci Gaban Turai National Indicative Programme (NIP) da kuma Tsarin Ruwa na EU. A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, ayyuka goma sha uku da aka haɗa gwiwa da Tsarin Ruwa don tallafawa suna kan aiwatarwa, akan jimillar kuɗi yuro miliyan 20.08.&lt;ref&gt;European Commission [http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/jar08_tz_en.pdf JOINT ANNUAL REPORT, Tanzania 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;
Haɗin gwiwar EU a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana mai da hankali ne kan talakawa a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane.
Tsakanin 2003 da 2007, EU ta ƙaddamar da kusan yuro miliyan 33 ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa zuwa Cibiyoyin Shiyya, wanda aka ba da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kuɗi na Jamus. Babban makasudin shirin shi ne inganta damar samun daidaiton samar da ruwa mai dorewa da sabis na gudanar da ruwan sha a cibiyoyin shiyya guda uku na Mwanza, Iringa da Mbeya. An samar da ƙarin kuɗaɗe na kusan yuro miliyan 6.6 don Aikin Gyaran Magudanar Ruwa na Mwanza tsakanin 2000 da 2004, wanda manufarsa ita ce hana ambaliyar danyen ruwan sha daga Mwanza zuwa Tafkin Victoria. Ana tallafawa ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar babban tsarin kasafin kuɗi na EU don haɗa kuɗaɗen ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;European Commission's Delegation in Tanzania [http://deltza.ec.europa.eu/en/cooperation/sectors/water.htm EU Water Projects]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamus ===
[[File:Mbeya.jpg|thumb|right|Mbeya birni ne inda haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus ke tallafawa ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.]]
Tun daga shekarun 1970, Jamus tana haɗa gwiwa da Gwamnatin Tanzaniya a yunƙurinta na inganta yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙasar. Ana gudanar da haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus galibi ta hanyar KfW da GIZ. Tsakanin 2007 da 2009, KfW ta samar da EUR 17.25 miliyan don Water Basket. Bugu da ƙari, KfW tana aiki a cikin ayyukan ƙasa da na shiyya da yawa a Tanzaniya. Misali, a cikin shekarar 2003 KfW ta ba da yuro miliyan 21 don aikin ''Supporting Regional Center's Water Supply and Sewerage'' a cikin garuruwan Mbeya da Mwanza da ke haɓaka cikin sauri. An kuma shirya nazarin dacewa da tsarin zuba jari don Iringa, inda aka fara aiwatarwa a shekarar 2006. Makasudin aikin shi ne inganta samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da ayyukan magudanar ruwa ta hanyar ƙarfafa ƙarfin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane masu zaman kansu. Don cimma wannan, an faɗaɗa tare da gyara ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, an inganta ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli kuma an gudanar da matakan gina ƙarfi, gami da inganta tsarin IT da ake amfani da su don lissafin kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;KfW Tanzania Office [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/LocalPresence/Sub-Sahara62/Office_Tanzania/Activities_in_Tanzania/Water_Supply_and_Sanitation.jsp KfW Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

GIZ tana haɓaka damar cikin gida a cikin sashen, gami da ma'aikatar, EWURA da kuma masu samar da sabis na kasuwanci, kamar waɗanda ke Tanga da kuma Yankin Kilimanjaro.&lt;ref&gt;GIZ [http://www.GIZ.de/de/dokumente/en-tanzanian-german-development-cooperation.pdf ''Tanzanian-German Development Cooperation - Water sector'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p.10-13&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indiya ===
A shekarar 2012 gwamnatan Indiya ta ba da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 178 don aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa don rage ƙarancin ruwa a Dar es Salaam &quot;zuwa 2014&quot;. Lamunin zai ba da kuɗin haɓaka ƙarfin masana'antar Upper Ruvu zuwa mita cubic 196,000 daga mita cubic 82,000 na yanzu a rana guda kuma a gina sabon layin watsawa daga masana'antar zuwa birnin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, wasu sassa na birnin suna karɓar ruwa sau biyu a mako yayin da wasu ba su sami ko ɗaya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tanzania: Dar es Salaam Gets U.S. $271 Million for Water|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210081281.html|publisher=allafrica.com|access-date=12 May 2013|date=8 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Netherlands ===
Gwamnatin Netherlands ta ba da kuɗi don WSDP Water Basket (ta hanyar umarni ga KfW). Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV) tana ba da tallafi a manyan fannoni guda uku na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: (a) inganta aikin wuraren ruwa da ke akwai ta hanyar taswirar wuraren ruwa (wanda aka gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar WaterAid), (b) tallafi ga ayyukan ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli a makarantu, da (c) gina ƙarfi a cikin IWRM.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728034836/http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx |date=28 July 2011 }}[[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation|SNV]]&lt;span&gt; joins hands with WaterAid and CONCERN during Water Week&lt;/span&gt;, retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka ===
Amurka ta ba da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 66.3 don ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa Masana'antar Lower Ruvu wacce ke samar da ruwa ga Dar es Salaam daga mita cubic 180,000 zuwa 270,000 kowace rana, gami da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga da kuma gyara masana'antun tace ruwa guda biyu a Morogoro kusa da Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Millennium Challenge Account Tanzania|title=The Water Sector|url=http://www.mca-t.go.tz/en/about-us-v15-70/vision/projects-v15-96/the-water-sector.html|access-date=12 May 2013|date=20 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bugu da ƙari, USAID/Tanzania ta ba da kuɗin shirin shekaru 3 na dala miliyan 15 na Tanzania Integrated Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (iWASH&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tanzania iWASH Project|url=http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012173151/http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;) wanda ya haɗa da tallafin dacewa daga haɗin gwiwar Water and Development Alliance (WADA) tsakanin USAID da Kamfanin Coca-Cola. Shirin ya fara ne a watan Janairun shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita ba da kuɗaɗen farko ta hanyar 2013, sannan kuma ta hanyar 2015 (tare da ƙarin kuɗi dala miliyan 4.6). Wani ƙarin shirin na shekaru 2, WADA II, ya fara a watan Satumban shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita shi zuwa watan Agusta 2013 ta hanyar ba da kuɗi tare da Global Environment and Technology Foundation (GETF).
Wannan haɗaɗɗen shirin (iWASH) yana aiki ne don tallafawa ayyukan samar da ruwa mai dorewa, masu dogaro da kasuwa,

=== Bankin Duniya ===
Bankin Duniya yana ba da goyon baya sosai ga Tanzaniya. A watan Disamba 2009, ya amince da Tallafin Rage Talauci na Bakwai (PRSC): wanda shi ne na hudu cikin jerin tallafin kasafin shekara biyar don aiwatar da MKUKUTA. Wannan PRSC na Bakwai ya ƙunshi alkawarin dala miliyan 170.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, ''Seventh Poverty Reduction Support Credit, Tanzania''&lt;/ref&gt; 

A fannin ruwa, Bankin Duniya ya bayar da dala miliyan 200 ga ''Shirin Tallafin Fannin Ruwa'' daga 2007 zuwa 2012. Shirin ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu: 
a) ƙarfafa ikon cibiyoyi wajen inganta sarrafa albarkatun ruwa; 
b) tallafawa hukumomin ƙananan gwamnati wajen faɗaɗa samar da ruwan karkara da tsaftace muhalli don cimma MDGs; 
c) tallafawa Dar es Salaam, manyan birane da ƙananan birane wajen faɗaɗa samar da ruwan birane da tsaftace muhalli; 
d) tallafawa gina ikon cibiyoyi, haɗa da daidaita manufofi da tsarin aiki.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, ''Water Sector Support Project, Overview''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tanzania Receives IDA Credit for Water Sector Support Project&lt;/ref&gt;

Bankin Duniya yana kuma gudanar da '''Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli''' a Tanzaniya, inda yake bayar da tallafi a fannin tsaftace muhalli da tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref&gt;Water and Sanitation Program, ''Sector Support to Tanzania National WSS Program''&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot;&gt;Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa &quot;duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;&gt;GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun Dama ==
Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/]&lt;/ref&gt; A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun &quot;aƙalla tabbataccen&quot; aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.&lt;ref&gt;WASHwatch&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

'''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt; A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water], accessed on 28 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=JMP/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;NHBS&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref&gt;An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44&lt;/ref&gt;
! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a)
! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP country tables&quot;/&gt;
! Jimilla
|-
| rowspan=2|Ruwa
| Faffadan ma'ana
| 85%
| 76%
| 40%
| 52%
|-
| Haɗin kai na gida&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] &quot;Private piped (tap) water in housing unit&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 8%
| 13%
| 1%
| 4%
|-
| rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli
|Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami
| 97%
| 97%
| 90%
| 93%
|-
|Banɗaki na janyewa
| 10%
| 6%
| 1%
| 3%
|}

== Ingancin sabis ==

'''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kula da ruwan datti.'''
Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP &amp; CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP &amp; CW) Research Group website]&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta.

== Albarkatun ruwa ==
[[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]]
Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot;&gt;Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]]
Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).&lt;ref name=&quot;aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa.
Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;repoa&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;

Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot;&gt;Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) ===
Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da &quot;rarraba madafun iko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot;&gt;[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, &quot;ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;&gt;WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services], Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot; /&gt; A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt; Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot;&gt;International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''], p.481&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) ===
[[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]]
Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya.

Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, &quot;an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt;

Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot;&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272''], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAMMA&quot;/&gt; Tun daga shekarar 1997,

Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) ===
Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.&lt;ref&gt;WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ==
Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban.

=== Manufofi da ƙa'idoji ===

==== Tsarin doka ====
Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ====
[[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]]
'''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GIZ&quot;/&gt; Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt; A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki.

'''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation &amp; Hygiene Activities] 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006.

'''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ====
''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&amp;directory=Policies&amp; National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar &quot;ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.&quot; Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida.

Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da &quot;hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta&quot;. Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin &quot;yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki.&quot; WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu:
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi;
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&amp;filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&amp;directory=Reports&amp; |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt;

Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma &quot;ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA (&quot;Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a&quot;). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma &quot;ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ayyuka ===

==== Yankunan birane ====
A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashauri and Katko&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:
[[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]]

Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13):
* Arusha,
* Iringa,
* Shinyanga,
* Songea,
* Mbeya,
* Morogoro,
* Moshi,
* Mwanza,
* Musoma,
* Tabora,
* Tanga,
* Dodoma, da
* Mtwara.

Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4):
* Bukoba,
* Kigoma,
* Sumbawanga, da
* Singida.

Rukuni na C:
* Babati, da
* Lindi.

A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa.

Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt;

==== Yankunan karkara ====
'''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;draft&quot; /&gt; Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

'''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.&lt;ref&gt;KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.&lt;ref&gt;Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20110615075042/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=15 June 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water  supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of  Faith Schools  Water  Sanitation and  Hygiene, held at  Sarum  College Salisbury – England,  5– 7 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyoyin farar hula ===
Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraja,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma MSABI.


== Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara ==
Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayin jama'a ==
Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon tattalin arziki ==
Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci.

'''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

'''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sassan kuɗi ==

=== Farashi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe ===
Manufar ruwa ta ƙasa (NAWAPO) tana bayyana kamfanoni a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da kayayyaki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, tana haɓaka batun '''dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare''' (operational and maintenance - O&amp;M) a matsayin tushe na samar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Ana sa ran Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara za su biya cikakkun kuɗaɗen O&amp;M da kuma kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen jarin gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot; /&gt; An raba Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Birane zuwa guda uku bisa ga yadda suke nuna ƙwazo wajen dawo da kuɗaɗen:
* Rukunin A: hukumomin da ke biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, gami da albashin ma'aikata, kuɗin wutar lantarki da wasu gudunmawa ga zuba jari;
* Rukunin B: hukumomin da ke biyan kuɗaɗen O&amp;M, suna raba kuɗin wutar lantarki da gwamnati, kuma suna iya biyan cikakken albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin;
* Rukunin C: hukumomin da ke buƙatar tallafin gwamnati don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da kuma biyan albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin.

[[File:Lindi.jpg|thumb|right|Lindi tana ɗaya daga cikin birane biyu a Tanzaniya inda kamfanin ruwa ba ya tara isassun kuɗaɗen shiga don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da albashi, duk da cewa tana da mafi girman farashin ruwa a ƙasar.]]
An tsara wannan tsarin ne don ya zama kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanoni don inganta ayyukansu. A cewar MoWI, guda 14 daga cikin UWSSAs na shiyya 20 suna cikin rukunin A, guda 4 an rarraba su azaman B, yayin da kamfanoni a Babati da Lindi suna cikin rukunin C. Sai dai sakamakon wani bincike da Tobias A. Swai na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ya yi, ya nuna cewa UWSSAs na Rukunin A sune mafi karancin inganci duk da cewa suna dogaro da kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;iaadb&quot; /&gt; Bayanan EWURA sun kuma nuna cewa guda biyu daga cikin kamfanonin shiyya ashirin suna da rabon kuɗin gudanarwa mafi girma fiye da ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za su iya dorewar matakin hidimar yanzu. Wasu kamfanoni guda bakwai kuma suna iya tafiyar da ayyukansu na yanzu da kyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Matakan farashi''' ana tsara su ne a matakin gida, amma suna buƙatar amincewar hukumar kula da kayayyaki ta ƙasa wato EWURA. A yankunan birane, UWSSAs suna ƙayyade farashi gwargwadon buƙatun kuɗaɗensu da rukunin da suke aiki a ciki. A cikin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi ke gudanarwa, ana ƙayyade matakan farashi ta Majalisar Gundumar da abin ya shafa, amma ba tare da takamaiman manufa ta dawo da kuɗaɗen ba. Farashin yawanci yana da arha kuma ba a sake duba shi ba a shekarun baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWSDS&quot; /&gt; A Dar es Salaam matsakaicin farashin ruwa a shekarar 2008 ya kasance TSh 599 ko dalar Amurka 0.46 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Lindi ce ke da mafi girman matsakaicin farashin ruwa: TSh 833 ko dalar Amurka 0.64 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Matsakaicin farashin ruwan birni ya kasance TSh 437.40, daidai da dalar Amurka 0.34 ga kowace m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

UWSSAs suna gudanar da '''auna lissafin ruwa''' (water metering). A Arusha, Dodoma, Moshi, Mwanza da Tanga an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na haɗin gidaje an auna su. Alkaluman sun fito fili sama da kashi 50% a wasu birane guda goma sha ɗaya, inda Lindi ta kasance mafi muni da kashi 26% na haɗin gwiwar da aka auna. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008 akwai jimillar haɗin gidaje sama da 331,000 da aka auna a yankin da kamfanonin shiyya ke yi wa hidima (adadin ya kusan ninkawa idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2007 - kusan haɗin gwiwa 169,000 da aka auna). Kula da mita na ruwa da kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan an bayyana su ta MoWI a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa ga masu samar da ruwa na birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

Game da '''ikon biya''', wani nazari na binciken kasafin kuɗin gida na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan masu kuɗi na 'yan Tanzaniya suna kashe fiye da TSh 4,000 (dalar Amurka 3.10) kowane wata don ruwa, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Waɗanda ke cikin mafi rashi suna kashe kusan TSh 1,000 (dalar Amurka 0.77) kowane wata don ruwa, amma wannan yana wakiltar kashi 4.5 na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Guda cikin dalilan da suka sa talakawa ke kashe kuɗi kaɗan a zahiri akan ruwa shi ne cewa suna ɗebo ruwa kyauta daga rijiyoyi da rafuka. Ba a bambance bayanan tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ba, kodayake akwai yuwuwar talakawan birni waɗanda ba su da hanyar samun ruwa kyauta suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa don ruwa fiye da waɗanda ke yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET)|title=Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=11}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe ===
'''Zuba jari.''' A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, jimillar kasafin kuɗi na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 ya kasance biliyan TSh 286.5, daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 220. Daga cikin waɗannan, dalar Amurka miliyan 175 ne aka kashe a zahiri. Kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010 shi ne biliyan TSh 309.6, ko dalar Amurka miliyan 238. An ware kashi 40.1% ga ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli sannan kashi 43.9% ga ruwan birane da magudanar ruwa. Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da ci gaban hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki an ware musu kashi 8.5% da kashi 7.4% na kasafin kuɗin bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi 31&quot;&gt;Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&amp;direction=0&amp;order=&amp;directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%20Bibliography Water Sector Status Report 2009] p.31&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton UN Water Country Brief na Tanzaniya, ya nuna kiyasin matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a lokacin 2002–2011. A cewar rahoton, kuɗaɗen zuba jari na gwamnati dalar Amurka miliyan 30 ne kawai a kowace shekara tare da tallafin ci gaba na hukuma na dalar Amurka miliyan 82 a kowace shekara, kusan sau bakwai ƙasa da alkaluman gwamnati na shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-09. Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sun canza sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara, tare da kololuwa a 2008-09.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=UN Water|title=Republic of Tanzania: UN-Water Country Brief|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822033747/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a na Sashen Ruwa ya ba da cikakken bincike kan tsarin kashe kasafin kuɗi. Ya bayyana cewa a sashen ruwa babban ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen ci gaba kuma kashi 15% ne kawai kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa akai-akai (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% na kuɗaɗen ci gaba a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati). Haka kuma, sakamakon manufar rarraba madafun iko na gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin da aka ware wa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi da shiyyoyi ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 LGAs suna da rabo a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin sashen ruwa na kusan kashi 25%, yayin da adadin ya kasance kashi 20% ga shiyyoyi. Sabanin haka, wani sashe na kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin tsakiya da ke ƙaruwa ana sadaukar da shi ne ga nazarin dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies): wannan yana nuna irin rawar haɗin gwiwa da tsara manufofi da MoWI ke canzawa zuwa gare ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt;

'''Financing.''' Tanzaniya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi karɓar tallafin ƙasashen waje a yankin Saharar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html Overview of Aid in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524091313/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html |date=24 May 2010 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da taimako ta hanyar tallafi, lamuni na rangwame da sauƙaƙe bashi. Gudanar da taimako a Tanzaniya yana jagorantar da Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa (JAST) wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma an yi niyya don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Sanarwar Paris kan Ingantaccen Taimako. JAST tana ba da shawarar haɗa dukkan kuɗaɗen ci gaba cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, tana haɓaka ikon mallakar ƙasa da haɓaka &quot;rarraba ayyuka&quot; tsakanin masu ba da gudunmawa.&lt;ref&gt;Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html JAST for Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124201/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html |date=7 October 2010 }}, retrieved 4 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a ya nuna cewa ba duka kashe kuɗi a sashen ruwa ke cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati ba. Kwatanta tsakanin bayanan OECD da na Ma'aikatar Kuɗi akan tallafin bangarori biyu ya nuna cewa akwai gibi tsakanin tushen guda biyu. Wannan yana nuna cewa an sami tallafin da ba ya cikin kasafin kuɗi na kusan kashi 26% na jimillar tallafin bangarori biyu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubexp&quot; /&gt; Dangane da bayanan da MoWI ta amurke, na kuɗaɗen da aka tsara don sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010, kusan kashi 88% za a samar da su ne daga canja wurin kuɗaɗen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar waje ==
Tanzaniya tana karɓar tallafin waje daga hukumomin bayar da gudunmawa da yawa. An tsara su a cikin Rukunin Abokan Ci Gaba (DPG) wanda ke da nufin inganta daidaiton masu ba da gudunmawa da ingantaccen taimako. Ana gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin DPG da Ma'aikatun da ke da alhakin ruwa ta hanyar rukunoni guda huɗu na ayyuka na jigo waɗanda ke nuna al'amuran ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |title=Development Partners Group Tanzania |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525162332/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan masu ba da gudunmawa guda biyar a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya sune: Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Jamus, Netherlands da Bankin Duniya. A cikin iyakokin JAST, Gwamnatin Tanzaniya, Bankin Duniya, Jamus, da gwamnatin Dutch suna ba da gudunmawa ga Asusun WSDP Basket Fund wanda wani tsari ne na Tsarin Sashi Guda (SWAp).&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt; Sauran masu ba da gudunmawa sun haɗa da: AFD ta Faransa, JICA ta Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, UK (DFID), Amurka (USAID da MCC).

=== Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ===
Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB) yana cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya tare da ayyuka guda uku. Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2001, yana mai da hankali kan inganta damar samun ruwa, inganci da amincin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF ''Dar Salaam Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726091819/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF |date=26 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Gundumar Monduli a shekarar 2003 da nufin tabbatar da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga mazauna ƙauyuka goma sha takwas a Gundumar Monduli. AfDB ta ba da tallafin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 10 wanda ya rufe kashi 90% na kuɗaɗen aikin.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2003-145-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-MONDULI-DISTRICT-WATER-PROJECT.PDF ''Monduli District Water Supply Project, Appraisal Report'']&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2006, AfDB tare da sauran masu ba da gudunmawa suna ba da gudunmawa ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara. Shirin yana da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara da kuma inganta ƙarfin hukumomi - a matakin gunduma da gwamnati - don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara bisa ga buƙata.&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760 ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Overview''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010225108/http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760/ |date=10 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF ''Rural Water Supply &amp; Sanitation Program, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114530/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF |date=27 September 2011 }}, retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ===
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya ta hanyar albarkatun Asusun Ci Gaban Turai National Indicative Programme (NIP) da kuma Tsarin Ruwa na EU. A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, ayyuka goma sha uku da aka haɗa gwiwa da Tsarin Ruwa don tallafawa suna kan aiwatarwa, akan jimillar kuɗi yuro miliyan 20.08.&lt;ref&gt;European Commission [http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/jar08_tz_en.pdf JOINT ANNUAL REPORT, Tanzania 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;
Haɗin gwiwar EU a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana mai da hankali ne kan talakawa a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane.
Tsakanin 2003 da 2007, EU ta ƙaddamar da kusan yuro miliyan 33 ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa zuwa Cibiyoyin Shiyya, wanda aka ba da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kuɗi na Jamus. Babban makasudin shirin shi ne inganta damar samun daidaiton samar da ruwa mai dorewa da sabis na gudanar da ruwan sha a cibiyoyin shiyya guda uku na Mwanza, Iringa da Mbeya. An samar da ƙarin kuɗaɗe na kusan yuro miliyan 6.6 don Aikin Gyaran Magudanar Ruwa na Mwanza tsakanin 2000 da 2004, wanda manufarsa ita ce hana ambaliyar danyen ruwan sha daga Mwanza zuwa Tafkin Victoria. Ana tallafawa ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar babban tsarin kasafin kuɗi na EU don haɗa kuɗaɗen ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;European Commission's Delegation in Tanzania [http://deltza.ec.europa.eu/en/cooperation/sectors/water.htm EU Water Projects]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamus ===
[[File:Mbeya.jpg|thumb|right|Mbeya birni ne inda haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus ke tallafawa ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.]]
Tun daga shekarun 1970, Jamus tana haɗa gwiwa da Gwamnatin Tanzaniya a yunƙurinta na inganta yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙasar. Ana gudanar da haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus galibi ta hanyar KfW da GIZ. Tsakanin 2007 da 2009, KfW ta samar da EUR 17.25 miliyan don Water Basket. Bugu da ƙari, KfW tana aiki a cikin ayyukan ƙasa da na shiyya da yawa a Tanzaniya. Misali, a cikin shekarar 2003 KfW ta ba da yuro miliyan 21 don aikin ''Supporting Regional Center's Water Supply and Sewerage'' a cikin garuruwan Mbeya da Mwanza da ke haɓaka cikin sauri. An kuma shirya nazarin dacewa da tsarin zuba jari don Iringa, inda aka fara aiwatarwa a shekarar 2006. Makasudin aikin shi ne inganta samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da ayyukan magudanar ruwa ta hanyar ƙarfafa ƙarfin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane masu zaman kansu. Don cimma wannan, an faɗaɗa tare da gyara ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, an inganta ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli kuma an gudanar da matakan gina ƙarfi, gami da inganta tsarin IT da ake amfani da su don lissafin kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;KfW Tanzania Office [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/LocalPresence/Sub-Sahara62/Office_Tanzania/Activities_in_Tanzania/Water_Supply_and_Sanitation.jsp KfW Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

GIZ tana haɓaka damar cikin gida a cikin sashen, gami da ma'aikatar, EWURA da kuma masu samar da sabis na kasuwanci, kamar waɗanda ke Tanga da kuma Yankin Kilimanjaro.&lt;ref&gt;GIZ [http://www.GIZ.de/de/dokumente/en-tanzanian-german-development-cooperation.pdf ''Tanzanian-German Development Cooperation - Water sector'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p.10-13&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indiya ===
A shekarar 2012 gwamnatan Indiya ta ba da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 178 don aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa don rage ƙarancin ruwa a Dar es Salaam &quot;zuwa 2014&quot;. Lamunin zai ba da kuɗin haɓaka ƙarfin masana'antar Upper Ruvu zuwa mita cubic 196,000 daga mita cubic 82,000 na yanzu a rana guda kuma a gina sabon layin watsawa daga masana'antar zuwa birnin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, wasu sassa na birnin suna karɓar ruwa sau biyu a mako yayin da wasu ba su sami ko ɗaya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tanzania: Dar es Salaam Gets U.S. $271 Million for Water|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210081281.html|publisher=allafrica.com|access-date=12 May 2013|date=8 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Netherlands ===
Gwamnatin Netherlands ta ba da kuɗi don WSDP Water Basket (ta hanyar umarni ga KfW). Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV) tana ba da tallafi a manyan fannoni guda uku na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: (a) inganta aikin wuraren ruwa da ke akwai ta hanyar taswirar wuraren ruwa (wanda aka gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar WaterAid), (b) tallafi ga ayyukan ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli a makarantu, da (c) gina ƙarfi a cikin IWRM.&lt;ref name=&quot;mowi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728034836/http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx |date=28 July 2011 }}[[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation|SNV]]&lt;span&gt; joins hands with WaterAid and CONCERN during Water Week&lt;/span&gt;, retrieved Feb 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka ===
Amurka ta ba da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 66.3 don ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa Masana'antar Lower Ruvu wacce ke samar da ruwa ga Dar es Salaam daga mita cubic 180,000 zuwa 270,000 kowace rana, gami da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga da kuma gyara masana'antun tace ruwa guda biyu a Morogoro kusa da Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Millennium Challenge Account Tanzania|title=The Water Sector|url=http://www.mca-t.go.tz/en/about-us-v15-70/vision/projects-v15-96/the-water-sector.html|access-date=12 May 2013|date=20 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bugu da ƙari, USAID/Tanzania ta ba da kuɗin shirin shekaru 3 na dala miliyan 15 na Tanzania Integrated Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (iWASH&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tanzania iWASH Project|url=http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012173151/http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;) wanda ya haɗa da tallafin dacewa daga haɗin gwiwar Water and Development Alliance (WADA) tsakanin USAID da Kamfanin Coca-Cola. Shirin ya fara ne a watan Janairun shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita ba da kuɗaɗen farko ta hanyar 2013, sannan kuma ta hanyar 2015 (tare da ƙarin kuɗi dala miliyan 4.6). Wani ƙarin shirin na shekaru 2, WADA II, ya fara a watan Satumban shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita shi zuwa watan Agusta 2013 ta hanyar ba da kuɗi tare da Global Environment and Technology Foundation (GETF).
Wannan haɗaɗɗen shirin (iWASH) yana aiki ne don tallafawa ayyukan samar da ruwa mai dorewa, masu dogaro da kasuwa,

=== Bankin Duniya ===
Bankin Duniya yana ba da goyon baya sosai ga Tanzaniya. A watan Disamba 2009, ya amince da Tallafin Rage Talauci na Bakwai (PRSC): wanda shi ne na hudu cikin jerin tallafin kasafin shekara biyar don aiwatar da MKUKUTA. Wannan PRSC na Bakwai ya ƙunshi alkawarin dala miliyan 170.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, ''Seventh Poverty Reduction Support Credit, Tanzania''&lt;/ref&gt; 

A fannin ruwa, Bankin Duniya ya bayar da dala miliyan 200 ga ''Shirin Tallafin Fannin Ruwa'' daga 2007 zuwa 2012. Shirin ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu: 
a) ƙarfafa ikon cibiyoyi wajen inganta sarrafa albarkatun ruwa; 
b) tallafawa hukumomin ƙananan gwamnati wajen faɗaɗa samar da ruwan karkara da tsaftace muhalli don cimma MDGs; 
c) tallafawa Dar es Salaam, manyan birane da ƙananan birane wajen faɗaɗa samar da ruwan birane da tsaftace muhalli; 
d) tallafawa gina ikon cibiyoyi, haɗa da daidaita manufofi da tsarin aiki.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, ''Water Sector Support Project, Overview''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tanzania Receives IDA Credit for Water Sector Support Project&lt;/ref&gt;

Bankin Duniya yana kuma gudanar da '''Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli''' a Tanzaniya, inda yake bayar da tallafi a fannin tsaftace muhalli da tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref&gt;Water and Sanitation Program, ''Sector Support to Tanzania National WSS Program''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339978728|God's Pocket]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9495" sha1="b4f7jxa1j7kx2uoi8ti3ucowkxiopra" xml:space="preserve">God's Pocket fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2014 wanda John Slattery ya jagoranta, fim dinsa na farko. Slattery ya rubuta rubutun tare da Alex Metcalf, bisa ga littafin 1983 na wannan sunan na Pete Dexter . Tauraron fim din Philip Seymour Hoffman, John Turturro, Christina Hendricks, da Richard Jenkins. Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2014 don sake dubawa mai mahimmanci, kuma IFC Films ta karbe shi don rarraba cikin gida. An shirya fim din ne a cikin wani yanki mai talauci na Kudancin Philadelphia wanda aka tsara a kan Aljihun Iblis, amma an yi fim a Yonkers, New York, da [[New Jersey]].

Hoffman died within two weeks of the film's premiere at Sundance's 2014 U.S. Dramatic Competition.

Mickey Scarpato and wife Jeanie attend the funeral of Leon, her son and his stepson. In a voice-over, alcoholic journalist Richard Shelburn reads from his column about the &quot;working men of God's Pocket&quot;.

Three days earlier, we see Mickey having sex with Jeanie as Leon takes pills before going to his job as a day laborer. While at work during lunch hour, Leon racially taunts an older African-American worker while brandishing a knife. The man bashes Leon on the head, killing him. Later, the workers at the site tell the police the death was an accident.

Mickey, Arthur, and Sal have arranged to steal a truck filled with meat by paying off the truck's driver. Sal punches the driver for being too curious. After the theft, a power outage leads to problems about where to store the meat. Arthur explains to Mickey that he owes Sal &quot;20 large&quot;.

Back at home, Jeanie tells Mickey that Leon is dead but she does not believe it was an accident.

In his office, Richard, who is drinking, is told by his editor that he missed 42 days of work last year. At a bar, Richard meets an aspiring young journalist, whom he takes to bed, but cannot perform because he has had too many drinks.

At a bar run by McKenna, Mickey receives condolences on the death of his stepson. McKenna tells him they're collecting money for the funeral, which will turn out to be the $1,440.

Mickey makes arrangements for Leon with funeral director &quot;Smilin' Jack&quot; Moran, but worries about the expense. Jack insists Jeannie would not want something cheap.

At McKenna's bar, the patrons complain about errors in the newspaper story about Leon's death. Richard is assigned by his editor to cover the story; when he later visits McKenna's bar, he is warmly received by the patrons.

Mickey tells Alfred that Jeanie has doubts about the official cause of Leon's death, and Alfred asks Sal for help. Sal sends two men to the worksite to pressure the workers. However, they find only the foreman, alone, who fights back and gouges out the eye of one of the men.

At an off-track betting site, Mickey advises Alfred to bet on a horse named Turning Leaf. Alfred is worried about the #6 horse in the race. Alfred's concerns prove to be correct as the #6 horse wins and Mickey loses a lot of money.

Richard visits Jeanie for his story and immediately falls for her. He invites her to his place by the lake, and she goes because she hopes that he will investigate Leon's death. At a picnic near the lake, Richard talks about how much he is admired in the city. On the ride home, he tells Jeanie he loves her, but she appears indifferent to him.

Smilin' Jack and Mickey argue over money at the funeral home and get into a physical fight. Jack apologizes but locks Mickey outside with Leon's corpse. Mickey puts Leon's body in his truck. When Mickey goes to sell the meat from the theft, the buyer refuses it after seeing the corpse in the truck with the meat.

Sal and an accomplice visit the flower shop run by Aunt Sophie in search of Arthur, who Sal blames for the attack on the men (one of whom was his cousin). Protecting Arthur, Sophie shoots both men dead and calls the police, claiming they were trying to rob her store.

Mickey tries to sell his truck for money to pay for the funeral services. He does not want the buyer to see what's in the back. When the buyer's employee takes the truck for a test drive, Mickey chases the truck on foot. Seeing Mickey in chase, the driver runs a red light, causing a crash that spills meat and Leon's corpse onto the street.

Mickey forces the buyer to give him six grand for the truck. He uses the money to pay Smilin' Jack, but Leon's body is back in the morgue.

At the bar, a patron tells Mickey that everyone thinks Richard and Jeanie are sleeping together.

The movie then returns to its opening sequence. In a voice-over, Richard calls people of the Pocket &quot;dirty faced and uneducated.&quot;

Richard returns to McKenna's bar but is told he is unwelcome. The patrons think his article insulted them. Despite his insistence that he's on their side, a group of men drag him outside to beat him. Mickey tries to protect Richard, but is told by McKenna &quot;you ain't from here either.&quot; Richard is beaten as Jeanie watches from her house across the street.

Mickey visits Arthur and Sophie in Florida, where they are hiding after she killed Sal.

== Cast ==

* Philip Seymour Hoffman as Mickey Scarpato
* Richard Jenkins as Richard Shelburn
* Christina Hendricks as Jeanie Scarpato
* John Turturro as Arthur &quot;Bird&quot; Capezio
* Eddie Marsan as &quot;Smilin' Jack&quot; Moran
* Peter Gerety as McKenna
* Caleb Landry Jones as Leon Hubbard
* Domenick Lombardozzi as Sal Cappi
* Joyce Van Patten as Aunt Sophie
* Molly Price as Joanie
* [[Bridget Barkan]] as Joyce
* Lenny Venito as truck buyer
* Glenn Fleshler as Coleman Peets
* Arthur French as 'Old Lucy'
* Matthew Lawler
* Danny Mastrogiorgio
* Eddie McGee as Petey Kearns

== Reception ==
''God's Pocket'' received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 36% based on 101 reviews, with an average score of 5.45/10. The website's critical consensus reads: &quot;Well-cast but frustratingly clichéd, ''God's Pocket'' fails to strike a sensible balance between comedy and drama.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2014 |title=God's Pocket |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gods_pocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401231524/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gods_pocket |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=May 22, 2020 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On Metacritic, the film received a score of 51 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating &quot;mixed or average&quot; reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2014 |title=God's Pocket Reviews |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/gods-pocket |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401231831/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/gods-pocket/ |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |access-date=July 19, 2014 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''The Hollywood Reporter'' called it a &quot;half-good effort&quot; that lacked the &quot;snap, precision and stylistic smarts a mixed-tone project like this requires.&quot; ''Screen International'' called it &quot;too shaggy and tonally inconsistent to hold together.&quot; Stephanie Merry from the ''Washington Post'' said, &quot;What began as an intriguing snapshot begins to feel grotesque and inscrutable.&quot;

The film received some positive reviews from notable critics. Richard Roeper said, &quot;John Slattery's direction is skilled and steady... Great actors at the top of their game working with rich material.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roeper |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Roeper |title=God's Pocket |url=http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/godspocket.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619025424/http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/godspocket.aspx |archive-date=2015-06-19 |access-date=2015-06-24 |website=RichardRoeper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; David Edelstein of ''Vulture'' said, &quot;Slattery adapted the book with Alex Metcalf and gets the tone just right. The film is damnably amusing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edelstein |first=David |author-link=David Edelstein |date=May 9, 2014 |title=Movie Review: God's Pocket |url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/05/movie-review-gods-pocket.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627051646/http://www.vulture.com/2014/05/movie-review-gods-pocket.html |archive-date=June 27, 2015 |access-date=June 24, 2015 |website=[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a Sundance  first-look review, ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Henry |date=18 January 2014 |title=God's Pocket: Sundance 2014 - first look review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jan/18/sundance-film-festival-2014-gods-pocket-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805125601/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jan/18/sundance-film-festival-2014-gods-pocket-review |archive-date=2014-08-05 |access-date=2014-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''New York Post'' said the film was &quot;crafted with great skill&quot;.

== Release ==
IFC Films gave the film a limited release on May 9, 2014. Domestically, the film's widest release was in 80 theaters, generating only $170,000 in box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;boxoffmo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Box Office Mojo - God's Pocket |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godspocket.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215258/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godspocket.htm |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-06-24 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Arrow Films acquired the UK rights and Electric Entertainment handled the international rights.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>b4f7jxa1j7kx2uoi8ti3ucowkxiopra</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858814</id>
      <parentid>858811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:02:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9508" sha1="gdb60i8zhku2cm61b9sdsnfaxp0t3hk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

God's Pocket fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2014 wanda John Slattery ya jagoranta, fim dinsa na farko. Slattery ya rubuta rubutun tare da Alex Metcalf, bisa ga littafin 1983 na wannan sunan na Pete Dexter . Tauraron fim din Philip Seymour Hoffman, John Turturro, Christina Hendricks, da Richard Jenkins. Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2014 don sake dubawa mai mahimmanci, kuma IFC Films ta karbe shi don rarraba cikin gida. An shirya fim din ne a cikin wani yanki mai talauci na Kudancin Philadelphia wanda aka tsara a kan Aljihun Iblis, amma an yi fim a Yonkers, New York, da [[New Jersey]].

Hoffman died within two weeks of the film's premiere at Sundance's 2014 U.S. Dramatic Competition.

Mickey Scarpato and wife Jeanie attend the funeral of Leon, her son and his stepson. In a voice-over, alcoholic journalist Richard Shelburn reads from his column about the &quot;working men of God's Pocket&quot;.

Three days earlier, we see Mickey having sex with Jeanie as Leon takes pills before going to his job as a day laborer. While at work during lunch hour, Leon racially taunts an older African-American worker while brandishing a knife. The man bashes Leon on the head, killing him. Later, the workers at the site tell the police the death was an accident.

Mickey, Arthur, and Sal have arranged to steal a truck filled with meat by paying off the truck's driver. Sal punches the driver for being too curious. After the theft, a power outage leads to problems about where to store the meat. Arthur explains to Mickey that he owes Sal &quot;20 large&quot;.

Back at home, Jeanie tells Mickey that Leon is dead but she does not believe it was an accident.

In his office, Richard, who is drinking, is told by his editor that he missed 42 days of work last year. At a bar, Richard meets an aspiring young journalist, whom he takes to bed, but cannot perform because he has had too many drinks.

At a bar run by McKenna, Mickey receives condolences on the death of his stepson. McKenna tells him they're collecting money for the funeral, which will turn out to be the $1,440.

Mickey makes arrangements for Leon with funeral director &quot;Smilin' Jack&quot; Moran, but worries about the expense. Jack insists Jeannie would not want something cheap.

At McKenna's bar, the patrons complain about errors in the newspaper story about Leon's death. Richard is assigned by his editor to cover the story; when he later visits McKenna's bar, he is warmly received by the patrons.

Mickey tells Alfred that Jeanie has doubts about the official cause of Leon's death, and Alfred asks Sal for help. Sal sends two men to the worksite to pressure the workers. However, they find only the foreman, alone, who fights back and gouges out the eye of one of the men.

At an off-track betting site, Mickey advises Alfred to bet on a horse named Turning Leaf. Alfred is worried about the #6 horse in the race. Alfred's concerns prove to be correct as the #6 horse wins and Mickey loses a lot of money.

Richard visits Jeanie for his story and immediately falls for her. He invites her to his place by the lake, and she goes because she hopes that he will investigate Leon's death. At a picnic near the lake, Richard talks about how much he is admired in the city. On the ride home, he tells Jeanie he loves her, but she appears indifferent to him.

Smilin' Jack and Mickey argue over money at the funeral home and get into a physical fight. Jack apologizes but locks Mickey outside with Leon's corpse. Mickey puts Leon's body in his truck. When Mickey goes to sell the meat from the theft, the buyer refuses it after seeing the corpse in the truck with the meat.

Sal and an accomplice visit the flower shop run by Aunt Sophie in search of Arthur, who Sal blames for the attack on the men (one of whom was his cousin). Protecting Arthur, Sophie shoots both men dead and calls the police, claiming they were trying to rob her store.

Mickey tries to sell his truck for money to pay for the funeral services. He does not want the buyer to see what's in the back. When the buyer's employee takes the truck for a test drive, Mickey chases the truck on foot. Seeing Mickey in chase, the driver runs a red light, causing a crash that spills meat and Leon's corpse onto the street.

Mickey forces the buyer to give him six grand for the truck. He uses the money to pay Smilin' Jack, but Leon's body is back in the morgue.

At the bar, a patron tells Mickey that everyone thinks Richard and Jeanie are sleeping together.

The movie then returns to its opening sequence. In a voice-over, Richard calls people of the Pocket &quot;dirty faced and uneducated.&quot;

Richard returns to McKenna's bar but is told he is unwelcome. The patrons think his article insulted them. Despite his insistence that he's on their side, a group of men drag him outside to beat him. Mickey tries to protect Richard, but is told by McKenna &quot;you ain't from here either.&quot; Richard is beaten as Jeanie watches from her house across the street.

Mickey visits Arthur and Sophie in Florida, where they are hiding after she killed Sal.

== Cast ==

* Philip Seymour Hoffman as Mickey Scarpato
* Richard Jenkins as Richard Shelburn
* Christina Hendricks as Jeanie Scarpato
* John Turturro as Arthur &quot;Bird&quot; Capezio
* Eddie Marsan as &quot;Smilin' Jack&quot; Moran
* Peter Gerety as McKenna
* Caleb Landry Jones as Leon Hubbard
* Domenick Lombardozzi as Sal Cappi
* Joyce Van Patten as Aunt Sophie
* Molly Price as Joanie
* [[Bridget Barkan]] as Joyce
* Lenny Venito as truck buyer
* Glenn Fleshler as Coleman Peets
* Arthur French as 'Old Lucy'
* Matthew Lawler
* Danny Mastrogiorgio
* Eddie McGee as Petey Kearns

== Reception ==
''God's Pocket'' received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 36% based on 101 reviews, with an average score of 5.45/10. The website's critical consensus reads: &quot;Well-cast but frustratingly clichéd, ''God's Pocket'' fails to strike a sensible balance between comedy and drama.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2014 |title=God's Pocket |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gods_pocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401231524/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gods_pocket |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=May 22, 2020 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On Metacritic, the film received a score of 51 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating &quot;mixed or average&quot; reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2014 |title=God's Pocket Reviews |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/gods-pocket |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401231831/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/gods-pocket/ |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |access-date=July 19, 2014 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''The Hollywood Reporter'' called it a &quot;half-good effort&quot; that lacked the &quot;snap, precision and stylistic smarts a mixed-tone project like this requires.&quot; ''Screen International'' called it &quot;too shaggy and tonally inconsistent to hold together.&quot; Stephanie Merry from the ''Washington Post'' said, &quot;What began as an intriguing snapshot begins to feel grotesque and inscrutable.&quot;

The film received some positive reviews from notable critics. Richard Roeper said, &quot;John Slattery's direction is skilled and steady... Great actors at the top of their game working with rich material.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roeper |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Roeper |title=God's Pocket |url=http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/godspocket.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619025424/http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/godspocket.aspx |archive-date=2015-06-19 |access-date=2015-06-24 |website=RichardRoeper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; David Edelstein of ''Vulture'' said, &quot;Slattery adapted the book with Alex Metcalf and gets the tone just right. The film is damnably amusing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edelstein |first=David |author-link=David Edelstein |date=May 9, 2014 |title=Movie Review: God's Pocket |url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/05/movie-review-gods-pocket.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627051646/http://www.vulture.com/2014/05/movie-review-gods-pocket.html |archive-date=June 27, 2015 |access-date=June 24, 2015 |website=[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a Sundance  first-look review, ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Henry |date=18 January 2014 |title=God's Pocket: Sundance 2014 - first look review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jan/18/sundance-film-festival-2014-gods-pocket-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805125601/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jan/18/sundance-film-festival-2014-gods-pocket-review |archive-date=2014-08-05 |access-date=2014-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''New York Post'' said the film was &quot;crafted with great skill&quot;.

== Release ==
IFC Films gave the film a limited release on May 9, 2014. Domestically, the film's widest release was in 80 theaters, generating only $170,000 in box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;boxoffmo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Box Office Mojo - God's Pocket |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godspocket.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215258/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godspocket.htm |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-06-24 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Arrow Films acquired the UK rights and Electric Entertainment handled the international rights.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>gdb60i8zhku2cm61b9sdsnfaxp0t3hk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mahoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858817</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:03:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/977514065|Mahoma Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858817</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2508" sha1="feuoyh3s4m6ftjgwjen80etw29hawt1" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mahoma Hydroelectric''' tana da {{Convert|3.0|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . 

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin Kogin Mahoma (kuma Kogin Dura), a gundumar Kabarole, Yammacin Uganda .  Wannan wuri yana da kimanin {{Convert|36|km|0}}, kudu da birnin Fort Portal, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=7 November 2018 |title=Distance between Fort Portal, Uganda and Mahoma Full Gospel Church, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Fort%20Portal%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Mahoma%20Full%20Gospel%20Church%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJwUHNPELaYxcRUEdocKxcEbM&amp;dt2=ChIJh6kRF2IsYhcR7WJGmjD4LY8&amp;sr=dc |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tashar wutar lantarki tana da yankin da ke da ruwa wanda ya kai {{Convert|275|km2|0}}, tare da matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|1346|m|0}}, sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] . 

== Bayani ==
Kamfanoni biyu [[Sri Lanka|na Sri Lanka]] ne suka ƙirƙiro wannan tashar wutar lantarki, wato ''MG Group of Companies'' da ''Renewgen Limited'' . Aikin ƙaramin ruwa na Mahoma aikin samar da wutar lantarki ne na ruwa a kogi tare da shirin samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 3,000kW a kowace shekara

Ana sayar da wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ga Kamfanin Transmission Electricity Company Limited (“UETCL”), sannan a rarraba ta a cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, tare da ba da fifiko ga mazauna yankin, ta hanyar ƙira da kuma yarjejeniya da Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki, ta hanyar yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20. 

== Mallaka da kuɗaɗen tallafi ==
Kamfanonin makamashi guda biyu na Sri Lanka ne suka mallaki kuma suke gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki, tsawon watanni ashirin, daga Janairu 2017 zuwa Oktoba 2018.  An ruwaito cewa kudin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 8 (USh29.6 biliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; Babban dan kwangilar wannan aikin shine ''KSJ Construction'' of Sri Lanka. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Construction of Mahoma Small Hydro Power Project in Mahoma, Uganda |url=http://www.ksjconstruction.lk/project/construction-of-mahoma-small-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=KSJ Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu zuba jarin suma sun mallaki tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Kyambura mai karfin megawatts 7.6, wadda aka gina a fadin kogin Kyambura a gundumar Rubirizi . 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>feuoyh3s4m6ftjgwjen80etw29hawt1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>858819</id>
      <parentid>858817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:04:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>858819</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2520" sha1="p6zd6rhrn9vtpxwz0plk07wmkt0hsc4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mahoma Hydroelectric''' tana da {{Convert|3.0|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . 

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin Kogin Mahoma (kuma Kogin Dura), a gundumar Kabarole, Yammacin Uganda .  Wannan wuri yana da kimanin {{Convert|36|km|0}}, kudu da birnin Fort Portal, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=7 November 2018 |title=Distance between Fort Portal, Uganda and Mahoma Full Gospel Church, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Fort%20Portal%2C%20Uganda&amp;toplace=Mahoma%20Full%20Gospel%20Church%2C%20Uganda&amp;dt1=ChIJwUHNPELaYxcRUEdocKxcEbM&amp;dt2=ChIJh6kRF2IsYhcR7WJGmjD4LY8&amp;sr=dc |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tashar wutar lantarki tana da yankin da ke da ruwa wanda ya kai {{Convert|275|km2|0}}, tare da matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|1346|m|0}}, sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] . 

== Bayani ==
Kamfanoni biyu [[Sri Lanka|na Sri Lanka]] ne suka ƙirƙiro wannan tashar wutar lantarki, wato ''MG Group of Companies'' da ''Renewgen Limited'' . Aikin ƙaramin ruwa na Mahoma aikin samar da wutar lantarki ne na ruwa a kogi tare da shirin samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 3,000kW a kowace shekara

Ana sayar da wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ga Kamfanin Transmission Electricity Company Limited (“UETCL”), sannan a rarraba ta a cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, tare da ba da fifiko ga mazauna yankin, ta hanyar ƙira da kuma yarjejeniya da Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki, ta hanyar yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20. 

== Mallaka da kuɗaɗen tallafi ==
Kamfanonin makamashi guda biyu na Sri Lanka ne suka mallaki kuma suke gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki, tsawon watanni ashirin, daga Janairu 2017 zuwa Oktoba 2018.  An ruwaito cewa kudin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 8 (USh29.6 biliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; Babban dan kwangilar wannan aikin shine ''KSJ Construction'' of Sri Lanka. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Construction of Mahoma Small Hydro Power Project in Mahoma, Uganda |url=http://www.ksjconstruction.lk/project/construction-of-mahoma-small-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=KSJ Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu zuba jarin suma sun mallaki tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Kyambura mai karfin megawatts 7.6, wadda aka gina a fadin kogin Kyambura a gundumar Rubirizi . 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ya tafi Ta wannan Hanyar</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350697967|He Went That Way]]&quot;</comment>
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Ya tafi Wannan Hanyar fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2023 wanda Jeffrey Darling ya jagoranta a karon farko na darakta, kuma ya hada da Jacob Elordi da Zachary Quinto . Fim din ya dogara ne akan ainihin abubuwan da suka faru na mai kisan gilla Larry Ranes ya sadu da mai horar da dabbobi Dave Pitts . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 January 2024 |title=Ice-skating animal trainer's harrowing ride across America with a serial killer — and a chimp — is now a movie |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/movies-and-tv/2023/12/29/23992517/spanky-chimpanzee-serial-killer-ice-capades-dave-pitts-jonathan-larry-ranes-chicago |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''He Went That Way'' had its world premiere at the Tribeca Festival on June 9, 2023. The film was released by Vertical Entertainment in the United States on January 5, 2024.

== Premise ==
1964. The US is in political turmoil due to the war and serial killers are on the road. Jim Goodwin, an animal trainer accompanied by his famous pet chimpanzee, Spanky, picks up a hitchhiker named Bobby Falls at a gas station en route to [[Chicago]]. The two get to meet each other. Bobby reveals he was discharged from the Air Force and gets introduced to the chimp.

They stop at a motel in Albuquerque and, while Jim pays for a room to spend the night, Bobby steals a handgun from a parked car and points it at Jim, revealing he is a serial killer. The latter, by knowing information about him and actually being nice to him, gets spared. Although Bobby threatens to kill Spanky if he tells anything to the cops. Through flashbacks of his past killings, it's shown that Bobby had an abusive father and is triggered when he feels disrespected.

The next day they stop at Amarillo, where Jim meets his brother-in-law Saul, who owes him money, and confesses both him and Spanky are having a hard time getting job offers. Saul laughs him off and humiliates him in front of Bobby, enraged, he locks Jim in Spanky's cage and shoots Saul before driving away. Since Jim broke an earlier promise of keeping things low cover, Bobby takes charge of the ride and makes Jim swear he won't lie again.

Later that day, they change clothes to go to a Ballroom Dancing in [[Tulsa]]. Bobby seems nervous at the thought of speaking to girls, so Jim gives him confidence by bringing Spanky with them. Since the girls have a weird feeling about Bobby, Jim calms them down by claiming he's just an actor.

Jim talks to Bobby about controlling his impulses and being gentle, but Bobby takes him to the edge to win his trust by making him watch kiss the girls without consent, stealing from a shop and feeding Spanky. When they get to Chicago, Jim gets Bobby's gun off him, betraying the killer, who attempts to choke him, but runs away. Jim follows him and gifts him a Spanky flyer and Tulsa's clothes and says goodbye.

Bobby keeps on following his murder spree until he gets arrested by the [[Michigan]] police and sentenced to life in prison while Jim and Spanky's shows get back on air. After the chimp's passing, he retires and goes on to remarry and live in Argentina.

== Cast ==

* [[Yakubu Elordi|Jacob Elordi]] as Bobby Falls, a serial killer based on Larry Lee Ranes
* [[Zachary Quinto]] as Jim Goodwin, an animal trainer based on Dave Pitts
* [[Patrick J. Adams]] as Saul
* Troy Evans as Hank
* Alexandra Doke as Whitney
* John Lee Ames as Ratso

== Production ==
''He Went That Way'' was announced on June 2, 2021, at the virtual Marché du Film, when it was reported that [[Yakubu Elordi|Jacob Elordi]] and [[Zachary Quinto]] would star in the thriller based on Conrad Hilberry's non-fiction book ''Luke Karamazov''. The film was produced by Head Gear Films, Teashop Productions, and Mister Smith Entertainment. It was the directorial debut of Jeffrey Darling, who died in a surfing accident in North Palm Beach in [[Sydney|Sydney, Australia]] on March 27, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2022 |title=Believe Media remembers Jeffrey Darling |url=https://reel360.com/article/believe-media-remembers-jeffrey-darling/ |website=Reel 360 News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Mike |date=March 29, 2022 |title=Jeff Darling, Australian Cinematographer and Director, Dies at 60 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jeff-darling-dead-australian-cinematographer-director-1235121327/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2022 |title=Filmmaker Jeff Darling passes away while surfing |url=https://nepalnews.com/index.php/s/entertainment-and-lifestyle/filmmaker-jeff-darling-passes-away-while-surfing |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=NepalNews}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on a screenplay by Evan M. Wiener.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=June 2, 2021 |title=Jacob Elordi &amp; Zachary Quinto To Star In True Crime Thriller ''He Went That Way'' – Cannes Virtual Market |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/jacob-elordi-zachary-quinto-crime-thriller-he-went-that-way-cannes-virtual-market-1234767718/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602153009/https://deadline.com/2021/06/jacob-elordi-zachary-quinto-crime-thriller-he-went-that-way-cannes-virtual-market-1234767718/ |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=June 2, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to executive producer Phil Hunt, the production was able to cast Quinto by going through a friend of the actor instead of his agent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roxborough |first=Scott |last2=Ritman |first2=Alex |date=November 2, 2021 |title=AFM: Indies Battle for Talent as Studios and Streamers Lock Up A-Listers |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/afm-2021-talent-battle-robert-pattinson-christoph-waltz-1235037639/ |access-date=November 19, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming took place on location in Los Angeles, California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=David |date=January 19, 2022 |title=Los Angeles On-Location Filming Sets Quarterly Record, Doubling Since 2020, FilmLA Says |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/los-angeles-location-filming-record-filmla-1234915537/ |access-date=January 19, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Release ==
The film premiered at the Tribeca Festival on June 9, 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=He Went That Way &amp;#124; 2023 Tribeca Festival |url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/he-went-that-way-2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2023, Vertical Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=October 17, 2023 |title=True-Life Serial Killer Thriller 'He Went That Way' Starring Jacob Elordi, Zachary Quinto &amp; Patrick J. Adams Acquired By Vertical |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/he-went-that-way-jacob-elordi-zachary-quinto-vertical-release-1235574720/ |access-date=October 17, 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released in a limited release on January 5, 2024, prior to video on demand on January 12, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McArdle |first=Tommy |date=December 14, 2023 |title=Jacob Elordi Plays a Killer Hitchhiker Picked Up by Zachary Quinto in He Went That Way Trailer (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/jacob-elordi-plays-killer-hitchhiker-picked-up-by-zachary-quinto-he-went-that-way-exclusive-8415640 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 26% of 31 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 4.5/10.[13] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 37 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating &quot;generally unfavorable&quot; reviews.

David Rooney of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' wrote that &quot;it plays like a tonally uncertain blend of desert neo-noir, prickly buddy movie, misfit character study and crime thriller, with zero psychological grounding and even less suspense&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=David |date=2023-06-09 |title='He Went That Way' Review: Jacob Elordi and Zachary Quinto in True Crime Misfire Awkwardly Stuck Between Genre Cracks |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/he-went-that-way-review-jacob-elordi-zachary-quinto-1235511685/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Christian Zilko of IndieWire called the film &quot;a competent but emotionally thin story&quot;, and gave it a grade of B−.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zilko |first=Christian |date=2023-06-09 |title=''He Went That Way'' Review: A Serial Killer, A Drifter, and His Monkey Get Into a Car… |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/he-went-that-way-review-1234873042/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Patrice Witherspoon of ''Screen Rant'' described the film as &quot;a dumpster fire from start to finish&quot;, criticizing the plot, tonal shifts, and performances, except for Quinto's performance, which she praised as the film's highlights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Witherspoon |first=Patrice |date=2023-06-14 |title=''He Went That Way'' Review: Quinto Outshines His Captor In Disastrous Crime Thriller |url=https://screenrant.com/he-went-that-way-review/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Ya tafi Wannan Hanyar fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2023 wanda Jeffrey Darling ya jagoranta a karon farko na darakta, kuma ya hada da Jacob Elordi da Zachary Quinto . Fim din ya dogara ne akan ainihin abubuwan da suka faru na mai kisan gilla Larry Ranes ya sadu da mai horar da dabbobi Dave Pitts . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 January 2024 |title=Ice-skating animal trainer's harrowing ride across America with a serial killer — and a chimp — is now a movie |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/movies-and-tv/2023/12/29/23992517/spanky-chimpanzee-serial-killer-ice-capades-dave-pitts-jonathan-larry-ranes-chicago |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''He Went That Way'' had its world premiere at the Tribeca Festival on June 9, 2023. The film was released by Vertical Entertainment in the United States on January 5, 2024.

== Premise ==
1964. The US is in political turmoil due to the war and serial killers are on the road. Jim Goodwin, an animal trainer accompanied by his famous pet chimpanzee, Spanky, picks up a hitchhiker named Bobby Falls at a gas station en route to [[Chicago]]. The two get to meet each other. Bobby reveals he was discharged from the Air Force and gets introduced to the chimp.

They stop at a motel in Albuquerque and, while Jim pays for a room to spend the night, Bobby steals a handgun from a parked car and points it at Jim, revealing he is a serial killer. The latter, by knowing information about him and actually being nice to him, gets spared. Although Bobby threatens to kill Spanky if he tells anything to the cops. Through flashbacks of his past killings, it's shown that Bobby had an abusive father and is triggered when he feels disrespected.

The next day they stop at Amarillo, where Jim meets his brother-in-law Saul, who owes him money, and confesses both him and Spanky are having a hard time getting job offers. Saul laughs him off and humiliates him in front of Bobby, enraged, he locks Jim in Spanky's cage and shoots Saul before driving away. Since Jim broke an earlier promise of keeping things low cover, Bobby takes charge of the ride and makes Jim swear he won't lie again.

Later that day, they change clothes to go to a Ballroom Dancing in [[Tulsa]]. Bobby seems nervous at the thought of speaking to girls, so Jim gives him confidence by bringing Spanky with them. Since the girls have a weird feeling about Bobby, Jim calms them down by claiming he's just an actor.

Jim talks to Bobby about controlling his impulses and being gentle, but Bobby takes him to the edge to win his trust by making him watch kiss the girls without consent, stealing from a shop and feeding Spanky. When they get to Chicago, Jim gets Bobby's gun off him, betraying the killer, who attempts to choke him, but runs away. Jim follows him and gifts him a Spanky flyer and Tulsa's clothes and says goodbye.

Bobby keeps on following his murder spree until he gets arrested by the [[Michigan]] police and sentenced to life in prison while Jim and Spanky's shows get back on air. After the chimp's passing, he retires and goes on to remarry and live in Argentina.

== Cast ==

* [[Yakubu Elordi|Jacob Elordi]] as Bobby Falls, a serial killer based on Larry Lee Ranes
* [[Zachary Quinto]] as Jim Goodwin, an animal trainer based on Dave Pitts
* [[Patrick J. Adams]] as Saul
* Troy Evans as Hank
* Alexandra Doke as Whitney
* John Lee Ames as Ratso

== Production ==
''He Went That Way'' was announced on June 2, 2021, at the virtual Marché du Film, when it was reported that [[Yakubu Elordi|Jacob Elordi]] and [[Zachary Quinto]] would star in the thriller based on Conrad Hilberry's non-fiction book ''Luke Karamazov''. The film was produced by Head Gear Films, Teashop Productions, and Mister Smith Entertainment. It was the directorial debut of Jeffrey Darling, who died in a surfing accident in North Palm Beach in [[Sydney|Sydney, Australia]] on March 27, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2022 |title=Believe Media remembers Jeffrey Darling |url=https://reel360.com/article/believe-media-remembers-jeffrey-darling/ |website=Reel 360 News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Mike |date=March 29, 2022 |title=Jeff Darling, Australian Cinematographer and Director, Dies at 60 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jeff-darling-dead-australian-cinematographer-director-1235121327/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2022 |title=Filmmaker Jeff Darling passes away while surfing |url=https://nepalnews.com/index.php/s/entertainment-and-lifestyle/filmmaker-jeff-darling-passes-away-while-surfing |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=NepalNews}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on a screenplay by Evan M. Wiener.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=June 2, 2021 |title=Jacob Elordi &amp; Zachary Quinto To Star In True Crime Thriller ''He Went That Way'' – Cannes Virtual Market |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/jacob-elordi-zachary-quinto-crime-thriller-he-went-that-way-cannes-virtual-market-1234767718/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602153009/https://deadline.com/2021/06/jacob-elordi-zachary-quinto-crime-thriller-he-went-that-way-cannes-virtual-market-1234767718/ |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=June 2, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to executive producer Phil Hunt, the production was able to cast Quinto by going through a friend of the actor instead of his agent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roxborough |first=Scott |last2=Ritman |first2=Alex |date=November 2, 2021 |title=AFM: Indies Battle for Talent as Studios and Streamers Lock Up A-Listers |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/afm-2021-talent-battle-robert-pattinson-christoph-waltz-1235037639/ |access-date=November 19, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming took place on location in Los Angeles, California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=David |date=January 19, 2022 |title=Los Angeles On-Location Filming Sets Quarterly Record, Doubling Since 2020, FilmLA Says |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/los-angeles-location-filming-record-filmla-1234915537/ |access-date=January 19, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Release ==
The film premiered at the Tribeca Festival on June 9, 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=He Went That Way &amp;#124; 2023 Tribeca Festival |url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/he-went-that-way-2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2023, Vertical Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=October 17, 2023 |title=True-Life Serial Killer Thriller 'He Went That Way' Starring Jacob Elordi, Zachary Quinto &amp; Patrick J. Adams Acquired By Vertical |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/he-went-that-way-jacob-elordi-zachary-quinto-vertical-release-1235574720/ |access-date=October 17, 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released in a limited release on January 5, 2024, prior to video on demand on January 12, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McArdle |first=Tommy |date=December 14, 2023 |title=Jacob Elordi Plays a Killer Hitchhiker Picked Up by Zachary Quinto in He Went That Way Trailer (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/jacob-elordi-plays-killer-hitchhiker-picked-up-by-zachary-quinto-he-went-that-way-exclusive-8415640 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 26% of 31 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 4.5/10.[13] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 37 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating &quot;generally unfavorable&quot; reviews.

David Rooney of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' wrote that &quot;it plays like a tonally uncertain blend of desert neo-noir, prickly buddy movie, misfit character study and crime thriller, with zero psychological grounding and even less suspense&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=David |date=2023-06-09 |title='He Went That Way' Review: Jacob Elordi and Zachary Quinto in True Crime Misfire Awkwardly Stuck Between Genre Cracks |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/he-went-that-way-review-jacob-elordi-zachary-quinto-1235511685/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Christian Zilko of IndieWire called the film &quot;a competent but emotionally thin story&quot;, and gave it a grade of B−.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zilko |first=Christian |date=2023-06-09 |title=''He Went That Way'' Review: A Serial Killer, A Drifter, and His Monkey Get Into a Car… |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/he-went-that-way-review-1234873042/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Patrice Witherspoon of ''Screen Rant'' described the film as &quot;a dumpster fire from start to finish&quot;, criticizing the plot, tonal shifts, and performances, except for Quinto's performance, which she praised as the film's highlights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Witherspoon |first=Patrice |date=2023-06-14 |title=''He Went That Way'' Review: Quinto Outshines His Captor In Disastrous Crime Thriller |url=https://screenrant.com/he-went-that-way-review/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Yoga a Burtaniya: Ƙaddamar da Ruhaniya da Ilimi Yogis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293314468|Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''yoga a Burtaniya: shimfiɗa ruhaniya da ilimantar da Yogis''''' littafi ne na 2019 na Suzanne Newcombe akan tarihin yoga na zamani a matsayin motsa jiki a Burtaniya a rabi na biyu na karni na 20, musamman a tsakanin 1945 da 1980. Masana sun karɓi littafin da kyau saboda zurfin nazarin tarihin da [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] na yoga a Burtaniya, da kuma sanya bayaninsa a cikin takamaiman yanayi na lokaci da wur

== Context ==
Yoga is an ancient spiritual practice from India. The form in which it is widely known in the western world, yoga as exercise, was developed from medieval Hatha Yoga in the early 20th century by pioneers including Krishnamacharya, as described by scholars including Mark Singleton. The new physical practice was brought to Britain in various forms during the 20th century, including by one of Krishnamacharya's pupils, B. K. S. Iyengar.{{Sfn|Ciołkosz|2019}}

Suzanne Newcombe is a scholar of modern yoga, investigating the &quot;interfaces between religion, health and healing&quot;. She researches and teaches at the Open University.&lt;ref name=&quot;OU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Suzanne Newcombe |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/people/shn44 |access-date=17 March 2019 |publisher=The Open University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Book ==

=== Publication history ===
''Yoga in Britain'' was published in paperback by Equinox in 2019, simultaneously in [[Sheffield]], England and Bristol, Connecticut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Yoga in Britain : stretching spirituality and educating yogis' |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/yoga-in-britain-stretching-spirituality-and-educating-yogis/oclc/1007554939/editions?editionsView=true&amp;referer=br |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=WorldCat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Synopsis ===
''Yoga in Britain'' begins with a &quot;Prologue&quot; that describes modern yoga as a worldwide practice, briefly tracing its roots in the ancient spiritual practices of India's various religions. It notes the origins of postural yoga in Hatha Yoga from around 1100 AD, and states, following Andrea Jain and others, that since yoga has varying meanings and practices in different contexts, it must be studied in a specific context.{{Sfn|Newcombe|2019}}

The book's eight chapters each provide a &quot;vignette&quot; of yoga in a certain time and place in Britain. The first looks at the early business of publishing information about yoga, complete with a graph of the number of yoga books published by year from 1940 to 1990, peaking in 1978. The book then examines the early self-taught yogis; the role of charismatic yoga gurus in adult education; the arrival of yoga evening classes for middle-class women; the 1960s, where yoga was associated with rock music and the counter-culture; yoga on television; yoga as therapy; and a tour of the diversity of yoga practice in Britain.{{Sfn|Newcombe|2019}}

The book ends with a &quot;Postscript&quot; describing how yoga has developed in Britain since 1980, with increasing formalisation and commercialisation.{{Sfn|Newcombe|2019}}

=== Illustrations ===
The book is illustrated with 40 monochrome photographs of yoga pioneers, early classes, graphics, and historical artefacts, and a table of estimated numbers of practitioners in Britain.{{Sfn|Newcombe|2019}}

== Reception ==
[[Fayil:BKS_Iyengar_Centre_House.jpg|thumb|B. K. S. Iyengar at Iyengar Centre House, London, 1971]]
''Yoga in Britain'' has been warmly welcomed by other scholars.{{Sfn|Lutkajtis|2019}}{{Sfn|Miller|2019}}{{Sfn|Ciołkosz|2019}}{{Sfn|Koch|2020}} Anna Lutkajtis, in the ''Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review '', notes that yoga needs to be studied in context, and that the British model of teaching yoga to adults in non-vocational evening classes described by Newcombe provided &quot;the initial model for the yoga classes we see today&quot;.{{Sfn|Lutkajtis|2019}} Matylda Ciołkosz, in the ''Journal of Yoga Studies'', describes the book as long-awaited, with key themes of education and the &quot;privatisation of religion and spirituality&quot;. She examines, too, what she calls the &quot;institutionalisation of charisma&quot;, as seen in the work of Iyengar in Britain, leading to the professionalisation of yoga instruction in Iyengar Yoga.{{Sfn|Ciołkosz|2019}} Amelia Wood, in ''Numen'', states that the central question addressed by the book is{{Sfn|Wood|2020}}
{{Blockquote|how can this thing called 'yoga' that is apparently Indian now be seen as such an unremarkable activity in Britain?{{sfn|Wood|2020|pp=429–431}}}}
Wood at once adds that the ways that yoga was made popular in postwar Britain were more remarkable, revealed by Newcombe's extensive sociological and historical research. She states that the punning subtitle indicates the changing meaning of &quot;yoga&quot;, adding physical activity. In her view, the book shows that while yoga did become entangled with the 1960s counter-culture, yoga flourished in Britain by going along with the mainstream, with conventional &quot;agendas of improving health, education, and contentment&quot;. Wood notes that most British yoga teachers and practitioners are still women, and calls for further study based on Newcombe of how yoga upholds—or challenges—gender norms.{{Sfn|Wood|2020}} The scholar of religion Anne Koch, in the ''Journal of Religion in Europe'', calls the book a &quot;thoroughly scrutinised monograph&quot;, the product of over 15 years of study, supported by extensive fieldwork involving contact with many practitioners from the period of study. All the same, Koch notes, several contexts remain to be explored, such as the influence of [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] on British yoga, and the role of the Theosophical Society. She finds the book valuable for its many original sources, photographs, and interviews.{{Sfn|Koch|2020}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''yoga a Burtaniya: shimfiɗa ruhaniya da ilimantar da Yogis''''' littafi ne na 2019 na Suzanne Newcombe akan tarihin yoga na zamani a matsayin motsa jiki a Burtaniya a rabi na biyu na karni na 20, musamman a tsakanin 1945 da 1980. Masana sun karɓi littafin da kyau saboda zurfin nazarin tarihin da [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] na yoga a Burtaniya, da kuma sanya bayaninsa a cikin takamaiman yanayi na lokaci da wur

== Context ==
Yoga is an ancient spiritual practice from India. The form in which it is widely known in the western world, yoga as exercise, was developed from medieval Hatha Yoga in the early 20th century by pioneers including Krishnamacharya, as described by scholars including Mark Singleton. The new physical practice was brought to Britain in various forms during the 20th century, including by one of Krishnamacharya's pupils, B. K. S. Iyengar.{{Sfn|Ciołkosz|2019}}

Suzanne Newcombe is a scholar of modern yoga, investigating the &quot;interfaces between religion, health and healing&quot;. She researches and teaches at the Open University.&lt;ref name=&quot;OU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Suzanne Newcombe |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/people/shn44 |access-date=17 March 2019 |publisher=The Open University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Book ==

=== Publication history ===
''Yoga in Britain'' was published in paperback by Equinox in 2019, simultaneously in [[Sheffield]], England and Bristol, Connecticut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Yoga in Britain : stretching spirituality and educating yogis' |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/yoga-in-britain-stretching-spirituality-and-educating-yogis/oclc/1007554939/editions?editionsView=true&amp;referer=br |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=WorldCat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Synopsis ===
''Yoga in Britain'' begins with a &quot;Prologue&quot; that describes modern yoga as a worldwide practice, briefly tracing its roots in the ancient spiritual practices of India's various religions. It notes the origins of postural yoga in Hatha Yoga from around 1100 AD, and states, following Andrea Jain and others, that since yoga has varying meanings and practices in different contexts, it must be studied in a specific context.{{Sfn|Newcombe|2019}}

The book's eight chapters each provide a &quot;vignette&quot; of yoga in a certain time and place in Britain. The first looks at the early business of publishing information about yoga, complete with a graph of the number of yoga books published by year from 1940 to 1990, peaking in 1978. The book then examines the early self-taught yogis; the role of charismatic yoga gurus in adult education; the arrival of yoga evening classes for middle-class women; the 1960s, where yoga was associated with rock music and the counter-culture; yoga on television; yoga as therapy; and a tour of the diversity of yoga practice in Britain.{{Sfn|Newcombe|2019}}

The book ends with a &quot;Postscript&quot; describing how yoga has developed in Britain since 1980, with increasing formalisation and commercialisation.{{Sfn|Newcombe|2019}}

=== Illustrations ===
The book is illustrated with 40 monochrome photographs of yoga pioneers, early classes, graphics, and historical artefacts, and a table of estimated numbers of practitioners in Britain.{{Sfn|Newcombe|2019}}

== Reception ==
[[Fayil:BKS_Iyengar_Centre_House.jpg|thumb|B. K. S. Iyengar at Iyengar Centre House, London, 1971]]
''Yoga in Britain'' has been warmly welcomed by other scholars.{{Sfn|Lutkajtis|2019}}{{Sfn|Miller|2019}}{{Sfn|Ciołkosz|2019}}{{Sfn|Koch|2020}} Anna Lutkajtis, in the ''Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review '', notes that yoga needs to be studied in context, and that the British model of teaching yoga to adults in non-vocational evening classes described by Newcombe provided &quot;the initial model for the yoga classes we see today&quot;.{{Sfn|Lutkajtis|2019}} Matylda Ciołkosz, in the ''Journal of Yoga Studies'', describes the book as long-awaited, with key themes of education and the &quot;privatisation of religion and spirituality&quot;. She examines, too, what she calls the &quot;institutionalisation of charisma&quot;, as seen in the work of Iyengar in Britain, leading to the professionalisation of yoga instruction in Iyengar Yoga.{{Sfn|Ciołkosz|2019}} Amelia Wood, in ''Numen'', states that the central question addressed by the book is{{Sfn|Wood|2020}}
{{Blockquote|how can this thing called 'yoga' that is apparently Indian now be seen as such an unremarkable activity in Britain?{{sfn|Wood|2020|pp=429–431}}}}
Wood at once adds that the ways that yoga was made popular in postwar Britain were more remarkable, revealed by Newcombe's extensive sociological and historical research. She states that the punning subtitle indicates the changing meaning of &quot;yoga&quot;, adding physical activity. In her view, the book shows that while yoga did become entangled with the 1960s counter-culture, yoga flourished in Britain by going along with the mainstream, with conventional &quot;agendas of improving health, education, and contentment&quot;. Wood notes that most British yoga teachers and practitioners are still women, and calls for further study based on Newcombe of how yoga upholds—or challenges—gender norms.{{Sfn|Wood|2020}} The scholar of religion Anne Koch, in the ''Journal of Religion in Europe'', calls the book a &quot;thoroughly scrutinised monograph&quot;, the product of over 15 years of study, supported by extensive fieldwork involving contact with many practitioners from the period of study. All the same, Koch notes, several contexts remain to be explored, such as the influence of [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] on British yoga, and the role of the Theosophical Society. She finds the book valuable for its many original sources, photographs, and interviews.{{Sfn|Koch|2020}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358468118|Ben Welden]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ben Welden''' (an haife shi '''Benjamin Weinblatt''';  12 ga Yuni, 1901 - 17 ga Oktoba, 1997) Mai wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda ya buga nau'ikan 'yan bindiga iri-iri na [[Damon Runyon]] a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban.

== Shekaru na farko ==
Welden was born in Toledo, Ohio.  He served in the U.S. Army during World War II.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Welden's film debut occurred in the British production ''The Man from Chicago'' (1930). After freelancing for several years, he signed with Warner Bros. in 1937.

Short, balding and somewhat rotund, Welden often literally played a &quot;heavy&quot;, frequently in a somewhat comical or slightly dim-witted way, offsetting the sinister nature of his character's actions. Among his roles in this vein was as a goon in ''The Big Sleep'' (1946), and as a smart-mouth tavern owner in The Roaring Twenties. 

Fans of ''Adventures of Superman'' remember him well.  He appeared in eight episodes, always as a different character and yet really the ''same'' character, in a way. His best-known ''Superman'' episode might be &quot;Flight to the North&quot;, in which he tries (and fails) to outwit a country-bumpkin type (played by Chuck Connors). In 1966, he acted in episodes 47 and 48 of ''Batman'' featuring [[Vincent Price]] as Special Guest Villain &quot;Egghead&quot;.  He also played a supporting role in the Three Stooges short, &quot;Three Dark Horses.&quot; (1952)

He appeared in six episodes of ''The Lone Ranger'' (&quot;Two Gold Lockets&quot;, 1951, &quot;Delayed Action&quot;, 1952,  &quot;Right to Vote&quot;, 1953, &quot;Stage to Tishomingo&quot;, 1954, &quot;Trouble at Tylerville&quot;, 1956, &amp; &quot;Outlaws in Greasepaint&quot;, 1957). He continued to work in television until 1966.

== Personal life ==
After retiring from the screen, Welden owned a confection company called Nutcorn, located in Beverly Hills.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Death ==
Welden died at age 96 on October 17, 1997, at the Motion Picture &amp;amp;amp; Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California.

== Filmography ==
 

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]</text>
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'''Ben Welden''' (an haife shi '''Benjamin Weinblatt''';  12 ga Yuni, 1901 - 17 ga Oktoba, 1997) Mai wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda ya buga nau'ikan 'yan bindiga iri-iri na [[Damon Runyon]] a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban.

== Shekaru na farko ==
Welden was born in Toledo, Ohio.  He served in the U.S. Army during World War II.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Welden's film debut occurred in the British production ''The Man from Chicago'' (1930). After freelancing for several years, he signed with Warner Bros. in 1937.

Short, balding and somewhat rotund, Welden often literally played a &quot;heavy&quot;, frequently in a somewhat comical or slightly dim-witted way, offsetting the sinister nature of his character's actions. Among his roles in this vein was as a goon in ''The Big Sleep'' (1946), and as a smart-mouth tavern owner in The Roaring Twenties. 

Fans of ''Adventures of Superman'' remember him well.  He appeared in eight episodes, always as a different character and yet really the ''same'' character, in a way. His best-known ''Superman'' episode might be &quot;Flight to the North&quot;, in which he tries (and fails) to outwit a country-bumpkin type (played by Chuck Connors). In 1966, he acted in episodes 47 and 48 of ''Batman'' featuring [[Vincent Price]] as Special Guest Villain &quot;Egghead&quot;.  He also played a supporting role in the Three Stooges short, &quot;Three Dark Horses.&quot; (1952)

He appeared in six episodes of ''The Lone Ranger'' (&quot;Two Gold Lockets&quot;, 1951, &quot;Delayed Action&quot;, 1952,  &quot;Right to Vote&quot;, 1953, &quot;Stage to Tishomingo&quot;, 1954, &quot;Trouble at Tylerville&quot;, 1956, &amp; &quot;Outlaws in Greasepaint&quot;, 1957). He continued to work in television until 1966.

== Personal life ==
After retiring from the screen, Welden owned a confection company called Nutcorn, located in Beverly Hills.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Death ==
Welden died at age 96 on October 17, 1997, at the Motion Picture &amp;amp;amp; Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California.

== Filmography ==
 

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357729430|Sociology of food]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ilimin zamantakewa na abinci''' shine nazarin [[abinci]] da alaƙarsa da tarihin al'umma, ci gabanta, da kuma makomarta. Wannan binciken ya haɗa da samar da abinci da amfaninsa, da kuma amfaninsa na likitanci, ɗabi'a, da kuma ruhaniya.

Ana iya duba rarraba abinci a cikin al'ummomi ta hanyar nazarin canje-canje a cikin sarkar samar da abinci. Musamman dunkulewar duniya, tana shafar sarkar samar da abinci sosai ta hanyar ba da damar tattalin arziki mai yawa a masana'antar rarraba abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Food - Sociology - Oxford Bibliographies - obo |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756384/obo-9780199756384-0072.xml |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba abinci ==

=== Tasirin tasirin sikelin ===
Tattalin arzikin sikelin (ko tasirin sikelin) - wanda ya samo asali daga cibiyoyin saye/sayayya na tsakiya a cikin sarkar samar da abinci - yana fifita manyan dillalai ko masu rarrabawa a kasuwar rarraba abinci. Wannan yanayi ya taso ne saboda manyan 'yan wasa za su iya amfani da ƙarfin kasuwa mai ƙarfi da fa'idodin kuɗi akan ƙananan 'yan wasa. Tare da ƙarfin kasuwa mai ƙarfi da kuma samun damar shiga kasuwar bashi ta kuɗi, manyan 'yan wasa za su iya sanya shinge ga shiga da kuma ƙarfafa matsayinsu a kasuwa. Wannan fa'idar tana haifar da sarkar rarraba abinci tare da takamaiman halaye: manyan 'yan wasa a gefe ɗaya, da ƙananan 'yan wasa (zaɓar kasuwannin musamman) a ɗayan gefen. Kasancewar ƙananan 'yan wasa a kasuwannin rarraba abinci na musamman za a iya danganta shi da raguwar kason kasuwa, da kuma rashin iya yin gogayya da manyan 'yan wasa saboda tasirin sikelin. Ta hanyar wannan tsari, haɗin kan duniya ya kori ƙananan 'yan wasa.  Wani abu kuma da ke shafar kasuwannin rarraba abinci na musamman shine ikon sarkar rarraba abinci don mallakar samfuran kansu. Shaguna masu nasu samfuran suna iya shiga cikin yaƙin farashi ta hanyar rage farashi don alamarsu, ta haka ne ke sa masu amfani su fi son siyan kayansu. 

== Tarihi da al'adu ==

=== Tarihin farko ===
A farkon matakan ɗan adam, abinci ya yi aiki ne kawai don gina jiki da rayuwa. Abinci tushen kuzari ne da ake samu ta hanyar farauta da tattarawa, wani tsari mai ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, wanda ke buƙatar mutanen farko su ci abinci mai yawan kalori. Waɗannan ci gaban daga ƙarshe sun haifar da [[noma]] - noman shuke-shuke da dabbobi - wanda kuma ke ba da gudummawa ga aiki don abinci da tattalin arziki na ilimin zamantakewa na abinci.

=== Al'adu ===
A tsawon lokaci, abinci ya zama hanyar haɗa mutane da al'adu wuri ɗaya. A cikin al'adu da yawa, abinci shine babban abin da ke motsa mutane su yi mu'amala da mutane. Wannan tsari ya ci gaba tsawon shekaru aru-aru, tare da wasu misalai kamar haka:

# Farauta da tattara [[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]] na farko
# 'Yan mulkin mallaka na Sabuwar Duniya suna cin abinci tare da 'yan asalin Amurkawa, wanda aka sake farfaɗo da shi a cikin al'adar da ake kira [[Bikin Godiya (Thanksgiving)|Thanksgiving]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siskind |first=Janet |year=1992 |title=The Invention of Thanksgiving |journal=Critique of Anthropology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=167–191 |doi=10.1177/0308275X9201200205 |s2cid=140389022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Yaɗuwar cin abinci a gidajen cin abinci a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata, da kuma jin daɗin da al'umma ke yi game da cin abinci

A cewar masana ilimin zamantakewa, ana iya rarraba abinci bisa manufa da ma'ana:

* Abincin gargajiya - muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu
* Abincin da ke da daraja - yana nuna matsayin tattalin arziki
* Abincin da ake ci don inganta jiki - galibi ana amfani da shi don inganta jiki
* Abinci mai tausayi—wanda ake ci don samun abin yabo da kuma abin so, a cikin salon camfi
* Abincin jiki - ana cinye shi saboda wani dalili na musamman na lafiya, kamar lokacin daukar ciki

Waɗannan nau'ikan suna taimaka wa masu bincike (misali, masana zamantakewa) su yi nazarin al'ada daga mahangar abinci. Rarraba abinci sau da yawa yana nuna yadda abinci ke girma, yake samuwa, da kuma yadda yake ci gaba da rayuwa tare da al'umma. Misali, idan mutum ya yi imani da homeopathy, ana iya fahimtar imaninsa dangane da abinci mai tausayi ko na jiki. A matsayin ƙarin misalai, ana iya rarraba caviar da oysters a matsayin abinci mai daraja: yawanci sun fi tsada fiye da sauran abinci, kuma mutanen da suka saya kuma suka ci su suna yin hakan ne don nuna matsayin tattalin arzikinsu .

== Kimiyyar zamantakewa ==

=== Ra'ayoyin zamantakewa ===
Daga mahangar hulɗa ta alama (ka'idar zamantakewa), alamu da yawa suna da alaƙa da ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. Abinci, a cikin al'adu da yawa, yana haɗa mutane tare kuma yana haɗa su a matakai da yawa. Misali ɗaya shine al'adar cin abinci tare da iyali a kusa da teburi. Wannan al'ada tana wakiltar al'umma da sadarwa. Abinci kuma yana iya wakiltar wani abu mafi girma fiye da kansa. A Amurka, abinci mai sauri na iya wakiltar iyali mai aiki wanda ke buƙatar cin abincin dare mai sauri. Ga wasu mutane, duk da haka, abinci mai sauri na iya nuna ka'idar McDonaldization, wacce ke mai da hankali kan ra'ayin cin abincin Amurka. Wani misali na ilimin zamantakewa na abinci a matsayin alama zai kasance shirya abinci daga farko. Wannan misali tabbas yana da alaƙa da iyali. Daga cikin sauran ka'idojin ilimin zamantakewa, ka'idodin rikici suma sun shafi ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an fara amfani da abinci kuma galibi don abinci mai gina jiki da rayuwa. Saboda wannan dalili, ka'idar rikici na iya aiki. A matsayin mafarauta da masu tarawa, mutanen farko suna buƙatar yin faɗa da neman abinci don rayuwa. Irin wannan rikici kuma zai iya nuna &quot; [[Tsirar wanda yafi dacewa|rayuwa mafi ƙarfi]] &quot; (watau, tsarin zaɓin yanayi): saboda rikice-rikice wajen samun abinci, waɗanda suka tsira kawai su ne mutanen da suka yi nasara, ta haka suna samar da abinci ga kansu da iyalansu. Wannan yanayi ya rikide zuwa al'umma ta zamani, inda dole ne mutane su ɗauki ayyuka don samun abin rayuwa, wanda ake kashewa akan abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sociology of food - Short Notes for Sociology |url=https://www.sociologyguide.com/socio-short-notes/sociology-of-food.php |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=www.sociologyguide.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin halin dan Adam da cututtuka ===
Matsalolin cin abinci suna wakiltar ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How big brands are helping consumers shift to healthier eating options |url=https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/how-big-brands-are-helping-consumers-shift-healthier-eating-options |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Reuters Events |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan matsalolin suna nuna yadda mutum zai iya samun iko ko ƙarancin iko a kan wani abu mai mahimmanci don rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-25 |title=Eating Disorders Awareness Week: The Psychology behind Eating Disorders, and How to Treat Them |url=https://www.thechelseapsychologyclinic.com/blog/exploring-the-psychology-behind-eating-disorders-and-how-to-treat-them/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Chelsea Psychology Clinic |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hendriksen |first=Savvy Psychologist Ellen |title=The Mindset of Eating Disorders |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-mindset-of-eating-disorders/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin cin abinci ba su takaita ga [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia]] ba - sun haɗa da bulimia da [[Rashin cin abinci mai yawa|matsalar cin abinci mai yawa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Types of Eating Disorder |url=https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/get-information-and-support/about-eating-disorders/types/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Beat |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke da irin wannan matsalar galibi suna amfani da abinci a matsayin lada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-22 |title=Reward |url=https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/toolkit/parent-toolkit/reward |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=National Eating Disorders Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, waɗannan mutanen suna ganin abinci a matsayin abin da za a guje masa, duk da cewa ana buƙatarsa don rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eating Disorders: About More Than Food |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=National Institute of Mental Health |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangantakar ɗan adam da abinci koyaushe tana canzawa kuma batu ne mai sarkakiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-10 |title=This Is What It Looks Like to Have a 'Normal' Relationship With Food |url=https://www.self.com/story/normal-relationship-with-food |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=SELF |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga mahangar zamantakewa, kafofin watsa labarai na zamani suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A New Relationship Between Social Media and Food {{!}} SupermarketGuru |url=https://www.supermarketguru.com/the-lempert-report/a-new-relationship-between-social-media-and-food/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.supermarketguru.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jonk |first=Hiwot |date=2021-03-01 |title=Has Social Media Eroded our Relationship with Food? |url=https://www.uofmneco.com/post/has-social-media-eroded-our-relationship-with-food |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021133433/https://www.uofmneco.com/post/has-social-media-eroded-our-relationship-with-food |archive-date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Mysite |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba wai kawai kafofin watsa labarai suna da alaƙa da ilimin zamantakewa na abinci ba, har ma da wakilcin al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maza musamman mata suna kallon wakilcin da aka yi niyya da rashin daidaito na &quot;jiki cikakke&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2016 |title=Why are women more vulnerable to eating disorders? Brain study sheds light |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/313466}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=d'Amour |first=Sarah |last2=Harris |first2=Laurence R. |year=2019 |title=The Representation of Body Size: Variations with Viewpoint and Sex |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=10 |page=2805 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02805 |pmc=6929680 |pmid=31920848 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke sa mutane su so jiki kamar yadda ake tsammani. A cikin cututtuka kamar anorexia da bulimia, marasa lafiya suna jin tsoron ƙara nauyi da cin kalori. Waɗannan cututtuka kuma suna wakiltar dangantakar da mutane suka lalace da abinci da nauyinsu, da kuma yadda ake nuna wannan dangantaka mara kyau a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a. Wakiltar da ba daidai ba tana sa mutane su mai da hankali sosai kan kamanni, maimakon la'akari da ainihin buƙatarsu ta abinci mai gina jiki. Ba daidai ba ne hoton jiki cikakke na jama'a, da kuma yadda irin wannan jiki ke shafar yawan shan kalori na yau da kullun, ya haifar da anorexia a matsayin matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa tare da mafi girman adadin mace-mace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anorexia Nervosa – Highest Mortality Rate of Any Mental Disorder: Why? |url=https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/anorexia/anorexia-death-rate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummar zamani suna da matsalar dysmorphic jiki . Wannan cuta yanayi ne na lafiyar kwakwalwa inda mutum ke ɓatar da lokaci mai tsawo yana damuwa game da lahani a cikin kamanninsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/body-dysmorphia/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siffar jiki ta zama matsala mai alaƙa da ita, tunda kafofin sada zumunta na iya nuna mizanan da ba su dace ba dangane da matsalolin cin abinci ko rashin lafiya; wannan yana da alaƙa da ilimin zamantakewa na cin abinci.

== Lafiya ==
Abincin zamani ya wanzu tsawon ƙarni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saner |first=Emine |title=People Have Been Crash Dieting For Over 2,000 Years |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-history-of-fad-diets-2013-2 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma sha'awar zama siriri ya fara bayyana a manyan kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin shekarun 1990, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Look At 'Heroin Chic' And The Glamorization Of Drug Use In The 90s |url=https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/heroin-addiction/heroin-chic/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Recovery Village Drug and Alcohol Rehab |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; misali, ta hanyar salon heroin chic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=2022-02-10 |title=BBLs are over, eye bags are in, smoking is back. Is heroin chic next? |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/article/55414/1/bbls-are-over-eye-bags-are-in-smoking-is-back-is-heroin-chic-next |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Dazed |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tarihi, idan mace tana da kiba, wannan ya nuna cewa ana kula da ita. Kallonta ya nuna wadatarta - tana iya cin abinci, ba kamar wani manomi wanda ba shi da damar samun abinci mai sauƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-05-16 |title='People think a bigger belly is a sign of wealth' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/16/medicineandhealth.publichealth |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mace mai kyau ba ta da kiba sosai. Wani babban sauyi ya fara ne a shekarun 1920, lokacin da yarinya mai kama da saurayi ta zama abin so ga mace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Vanessa Van |date=2016-05-10 |title=Beauty Standards: See How Body Types Change Through History |url=https://www.scienceofpeople.com/beauty-standards/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Science of People |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin shekarun 1960, samfura kamar [[Twiggy]] sun yi kanun labarai game da siririn jikinta, kuma mata da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin daidaita jikinta.  Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1980, lokacin da cin abinci - kamar ta hanyar South Beach Diet ko kamfanin Weight Watchers - ya ƙaru a shahara, tare da yaɗuwar motsa jiki da bidiyo masu alaƙa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-21 |title=Fad Diets of the 90s {{!}} Santa Cruz CORE Fitness + Rehab |url=https://santacruzcore.com/fad-diets-90s/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-30 |title=These '70s and '80s Fad Diets Are Too Freaking Hard To Follow |url=https://soyummy.com/70s-80s-fad-diets/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=So Yummy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya nuna farkon salon cin abinci na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-20 |title=A history of diets – from Byron to 5:2 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/20/a-history-of-diets-byron-52 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin waɗannan abincin, wasu sun ƙaru da shahara: misalai sun haɗa da abincin Atkins, abincin Jenny Craig, da abincin paleo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-26 |title=A History of the Diet By Decade: 11 Food Fads That Promised to Make Us Thin |url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/fad-diet-trends-weight-watchers-atkins-paleo-diet |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 10 Most Famous Fad Diets of All Time |url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/food/the-10-most-famous-fad-diets-of-all-time.aspx |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=EverydayHealth.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar 2010s, wasu abinci sun zama ruwan dare. Waɗannan abincin sun haɗa da [[Cin ganyayyaki kawai|cin ganyayyaki]], rashin kiwo, cin ganyayyaki, ɗanye, da rashin alkama . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-20 |title=The biggest (and weirdest) wellness trends we all witnessed in the 2010s |url=https://www.vogue.in/wellness/content/top-diet-wellness-fitness-trends-of-2010-crystals-detox-diets-juice-cleanse |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-13 |title=Here Are Diet Trends That Ruled Between 2010 To 2020 |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/diet-nutrition/most-popular-diet-trends-of-the-decade-article-168260 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=HerZindagi English |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai dalilai da yawa na zaɓar wani abinci: ɗabi'a, matsalolin narkewar abinci, ko tasirin waje (gami da addini). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Capritto |first=Amanda |title=6 common reasons people eat vegan |url=https://www.cnet.com/health/nutrition/why-is-the-vegan-diet-so-popular/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=CNET |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why are so many people going gluten-free? |url=https://www.piedmont.org/living-better/why-are-so-many-people-going-gluten-free |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.piedmont.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Batutuwa masu alaƙa sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin da kwatantawa tsakanin abinci da al'ummomi, da kuma tasirin duniya kan samar da abinci da wadata. Wani muhimmin abu shine yanayin siyasa, gami da tasirin duniya da kuma ci gaba da martanin al'adu ga abinci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyoyin girki da cin abinci; kula da damuwar masu amfani; da damuwa game da kiba da kuma maganin abinci. Canjin hanyoyin abinci ya samo asali kuma ya samo asali ne ta hanyar yanayin zamantakewa mai faɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=Introducing ''The Sociology of Food and Eating'' by Anne Murcott |url=https://www.perlego.com/book/876065/introducing-the-sociology-of-food-and-eating-pdf |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Perlego |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |language=en |isbn=978-1-350-02204-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kiba ===
[[Fayil:Medical_complications_of_obesity.png|thumb|Matsalolin lafiya na kiba]]
Juyin halittar abincin Amurka, tare da [[Girman kiba a Amurka|karuwar kiba da]] ta haifar, ya ba da misali bayyananne game da yadda abinci ke tsara al'umma da rayuwar yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Making of the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/issue-3/the-making-of-the-obesity-epidemic |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Breakthrough Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda rayuwar da Amurkawa da yawa ke gudanarwa cikin sauri, abinci mai sauri da abinci mai yawan kalori sun karu cikin shahara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-24 |title=Fast Food Statistics {{!}} October 2022 {{!}} The Barbecue Lab |url=https://thebarbecuelab.com/fast-food/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mutum yana shafar yanayin da yake rayuwa, wanda hakan kuma yana tasiri sosai ga nau'in abincin da yake ci, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zagorsky |first=Jay L. |last2=Smith |first2=Patricia K. |date=November 2017 |title=The association between socioeconomic status and adult fast-food consumption in the U.S |journal=Economics and Human Biology |volume=27 |issue=Pt A |pages=12–25 |doi=10.1016/j.ehb.2017.04.004 |issn=1873-6130 |pmid=28472714 |s2cid=23903624 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; —tunda abinci mai yawan kalori da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki yakan fi rahusa kuma ya fi sauƙin samu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Karlene |date=2019-02-27 |title=Fast food accessibility is a public health issue |url=https://thedailyaztec.com/93369/opinion/fast-food-accessibility-is-a-public-health-issue/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Daily Aztec}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin lafiyar jiki muhimmin abu ne da ke taimakawa wajen yaɗuwar kiba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Booth |first=Frank W. |last2=Roberts |first2=Christian K. |last3=Laye |first3=Matthew J. |date=April 2012 |title=Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases |journal=Comprehensive Physiology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1143–1211 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110025 |issn=2040-4603 |pmc=4241367 |pmid=23798298}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Becky |date=21 April 2013 |title=Lack of exercise, not diet, linked to rise in obesity, Stanford research shows |url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/07/lack-of-exercise--not-diet--linked-to-rise-in-obesity--stanford-.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=News Center |language=sm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya gano cewa iya tafiya a unguwa da kuma samun damar yin nishaɗi suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar motsa jiki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Orstad |first=Stephanie L. |last2=McDonough |first2=Meghan H. |last3=James |first3=Peter |last4=Klenosky |first4=David B. |last5=Laden |first5=Francine |last6=Mattson |first6=Marifran |last7=Troped |first7=Philip J. |date=November 2018 |title=Neighborhood walkability and physical activity among older women: Tests of mediation by environmental perceptions and moderation by depressive symptoms |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=116 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.008 |issn=0091-7435 |pmc=6260982 |pmid=30092314}}&lt;/ref&gt; da raguwar haɗarin kiba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=SALLIS |first=JAMES F. |last2=GLANZ |first2=KAREN |date=March 2009 |title=Physical Activity and Food Environments: Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic |journal=Milbank Quarterly |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=123–154 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00550.x |issn=0887-378X |pmc=2879180 |pmid=19298418}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sami ci gaba wajen yaƙi da matsalar kiba a Amurka, tare da shirye-shirye da aka kafa don taimakawa wajen haɓaka cin abinci mai kyau da motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-05-21 |title=CDC-funded state and local programs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428031121/https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/index.html |archive-date=2024-04-28 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obesity Prevention and Healthy Weight Programs |url=https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/programs/obesity-prevention-healthy-weight-programs |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=National Institute of Food and Agriculture |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chriqui |first=Jamie F. |date=September 2013 |title=Obesity Prevention Policies in U.S. States and Localities: Lessons from the Field |journal=Current Obesity Reports |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=200–210 |doi=10.1007/s13679-013-0063-x |issn=2162-4968 |pmc=3916087 |pmid=24511455}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ilimin zamantakewa na abinci''' shine nazarin [[abinci]] da alaƙarsa da tarihin al'umma, ci gabanta, da kuma makomarta. Wannan binciken ya haɗa da samar da abinci da amfaninsa, da kuma amfaninsa na likitanci, ɗabi'a, da kuma ruhaniya.

Ana iya duba rarraba abinci a cikin al'ummomi ta hanyar nazarin canje-canje a cikin sarkar samar da abinci. Musamman dunkulewar duniya, tana shafar sarkar samar da abinci sosai ta hanyar ba da damar tattalin arziki mai yawa a masana'antar rarraba abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Food - Sociology - Oxford Bibliographies - obo |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756384/obo-9780199756384-0072.xml |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba abinci ==

=== Tasirin tasirin sikelin ===
Tattalin arzikin sikelin (ko tasirin sikelin) - wanda ya samo asali daga cibiyoyin saye/sayayya na tsakiya a cikin sarkar samar da abinci - yana fifita manyan dillalai ko masu rarrabawa a kasuwar rarraba abinci. Wannan yanayi ya taso ne saboda manyan 'yan wasa za su iya amfani da ƙarfin kasuwa mai ƙarfi da fa'idodin kuɗi akan ƙananan 'yan wasa. Tare da ƙarfin kasuwa mai ƙarfi da kuma samun damar shiga kasuwar bashi ta kuɗi, manyan 'yan wasa za su iya sanya shinge ga shiga da kuma ƙarfafa matsayinsu a kasuwa. Wannan fa'idar tana haifar da sarkar rarraba abinci tare da takamaiman halaye: manyan 'yan wasa a gefe ɗaya, da ƙananan 'yan wasa (zaɓar kasuwannin musamman) a ɗayan gefen. Kasancewar ƙananan 'yan wasa a kasuwannin rarraba abinci na musamman za a iya danganta shi da raguwar kason kasuwa, da kuma rashin iya yin gogayya da manyan 'yan wasa saboda tasirin sikelin. Ta hanyar wannan tsari, haɗin kan duniya ya kori ƙananan 'yan wasa.  Wani abu kuma da ke shafar kasuwannin rarraba abinci na musamman shine ikon sarkar rarraba abinci don mallakar samfuran kansu. Shaguna masu nasu samfuran suna iya shiga cikin yaƙin farashi ta hanyar rage farashi don alamarsu, ta haka ne ke sa masu amfani su fi son siyan kayansu. 

== Tarihi da al'adu ==

=== Tarihin farko ===
A farkon matakan ɗan adam, abinci ya yi aiki ne kawai don gina jiki da rayuwa. Abinci tushen kuzari ne da ake samu ta hanyar farauta da tattarawa, wani tsari mai ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, wanda ke buƙatar mutanen farko su ci abinci mai yawan kalori. Waɗannan ci gaban daga ƙarshe sun haifar da [[noma]] - noman shuke-shuke da dabbobi - wanda kuma ke ba da gudummawa ga aiki don abinci da tattalin arziki na ilimin zamantakewa na abinci.

=== Al'adu ===
A tsawon lokaci, abinci ya zama hanyar haɗa mutane da al'adu wuri ɗaya. A cikin al'adu da yawa, abinci shine babban abin da ke motsa mutane su yi mu'amala da mutane. Wannan tsari ya ci gaba tsawon shekaru aru-aru, tare da wasu misalai kamar haka:

# Farauta da tattara [[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]] na farko
# 'Yan mulkin mallaka na Sabuwar Duniya suna cin abinci tare da 'yan asalin Amurkawa, wanda aka sake farfaɗo da shi a cikin al'adar da ake kira [[Bikin Godiya (Thanksgiving)|Thanksgiving]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siskind |first=Janet |year=1992 |title=The Invention of Thanksgiving |journal=Critique of Anthropology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=167–191 |doi=10.1177/0308275X9201200205 |s2cid=140389022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Yaɗuwar cin abinci a gidajen cin abinci a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata, da kuma jin daɗin da al'umma ke yi game da cin abinci

A cewar masana ilimin zamantakewa, ana iya rarraba abinci bisa manufa da ma'ana:

* Abincin gargajiya - muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu
* Abincin da ke da daraja - yana nuna matsayin tattalin arziki
* Abincin da ake ci don inganta jiki - galibi ana amfani da shi don inganta jiki
* Abinci mai tausayi—wanda ake ci don samun abin yabo da kuma abin so, a cikin salon camfi
* Abincin jiki - ana cinye shi saboda wani dalili na musamman na lafiya, kamar lokacin daukar ciki

Waɗannan nau'ikan suna taimaka wa masu bincike (misali, masana zamantakewa) su yi nazarin al'ada daga mahangar abinci. Rarraba abinci sau da yawa yana nuna yadda abinci ke girma, yake samuwa, da kuma yadda yake ci gaba da rayuwa tare da al'umma. Misali, idan mutum ya yi imani da homeopathy, ana iya fahimtar imaninsa dangane da abinci mai tausayi ko na jiki. A matsayin ƙarin misalai, ana iya rarraba caviar da oysters a matsayin abinci mai daraja: yawanci sun fi tsada fiye da sauran abinci, kuma mutanen da suka saya kuma suka ci su suna yin hakan ne don nuna matsayin tattalin arzikinsu .

== Kimiyyar zamantakewa ==

=== Ra'ayoyin zamantakewa ===
Daga mahangar hulɗa ta alama (ka'idar zamantakewa), alamu da yawa suna da alaƙa da ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. Abinci, a cikin al'adu da yawa, yana haɗa mutane tare kuma yana haɗa su a matakai da yawa. Misali ɗaya shine al'adar cin abinci tare da iyali a kusa da teburi. Wannan al'ada tana wakiltar al'umma da sadarwa. Abinci kuma yana iya wakiltar wani abu mafi girma fiye da kansa. A Amurka, abinci mai sauri na iya wakiltar iyali mai aiki wanda ke buƙatar cin abincin dare mai sauri. Ga wasu mutane, duk da haka, abinci mai sauri na iya nuna ka'idar McDonaldization, wacce ke mai da hankali kan ra'ayin cin abincin Amurka. Wani misali na ilimin zamantakewa na abinci a matsayin alama zai kasance shirya abinci daga farko. Wannan misali tabbas yana da alaƙa da iyali. Daga cikin sauran ka'idojin ilimin zamantakewa, ka'idodin rikici suma sun shafi ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an fara amfani da abinci kuma galibi don abinci mai gina jiki da rayuwa. Saboda wannan dalili, ka'idar rikici na iya aiki. A matsayin mafarauta da masu tarawa, mutanen farko suna buƙatar yin faɗa da neman abinci don rayuwa. Irin wannan rikici kuma zai iya nuna &quot; [[Tsirar wanda yafi dacewa|rayuwa mafi ƙarfi]] &quot; (watau, tsarin zaɓin yanayi): saboda rikice-rikice wajen samun abinci, waɗanda suka tsira kawai su ne mutanen da suka yi nasara, ta haka suna samar da abinci ga kansu da iyalansu. Wannan yanayi ya rikide zuwa al'umma ta zamani, inda dole ne mutane su ɗauki ayyuka don samun abin rayuwa, wanda ake kashewa akan abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sociology of food - Short Notes for Sociology |url=https://www.sociologyguide.com/socio-short-notes/sociology-of-food.php |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=www.sociologyguide.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin halin dan Adam da cututtuka ===
Matsalolin cin abinci suna wakiltar ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How big brands are helping consumers shift to healthier eating options |url=https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/how-big-brands-are-helping-consumers-shift-healthier-eating-options |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Reuters Events |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan matsalolin suna nuna yadda mutum zai iya samun iko ko ƙarancin iko a kan wani abu mai mahimmanci don rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-25 |title=Eating Disorders Awareness Week: The Psychology behind Eating Disorders, and How to Treat Them |url=https://www.thechelseapsychologyclinic.com/blog/exploring-the-psychology-behind-eating-disorders-and-how-to-treat-them/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Chelsea Psychology Clinic |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hendriksen |first=Savvy Psychologist Ellen |title=The Mindset of Eating Disorders |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-mindset-of-eating-disorders/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin cin abinci ba su takaita ga [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia]] ba - sun haɗa da bulimia da [[Rashin cin abinci mai yawa|matsalar cin abinci mai yawa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Types of Eating Disorder |url=https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/get-information-and-support/about-eating-disorders/types/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Beat |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke da irin wannan matsalar galibi suna amfani da abinci a matsayin lada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-22 |title=Reward |url=https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/toolkit/parent-toolkit/reward |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=National Eating Disorders Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, waɗannan mutanen suna ganin abinci a matsayin abin da za a guje masa, duk da cewa ana buƙatarsa don rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eating Disorders: About More Than Food |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=National Institute of Mental Health |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangantakar ɗan adam da abinci koyaushe tana canzawa kuma batu ne mai sarkakiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-10 |title=This Is What It Looks Like to Have a 'Normal' Relationship With Food |url=https://www.self.com/story/normal-relationship-with-food |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=SELF |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga mahangar zamantakewa, kafofin watsa labarai na zamani suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A New Relationship Between Social Media and Food {{!}} SupermarketGuru |url=https://www.supermarketguru.com/the-lempert-report/a-new-relationship-between-social-media-and-food/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.supermarketguru.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jonk |first=Hiwot |date=2021-03-01 |title=Has Social Media Eroded our Relationship with Food? |url=https://www.uofmneco.com/post/has-social-media-eroded-our-relationship-with-food |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021133433/https://www.uofmneco.com/post/has-social-media-eroded-our-relationship-with-food |archive-date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Mysite |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba wai kawai kafofin watsa labarai suna da alaƙa da ilimin zamantakewa na abinci ba, har ma da wakilcin al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maza musamman mata suna kallon wakilcin da aka yi niyya da rashin daidaito na &quot;jiki cikakke&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2016 |title=Why are women more vulnerable to eating disorders? Brain study sheds light |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/313466}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=d'Amour |first=Sarah |last2=Harris |first2=Laurence R. |year=2019 |title=The Representation of Body Size: Variations with Viewpoint and Sex |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=10 |page=2805 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02805 |pmc=6929680 |pmid=31920848 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke sa mutane su so jiki kamar yadda ake tsammani. A cikin cututtuka kamar anorexia da bulimia, marasa lafiya suna jin tsoron ƙara nauyi da cin kalori. Waɗannan cututtuka kuma suna wakiltar dangantakar da mutane suka lalace da abinci da nauyinsu, da kuma yadda ake nuna wannan dangantaka mara kyau a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a. Wakiltar da ba daidai ba tana sa mutane su mai da hankali sosai kan kamanni, maimakon la'akari da ainihin buƙatarsu ta abinci mai gina jiki. Ba daidai ba ne hoton jiki cikakke na jama'a, da kuma yadda irin wannan jiki ke shafar yawan shan kalori na yau da kullun, ya haifar da anorexia a matsayin matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa tare da mafi girman adadin mace-mace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anorexia Nervosa – Highest Mortality Rate of Any Mental Disorder: Why? |url=https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/anorexia/anorexia-death-rate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummar zamani suna da matsalar dysmorphic jiki . Wannan cuta yanayi ne na lafiyar kwakwalwa inda mutum ke ɓatar da lokaci mai tsawo yana damuwa game da lahani a cikin kamanninsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/body-dysmorphia/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siffar jiki ta zama matsala mai alaƙa da ita, tunda kafofin sada zumunta na iya nuna mizanan da ba su dace ba dangane da matsalolin cin abinci ko rashin lafiya; wannan yana da alaƙa da ilimin zamantakewa na cin abinci.

== Lafiya ==
Abincin zamani ya wanzu tsawon ƙarni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saner |first=Emine |title=People Have Been Crash Dieting For Over 2,000 Years |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-history-of-fad-diets-2013-2 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma sha'awar zama siriri ya fara bayyana a manyan kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin shekarun 1990, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Look At 'Heroin Chic' And The Glamorization Of Drug Use In The 90s |url=https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/heroin-addiction/heroin-chic/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Recovery Village Drug and Alcohol Rehab |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; misali, ta hanyar salon heroin chic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=2022-02-10 |title=BBLs are over, eye bags are in, smoking is back. Is heroin chic next? |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/article/55414/1/bbls-are-over-eye-bags-are-in-smoking-is-back-is-heroin-chic-next |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Dazed |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tarihi, idan mace tana da kiba, wannan ya nuna cewa ana kula da ita. Kallonta ya nuna wadatarta - tana iya cin abinci, ba kamar wani manomi wanda ba shi da damar samun abinci mai sauƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-05-16 |title='People think a bigger belly is a sign of wealth' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/16/medicineandhealth.publichealth |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mace mai kyau ba ta da kiba sosai. Wani babban sauyi ya fara ne a shekarun 1920, lokacin da yarinya mai kama da saurayi ta zama abin so ga mace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Vanessa Van |date=2016-05-10 |title=Beauty Standards: See How Body Types Change Through History |url=https://www.scienceofpeople.com/beauty-standards/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Science of People |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin shekarun 1960, samfura kamar [[Twiggy]] sun yi kanun labarai game da siririn jikinta, kuma mata da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin daidaita jikinta.  Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1980, lokacin da cin abinci - kamar ta hanyar South Beach Diet ko kamfanin Weight Watchers - ya ƙaru a shahara, tare da yaɗuwar motsa jiki da bidiyo masu alaƙa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-21 |title=Fad Diets of the 90s {{!}} Santa Cruz CORE Fitness + Rehab |url=https://santacruzcore.com/fad-diets-90s/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-30 |title=These '70s and '80s Fad Diets Are Too Freaking Hard To Follow |url=https://soyummy.com/70s-80s-fad-diets/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=So Yummy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya nuna farkon salon cin abinci na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-20 |title=A history of diets – from Byron to 5:2 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/20/a-history-of-diets-byron-52 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin waɗannan abincin, wasu sun ƙaru da shahara: misalai sun haɗa da abincin Atkins, abincin Jenny Craig, da abincin paleo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-26 |title=A History of the Diet By Decade: 11 Food Fads That Promised to Make Us Thin |url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/fad-diet-trends-weight-watchers-atkins-paleo-diet |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 10 Most Famous Fad Diets of All Time |url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/food/the-10-most-famous-fad-diets-of-all-time.aspx |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=EverydayHealth.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar 2010s, wasu abinci sun zama ruwan dare. Waɗannan abincin sun haɗa da [[Cin ganyayyaki kawai|cin ganyayyaki]], rashin kiwo, cin ganyayyaki, ɗanye, da rashin alkama . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-20 |title=The biggest (and weirdest) wellness trends we all witnessed in the 2010s |url=https://www.vogue.in/wellness/content/top-diet-wellness-fitness-trends-of-2010-crystals-detox-diets-juice-cleanse |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-13 |title=Here Are Diet Trends That Ruled Between 2010 To 2020 |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/diet-nutrition/most-popular-diet-trends-of-the-decade-article-168260 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=HerZindagi English |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai dalilai da yawa na zaɓar wani abinci: ɗabi'a, matsalolin narkewar abinci, ko tasirin waje (gami da addini). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Capritto |first=Amanda |title=6 common reasons people eat vegan |url=https://www.cnet.com/health/nutrition/why-is-the-vegan-diet-so-popular/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=CNET |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why are so many people going gluten-free? |url=https://www.piedmont.org/living-better/why-are-so-many-people-going-gluten-free |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.piedmont.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Batutuwa masu alaƙa sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin da kwatantawa tsakanin abinci da al'ummomi, da kuma tasirin duniya kan samar da abinci da wadata. Wani muhimmin abu shine yanayin siyasa, gami da tasirin duniya da kuma ci gaba da martanin al'adu ga abinci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyoyin girki da cin abinci; kula da damuwar masu amfani; da damuwa game da kiba da kuma maganin abinci. Canjin hanyoyin abinci ya samo asali kuma ya samo asali ne ta hanyar yanayin zamantakewa mai faɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=Introducing ''The Sociology of Food and Eating'' by Anne Murcott |url=https://www.perlego.com/book/876065/introducing-the-sociology-of-food-and-eating-pdf |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Perlego |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |language=en |isbn=978-1-350-02204-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kiba ===
[[Fayil:Medical_complications_of_obesity.png|thumb|Matsalolin lafiya na kiba]]
Juyin halittar abincin Amurka, tare da [[Girman kiba a Amurka|karuwar kiba da]] ta haifar, ya ba da misali bayyananne game da yadda abinci ke tsara al'umma da rayuwar yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Making of the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/issue-3/the-making-of-the-obesity-epidemic |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Breakthrough Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda rayuwar da Amurkawa da yawa ke gudanarwa cikin sauri, abinci mai sauri da abinci mai yawan kalori sun karu cikin shahara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-24 |title=Fast Food Statistics {{!}} October 2022 {{!}} The Barbecue Lab |url=https://thebarbecuelab.com/fast-food/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mutum yana shafar yanayin da yake rayuwa, wanda hakan kuma yana tasiri sosai ga nau'in abincin da yake ci, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zagorsky |first=Jay L. |last2=Smith |first2=Patricia K. |date=November 2017 |title=The association between socioeconomic status and adult fast-food consumption in the U.S |journal=Economics and Human Biology |volume=27 |issue=Pt A |pages=12–25 |doi=10.1016/j.ehb.2017.04.004 |issn=1873-6130 |pmid=28472714 |s2cid=23903624 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; —tunda abinci mai yawan kalori da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki yakan fi rahusa kuma ya fi sauƙin samu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Karlene |date=2019-02-27 |title=Fast food accessibility is a public health issue |url=https://thedailyaztec.com/93369/opinion/fast-food-accessibility-is-a-public-health-issue/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Daily Aztec}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin lafiyar jiki muhimmin abu ne da ke taimakawa wajen yaɗuwar kiba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Booth |first=Frank W. |last2=Roberts |first2=Christian K. |last3=Laye |first3=Matthew J. |date=April 2012 |title=Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases |journal=Comprehensive Physiology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1143–1211 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110025 |issn=2040-4603 |pmc=4241367 |pmid=23798298}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Becky |date=21 April 2013 |title=Lack of exercise, not diet, linked to rise in obesity, Stanford research shows |url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/07/lack-of-exercise--not-diet--linked-to-rise-in-obesity--stanford-.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=News Center |language=sm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya gano cewa iya tafiya a unguwa da kuma samun damar yin nishaɗi suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar motsa jiki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Orstad |first=Stephanie L. |last2=McDonough |first2=Meghan H. |last3=James |first3=Peter |last4=Klenosky |first4=David B. |last5=Laden |first5=Francine |last6=Mattson |first6=Marifran |last7=Troped |first7=Philip J. |date=November 2018 |title=Neighborhood walkability and physical activity among older women: Tests of mediation by environmental perceptions and moderation by depressive symptoms |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=116 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.008 |issn=0091-7435 |pmc=6260982 |pmid=30092314}}&lt;/ref&gt; da raguwar haɗarin kiba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=SALLIS |first=JAMES F. |last2=GLANZ |first2=KAREN |date=March 2009 |title=Physical Activity and Food Environments: Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic |journal=Milbank Quarterly |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=123–154 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00550.x |issn=0887-378X |pmc=2879180 |pmid=19298418}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sami ci gaba wajen yaƙi da matsalar kiba a Amurka, tare da shirye-shirye da aka kafa don taimakawa wajen haɓaka cin abinci mai kyau da motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-05-21 |title=CDC-funded state and local programs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428031121/https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/index.html |archive-date=2024-04-28 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obesity Prevention and Healthy Weight Programs |url=https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/programs/obesity-prevention-healthy-weight-programs |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=National Institute of Food and Agriculture |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chriqui |first=Jamie F. |date=September 2013 |title=Obesity Prevention Policies in U.S. States and Localities: Lessons from the Field |journal=Current Obesity Reports |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=200–210 |doi=10.1007/s13679-013-0063-x |issn=2162-4968 |pmc=3916087 |pmid=24511455}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
        <id>45571</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315400915|Soul food health trends]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26739" sha1="6uwagm6swavfxhcjnqn1we5lrv85ve6" xml:space="preserve">Abincin rai wani nau'in abincin 'yan Afirka ne wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan abinci iri-iri da aka soya, gasashe, da kuma dafaffe waɗanda suka haɗa da naman kaza da naman alade, dankali mai zaki, masara, ganyen ganye da sauran kayan lambu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15570680&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=James |first=Delores |date=November 2004 |title=Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Health |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=349–367 |doi=10.1080/1355785042000285375 |pmid=15570680 |s2cid=28675715}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Abincin rai ya daɗe yana cikin [[Afirkawan Amurka|al'adun 'yan Afirka]], amma yana turawa zuwa ga halaye masu kyau na cin abinci, don lafiyar jiki da ta hankali, ya daidaita abincin rai don dacewa da yanayin lafiya. Wannan labarin zai bayyana canje-canje na abincin rai na gargajiya a cikin yanayin lafiya, gami da abincin rai mai ƙarancin carbohydrates, abincin rai mai ƙarancin sukari, abincin rai mai ƙarancin mai, abincin rai don abincin vegan da abincin rai a cikin rashin gluten .

== Al'adu da tarihin abincin rai ==
Kasancewar abincin gargajiya na Amurkawa 'yan Amurka a Kudancin Amurka, ana kuma bayyana abincin rai a matsayin &quot;abinci mai jan hankali, mai gamsarwa, mai cikewa, mai yaji, mai yawan kitse, na ruhaniya, na gargajiya na [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka]], musamman Baƙar fata na Kudu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17987695&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rankins |first=Jenice |last2=Wortham |first2=Jaleena |last3=Brown |first3=Linda L. |date=2007 |title=Modifying soul food for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH) plan: implications for metabolic syndrome (DASH of Soul) |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Disease |volume=17 |issue=3 Suppl 4 |pages=S4–7–12 |citeseerx=10.1.1.604.7215 |pmid=17987695 |s2cid=25164395}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abincin abinci na rai ya samo asali ne daga dogon tarihin [[bauta]], tsanantawa da [[Rarraba launin fata|wariya]] ga Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka. Don samar da abincin da ya bambanta da na Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, ma'aikatan bayi da aka kawo Amurka sun haɗa [[Abincin Yammacin Afirka|hanyoyin girkinsu na Yammacin Afirka]] tare da tsarin abincin Turai da na 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin wani tsari da aka sani da Creolization .  Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka sau da yawa suna dafa abinci da duk abincin da suke da shi, suna haɓaka halaye na cin abinci waɗanda suka bambanta da na fararen Amurkawa masu arziki.  

== Ayyukan abincin rai ==
Troisi da Wrigh (2017) &lt;ref name=&quot;Troisi &amp; Wright 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Troisi |first=Jordan D. |last2=Wright |first2=Julian W. C. |date=January 2017 |title=Comfort Food: Nourishing Our Collective Stomachs and Our Collective Minds |journal=Teaching of Psychology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |doi=10.1177/0098628316679972 |s2cid=151621417}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi iƙirarin cewa cin abinci ba wai kawai yana faruwa ne saboda yunwa ba, har ma saboda ma'anar motsin rai, al'adu da kuma alamu. Domin tabbatar da wannan ra'ayin, an yi bincike na gwaji don nazarin yadda abinci ke aiki a fannoni na jiki da na tunani. Bayan binciken, sun yi  ya kammala da cewa tunanin mutane, sha'awarsu da kuma juyin halittarsu ga wani abinci ya dogara ne akan haɗin gwiwarsu da kuma tsarin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|zamantakewarsu]] . A wata ma'anar, buƙatun halittu da na tunani suna shafar zaɓin abinci, yana nuna cewa ana iya amfani da abincin jin daɗi a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Troisi &amp; Wright 2016&quot; /&gt;

== Abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar abinci ==
Akwai imani, shingaye, da kuma matsalolin da suka shafi amfani da kai waɗanda ke shafar [[cin abinci]] da zaɓin abinci . Galibi, mutane suna fama da ƙarancin lokaci saboda ƙoƙarin da ake yi wajen tsarawa, siyayya, shiri, girki, cin abinci da tsaftacewa. An gudanar da wani bincike tsakanin 'yan Afirka 57 'yan Amurka don tantance waɗannan fannoni da suka shafi [[Abinci mai kyau|cin abinci mai kyau]] . An gano cewa duk da cewa mutane suna da wayewa da ilimi game da cin abinci mai kyau, binciken ya nuna cewa akwai shingayen da ke takaita cin abinci mai kyau ga mutane, tare da farashin abinci mai kyau a matsayin manyan shingayen zaɓin abinci. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20016703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pawlak |first=Roman |last2=Colby |first2=Sarah |date=2009 |title=Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56 |pmc=2788162 |pmid=20016703}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga farashi, samun kayan abinci masu lafiya da na halitta wani cikas ne ga yawancin Amurkawa yayin da [[Tsaron abinci|rashin isasshen abinci]] ya yi yawa kuma Amurkawa da yawa suna zaune a cikin [[Hamada ta abinci|hamadar Abinci]] . 

Bugu da ƙari, wani aikin da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa abubuwan da ke tasiri ga tsarin abinci da salon rayuwa sun fito ne daga fannoni na mutum ɗaya, zamantakewa, al'adu da kuma al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15570680&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=James |first=Delores |date=November 2004 |title=Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Health |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=349–367 |doi=10.1080/1355785042000285375 |pmid=15570680 |s2cid=28675715}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJames2004&quot;&gt;James, Delores (November 2004). &quot;Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model&quot;. ''Ethnicity &amp; Health''. '''9''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;349–&lt;/span&gt;367. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1355785042000285375|10.1080/1355785042000285375]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15570680 15570680]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28675715 28675715].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya nuna cewa fifikon abinci na gargajiya mai yawan kitse, soya da ƙara nama mai gishiri a cikin kayan lambu ya dogara ne akan bambance-bambancen ƙabila a cikin cin abinci da al'adun al'adu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19285101&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bovell-Benjamin |first=Adelia C. |last2=Dawkin |first2=Norma |last3=Pace |first3=Ralphenia D. |last4=Shikany |first4=James M. |date=2009 |title=Use of focus groups to understand African-Americans' dietary practices: Implications for modifying a food frequency questionnaire |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=549–554 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.03.006 |pmc=5492884 |pmid=19285101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon haka, tare da waɗannan shingen suna hana mutane cin abinci mai kyau, ƙaruwar cin abinci yana da alaƙa da buƙatar abinci mai kyau ga rai yana haifar da [[Daidaitaccen lafiya|bambance-bambancen lafiya]], kamar kiba, ciwon suga ko hawan jini. Wannan ya zama ruwan dare musamman tsakanin Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu marasa rinjaye a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20016703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pawlak |first=Roman |last2=Colby |first2=Sarah |date=2009 |title=Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56 |pmc=2788162 |pmid=20016703}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPawlakColby2009&quot;&gt;Pawlak, Roman; Colby, Sarah (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 &quot;Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina&quot;]. ''Nutrition Research and Practice''. '''3''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;56–&lt;/span&gt;63. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56|10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 2788162]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20016703 20016703].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza abincin ruhi don dacewa da yanayin lafiya ==
Tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki, adadin mutanen da ke fama da yunwa ya ragu sosai, musamman a [[Developed country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Duk da haka, mutane da yawa suna fuskantar matsanancin damuwa, yawan cin abinci mai sauri da kayan zaki, rashin samun isasshen barci, da sauransu, wanda ke haifar da baƙin ciki, [[Anxiety|damuwa]], kiba, [[ciwon suga]] [[Kiba|,]] [[hawan jini]], [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] da sauransu, musamman a tsakanin 'yan Afirka. Sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa suna da'awar cewa ya kamata a mai da hankali kan ingancin abinci maimakon yawan abinci. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Duk da cewa yawancin abinci masu lafiya sun haɗa da abincin rai (fe collards, okra, shinkafa, wake da dankali mai zaki), abincin rai kuma yana iya zama mai yawan kitse daga nama daban-daban, musamman naman alade, wanda aka ƙara masa man shanu ko wasu kitse na dabbobi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20016703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pawlak |first=Roman |last2=Colby |first2=Sarah |date=2009 |title=Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56 |pmc=2788162 |pmid=20016703}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPawlakColby2009&quot;&gt;Pawlak, Roman; Colby, Sarah (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 &quot;Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina&quot;]. ''Nutrition Research and Practice''. '''3''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;56–&lt;/span&gt;63. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56|10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 2788162]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20016703 20016703].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da shingen da ke hana [[Afirkawan Amurka|'yan Afirka 'yan Amurka]] zaɓar abinci mai lafiya, suna fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun kamar [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], ciwon daji da [[ciwon suga]] . Abinci a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan rayuwa, yana da mahimmanci wajen hana yanayin lafiya, don haka ya kamata a gyara [[Kayan girke-girke|girke-girke]] na abincin rai don ya zama mai lafiya, mai sauƙin samu da araha, musamman a fannoni na wasu sinadaran da [[Dafa abinci|hanyoyin girki]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

''Tsarin Abinci don Dakatar da Hawan Jini don samar da abinci mai kyau ga rai'' misali ne na tsarin abinci, don rage haɗarin cututtukan da [[Abinci mai kyau|abinci mara kyau]] ke haifarwa. Yana kiyaye [[Dandano|ɗanɗano]] da karɓuwa na abincin rai na gargajiya kuma yana biyan buƙatun abinci mai gina jiki na mutane a lokaci guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17987695&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rankins |first=Jenice |last2=Wortham |first2=Jaleena |last3=Brown |first3=Linda L. |date=2007 |title=Modifying soul food for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH) plan: implications for metabolic syndrome (DASH of Soul) |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Disease |volume=17 |issue=3 Suppl 4 |pages=S4–7–12 |citeseerx=10.1.1.604.7215 |pmid=17987695 |s2cid=25164395}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRankinsWorthamBrown2007&quot;&gt;Rankins, Jenice; Wortham, Jaleena; Brown, Linda L. (2007). &quot;Modifying soul food for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH) plan: implications for metabolic syndrome (DASH of Soul)&quot;. ''Ethnicity &amp; Disease''. '''17''' (3 Suppl 4): S4–7–12. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.604.7215 10.1.1.604.7215]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17987695 17987695]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25164395 25164395].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ''Abinci na Lafiya da Rai'' wata al'umma ce ta addini ta gida wadda ke &quot;goyon bayan sha'awar iyalai wajen riƙe abincin al'adunsu yayin da take rage kitse, sodium, da sukari da kuma ƙara zare&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16242065&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woodson |first=Joyce M. |last2=Braxton-Calhoun |first2=Millicent |last3=Benedict |first3=Jamie |date=November 2005 |title=Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites |journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=323–324 |doi=10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4 |pmid=16242065}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma kiran ƙarancin carbohydrate a matsayin ƙarancin carbohydrate, mai yawan kitse. ''Binciken Ciwon Suga da Ayyukan Asibiti'' ya gano cewa ƙarancin carbohydrates yana da tasiri mai kyau ga sarrafa glucose a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]], [[Triglyceride|triglycerides]] da HDL ( lipoprotein mai yawa ). &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29535083&quot; /&gt; An ba da shawarar cewa abinci mai kyau yana buƙatar ƙasa da gram 130 na carbohydrate a rana kuma yana da'awar cewa ana tallata shi azaman zaɓin rayuwa na dindindin ta hanyar littattafai da gidajen yanar gizo. Misali, ana ba da shawarar mutane su ci kayan lambu kore, nama, kifi, ƙwai, da kuma kiwo mai kitse da [[man zaitun]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29535083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feinmann |first=Jane |date=13 March 2018 |title=Low calorie and low carb diets for weight loss in primary care |journal=BMJ |volume=360 |doi=10.1136/bmj.k1122 |pmid=29535083 |s2cid=3962739}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abincin ruhi mai ƙarancin sukari ===
Ana yawan cin kayan zaki masu yawan sukari don samun lada [[Hedonism|mai yawa]], musamman a tsakanin mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Churruca |first=Kate |last2=Ussher |first2=Jane M. |last3=Perz |first3=Janette |date=August 2017 |title=Just Desserts? Exploring Constructions of Food in Women's Experiences of Bulimia |journal=Qualitative Health Research |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1491–1506 |doi=10.1177/1049732316672644 |pmid=27738258 |s2cid=3183690}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yawan shan sukari yana ƙara haɗarin [[kiba]], [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]], [[hawan jini]], cututtukan zuciya da na metabolism da kuma rashin lafiyar baki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Radnitz |first=Cynthia |last2=Beezhold |first2=Bonnie |last3=DiMatteo |first3=Julie |date=July 2015 |title=Investigation of lifestyle choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health and ethical reasons |journal=Appetite |volume=90 |pages=31–36 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.026 |pmid=25725486 |s2cid=35772111}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abincin rai mai ƙarancin kitse ===
Duk da cewa ƙananan kitse da waɗanda ba su da kitse suna ɗauke da sukari fiye da kayayyakin yau da kullun, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanar da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke ƙarfafa mutane su ci kayayyakin da ba su da kitse don manufar rage [[cholesterol]] da kitse mai yawa a cikin abincin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Booth |first=Paula |last2=Edmonds |first2=Caroline |last3=Slivova |first3=Jana |date=November 2018 |title=The effects of attitudes, knowledge and beliefs about healthy eating on sugar and low-fat product intake |journal=Appetite |volume=130 |page=299 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.162 |s2cid=53257440}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin shirya girke-girke, ana iya amfani da kayan ƙanshi da ganye don maye gurbin sodium da mai don ƙara dandano . &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16242065&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woodson |first=Joyce M. |last2=Braxton-Calhoun |first2=Millicent |last3=Benedict |first3=Jamie |date=November 2005 |title=Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites |journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=323–324 |doi=10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4 |pmid=16242065}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoodsonBraxton-CalhounBenedict2005&quot;&gt;Woodson, Joyce M.; Braxton-Calhoun, Millicent; Benedict, Jamie (November 2005). &quot;Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites&quot;. ''Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior''. '''37''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;323–&lt;/span&gt;324. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4|10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16242065 16242065].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Miya suna ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan misalai tare da ƙarancin mai amma mai gamsarwa. Da farko, suna da sauri da sauƙin shiryawa. Wasu daga cikinsu ana buƙatar a tafasa su da ruwa da kayan ƙanshi masu sauƙi, kamar miyar kabewa, miyar tumatir da ƙwai, da sauransu. Suna da ƙarancin kalori sosai kuma suna da sauƙin amfani da araha. Na biyu, tunda ana iya dafa miya da kayan lambu ko nama daban-daban, kamar haƙarƙarin alade da miyar karas, miyar kaza tare da alayyafo, da sauransu waɗanda ke ba da nau'ikan [[abinci mai gina jiki]] daban-daban da mutane ke buƙata. 

Bugu da ƙari, ana ganin miya a matsayin abinci mai daɗi a tarihi, tana taimakawa wajen rage alamun sanyi da kuma ɗumama rai, musamman a lokacin hunturu. Kamar yadda Elizabeth Arndt ta ce, miya tana ƙara jin daɗin cikawa yayin da take rage yawan adadin kuzari da ake ci. Bugu da ƙari, miya mai ɗanɗano da miya tana taimakawa wajen biyan buƙatun yau da kullun na zare, furotin, bitamin da ma'adanai, don haka tana da tasiri mai kyau ga lafiyar mutane da walwalarsu. 

=== Abincin Rai a cikin Gluten ===
Bincike ya nuna cewa abincin da ke ɗauke da gluten yana da haɗarin haifar da cututtukan celiac da kuma matsalar da gluten ke haifarwa ga waɗanda ke cikin mutanen da ke da saurin kamuwa da cutar, kuma akwai kuma mutanen da ke da rashin lafiyar alkama . A wannan yanayin, Lu, Zhang, Luoto da Ren sun ba da shawarar ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka da bambance-bambance a cikin abincin, musamman don karin kumallo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lu et al 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Zhenxing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haoyang |last3=Luoto |first3=Sanna |last4=Ren |first4=Xiang |date=August 2018 |title=Gluten-free living in China: The characteristics, food choices and difficulties in following a gluten-free diet – An online survey |url=http://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/158558 |journal=Appetite |volume=127 |pages=242–248 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.007 |pmid=29753760 |s2cid=21733442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, wake mai furotin 85% yana da wadataccen [[amino acid]] wanda zai dace da mutanen da ke da cutar celiac, rashin haƙuri da gluten da sauran rashin lafiyar abinci .  Bugu da ƙari, wasu hatsi, ciki har da shinkafar launin ruwan kasa, [[Sorghum|dawa]], amaranth, quinoa, [[gero]] da shinkafar daji, suma ba su da gluten. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mannie2010&quot; /&gt;

Duk da haka, binciken ya nuna cewa wahalar da ake sha wajen bin abincin da ba shi da alkama (GFD) ta samo asali ne daga manyan dalilai na shekaru, matakin ilimi, shawara kan fara GFD, tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka kafin a gano rashin haƙuri da alkama, zaɓin abinci da hanyoyin kula da GFD. Saboda haka, ana iya gudanar da ilimi game da cutar celiac da rashin lafiya da alkama ke haifarwa a tsakanin masu aikin kiwon lafiya don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma gano cutar da wuri da kuma magance ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lu et al 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Zhenxing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haoyang |last3=Luoto |first3=Sanna |last4=Ren |first4=Xiang |date=August 2018 |title=Gluten-free living in China: The characteristics, food choices and difficulties in following a gluten-free diet – An online survey |url=http://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/158558 |journal=Appetite |volume=127 |pages=242–248 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.007 |pmid=29753760 |s2cid=21733442}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLuZhangLuotoRen2018&quot;&gt;Lu, Zhenxing; Zhang, Haoyang; Luoto, Sanna; Ren, Xiang (August 2018). [http://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/158558 &quot;Gluten-free living in China: The characteristics, food choices and difficulties in following a gluten-free diet – An online survey&quot;]. ''Appetite''. '''127''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;242–&lt;/span&gt;248. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.007|10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.007]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29753760 29753760]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21733442 21733442].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan masu goyon baya: suna tallata ==
Mutane suna ƙara mai da hankali kan salon rayuwa mai kyau. Duk da cewa abincin rai yana da sauri da sauƙin ci a cikin rayuwa mai sauri, inda mutane ke fama da matsaloli masu kyau, gyara abincin rai a cikin yanayin lafiya ya zama dole. Don inganta abincin rai a cikin yanayin lafiya, akwai hanyoyi uku na yin fafutuka.

# Ana iya amfani da abincin rai mai lafiya don biyan buƙatun halittu da na tunani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Troisi &amp; Wright 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Troisi |first=Jordan D. |last2=Wright |first2=Julian W. C. |date=January 2017 |title=Comfort Food: Nourishing Our Collective Stomachs and Our Collective Minds |journal=Teaching of Psychology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |doi=10.1177/0098628316679972 |s2cid=151621417}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTroisiWright2017&quot;&gt;Troisi, Jordan D.; Wright, Julian W. C. (January 2017). &quot;Comfort Food: Nourishing Our Collective Stomachs and Our Collective Minds&quot;. ''Teaching of Psychology''. '''44''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;78–&lt;/span&gt;84. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0098628316679972|10.1177/0098628316679972]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151621417 151621417].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
# Na biyu, tunda mata galibi suna shirya abinci a cikin iyali kuma suna yin tasiri ga tsararraki masu zuwa, shirye-shiryen abinci mai gina jiki galibi suna iya kai hari ga mata, da kuma mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban na tattalin arziki. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15570680&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=James |first=Delores |date=November 2004 |title=Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Health |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=349–367 |doi=10.1080/1355785042000285375 |pmid=15570680 |s2cid=28675715}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJames2004&quot;&gt;James, Delores (November 2004). &quot;Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model&quot;. ''Ethnicity &amp; Health''. '''9''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;349–&lt;/span&gt;367. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1355785042000285375|10.1080/1355785042000285375]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15570680 15570680]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28675715 28675715].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
# Na uku, ana iya saka al'ada a cikin abinci kuma ana iya tallata cin abinci mai kyau a matakin al'umma. A wannan yanayin, zai zama sananne kuma ya dace da Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka, yana taimaka musu su isa gare su da kuma canza zaɓin abincinsu da abincin da suke ci. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20016703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pawlak |first=Roman |last2=Colby |first2=Sarah |date=2009 |title=Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56 |pmc=2788162 |pmid=20016703}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPawlakColby2009&quot;&gt;Pawlak, Roman; Colby, Sarah (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 &quot;Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina&quot;]. ''Nutrition Research and Practice''. '''3''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;56–&lt;/span&gt;63. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56|10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 2788162]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20016703 20016703].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
# Bugu da ƙari, shirin zai iya rungumar yanayin al'adu da kuma dacewa da shi tare da la'akari da tasirin muhalli. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15570680&quot; /&gt; ''Abinci Don Lafiya da Rai'' misali ne mai nasara na hanyar da ta dace da al'ada wadda ta isa ga Baƙar fata Ba'amurke kuma ta haɓaka abincinsu mai kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16242065&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woodson |first=Joyce M. |last2=Braxton-Calhoun |first2=Millicent |last3=Benedict |first3=Jamie |date=November 2005 |title=Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites |journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=323–324 |doi=10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4 |pmid=16242065}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoodsonBraxton-CalhounBenedict2005&quot;&gt;Woodson, Joyce M.; Braxton-Calhoun, Millicent; Benedict, Jamie (November 2005). &quot;Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites&quot;. ''Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior''. '''37''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;323–&lt;/span&gt;324. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4|10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16242065 16242065].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunda cututtuka na yau da kullun suna faruwa ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya, ya kamata a tallata gyaran abincin rai bisa ga yanayin lafiya ba kawai a tsakanin 'yan Afirka ba, har ma da mutane a duk faɗin duniya. Cin abinci mai kyau tare da motsa jiki na yau da kullun, a matsayin manyan abubuwa biyu na salon rayuwa, na iya aiki tare don haɓaka lafiya da walwala.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Abincin rai wani nau'in abincin 'yan Afirka ne wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan abinci iri-iri da aka soya, gasashe, da kuma dafaffe waɗanda suka haɗa da naman kaza da naman alade, dankali mai zaki, masara, ganyen ganye da sauran kayan lambu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15570680&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=James |first=Delores |date=November 2004 |title=Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Health |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=349–367 |doi=10.1080/1355785042000285375 |pmid=15570680 |s2cid=28675715}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Abincin rai ya daɗe yana cikin [[Afirkawan Amurka|al'adun 'yan Afirka]], amma yana turawa zuwa ga halaye masu kyau na cin abinci, don lafiyar jiki da ta hankali, ya daidaita abincin rai don dacewa da yanayin lafiya. Wannan labarin zai bayyana canje-canje na abincin rai na gargajiya a cikin yanayin lafiya, gami da abincin rai mai ƙarancin carbohydrates, abincin rai mai ƙarancin sukari, abincin rai mai ƙarancin mai, abincin rai don abincin vegan da abincin rai a cikin rashin gluten .

== Al'adu da tarihin abincin rai ==
Kasancewar abincin gargajiya na Amurkawa 'yan Amurka a Kudancin Amurka, ana kuma bayyana abincin rai a matsayin &quot;abinci mai jan hankali, mai gamsarwa, mai cikewa, mai yaji, mai yawan kitse, na ruhaniya, na gargajiya na [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka]], musamman Baƙar fata na Kudu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17987695&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rankins |first=Jenice |last2=Wortham |first2=Jaleena |last3=Brown |first3=Linda L. |date=2007 |title=Modifying soul food for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH) plan: implications for metabolic syndrome (DASH of Soul) |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Disease |volume=17 |issue=3 Suppl 4 |pages=S4–7–12 |citeseerx=10.1.1.604.7215 |pmid=17987695 |s2cid=25164395}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abincin abinci na rai ya samo asali ne daga dogon tarihin [[bauta]], tsanantawa da [[Rarraba launin fata|wariya]] ga Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka. Don samar da abincin da ya bambanta da na Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, ma'aikatan bayi da aka kawo Amurka sun haɗa [[Abincin Yammacin Afirka|hanyoyin girkinsu na Yammacin Afirka]] tare da tsarin abincin Turai da na 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin wani tsari da aka sani da Creolization .  Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka sau da yawa suna dafa abinci da duk abincin da suke da shi, suna haɓaka halaye na cin abinci waɗanda suka bambanta da na fararen Amurkawa masu arziki.  

== Ayyukan abincin rai ==
Troisi da Wrigh (2017) &lt;ref name=&quot;Troisi &amp; Wright 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Troisi |first=Jordan D. |last2=Wright |first2=Julian W. C. |date=January 2017 |title=Comfort Food: Nourishing Our Collective Stomachs and Our Collective Minds |journal=Teaching of Psychology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |doi=10.1177/0098628316679972 |s2cid=151621417}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi iƙirarin cewa cin abinci ba wai kawai yana faruwa ne saboda yunwa ba, har ma saboda ma'anar motsin rai, al'adu da kuma alamu. Domin tabbatar da wannan ra'ayin, an yi bincike na gwaji don nazarin yadda abinci ke aiki a fannoni na jiki da na tunani. Bayan binciken, sun yi  ya kammala da cewa tunanin mutane, sha'awarsu da kuma juyin halittarsu ga wani abinci ya dogara ne akan haɗin gwiwarsu da kuma tsarin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|zamantakewarsu]] . A wata ma'anar, buƙatun halittu da na tunani suna shafar zaɓin abinci, yana nuna cewa ana iya amfani da abincin jin daɗi a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Troisi &amp; Wright 2016&quot; /&gt;

== Abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar abinci ==
Akwai imani, shingaye, da kuma matsalolin da suka shafi amfani da kai waɗanda ke shafar [[cin abinci]] da zaɓin abinci . Galibi, mutane suna fama da ƙarancin lokaci saboda ƙoƙarin da ake yi wajen tsarawa, siyayya, shiri, girki, cin abinci da tsaftacewa. An gudanar da wani bincike tsakanin 'yan Afirka 57 'yan Amurka don tantance waɗannan fannoni da suka shafi [[Abinci mai kyau|cin abinci mai kyau]] . An gano cewa duk da cewa mutane suna da wayewa da ilimi game da cin abinci mai kyau, binciken ya nuna cewa akwai shingayen da ke takaita cin abinci mai kyau ga mutane, tare da farashin abinci mai kyau a matsayin manyan shingayen zaɓin abinci. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20016703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pawlak |first=Roman |last2=Colby |first2=Sarah |date=2009 |title=Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56 |pmc=2788162 |pmid=20016703}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga farashi, samun kayan abinci masu lafiya da na halitta wani cikas ne ga yawancin Amurkawa yayin da [[Tsaron abinci|rashin isasshen abinci]] ya yi yawa kuma Amurkawa da yawa suna zaune a cikin [[Hamada ta abinci|hamadar Abinci]] . 

Bugu da ƙari, wani aikin da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa abubuwan da ke tasiri ga tsarin abinci da salon rayuwa sun fito ne daga fannoni na mutum ɗaya, zamantakewa, al'adu da kuma al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15570680&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=James |first=Delores |date=November 2004 |title=Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Health |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=349–367 |doi=10.1080/1355785042000285375 |pmid=15570680 |s2cid=28675715}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJames2004&quot;&gt;James, Delores (November 2004). &quot;Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model&quot;. ''Ethnicity &amp; Health''. '''9''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;349–&lt;/span&gt;367. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1355785042000285375|10.1080/1355785042000285375]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15570680 15570680]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28675715 28675715].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya nuna cewa fifikon abinci na gargajiya mai yawan kitse, soya da ƙara nama mai gishiri a cikin kayan lambu ya dogara ne akan bambance-bambancen ƙabila a cikin cin abinci da al'adun al'adu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19285101&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bovell-Benjamin |first=Adelia C. |last2=Dawkin |first2=Norma |last3=Pace |first3=Ralphenia D. |last4=Shikany |first4=James M. |date=2009 |title=Use of focus groups to understand African-Americans' dietary practices: Implications for modifying a food frequency questionnaire |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=549–554 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.03.006 |pmc=5492884 |pmid=19285101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon haka, tare da waɗannan shingen suna hana mutane cin abinci mai kyau, ƙaruwar cin abinci yana da alaƙa da buƙatar abinci mai kyau ga rai yana haifar da [[Daidaitaccen lafiya|bambance-bambancen lafiya]], kamar kiba, ciwon suga ko hawan jini. Wannan ya zama ruwan dare musamman tsakanin Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu marasa rinjaye a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20016703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pawlak |first=Roman |last2=Colby |first2=Sarah |date=2009 |title=Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56 |pmc=2788162 |pmid=20016703}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPawlakColby2009&quot;&gt;Pawlak, Roman; Colby, Sarah (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 &quot;Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina&quot;]. ''Nutrition Research and Practice''. '''3''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;56–&lt;/span&gt;63. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56|10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 2788162]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20016703 20016703].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza abincin ruhi don dacewa da yanayin lafiya ==
Tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki, adadin mutanen da ke fama da yunwa ya ragu sosai, musamman a [[Developed country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Duk da haka, mutane da yawa suna fuskantar matsanancin damuwa, yawan cin abinci mai sauri da kayan zaki, rashin samun isasshen barci, da sauransu, wanda ke haifar da baƙin ciki, [[Anxiety|damuwa]], kiba, [[ciwon suga]] [[Kiba|,]] [[hawan jini]], [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] da sauransu, musamman a tsakanin 'yan Afirka. Sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa suna da'awar cewa ya kamata a mai da hankali kan ingancin abinci maimakon yawan abinci. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Duk da cewa yawancin abinci masu lafiya sun haɗa da abincin rai (fe collards, okra, shinkafa, wake da dankali mai zaki), abincin rai kuma yana iya zama mai yawan kitse daga nama daban-daban, musamman naman alade, wanda aka ƙara masa man shanu ko wasu kitse na dabbobi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20016703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pawlak |first=Roman |last2=Colby |first2=Sarah |date=2009 |title=Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56 |pmc=2788162 |pmid=20016703}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPawlakColby2009&quot;&gt;Pawlak, Roman; Colby, Sarah (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 &quot;Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina&quot;]. ''Nutrition Research and Practice''. '''3''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;56–&lt;/span&gt;63. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56|10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 2788162]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20016703 20016703].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da shingen da ke hana [[Afirkawan Amurka|'yan Afirka 'yan Amurka]] zaɓar abinci mai lafiya, suna fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun kamar [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], ciwon daji da [[ciwon suga]] . Abinci a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan rayuwa, yana da mahimmanci wajen hana yanayin lafiya, don haka ya kamata a gyara [[Kayan girke-girke|girke-girke]] na abincin rai don ya zama mai lafiya, mai sauƙin samu da araha, musamman a fannoni na wasu sinadaran da [[Dafa abinci|hanyoyin girki]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

''Tsarin Abinci don Dakatar da Hawan Jini don samar da abinci mai kyau ga rai'' misali ne na tsarin abinci, don rage haɗarin cututtukan da [[Abinci mai kyau|abinci mara kyau]] ke haifarwa. Yana kiyaye [[Dandano|ɗanɗano]] da karɓuwa na abincin rai na gargajiya kuma yana biyan buƙatun abinci mai gina jiki na mutane a lokaci guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17987695&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rankins |first=Jenice |last2=Wortham |first2=Jaleena |last3=Brown |first3=Linda L. |date=2007 |title=Modifying soul food for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH) plan: implications for metabolic syndrome (DASH of Soul) |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Disease |volume=17 |issue=3 Suppl 4 |pages=S4–7–12 |citeseerx=10.1.1.604.7215 |pmid=17987695 |s2cid=25164395}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRankinsWorthamBrown2007&quot;&gt;Rankins, Jenice; Wortham, Jaleena; Brown, Linda L. (2007). &quot;Modifying soul food for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH) plan: implications for metabolic syndrome (DASH of Soul)&quot;. ''Ethnicity &amp; Disease''. '''17''' (3 Suppl 4): S4–7–12. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.604.7215 10.1.1.604.7215]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17987695 17987695]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25164395 25164395].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ''Abinci na Lafiya da Rai'' wata al'umma ce ta addini ta gida wadda ke &quot;goyon bayan sha'awar iyalai wajen riƙe abincin al'adunsu yayin da take rage kitse, sodium, da sukari da kuma ƙara zare&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16242065&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woodson |first=Joyce M. |last2=Braxton-Calhoun |first2=Millicent |last3=Benedict |first3=Jamie |date=November 2005 |title=Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites |journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=323–324 |doi=10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4 |pmid=16242065}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma kiran ƙarancin carbohydrate a matsayin ƙarancin carbohydrate, mai yawan kitse. ''Binciken Ciwon Suga da Ayyukan Asibiti'' ya gano cewa ƙarancin carbohydrates yana da tasiri mai kyau ga sarrafa glucose a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]], [[Triglyceride|triglycerides]] da HDL ( lipoprotein mai yawa ). &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29535083&quot; /&gt; An ba da shawarar cewa abinci mai kyau yana buƙatar ƙasa da gram 130 na carbohydrate a rana kuma yana da'awar cewa ana tallata shi azaman zaɓin rayuwa na dindindin ta hanyar littattafai da gidajen yanar gizo. Misali, ana ba da shawarar mutane su ci kayan lambu kore, nama, kifi, ƙwai, da kuma kiwo mai kitse da [[man zaitun]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29535083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feinmann |first=Jane |date=13 March 2018 |title=Low calorie and low carb diets for weight loss in primary care |journal=BMJ |volume=360 |doi=10.1136/bmj.k1122 |pmid=29535083 |s2cid=3962739}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abincin ruhi mai ƙarancin sukari ===
Ana yawan cin kayan zaki masu yawan sukari don samun lada [[Hedonism|mai yawa]], musamman a tsakanin mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Churruca |first=Kate |last2=Ussher |first2=Jane M. |last3=Perz |first3=Janette |date=August 2017 |title=Just Desserts? Exploring Constructions of Food in Women's Experiences of Bulimia |journal=Qualitative Health Research |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1491–1506 |doi=10.1177/1049732316672644 |pmid=27738258 |s2cid=3183690}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yawan shan sukari yana ƙara haɗarin [[kiba]], [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]], [[hawan jini]], cututtukan zuciya da na metabolism da kuma rashin lafiyar baki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Radnitz |first=Cynthia |last2=Beezhold |first2=Bonnie |last3=DiMatteo |first3=Julie |date=July 2015 |title=Investigation of lifestyle choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health and ethical reasons |journal=Appetite |volume=90 |pages=31–36 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.026 |pmid=25725486 |s2cid=35772111}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abincin rai mai ƙarancin kitse ===
Duk da cewa ƙananan kitse da waɗanda ba su da kitse suna ɗauke da sukari fiye da kayayyakin yau da kullun, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanar da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke ƙarfafa mutane su ci kayayyakin da ba su da kitse don manufar rage [[cholesterol]] da kitse mai yawa a cikin abincin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Booth |first=Paula |last2=Edmonds |first2=Caroline |last3=Slivova |first3=Jana |date=November 2018 |title=The effects of attitudes, knowledge and beliefs about healthy eating on sugar and low-fat product intake |journal=Appetite |volume=130 |page=299 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.162 |s2cid=53257440}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin shirya girke-girke, ana iya amfani da kayan ƙanshi da ganye don maye gurbin sodium da mai don ƙara dandano . &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16242065&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woodson |first=Joyce M. |last2=Braxton-Calhoun |first2=Millicent |last3=Benedict |first3=Jamie |date=November 2005 |title=Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites |journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=323–324 |doi=10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4 |pmid=16242065}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoodsonBraxton-CalhounBenedict2005&quot;&gt;Woodson, Joyce M.; Braxton-Calhoun, Millicent; Benedict, Jamie (November 2005). &quot;Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites&quot;. ''Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior''. '''37''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;323–&lt;/span&gt;324. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4|10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16242065 16242065].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Miya suna ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan misalai tare da ƙarancin mai amma mai gamsarwa. Da farko, suna da sauri da sauƙin shiryawa. Wasu daga cikinsu ana buƙatar a tafasa su da ruwa da kayan ƙanshi masu sauƙi, kamar miyar kabewa, miyar tumatir da ƙwai, da sauransu. Suna da ƙarancin kalori sosai kuma suna da sauƙin amfani da araha. Na biyu, tunda ana iya dafa miya da kayan lambu ko nama daban-daban, kamar haƙarƙarin alade da miyar karas, miyar kaza tare da alayyafo, da sauransu waɗanda ke ba da nau'ikan [[abinci mai gina jiki]] daban-daban da mutane ke buƙata. 

Bugu da ƙari, ana ganin miya a matsayin abinci mai daɗi a tarihi, tana taimakawa wajen rage alamun sanyi da kuma ɗumama rai, musamman a lokacin hunturu. Kamar yadda Elizabeth Arndt ta ce, miya tana ƙara jin daɗin cikawa yayin da take rage yawan adadin kuzari da ake ci. Bugu da ƙari, miya mai ɗanɗano da miya tana taimakawa wajen biyan buƙatun yau da kullun na zare, furotin, bitamin da ma'adanai, don haka tana da tasiri mai kyau ga lafiyar mutane da walwalarsu. 

=== Abincin Rai a cikin Gluten ===
Bincike ya nuna cewa abincin da ke ɗauke da gluten yana da haɗarin haifar da cututtukan celiac da kuma matsalar da gluten ke haifarwa ga waɗanda ke cikin mutanen da ke da saurin kamuwa da cutar, kuma akwai kuma mutanen da ke da rashin lafiyar alkama . A wannan yanayin, Lu, Zhang, Luoto da Ren sun ba da shawarar ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka da bambance-bambance a cikin abincin, musamman don karin kumallo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lu et al 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Zhenxing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haoyang |last3=Luoto |first3=Sanna |last4=Ren |first4=Xiang |date=August 2018 |title=Gluten-free living in China: The characteristics, food choices and difficulties in following a gluten-free diet – An online survey |url=http://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/158558 |journal=Appetite |volume=127 |pages=242–248 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.007 |pmid=29753760 |s2cid=21733442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, wake mai furotin 85% yana da wadataccen [[amino acid]] wanda zai dace da mutanen da ke da cutar celiac, rashin haƙuri da gluten da sauran rashin lafiyar abinci .  Bugu da ƙari, wasu hatsi, ciki har da shinkafar launin ruwan kasa, [[Sorghum|dawa]], amaranth, quinoa, [[gero]] da shinkafar daji, suma ba su da gluten. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mannie2010&quot; /&gt;

Duk da haka, binciken ya nuna cewa wahalar da ake sha wajen bin abincin da ba shi da alkama (GFD) ta samo asali ne daga manyan dalilai na shekaru, matakin ilimi, shawara kan fara GFD, tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka kafin a gano rashin haƙuri da alkama, zaɓin abinci da hanyoyin kula da GFD. Saboda haka, ana iya gudanar da ilimi game da cutar celiac da rashin lafiya da alkama ke haifarwa a tsakanin masu aikin kiwon lafiya don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma gano cutar da wuri da kuma magance ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lu et al 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Zhenxing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haoyang |last3=Luoto |first3=Sanna |last4=Ren |first4=Xiang |date=August 2018 |title=Gluten-free living in China: The characteristics, food choices and difficulties in following a gluten-free diet – An online survey |url=http://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/158558 |journal=Appetite |volume=127 |pages=242–248 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.007 |pmid=29753760 |s2cid=21733442}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLuZhangLuotoRen2018&quot;&gt;Lu, Zhenxing; Zhang, Haoyang; Luoto, Sanna; Ren, Xiang (August 2018). [http://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/158558 &quot;Gluten-free living in China: The characteristics, food choices and difficulties in following a gluten-free diet – An online survey&quot;]. ''Appetite''. '''127''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;242–&lt;/span&gt;248. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.007|10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.007]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29753760 29753760]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21733442 21733442].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan masu goyon baya: suna tallata ==
Mutane suna ƙara mai da hankali kan salon rayuwa mai kyau. Duk da cewa abincin rai yana da sauri da sauƙin ci a cikin rayuwa mai sauri, inda mutane ke fama da matsaloli masu kyau, gyara abincin rai a cikin yanayin lafiya ya zama dole. Don inganta abincin rai a cikin yanayin lafiya, akwai hanyoyi uku na yin fafutuka.

# Ana iya amfani da abincin rai mai lafiya don biyan buƙatun halittu da na tunani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Troisi &amp; Wright 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Troisi |first=Jordan D. |last2=Wright |first2=Julian W. C. |date=January 2017 |title=Comfort Food: Nourishing Our Collective Stomachs and Our Collective Minds |journal=Teaching of Psychology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |doi=10.1177/0098628316679972 |s2cid=151621417}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTroisiWright2017&quot;&gt;Troisi, Jordan D.; Wright, Julian W. C. (January 2017). &quot;Comfort Food: Nourishing Our Collective Stomachs and Our Collective Minds&quot;. ''Teaching of Psychology''. '''44''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;78–&lt;/span&gt;84. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0098628316679972|10.1177/0098628316679972]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151621417 151621417].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
# Na biyu, tunda mata galibi suna shirya abinci a cikin iyali kuma suna yin tasiri ga tsararraki masu zuwa, shirye-shiryen abinci mai gina jiki galibi suna iya kai hari ga mata, da kuma mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban na tattalin arziki. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15570680&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=James |first=Delores |date=November 2004 |title=Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model |journal=Ethnicity &amp; Health |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=349–367 |doi=10.1080/1355785042000285375 |pmid=15570680 |s2cid=28675715}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJames2004&quot;&gt;James, Delores (November 2004). &quot;Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: Application of a culturally sensitive model&quot;. ''Ethnicity &amp; Health''. '''9''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;349–&lt;/span&gt;367. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1355785042000285375|10.1080/1355785042000285375]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15570680 15570680]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28675715 28675715].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
# Na uku, ana iya saka al'ada a cikin abinci kuma ana iya tallata cin abinci mai kyau a matakin al'umma. A wannan yanayin, zai zama sananne kuma ya dace da Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka, yana taimaka musu su isa gare su da kuma canza zaɓin abincinsu da abincin da suke ci. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20016703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pawlak |first=Roman |last2=Colby |first2=Sarah |date=2009 |title=Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56 |pmc=2788162 |pmid=20016703}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPawlakColby2009&quot;&gt;Pawlak, Roman; Colby, Sarah (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 &quot;Benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding healthy foods; perception of African Americans living in eastern North Carolina&quot;]. ''Nutrition Research and Practice''. '''3''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;56–&lt;/span&gt;63. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56|10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.56]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788162 2788162]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20016703 20016703].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
# Bugu da ƙari, shirin zai iya rungumar yanayin al'adu da kuma dacewa da shi tare da la'akari da tasirin muhalli. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15570680&quot; /&gt; ''Abinci Don Lafiya da Rai'' misali ne mai nasara na hanyar da ta dace da al'ada wadda ta isa ga Baƙar fata Ba'amurke kuma ta haɓaka abincinsu mai kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16242065&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woodson |first=Joyce M. |last2=Braxton-Calhoun |first2=Millicent |last3=Benedict |first3=Jamie |date=November 2005 |title=Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites |journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=323–324 |doi=10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4 |pmid=16242065}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoodsonBraxton-CalhounBenedict2005&quot;&gt;Woodson, Joyce M.; Braxton-Calhoun, Millicent; Benedict, Jamie (November 2005). &quot;Food for Health and Soul: A Curriculum Designed to Facilitate Healthful Recipe Modifications to Family Favorites&quot;. ''Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior''. '''37''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;323–&lt;/span&gt;324. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4|10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60164-4]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16242065 16242065].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunda cututtuka na yau da kullun suna faruwa ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya, ya kamata a tallata gyaran abincin rai bisa ga yanayin lafiya ba kawai a tsakanin 'yan Afirka ba, har ma da mutane a duk faɗin duniya. Cin abinci mai kyau tare da motsa jiki na yau da kullun, a matsayin manyan abubuwa biyu na salon rayuwa, na iya aiki tare don haɓaka lafiya da walwala.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1266940598|Sambangalou Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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*[[List of hydropower stations in Africa|Africa Power Dams]]
*[[List of hydroelectric power stations|World Power Dams]]}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Columns-list|*[[List of power stations in Senegal|Senegal Power Stations]]
*[[List of hydropower stations in Africa|Africa Power Dams]]
*[[List of hydroelectric power stations|World Power Dams]]}}'''Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Sambangalou''' wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce da ake ginawa a [[Senegal]], tare da shirin sanya karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|128|MW}} idan an kammala. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin tana kan [[Kogin Gambiya|kogin Gambia]], a Yankin Kédougou, a kudu maso gabashin Senegal, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Gini|Guinea]] . Wurin da take yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|25|km|0}}, kudu da Kédougou, babban birnin yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AU-PIDA |date=17 March 2020 |title=Sambangalou Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.au-pida.org/view-project/747/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=African Union Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (AU-PIDA) |place=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya wuce {{Convert|700|km|0}}, kudu maso gabashin [[Dakar]], babban birnin Senegal.  Kimanin daidaitattun tashoshin wutar lantarki na Sambangalou sune: 12°23'57.0&quot;N, 12°11'48.0&quot;W (Latitude:12.399167; Longitude:-12.196667). 

== Bayani ==
Wannan tashar wutar lantarki wani ɓangare ne na wani aiki mai amfani da yawa wanda aka yi niyya don (a) samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙasashe huɗu na '''Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kogin Gambia''' (OMVG), wato; Senegal, [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Gambiya|Gambia]], (b) samar da ruwan ban ruwa ga al'ummomin manoma a yankin da kuma (c) samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin OMVG, wanda ke da kuma ke haɓaka aikin da tashar wutar lantarki mai matakai biyu, ya zaɓi haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin [[Faransa]] da [[Austriya|Austria]] don aiwatar da ayyukan. Za a haɓaka aikin a matakai: Mataki na I ya ƙunshi gina hanyoyin shiga, gina gidajen ma'aikata ga ma'aikatan ginin da kuma gina gadar Kédougou. Mataki na 2 ya ƙunshi gina {{Convert|91|m}} babban madatsar ruwa da kuma tashar wutar lantarki, wanda ke samar da wurin ajiyar ruwa mai fadin {{Convert|181|km²|mi2}}  , wanda ya fara daga Senegal zuwa Guinea. Mataki na III ya ƙunshi shigar da kayan aikin lantarki a cikin tashar wutar lantarki, wanda ke iya samar da megawatts 128 na wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu Haɓakawa ==
Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa don haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki da kayayyakin more rayuwa masu alaƙa da ita, a kan kwangilar Yuro miliyan 388. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Construction Network |date=11 December 2020 |title=Vinci consortium wins €388m contract to build Sambangalou dam in Senegal |url=https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/vinci-consortium-wins-388m-contract-to-build-sambangalou-dam-in-senegal |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=World Construction Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Kafin a bayar da kwangilar ginin a watan Disamba na 2020, an gudanar da nazarin [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|Kimanta Muhalli da Tasirin Jama'a]] (ESIA) kuma an tsara Tsarin Aiki na Matsugunni (RAP) a cikin watanni 18 da suka gabata. Ana sa ran za a samar da ayyukan yi 1,000 a cikin gida, a lokacin ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Za a kwashe wutar lantarki da ake samarwa a wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar layukan wutar lantarki guda huɗu masu ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin 225kV zuwa wurare a kowace ƙasa daga cikin ƙasashe huɗu masu cin gajiyar wutar lantarki, inda za a haɗa makamashin a cikin kowace tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana sa ran fara aikin ginin a rabin farko na shekarar 2021, inda ake sa ran fara aikin kasuwanci a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan an kammala aikin, za a bayar da gudummawar tsarin tace ruwa da rarrabawa ga al'ummar yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

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'''Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Sambangalou''' wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce da ake ginawa a [[Senegal]], tare da shirin sanya karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|128|MW}} idan an kammala. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin tana kan [[Kogin Gambiya|kogin Gambia]], a Yankin Kédougou, a kudu maso gabashin Senegal, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Gini|Guinea]] . Wurin da take yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|25|km|0}}, kudu da Kédougou, babban birnin yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AU-PIDA |date=17 March 2020 |title=Sambangalou Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.au-pida.org/view-project/747/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=African Union Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (AU-PIDA) |place=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya wuce {{Convert|700|km|0}}, kudu maso gabashin [[Dakar]], babban birnin Senegal.  Kimanin daidaitattun tashoshin wutar lantarki na Sambangalou sune: 12°23'57.0&quot;N, 12°11'48.0&quot;W (Latitude:12.399167; Longitude:-12.196667). 

== Bayani ==
Wannan tashar wutar lantarki wani ɓangare ne na wani aiki mai amfani da yawa wanda aka yi niyya don (a) samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙasashe huɗu na '''Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kogin Gambia''' (OMVG), wato; Senegal, [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Gambiya|Gambia]], (b) samar da ruwan ban ruwa ga al'ummomin manoma a yankin da kuma (c) samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin OMVG, wanda ke da kuma ke haɓaka aikin da tashar wutar lantarki mai matakai biyu, ya zaɓi haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin [[Faransa]] da [[Austriya|Austria]] don aiwatar da ayyukan. Za a haɓaka aikin a matakai: Mataki na I ya ƙunshi gina hanyoyin shiga, gina gidajen ma'aikata ga ma'aikatan ginin da kuma gina gadar Kédougou. Mataki na 2 ya ƙunshi gina {{Convert|91|m}} babban madatsar ruwa da kuma tashar wutar lantarki, wanda ke samar da wurin ajiyar ruwa mai fadin {{Convert|181|km²|mi2}}  , wanda ya fara daga Senegal zuwa Guinea. Mataki na III ya ƙunshi shigar da kayan aikin lantarki a cikin tashar wutar lantarki, wanda ke iya samar da megawatts 128 na wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu Haɓakawa ==
Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa don haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki da kayayyakin more rayuwa masu alaƙa da ita, a kan kwangilar Yuro miliyan 388. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Construction Network |date=11 December 2020 |title=Vinci consortium wins €388m contract to build Sambangalou dam in Senegal |url=https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/vinci-consortium-wins-388m-contract-to-build-sambangalou-dam-in-senegal |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=World Construction Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Kafin a bayar da kwangilar ginin a watan Disamba na 2020, an gudanar da nazarin [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|Kimanta Muhalli da Tasirin Jama'a]] (ESIA) kuma an tsara Tsarin Aiki na Matsugunni (RAP) a cikin watanni 18 da suka gabata. Ana sa ran za a samar da ayyukan yi 1,000 a cikin gida, a lokacin ginin. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Za a kwashe wutar lantarki da ake samarwa a wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar layukan wutar lantarki guda huɗu masu ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin 225kV zuwa wurare a kowace ƙasa daga cikin ƙasashe huɗu masu cin gajiyar wutar lantarki, inda za a haɗa makamashin a cikin kowace tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana sa ran fara aikin ginin a rabin farko na shekarar 2021, inda ake sa ran fara aikin kasuwanci a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=11 December 2020 |title=Senegal: Vinci and Andritz win the contract to build the Sambangalou dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-vinci-and-andritz-win-the-contract-to-build-the-sambangalou-dam/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan an kammala aikin, za a bayar da gudummawar tsarin tace ruwa da rarrabawa ga al'ummar yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344958547|Anarchism in Malaysia]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="14618" sha1="64colsnoxsftb2t58oe7jje4q6k46m9" xml:space="preserve">Anarchism a Malaysia ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan juyin juya hali na baƙi na kasar Sin a British Malaya, waɗanda suka kasance na farko da suka gina ƙungiyar anarchist a cikin ƙasar, sun kai ga mafi girma a cikin shekarun 1920. Bayan kamfen ɗin zalunci da hukumomin Burtaniya suka yi, Bolshevism ya maye gurbin anarchism a matsayin jagoran juyin juya halin yanzu, har zuwa sake farfado da motsi na anarchist a cikin shekarun 1980, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanayin punk na Malaysia.

== History ==
The Malay Peninsula was largely stateless until the 2nd century, when early Malayan states such as the kingdom of Langkasuka began to form and come to dominate the region. These eventually evolved from city-states and small kingdoms into much larger polities, capable of controlling the whole peninsular and beyond. In the 7th century, the empire of Srivijaya came to dominate the Malay Peninsula, as well as the islands [[Sumatra]] and [[Java]], absorbing many of the Malay states that once existed there. In 1288, Srivijaya was conquered by the Javanese kingdom of Singhasari, which by 1293 had evolved into the empire of Majapahit, coming to control the majority of the Malay Archipelago.

Up until this point, the states that ruled over the Malayan Peninsular were either Hindu or Buddhist, but with Srivijaya's collapse came the rise of Muslim sultanates throughout the peninsular. Eventually, the central sultanates of Selangor, Perak, Pahang, and Negri Sembilan came together to establish the Federated Malay States. Whereas the northern sultanates of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu, and the southern sultanate of Johor, remained unfederated.

In spite of the rise of Malayan states over the centuries, many indigenous peoples of the peninsular maintained themselves as stateless societies. One of these groups is the Semai people, an acephalous society who live in small horticultural settlements in the center of the peninsular. The Semai have no concept of private property,&lt;ref&gt;David D. Gilmore, ''Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity'' (Yale University Press, 1990: {{ISBN|0-300-04646-4}}), p. 213.&lt;/ref&gt; organize their communities through public assemblies and are well known for their [[Rashin tashin hankali|non-violent]] way of life.

=== Anarchism in British Malaya ===
When the [[Daular Biritaniya|British Empire]] first colonized the Malay Peninsula in the early 19th century, they established the four Straits Settlements of Penang, [[Singafora|Singapore]], Malacca and Dinding, which came under the control of the East India Company. Chinese workers began to immigrate to these settlements,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hirschman |first=Charles |year=1986 |title=The Making of Race in Colonial Malaya: Political Economy and Racial Ideology |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A51.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Cornell University]] |volume=1 |pages=338 |jstor=684449 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417235238/https://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A51.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2019 |via=[[University of Washington]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly to work in the mining and lumber industries. Many of these immigrants permanently settled in Malaya, outside the authority of the Qing dynasty, where they able to freely spread the revolutionary ideas of republicanism, nationalism, socialism and [[anarchism]].

==== The emergence of anarchism and the labour movement in Malaya ====
During the 1900s, [[Sun Yat-Sen|Sun Yat-sen]] often visited the peninsula, where he organized branches of the Tongmenghui in Seremban, [[Kuala Lumpur]], Penang and Malacca, with Penang acting as the organization's headquarters. Following the 1911 Revolution, the Tongmenghui reorganized itself into the Kuomintang. When it was banned by the British authorities, it continued its operations clandestinely: raising funds to aid the revolutionary effort in the newly established Republic of China, as well as organizing [[Sinanci|Chinese language]] schools and libraries in Malaya.

When the Second Revolution against the government of Yuan Shikai was defeated, Southeast Asia became the new center of activity for the Chinese labour movement, with branches of a new Workers' Union being established throughout Malaya. Chinese anarchists were leading figures in the Workers' Union, organizing from Penang a support base all over Southeast Asia. [[Liu Shifu]] launched a number of anarchist organizations in Malaya, including the &quot;Society of Truth&quot; and the &quot;Society of Anarcho-Communist Comrades&quot;. Penang quickly became a hub for the publication and distribution of anarchist propaganda in Malaya.

After the dissolution of the short-lived Empire of China and the death of Emperor Yuan Shikai, a Third Revolution was launched by Sun Yat-Sen in South China, in an attempt to resist further rule by the central government. The Workers' Union moved its base of operations to the revolutionary capital of [[Guangzhou]], where it organized the city's workers into industrial unions. Inspired by the organization of the Industrial Workers of the World, the Workers' Union established the &quot;Industrial Federation of Overseas Chinese&quot;, in order to unite the Chinese labor movement across borders. This transformed the Malayan Workers' Union into the center of trade unionism in the country, spearheaded by the local anarchist movement.

According to the British authorities, membership of the Malayan Workers' Union had risen to 200,000 people by the close of the 1910s. British intelligence claimed that the Union was controlled by Chinese anarchist [[Kungiyar Asiri|secret societies]], and that investigations had revealed close links between the organizations in Malaya and China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ann Trotter}}&lt;/ref&gt; The British banned the Malayan Workers' Union in 1919, so it merged its organizations with the Kuomintang and continued its trade union organizing underground.

==== The organized anarchist movement in Malaya ====
In 1919, a Chinese anarchist group from Guangzhou established the &quot;Society of Truth&quot; in Malaya. The group actively distributed anarchist literature throughout Southeast Asia, even producing some of its material in the [[Harshen Malay|Malay language]]. In March 1919, an anarchist circle in Kuala Lumpur began publishing the newspaper ''Yi Qunbao'', printing a variety of materials on anarchism, anarcho-communism and Marxism.

The Malayan anarchist movement saw a significant upsurge as part of the May Fourth Movement, which had risen up in reaction to the cession of Shandong to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Versailles. According to one anarchist activist in Malaya, it was the impetus for a growth of class consciousness in the country. Workers and students participated in protests throughout Malaya, organized by the anarchist Society of Truth, escalating into protests, riots and boycotts. ''Yi Qunbao'' was at the forefront of spreading propaganda during the May Fourth Movement, characterizing the boycotts as &quot;self-defense&quot;, the fight to overthrow the Beiyang government as &quot;self-determination&quot; and the goal of establishing anarcho-communism in China as &quot;self-government&quot;. This propaganda was spearheaded by the anarchist Goh Tun-ban, who urged workers to establish a stateless and classless society through the means of a social revolution. For his part in openly publishing anarchist literature in Kuala Lumpur, Goh was interrogated by the British authorities, which arrested and deported him, along with other Chinese anarchist public figures.

Despite the repression and deportation of leading anarchist individuals, the organized anarchist movement continued to grow. In 1919, the Malayan Anarchist Federation was established and affiliated to the Society of Anarcho-Communist Comrades. The organization stated in its program:
{{Blockquote|&quot;Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Community of Goods, Co-operation; each does what he can and takes what he needs: no government, laws or military forces, no landlords, capitalists or leisured class. No money, religion, police, prison or leaders, No representatives, heads of families, no person uneducated or not working: no rules of marriages, no degrees of high or low, rich or poor, and the method to be adopted is given by organization of comrades by means of communication centres, by propaganda in pamphlets, speeches and education, by passive resistance to those in power.

Do not pay taxes, cease work, cease trade; by the method of direct action, assassinate and spread disorder. Anarchy is the great revolution&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trade Unions&quot;/&gt;}}

==== The peak of the anarchist movement ====
By 1920, anarchist groups were operating in Penang, Ipoh, [[Kuala Lumpur]] and Seremban. Liu Kafei, the brother of [[Liu Shifu]], was among the most prominent anarchists in Malaya at the time, alongside a number of school teachers. Chinese schools played a particularly important role in the propagation of revolutionary propaganda, leading the colonial administration to introduce a law compelling schools to register with the authorities. The British also noted that ties between the Kuomintang and the Malayan anarchist movement were strengthening, in part due to the actions of the &quot;Shiyan Tun&quot; group.

The ''Yi Qunbao'' continued to operate out of Kuala Lumpur, with Liu Kafei acting as editor-in-chief. He penned a column that analyzed the social events of the time, discussing the topics of free speech, education and the Russian Revolution, among others. Kafei openly advocated for an anarcho-communist society based on absolute freedom and equality.

In 1921, Malayan anarchists celebrated the country's first May Day, which continued with each passing year. New libertarian publications started to be distributed throughout the country, publishing translations of the works of Peter Kropotkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trade Unions&quot; /&gt; In 1923, a branch of the Malayan Anarchist Federation was established in Penang, which organized a high school to provide the island's population with education. The British authorities monitored the situation in Penang, banning leading anarchists from teaching.

Anarchist activity rose to particular prominence in 1924, with a number of anarchists becoming public figures in Kuala Lumpur, Ampang, Ipoh, Penang and Seremban. Although the organization of the Anarchist Federation remained small, with about 50 active members, anarchism was widely influential among Chinese Malayans - particularly school teachers and print workers. A national congress of the Anarchist Federation was held in February 1924, during which they discussed the issues of organization, establishing schools and increasing anarchist agitation. Anarchist teachers subsequently began to actively agitate among their students and colleagues at the schools, while the number of street demonstrations increased. Many of these decisions brought the Malayan anarchists into conflict with the Chinese Anarchist Federation in Guangzhou, which did not approve of the new-found independence of the Malayan federation. Some of the participants of the congress were also arrested by the authorities, forcing some prominent members to flee into exile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ou Xi&quot; /&gt; Nevertheless, anarchist literature continued to be distributed among the workers and students of Malaya.

In January 1925, anarchists began to plan a series of assassinations in response to the colonial repression of the movement. In Penang, an attempted assassination of the governor Laurence Guillemard failed, which shifted the target towards other colonial authorities. The young anarchist Wong Sau Ying detonated an explosive device inside the Chinese protectorate at Kuala Lumpur, injuring two colonial officials. Wong was swiftly arrested and sentenced to 10 years in Pudu Prison, where she hung herself. After this attempt, the British colonial authorities intensified their repression against the country's left-wing movement, ordering the suppression of the Kuomintang and the Anarchist Federation. Many anarchist activists were arrested and deported. This blow proved too hard for the anarchist movement to recover from, and it went into remission, although some strands of syndicalism continued to hold influence.

=== Communism, nationalism and the Malaysian independence struggle ===
In the place of the anarchist movement, Leninism became the dominant trend among the Malayan far-left. The Chinese Communist Party began to agitate among Chinese immigrants in British Malaya, which culminated in the establishment of the Malayan Communist Party in April 1930. Although the party was subject to repression, it managed to organize trade unions and workers' committees among Chinese workers, launching a number of strikes. While the Communist Party was influential mostly amongst Chinese Malaysian workers, the left wing of the early Malay nationalist movement held an influence among Malays, resulting in the formation of the Kesatuan Melayu Muda in 1938.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Rustam Sani}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the Japanese occupation of Malaya, the KMM actively aided the Empire of Japan, but their requests for independence were denied and the party was forcibly dissolved by the occupation forces. For its part, the MCP established the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army to combat the occupation, igniting a guerilla war throughout Malaya.

With the return of British rule at the end of [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]], the Malayan Union was established to bring about unitary control over the whole peninsula. This policy was wholly rejected by native Malayans, including the Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya, who subsequently established the Federation of Malaya in a return to federalism. However, the continuation of British rule was untenable to the MCP, which established the Malayan National Liberation Army to carry out attacks against British colonists. After the MNLA assassination of three British farmers, the colonial administration invoked a state of emergency in Malaya, igniting a civil war between the Federation and the Communists. The administration launched a crackdown on all left-wing political groups, declaring the PKMM and MCP to be illegal. The right-wing United Malays National Organisation subsequently became the ruling political party in the country, cooperating with the British to defeat the communist insurgency. Meanwhile, the PKMM was reorganized as the Parti Rakyat Malaysia, which rejected UMNO rule and cooperated with the Labour Party of Malaya to revitalize the Malayan left-wing.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Anarchism a Malaysia ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan juyin juya hali na baƙi na kasar Sin a British Malaya, waɗanda suka kasance na farko da suka gina ƙungiyar anarchist a cikin ƙasar, sun kai ga mafi girma a cikin shekarun 1920. Bayan kamfen ɗin zalunci da hukumomin Burtaniya suka yi, Bolshevism ya maye gurbin anarchism a matsayin jagoran juyin juya halin yanzu, har zuwa sake farfado da motsi na anarchist a cikin shekarun 1980, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanayin punk na Malaysia.

== History ==
The Malay Peninsula was largely stateless until the 2nd century, when early Malayan states such as the kingdom of Langkasuka began to form and come to dominate the region. These eventually evolved from city-states and small kingdoms into much larger polities, capable of controlling the whole peninsular and beyond. In the 7th century, the empire of Srivijaya came to dominate the Malay Peninsula, as well as the islands [[Sumatra]] and [[Java]], absorbing many of the Malay states that once existed there. In 1288, Srivijaya was conquered by the Javanese kingdom of Singhasari, which by 1293 had evolved into the empire of Majapahit, coming to control the majority of the Malay Archipelago.

Up until this point, the states that ruled over the Malayan Peninsular were either Hindu or Buddhist, but with Srivijaya's collapse came the rise of Muslim sultanates throughout the peninsular. Eventually, the central sultanates of Selangor, Perak, Pahang, and Negri Sembilan came together to establish the Federated Malay States. Whereas the northern sultanates of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu, and the southern sultanate of Johor, remained unfederated.

In spite of the rise of Malayan states over the centuries, many indigenous peoples of the peninsular maintained themselves as stateless societies. One of these groups is the Semai people, an acephalous society who live in small horticultural settlements in the center of the peninsular. The Semai have no concept of private property,&lt;ref&gt;David D. Gilmore, ''Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity'' (Yale University Press, 1990: {{ISBN|0-300-04646-4}}), p. 213.&lt;/ref&gt; organize their communities through public assemblies and are well known for their [[Rashin tashin hankali|non-violent]] way of life.

=== Anarchism in British Malaya ===
When the [[Daular Biritaniya|British Empire]] first colonized the Malay Peninsula in the early 19th century, they established the four Straits Settlements of Penang, [[Singafora|Singapore]], Malacca and Dinding, which came under the control of the East India Company. Chinese workers began to immigrate to these settlements,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hirschman |first=Charles |year=1986 |title=The Making of Race in Colonial Malaya: Political Economy and Racial Ideology |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A51.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Cornell University]] |volume=1 |pages=338 |jstor=684449 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417235238/https://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A51.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2019 |via=[[University of Washington]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly to work in the mining and lumber industries. Many of these immigrants permanently settled in Malaya, outside the authority of the Qing dynasty, where they able to freely spread the revolutionary ideas of republicanism, nationalism, socialism and [[anarchism]].

==== The emergence of anarchism and the labour movement in Malaya ====
During the 1900s, [[Sun Yat-Sen|Sun Yat-sen]] often visited the peninsula, where he organized branches of the Tongmenghui in Seremban, [[Kuala Lumpur]], Penang and Malacca, with Penang acting as the organization's headquarters. Following the 1911 Revolution, the Tongmenghui reorganized itself into the Kuomintang. When it was banned by the British authorities, it continued its operations clandestinely: raising funds to aid the revolutionary effort in the newly established Republic of China, as well as organizing [[Sinanci|Chinese language]] schools and libraries in Malaya.

When the Second Revolution against the government of Yuan Shikai was defeated, Southeast Asia became the new center of activity for the Chinese labour movement, with branches of a new Workers' Union being established throughout Malaya. Chinese anarchists were leading figures in the Workers' Union, organizing from Penang a support base all over Southeast Asia. [[Liu Shifu]] launched a number of anarchist organizations in Malaya, including the &quot;Society of Truth&quot; and the &quot;Society of Anarcho-Communist Comrades&quot;. Penang quickly became a hub for the publication and distribution of anarchist propaganda in Malaya.

After the dissolution of the short-lived Empire of China and the death of Emperor Yuan Shikai, a Third Revolution was launched by Sun Yat-Sen in South China, in an attempt to resist further rule by the central government. The Workers' Union moved its base of operations to the revolutionary capital of [[Guangzhou]], where it organized the city's workers into industrial unions. Inspired by the organization of the Industrial Workers of the World, the Workers' Union established the &quot;Industrial Federation of Overseas Chinese&quot;, in order to unite the Chinese labor movement across borders. This transformed the Malayan Workers' Union into the center of trade unionism in the country, spearheaded by the local anarchist movement.

According to the British authorities, membership of the Malayan Workers' Union had risen to 200,000 people by the close of the 1910s. British intelligence claimed that the Union was controlled by Chinese anarchist [[Kungiyar Asiri|secret societies]], and that investigations had revealed close links between the organizations in Malaya and China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ann Trotter}}&lt;/ref&gt; The British banned the Malayan Workers' Union in 1919, so it merged its organizations with the Kuomintang and continued its trade union organizing underground.

==== The organized anarchist movement in Malaya ====
In 1919, a Chinese anarchist group from Guangzhou established the &quot;Society of Truth&quot; in Malaya. The group actively distributed anarchist literature throughout Southeast Asia, even producing some of its material in the [[Harshen Malay|Malay language]]. In March 1919, an anarchist circle in Kuala Lumpur began publishing the newspaper ''Yi Qunbao'', printing a variety of materials on anarchism, anarcho-communism and Marxism.

The Malayan anarchist movement saw a significant upsurge as part of the May Fourth Movement, which had risen up in reaction to the cession of Shandong to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Versailles. According to one anarchist activist in Malaya, it was the impetus for a growth of class consciousness in the country. Workers and students participated in protests throughout Malaya, organized by the anarchist Society of Truth, escalating into protests, riots and boycotts. ''Yi Qunbao'' was at the forefront of spreading propaganda during the May Fourth Movement, characterizing the boycotts as &quot;self-defense&quot;, the fight to overthrow the Beiyang government as &quot;self-determination&quot; and the goal of establishing anarcho-communism in China as &quot;self-government&quot;. This propaganda was spearheaded by the anarchist Goh Tun-ban, who urged workers to establish a stateless and classless society through the means of a social revolution. For his part in openly publishing anarchist literature in Kuala Lumpur, Goh was interrogated by the British authorities, which arrested and deported him, along with other Chinese anarchist public figures.

Despite the repression and deportation of leading anarchist individuals, the organized anarchist movement continued to grow. In 1919, the Malayan Anarchist Federation was established and affiliated to the Society of Anarcho-Communist Comrades. The organization stated in its program:
{{Blockquote|&quot;Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Community of Goods, Co-operation; each does what he can and takes what he needs: no government, laws or military forces, no landlords, capitalists or leisured class. No money, religion, police, prison or leaders, No representatives, heads of families, no person uneducated or not working: no rules of marriages, no degrees of high or low, rich or poor, and the method to be adopted is given by organization of comrades by means of communication centres, by propaganda in pamphlets, speeches and education, by passive resistance to those in power.

Do not pay taxes, cease work, cease trade; by the method of direct action, assassinate and spread disorder. Anarchy is the great revolution&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trade Unions&quot;/&gt;}}

==== The peak of the anarchist movement ====
By 1920, anarchist groups were operating in Penang, Ipoh, [[Kuala Lumpur]] and Seremban. Liu Kafei, the brother of [[Liu Shifu]], was among the most prominent anarchists in Malaya at the time, alongside a number of school teachers. Chinese schools played a particularly important role in the propagation of revolutionary propaganda, leading the colonial administration to introduce a law compelling schools to register with the authorities. The British also noted that ties between the Kuomintang and the Malayan anarchist movement were strengthening, in part due to the actions of the &quot;Shiyan Tun&quot; group.

The ''Yi Qunbao'' continued to operate out of Kuala Lumpur, with Liu Kafei acting as editor-in-chief. He penned a column that analyzed the social events of the time, discussing the topics of free speech, education and the Russian Revolution, among others. Kafei openly advocated for an anarcho-communist society based on absolute freedom and equality.

In 1921, Malayan anarchists celebrated the country's first May Day, which continued with each passing year. New libertarian publications started to be distributed throughout the country, publishing translations of the works of Peter Kropotkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trade Unions&quot; /&gt; In 1923, a branch of the Malayan Anarchist Federation was established in Penang, which organized a high school to provide the island's population with education. The British authorities monitored the situation in Penang, banning leading anarchists from teaching.

Anarchist activity rose to particular prominence in 1924, with a number of anarchists becoming public figures in Kuala Lumpur, Ampang, Ipoh, Penang and Seremban. Although the organization of the Anarchist Federation remained small, with about 50 active members, anarchism was widely influential among Chinese Malayans - particularly school teachers and print workers. A national congress of the Anarchist Federation was held in February 1924, during which they discussed the issues of organization, establishing schools and increasing anarchist agitation. Anarchist teachers subsequently began to actively agitate among their students and colleagues at the schools, while the number of street demonstrations increased. Many of these decisions brought the Malayan anarchists into conflict with the Chinese Anarchist Federation in Guangzhou, which did not approve of the new-found independence of the Malayan federation. Some of the participants of the congress were also arrested by the authorities, forcing some prominent members to flee into exile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ou Xi&quot; /&gt; Nevertheless, anarchist literature continued to be distributed among the workers and students of Malaya.

In January 1925, anarchists began to plan a series of assassinations in response to the colonial repression of the movement. In Penang, an attempted assassination of the governor Laurence Guillemard failed, which shifted the target towards other colonial authorities. The young anarchist Wong Sau Ying detonated an explosive device inside the Chinese protectorate at Kuala Lumpur, injuring two colonial officials. Wong was swiftly arrested and sentenced to 10 years in Pudu Prison, where she hung herself. After this attempt, the British colonial authorities intensified their repression against the country's left-wing movement, ordering the suppression of the Kuomintang and the Anarchist Federation. Many anarchist activists were arrested and deported. This blow proved too hard for the anarchist movement to recover from, and it went into remission, although some strands of syndicalism continued to hold influence.

=== Communism, nationalism and the Malaysian independence struggle ===
In the place of the anarchist movement, Leninism became the dominant trend among the Malayan far-left. The Chinese Communist Party began to agitate among Chinese immigrants in British Malaya, which culminated in the establishment of the Malayan Communist Party in April 1930. Although the party was subject to repression, it managed to organize trade unions and workers' committees among Chinese workers, launching a number of strikes. While the Communist Party was influential mostly amongst Chinese Malaysian workers, the left wing of the early Malay nationalist movement held an influence among Malays, resulting in the formation of the Kesatuan Melayu Muda in 1938.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Rustam Sani}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the Japanese occupation of Malaya, the KMM actively aided the Empire of Japan, but their requests for independence were denied and the party was forcibly dissolved by the occupation forces. For its part, the MCP established the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army to combat the occupation, igniting a guerilla war throughout Malaya.

With the return of British rule at the end of [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]], the Malayan Union was established to bring about unitary control over the whole peninsula. This policy was wholly rejected by native Malayans, including the Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya, who subsequently established the Federation of Malaya in a return to federalism. However, the continuation of British rule was untenable to the MCP, which established the Malayan National Liberation Army to carry out attacks against British colonists. After the MNLA assassination of three British farmers, the colonial administration invoked a state of emergency in Malaya, igniting a civil war between the Federation and the Communists. The administration launched a crackdown on all left-wing political groups, declaring the PKMM and MCP to be illegal. The right-wing United Malays National Organisation subsequently became the ruling political party in the country, cooperating with the British to defeat the communist insurgency. Meanwhile, the PKMM was reorganized as the Parti Rakyat Malaysia, which rejected UMNO rule and cooperated with the Labour Party of Malaya to revitalize the Malayan left-wing.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muvumbe Tashar Wutar Lantarki</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1270265896|Muvumbe Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Muvumbe''' tana da {{Convert|6.5|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhereza |first=Robert |date=23 September 2015 |title=Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html |access-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
An gina tashar wutar lantarki a fadin Kogin Nyakijumba (wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Maziba ko Kogin Muvumbe), wani yanki na [[Kogin Kagera]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot; /&gt; Tashar tana cikin ƙauyen Kigarama a cikin gundumar Nyanja, gundumar Maziba, gundumar Kabale, a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, kusa da kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot; /&gt; Wannan kimanin {{Convert|10|km}}, ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Kabale, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kabale And Maziba With Map |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kabale%20(Kabale)%20&amp;toplace=Maziba%20(Kabale)&amp;fromlat=-1.3261111&amp;tolat=-1.3158333&amp;fromlng=30.0038889&amp;tolng=30.0811111 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maziba tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|410|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yamma da [[Kampala]], babban birnin kuma mafi girma a Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kampala And Maziba With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()%20&amp;toplace=Maziba%20(Kabale)&amp;fromlat=0.3155556&amp;tolat=-1.3158333&amp;fromlng=32.5655556&amp;tolng=30.0811111 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na tashar wutar lantarki sune 1°19'07.0&quot;S, 30°04'44.0&quot;E (Latitude=-1.318611; Longitude=30.078889). 

== Tarihi ==
Sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki tana nan a wurin da ƙaramin {{Convert|1.6|MW}} ke aiki. tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda aka gina a shekarar 1966 amma aka dakatar da aikinta a shekarar 2002 saboda lalacewar da kuma lalata ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rehabilitation Small Hydropower Station Maziba Gorge |url=http://www.lahmeyer.de/en/projects/details/browse/0/project/772/mode/1/show/showAll |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142407/http://www.lahmeyer.de/en/projects/details/browse/0/project/772/mode/1/show/showAll/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Lahmeyer International}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2009, [http://www.lahmeyer.de/en/home Lahmeyer International], wani kamfanin injiniya mai ba da shawara na Jamus ya gudanar da wani sabon bincike kan yuwuwar amfani da wutar lantarki, wanda ya shimfida hanyar samar da wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consulting For Maziba Hydro-Power Plant In Uganda |url=https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/consulting-for-maziba-hydro-power-plant-in-uganda/110729 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Devex.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2014, Muvumbe Hydro (Uganda) Limited ta nemi lasisin samar da wutar lantarki daga Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki don samarwa da sayar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatts 6.5 a wannan tashar wutar lantarki. Za a sayar da wutar ga Kamfanin Watsa Wutar Lantarki na Uganda kuma a haɗa ta da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=8 April 2014 |title=Application For A License for The Establishment of 6.5MW Hydro Power Plant In Kabale District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/307-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-83mw-hydropower-plant-in-pader-and-gulu-districts-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110202937/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/307-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-83mw-hydropower-plant-in-pader-and-gulu-districts-2 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 January 2015 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ginin ne a watan Satumba na 2015 kuma ana sa ran zai ɗauki watanni 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhereza |first=Robert |date=23 September 2015 |title=Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html |access-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuhereza2015&quot;&gt;Muhereza, Robert (23 September 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html &quot;Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An kiyasta cewa za a kashe kuɗin gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki na dalar Amurka miliyan 18 (kimanin UGX: biliyan 64). &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhereza |first=Robert |date=23 September 2015 |title=Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html |access-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuhereza2015&quot;&gt;Muhereza, Robert (23 September 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html &quot;Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masu haɓaka madatsar ruwa [[Sri Lanka|ta Sri Lanka]] da gwamnatin Uganda za su samar da kuɗaɗen gini tare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Our |first=Reporter |date=26 August 2013 |title=Kabale To Get 6.5 MW Power Station |url=http://www.redpepper.co.ug/kabale-to-get-6-5-mw-power-station |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Red Pepper (Uganda)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2015, Firayim Ministan Uganda Ruhakana Rugunda ya nuna cewa an samo kuɗin gina madatsar ruwa daga Jamus. Muvumbe Hydro Uganda Limited, wani reshe na Vidullanka Plc. na Sri Lanka, shi ne ke da haƙƙin ci gaba da aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alon |date=20 January 2015 |title=Germany to fund Kabale power dam |url=http://www.observer.ug/business/38-business/36019--germany-to-fund-kabale-power-dam |access-date=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin lokacin gini ==
An fara ginin ne a watan Satumba na 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhereza |first=Robert |date=23 September 2015 |title=Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html |access-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuhereza2015&quot;&gt;Muhereza, Robert (23 September 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html &quot;Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki ta kasuwanci a watan Maris na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ESI |date=17 March 2017 |title=Uganda set to connect 6.5MW hydropower plant |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/news/uganda-set-to-connect-6-5mw-hydropower-plant/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=ESI-Africa News (ESI)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>858851</id>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Muvumbe''' tana da {{Convert|6.5|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhereza |first=Robert |date=23 September 2015 |title=Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html |access-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
An gina tashar wutar lantarki a fadin Kogin Nyakijumba (wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Maziba ko Kogin Muvumbe), wani yanki na [[Kogin Kagera]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot; /&gt; Tashar tana cikin ƙauyen Kigarama a cikin gundumar Nyanja, gundumar Maziba, gundumar Kabale, a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, kusa da kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot; /&gt; Wannan kimanin {{Convert|10|km}}, ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Kabale, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kabale And Maziba With Map |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kabale%20(Kabale)%20&amp;toplace=Maziba%20(Kabale)&amp;fromlat=-1.3261111&amp;tolat=-1.3158333&amp;fromlng=30.0038889&amp;tolng=30.0811111 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maziba tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|410|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yamma da [[Kampala]], babban birnin kuma mafi girma a Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kampala And Maziba With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()%20&amp;toplace=Maziba%20(Kabale)&amp;fromlat=0.3155556&amp;tolat=-1.3158333&amp;fromlng=32.5655556&amp;tolng=30.0811111 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaito na tashar wutar lantarki sune 1°19'07.0&quot;S, 30°04'44.0&quot;E (Latitude=-1.318611; Longitude=30.078889). 

== Tarihi ==
Sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki tana nan a wurin da ƙaramin {{Convert|1.6|MW}} ke aiki. tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda aka gina a shekarar 1966 amma aka dakatar da aikinta a shekarar 2002 saboda lalacewar da kuma lalata ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rehabilitation Small Hydropower Station Maziba Gorge |url=http://www.lahmeyer.de/en/projects/details/browse/0/project/772/mode/1/show/showAll |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142407/http://www.lahmeyer.de/en/projects/details/browse/0/project/772/mode/1/show/showAll/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Lahmeyer International}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2009, [http://www.lahmeyer.de/en/home Lahmeyer International], wani kamfanin injiniya mai ba da shawara na Jamus ya gudanar da wani sabon bincike kan yuwuwar amfani da wutar lantarki, wanda ya shimfida hanyar samar da wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consulting For Maziba Hydro-Power Plant In Uganda |url=https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/consulting-for-maziba-hydro-power-plant-in-uganda/110729 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Devex.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2014, Muvumbe Hydro (Uganda) Limited ta nemi lasisin samar da wutar lantarki daga Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki don samarwa da sayar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatts 6.5 a wannan tashar wutar lantarki. Za a sayar da wutar ga Kamfanin Watsa Wutar Lantarki na Uganda kuma a haɗa ta da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=8 April 2014 |title=Application For A License for The Establishment of 6.5MW Hydro Power Plant In Kabale District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/307-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-83mw-hydropower-plant-in-pader-and-gulu-districts-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110202937/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/307-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-83mw-hydropower-plant-in-pader-and-gulu-districts-2 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 January 2015 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ginin ne a watan Satumba na 2015 kuma ana sa ran zai ɗauki watanni 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhereza |first=Robert |date=23 September 2015 |title=Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html |access-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuhereza2015&quot;&gt;Muhereza, Robert (23 September 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html &quot;Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudaden gini ==
An kiyasta cewa za a kashe kuɗin gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki na dalar Amurka miliyan 18 (kimanin UGX: biliyan 64). &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhereza |first=Robert |date=23 September 2015 |title=Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html |access-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuhereza2015&quot;&gt;Muhereza, Robert (23 September 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html &quot;Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masu haɓaka madatsar ruwa [[Sri Lanka|ta Sri Lanka]] da gwamnatin Uganda za su samar da kuɗaɗen gini tare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Our |first=Reporter |date=26 August 2013 |title=Kabale To Get 6.5 MW Power Station |url=http://www.redpepper.co.ug/kabale-to-get-6-5-mw-power-station |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Red Pepper (Uganda)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2015, Firayim Ministan Uganda Ruhakana Rugunda ya nuna cewa an samo kuɗin gina madatsar ruwa daga Jamus. Muvumbe Hydro Uganda Limited, wani reshe na Vidullanka Plc. na Sri Lanka, shi ne ke da haƙƙin ci gaba da aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alon |date=20 January 2015 |title=Germany to fund Kabale power dam |url=http://www.observer.ug/business/38-business/36019--germany-to-fund-kabale-power-dam |access-date=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin lokacin gini ==
An fara ginin ne a watan Satumba na 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhereza |first=Robert |date=23 September 2015 |title=Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html |access-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuhereza2015&quot;&gt;Muhereza, Robert (23 September 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html &quot;Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki ta kasuwanci a watan Maris na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ESI |date=17 March 2017 |title=Uganda set to connect 6.5MW hydropower plant |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/news/uganda-set-to-connect-6-5mw-hydropower-plant/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=ESI-Africa News (ESI)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>r42xnf6dg8wi85vuro7sq87w1i175hx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ali Khreis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858850</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340525265|Ali Khreis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1446" sha1="ra0imc5t3butywrj11x0n35t49s3pet" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Ali Khreis'''  Daya ne daga cikin memba na majalisar dokokin Shia na Lebanon wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Tyre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=sawtbeirut.com |url=https://english.sawtbeirut.com/lebanon/ali-khreis-everytime-an-aounist-gets-crazy-be-happy-for-him/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daga cikin Amal Movement  karkashin jagorancin [[Nabih Berri]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aQwaAmnBgP.o&amp;refer=home Lebanon Protests Escalate Before Paris Aid Meeting]&lt;/ref&gt; ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((representing the [[:en:Tyre_District|Tyre]] district.He is part of the [[:en:Amal_Movement|Amal Movement]] led by[[:en:Tyre_District|yre]] district.He is part of the [[:en:Amal_Movement|Amal Movement]] led by[[:en:Tyre_District|yre]] district.He is part of the [[:en:Amal_Movement|Amal Movement]] led by[[:en:Tyre_District|yre]] district.He is part of the [[:en:Amal_Movement|Amal Movement]] led by[[:en:Tyre_District|yre]] district.He is part of the [[:en:Amal_Movement|Amal Movement]] led by[[:en:Tyre_District|yre]] district.He is part of the [[:en:Amal_Movement|Amal Movement]] led by[[:en:Tyre_District|yre]] district.He is part of the [[:en:Amal_Movement|Amal Movement]] led by

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar dokokin Lebanon
* Mambobin majalisar dokokin Lebanon ta 2009-2013
* Motsi na Amal

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>ra0imc5t3butywrj11x0n35t49s3pet</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>858855</id>
      <parentid>858850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:27:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>858855</origin>
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      <text bytes="702" sha1="qdf2x8nfy69vvcurnu6rp8izm63rj7q" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ali Khreis'''  Daya ne daga cikin memba na majalisar dokokin Shia na Lebanon wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Tyre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=sawtbeirut.com |url=https://english.sawtbeirut.com/lebanon/ali-khreis-everytime-an-aounist-gets-crazy-be-happy-for-him/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daga cikin Amal Movement  karkashin jagorancin [[Nabih Berri]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aQwaAmnBgP.o&amp;refer=home Lebanon Protests Escalate Before Paris Aid Meeting]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar dokokin Lebanon
* Mambobin majalisar dokokin Lebanon ta 2009-2013
* Motsi na Amal

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>qdf2x8nfy69vvcurnu6rp8izm63rj7q</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashar wutar lantarki ta Mubuku I</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>858853</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:26:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1015245627|Mubuku I Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>858853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3226" sha1="d2145enkn6wmw58jzoteo3vv4klkull" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku I''' {{Convert|5|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana tsakanin Bugoye da Kitoko, tana ratsa kogin Mubuku a gundumar Kasese a Yammacin Uganda . Tashar tana cikin tsaunukan Rwenzori, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . Kitoko tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|20|km|mi}}, ta hanya, arewacin Kasese, wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take da kuma babban birni mafi kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kasese And Kitoko With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%20(Kasese)%20&amp;toplace=Kitoko%20(Western%20Province)&amp;fromlat=0.23&amp;tolat=0.3666667&amp;fromlng=29.9883333&amp;tolng=30.0666667 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kamfanin Kilembe Mines Limited ya gina jihar a shekarun 1950 don samar da wutar lantarki ga haƙar tagulla daga tsaunukan Rwenzori. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ssepuya |first=Mikaili |date=5 July 2007 |title=River Mubuku Plant To Avail 10Mega Watts |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/574421 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507002736/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/574421 |archive-date=7 May 2014 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haƙar tagulla ta daina aiki a shekarun 1970, kuma yanzu ana sayar da wutar lantarki ga tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku I ita ce ta uku a ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki a Kogin Mubuku. Sauran biyun su ne [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku II]], wacce aka fi sani da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye]] kuma mallakar Tronder Power Limited, wani kamfanin [[Norway|ƙasar Norway]], da kuma Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku III, mallakar Kasese Cobalt Company Limited, wacce ke da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{Convert|10|MW}} .

== Bayani ==
Tashar tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, wadda ke da ƙarfin megawatts 5. A watan Satumba na 2013, kafofin watsa labarai na Uganda sun nuna cewa Tibet-Hima Consortium, kamfanin China wanda ya lashe yarjejeniyar gudanar da Kilembe Mines na tsawon shekaru ashirin da biyar masu zuwa, yana da shirin ƙara ƙarfin tashar samar da wutar lantarki zuwa megawatts 12. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kulabako |first=Faridah |date=11 September 2013 |title=UShs450 Billion Kilembe Investment To Benefit Local Communities |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Commodities/Shs450b+Kilembe+investment+to+benefit+local+communities/-/688610/1987296/-/vwlxd7z/-/index.html |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kiiza |first=Innocent |date=18 February 2014 |title=Kilembe Mines To Produce 12 Megawatts |url=http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=30221:-kilembe-mines-to-produce-12-megawatts&amp;catid=38:business&amp;Itemid=68 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an dakatar da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki a watan Satumba na 2017 bayan rahotannin gazawar Tibet-Hima wajen cika wa'adin da aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>858854</id>
      <parentid>858853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:26:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>858854</origin>
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      <text bytes="3238" sha1="1feta6meggyujhpd0n966ae1ebojm6r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku I''' {{Convert|5|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana tsakanin Bugoye da Kitoko, tana ratsa kogin Mubuku a gundumar Kasese a Yammacin Uganda . Tashar tana cikin tsaunukan Rwenzori, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . Kitoko tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|20|km|mi}}, ta hanya, arewacin Kasese, wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take da kuma babban birni mafi kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kasese And Kitoko With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%20(Kasese)%20&amp;toplace=Kitoko%20(Western%20Province)&amp;fromlat=0.23&amp;tolat=0.3666667&amp;fromlng=29.9883333&amp;tolng=30.0666667 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kamfanin Kilembe Mines Limited ya gina jihar a shekarun 1950 don samar da wutar lantarki ga haƙar tagulla daga tsaunukan Rwenzori. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ssepuya |first=Mikaili |date=5 July 2007 |title=River Mubuku Plant To Avail 10Mega Watts |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/574421 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507002736/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/574421 |archive-date=7 May 2014 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haƙar tagulla ta daina aiki a shekarun 1970, kuma yanzu ana sayar da wutar lantarki ga tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku I ita ce ta uku a ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki a Kogin Mubuku. Sauran biyun su ne [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku II]], wacce aka fi sani da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye]] kuma mallakar Tronder Power Limited, wani kamfanin [[Norway|ƙasar Norway]], da kuma Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku III, mallakar Kasese Cobalt Company Limited, wacce ke da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{Convert|10|MW}} .

== Bayani ==
Tashar tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, wadda ke da ƙarfin megawatts 5. A watan Satumba na 2013, kafofin watsa labarai na Uganda sun nuna cewa Tibet-Hima Consortium, kamfanin China wanda ya lashe yarjejeniyar gudanar da Kilembe Mines na tsawon shekaru ashirin da biyar masu zuwa, yana da shirin ƙara ƙarfin tashar samar da wutar lantarki zuwa megawatts 12. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kulabako |first=Faridah |date=11 September 2013 |title=UShs450 Billion Kilembe Investment To Benefit Local Communities |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Commodities/Shs450b+Kilembe+investment+to+benefit+local+communities/-/688610/1987296/-/vwlxd7z/-/index.html |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kiiza |first=Innocent |date=18 February 2014 |title=Kilembe Mines To Produce 12 Megawatts |url=http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=30221:-kilembe-mines-to-produce-12-megawatts&amp;catid=38:business&amp;Itemid=68 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an dakatar da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki a watan Satumba na 2017 bayan rahotannin gazawar Tibet-Hima wajen cika wa'adin da aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Singrobo</title>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1268987547|Singrobo Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Singrobo Hydroelectric''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Singrobo-Ahouaty Hydroelectric Power Project''', tashar wutar lantarki ce da ake ginawa a fadin [[Kogin Bandama]], a [[Ivory Coast]] . Idan aka kammala ta, kamar yadda aka zata a shekarar 2023, tashar wutar lantarki za ta zama tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da za a iya amfani da ita a fadin wutar lantarki, wacce wani mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa (IPP) ya samar kuma ya mallaka a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Za a sayar da makamashin da ake samarwa a nan ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Ivory Coast, ''Cienergues'', a karkashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 35 (PPA). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chloe Cox |date=27 May 2020 |title=Singrobo hydropower project to deliver electricity under a 35-year PPA |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/singrobo-hydropower-project-to-deliver-electricity-under-a-35-year-ppa/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Hydroeview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyukan ''Singrobo'' da ''Ahouaty'', a Sashen Tiassalé, Yankin Agnéby-Tiassa, a gundumar Lagunes ta Ivory Coast. Madatsar ruwan tana a fadin Kogin Bandama, kimanin {{Convert|95|km|0}}, arewa maso yammacin Agboville, babban birnin yankin.  Wannan kimanin {{Convert|141|km|0}} arewa maso yammacin [[Abidjan]], birni mafi girma a ƙasar.  Singrobo yana gefen babban titin da ke tsakanin Abidjan da Yamoussoukro (A3), kimanin {{Convert|97|km|0}} kudu maso gabashin [[Yamoussoukro]], babban birnin shari'a na Ivory Coast. 

== Bayani ==
A watan Oktoban 2018, kamfanin injiniyan farar hula da gine-gine na Faransa, Eiffage Group, ya sami kwangilar injiniya, saye da gini (EPC) don tsara da gina wannan tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 44 ta kunshi gina &quot;madatsar ruwa mai hade da duwatsu da siminti&quot;, mai girman {{Convert|23.5|m|0}}tsayin ƙafa  da kuma {{Convert|1374|m|0}} a tsayi, ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar ruwa wadda za ta iya adana {{Convert|105000000|m³|0}}    na ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=28 May 2020 |title=Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa da suka shafi wannan EPC, sun haɗa da gina &quot;tashar fitarwa&quot; don tashar wutar lantarki, tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 90kV a wajen tashar wutar lantarki, layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 90kV mai girman {{Convert|3|km|0}} wanda zai kwashe wutar lantarki zuwa wani wuri inda zai shiga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, da kuma hanyoyin shiga tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=28 May 2020 |title=Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2020&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (28 May 2020). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ &quot;Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mallakar wani kamfani ne da ya ƙunshi masu hannun jari da aka bayyana a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa. Kamfanin kera motoci na musamman da aka ƙirƙira wanda aka kira ''Ivoire Hydro Energy'' ko ''IHE'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=28 May 2020 |title=Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2020&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (28 May 2020). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ &quot;Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuɗin gini da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa ==
An ambaci kuɗin gini a matsayin Yuro miliyan 195 ko kuma dala miliyan 214 na Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin da ke ba da tallafi ga wannan aikin sun haɗa da (a) Kamfanin Kuɗi na Afirka (AFC) &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Power Info Today |date=2019 |title=AFC to deliver 44mw Singrobo hydroelectric power plant in Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://www.powerinfotoday.com/hydroelectric/afc-to-deliver-44mw-singrobo-hydroelectric-power-plant-in-cote-d-ivoire/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Power Info Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; (b) Asusun Kayayyakin more rayuwa na Afirka mai tasowa (EAIF) &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=27 July 2021 |title=Ivory Coast: EAIF Lends €25m For The Singrobo Hydroelectric Dam (44 MW) |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/ivory-coast-eaif-lends-e25m-for-the-singrobo-hydroelectric-dam-44-mw/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Jamus (DEG). &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot; /&gt; Masu ba da lamuni suna bayar da kimanin kashi 75 cikin 100 na kasafin kuɗi yayin da ƙungiyar masu hannun jari za ta tara sauran kashi 25 cikin 100 a matsayin jarin hannun jari. &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot; /&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta samar da wutar lantarki mai tsafta mai karfin GWh 217 a kowace shekara, wanda hakan zai bai wa kasar damar kaucewa fitar da tan 124,000 na [[carbon dioxide]] a wannan lokacin. A lokacin ginin, ana sa ran za a samar da ayyukan yi kimanin 500. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chloe Cox |date=27 May 2020 |title=Singrobo hydropower project to deliver electricity under a 35-year PPA |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/singrobo-hydropower-project-to-deliver-electricity-under-a-35-year-ppa/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Hydroeview.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChloe_Cox2020&quot;&gt;Chloe Cox (27 May 2020). [https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/singrobo-hydropower-project-to-deliver-electricity-under-a-35-year-ppa/ &quot;Singrobo hydropower project to deliver electricity under a 35-year PPA&quot;]. ''Hydroeview.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]], ya amince da haɗin gwiwar masu haɓakawa/masu mallaka don aiwatar da Tsarin Aiki na Matsugunni (RAP) wanda ya ƙunshi mutane 730, waɗanda &quot;aikin zai shafe su&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=28 May 2020 |title=Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2020&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (28 May 2020). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ &quot;Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Singrobo Hydroelectric''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Singrobo-Ahouaty Hydroelectric Power Project''', tashar wutar lantarki ce da ake ginawa a fadin [[Kogin Bandama]], a [[Ivory Coast]] . Idan aka kammala ta, kamar yadda aka zata a shekarar 2023, tashar wutar lantarki za ta zama tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da za a iya amfani da ita a fadin wutar lantarki, wacce wani mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa (IPP) ya samar kuma ya mallaka a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Za a sayar da makamashin da ake samarwa a nan ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Ivory Coast, ''Cienergues'', a karkashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta shekaru 35 (PPA). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chloe Cox |date=27 May 2020 |title=Singrobo hydropower project to deliver electricity under a 35-year PPA |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/singrobo-hydropower-project-to-deliver-electricity-under-a-35-year-ppa/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Hydroeview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyukan ''Singrobo'' da ''Ahouaty'', a Sashen Tiassalé, Yankin Agnéby-Tiassa, a gundumar Lagunes ta Ivory Coast. Madatsar ruwan tana a fadin Kogin Bandama, kimanin {{Convert|95|km|0}}, arewa maso yammacin Agboville, babban birnin yankin.  Wannan kimanin {{Convert|141|km|0}} arewa maso yammacin [[Abidjan]], birni mafi girma a ƙasar.  Singrobo yana gefen babban titin da ke tsakanin Abidjan da Yamoussoukro (A3), kimanin {{Convert|97|km|0}} kudu maso gabashin [[Yamoussoukro]], babban birnin shari'a na Ivory Coast. 

== Bayani ==
A watan Oktoban 2018, kamfanin injiniyan farar hula da gine-gine na Faransa, Eiffage Group, ya sami kwangilar injiniya, saye da gini (EPC) don tsara da gina wannan tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 44 ta kunshi gina &quot;madatsar ruwa mai hade da duwatsu da siminti&quot;, mai girman {{Convert|23.5|m|0}}tsayin ƙafa  da kuma {{Convert|1374|m|0}} a tsayi, ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar ruwa wadda za ta iya adana {{Convert|105000000|m³|0}}    na ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=28 May 2020 |title=Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa da suka shafi wannan EPC, sun haɗa da gina &quot;tashar fitarwa&quot; don tashar wutar lantarki, tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 90kV a wajen tashar wutar lantarki, layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 90kV mai girman {{Convert|3|km|0}} wanda zai kwashe wutar lantarki zuwa wani wuri inda zai shiga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, da kuma hanyoyin shiga tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=28 May 2020 |title=Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2020&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (28 May 2020). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ &quot;Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mallakar wani kamfani ne da ya ƙunshi masu hannun jari da aka bayyana a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa. Kamfanin kera motoci na musamman da aka ƙirƙira wanda aka kira ''Ivoire Hydro Energy'' ko ''IHE'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=28 May 2020 |title=Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2020&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (28 May 2020). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ &quot;Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuɗin gini da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa ==
An ambaci kuɗin gini a matsayin Yuro miliyan 195 ko kuma dala miliyan 214 na Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; Hukumomin da ke ba da tallafi ga wannan aikin sun haɗa da (a) Kamfanin Kuɗi na Afirka (AFC) &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Power Info Today |date=2019 |title=AFC to deliver 44mw Singrobo hydroelectric power plant in Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://www.powerinfotoday.com/hydroelectric/afc-to-deliver-44mw-singrobo-hydroelectric-power-plant-in-cote-d-ivoire/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Power Info Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; (b) Asusun Kayayyakin more rayuwa na Afirka mai tasowa (EAIF) &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=27 July 2021 |title=Ivory Coast: EAIF Lends €25m For The Singrobo Hydroelectric Dam (44 MW) |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/ivory-coast-eaif-lends-e25m-for-the-singrobo-hydroelectric-dam-44-mw/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Jamus (DEG). &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot; /&gt; Masu ba da lamuni suna bayar da kimanin kashi 75 cikin 100 na kasafin kuɗi yayin da ƙungiyar masu hannun jari za ta tara sauran kashi 25 cikin 100 a matsayin jarin hannun jari. &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot; /&gt;

== Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta samar da wutar lantarki mai tsafta mai karfin GWh 217 a kowace shekara, wanda hakan zai bai wa kasar damar kaucewa fitar da tan 124,000 na [[carbon dioxide]] a wannan lokacin. A lokacin ginin, ana sa ran za a samar da ayyukan yi kimanin 500. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chloe Cox |date=27 May 2020 |title=Singrobo hydropower project to deliver electricity under a 35-year PPA |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/singrobo-hydropower-project-to-deliver-electricity-under-a-35-year-ppa/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Hydroeview.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChloe_Cox2020&quot;&gt;Chloe Cox (27 May 2020). [https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/singrobo-hydropower-project-to-deliver-electricity-under-a-35-year-ppa/ &quot;Singrobo hydropower project to deliver electricity under a 35-year PPA&quot;]. ''Hydroeview.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]], ya amince da haɗin gwiwar masu haɓakawa/masu mallaka don aiwatar da Tsarin Aiki na Matsugunni (RAP) wanda ya ƙunshi mutane 730, waɗanda &quot;aikin zai shafe su&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=28 May 2020 |title=Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2020&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (28 May 2020). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cote-divoire-themis-approves-singrobo-dam-construction/ &quot;Cote D'Ivoire: Themis Approves Singrobo Dam Construction&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Raunin da ya faru na tsara</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
        <id>45571</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358363374|Transgenerational trauma]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki''', ko kuma '''raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki''', shine tasirin tunani da na jiki da raunin da mutane ke fuskanta akan tsararraki masu zuwa a cikin wannan rukunin. Babban hanyar yaduwar cutar ita ce yanayin iyali da jariri ke rayuwa tare, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|na tunani]], halayya da zamantakewa a cikin mutum.

Rauni na gama gari shine lokacin da [[Raunin kwakwalwa|raunin tunani da]] al'ummomi da ƙungiyoyin asali suka fuskanta ke ci gaba da faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tunawa da ƙungiyar da kuma fahimtar juna ta asali. Misali, waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Yahudawa da kuma waɗanda suka yi zamani da su a cikin [[Yahudawa|al'ummar Yahudawa]] sun fuskanci raunin gama gari. A matsayin wani misali, ' Yan Asalin Kanada sun fuskanci hakan a cikin tsarin makarantun zama na Indiyawan Kanada . [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka]] waɗanda [[Bauta a Amurka|aka bautar]] wani abu ne daban. Lokacin da wannan raunin gama gari ya shafi tsararraki masu zuwa, ana kiransa raunin gama gari . Misali, lokacin da [[Yahudawa]], waɗanda aka haifa a cikin tsararraki na gaba, suka koyi game da [[The Holocaust|kisan kare dangi]] (mai yiwuwa daga tsoffin 'yan uwa), sannan suka fuskanci matsananciyar damuwa ko kuma suka yi rayuwa cikin tsoron wani kisan kare dangi.

Raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki na iya zama wata matsala ta gama gari da ke shafar ƙungiyoyin mutane waɗanda ke da alaƙa da al'adu ( ''misali'', [[Ƙabilar|ƙabila]], ƙasa, ko asalin addini ). Haka kuma ana iya amfani da shi ga iyalai marasa aure ko kuma iyaye da yara. Misali, waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin yara da kuma waɗanda suka tsira kai tsaye daga raunin da ya faru da kuma waɗanda suka fito daga tsararraki masu zuwa kowannensu na iya haifar da [[Rashin damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan rauni|rikice-rikicen damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan raunin da ya faru]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Misalan wannan sun haɗa da raunin da zuriyar [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] suka fuskanta; wariya da dokokin [[Dokokin Jim Crow|Jim Crow]] a Amurka; wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu; [[Kasa Afrika|Scramble for Africa]], waɗanda suka tsira [[Armenian genocide|daga kisan kare dangi na Armenia]], waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Yahudawa da sauran membobin [[Yahudawa|al'ummar Yahudawa]] a lokacin; waɗanda suka tsira daga yaƙin Bosnia ; da mutanen farko na Kanada a cikin tsarin makarantun zama na Indiyawan Kanada ; da 'yan asalin Amurka lokacin da aka tilasta musu ƙaura aka kuma kore su daga ƙasarsu; da kuma, a Ostiraliya, [[Ƙungiyoyin da aka sace|Tsararrakin Sata]] da sauran wahalhalun da aka sha wa mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander . Zuriyar waɗanda suka tsira na iya fuskantar matsananciyar damuwa, wanda ke haifar da wasu sakamako daban-daban. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Duk da cewa raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa ya jawo hankali a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, hasashen tsarin halittar kwayoyin halitta har yanzu yana ci gaba da zama abin muhawara saboda rashin ingantattun sakamakon gwaji a kan mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tuscher |first=Jennifer J. |last2=Day |first2=Jeremy J. |date=1 December 2019 |title=Multigenerational epigenetic inheritance: One step forward, two generations back |journal=Neurobiology of Disease |volume=132 |doi=10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104591 |pmid=31470104 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yehuda |first=Rachel |last2=Lehrner |first2=Amy |date=October 2018 |title=Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/wps.20568 |pmc=6127768 |pmid=30192087}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abou Merhi |first=Anas |last2=Sivan |first2=Vivek |last3=Koueik |first3=Joyce |last4=Walsh |first4=Alexandra |last5=Papale |first5=Ligia A. |last6=Alisch |first6=Reid S. |last7=Hogan |first7=Kirk |last8=Iskandar |first8=Bermans J. |date=December 2025 |title=Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 |url-status=live |journal=[[Neurochemistry International]] |volume=191 |doi=10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Džaferović-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Džaferović |first=Nerma |last2=Ašić |first2=Adna |date=December 2026 |title=Genetic heritage of war: exploring transgenerational inheritance of PTSD and its molecular background |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 |url-status=live |journal=[[Mammalian Genome]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 |pmid=41526709 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Wannan fanni na bincike yana da ɗan ƙarami, amma an faɗaɗa shi a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19123747&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dekel R, Goldblatt H |date=July 2008 |title=Is there intergenerational transmission of trauma? The case of combat veterans' children |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=281–289 |doi=10.1037/a0013955 |pmid=19123747 |s2cid=12737543}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gane raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki a cikin yaran da suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;an buƙata ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 1966, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun fara lura da adadi mai yawa na yaran da suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust suna neman taimakon kwakwalwa a asibitoci a Kanada. Jikokin waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust sun fi yawa da kashi 300% a cikin waɗanda aka tura zuwa asibitin tabin hankali idan aka kwatanta da wakilansu a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14735877&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fossion P, Rejas MC, Servais L, Pelc I, Hirsch S |date=2003 |title=Family approach with grandchildren of Holocaust survivors |journal=[[American Journal of Psychotherapy]] |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=519–527 |doi=10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.519 |pmid=14735877 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin, an lura da raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki daban-daban a tsakanin zuriyar [[Bauta a Amurka|Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka da aka tilasta wa bauta]],  waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na 'yan asalin Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration |title=Understanding Historical Trauma When Responding to an Event in Indian Country |url=https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4866.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722220524/https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4866.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-22 |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Samhsa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda suka tsira daga yaƙi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Castro-Vale I, Severo M, Carvalho D, Mota-Cardoso R |date=2019-08-09 |title=Intergenerational transmission of war-related trauma assessed 40 years after exposure |journal=[[Annals of General Psychiatry]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12991-019-0238-2 |pmc=6688296 |pmid=31413722 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017a&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sangalang CC, Vang C |date=June 2017 |title=Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=745–754 |doi=10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7 |pmc=5362358 |pmid=27659490}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda suka tsira daga [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankalin gida]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pears KC, Capaldi DM |date=November 2001 |title=Intergenerational transmission of abuse: a two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample |journal=Child Abuse &amp; Neglect |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1439–1461 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00286-1 |pmid=11766010}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka fuskanci matsala ta gama gari. 

Bincike kan hanyoyin halitta na gado na rauni ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yehuda2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Lehrner A |date=October 2018 |title=Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms |journal=[[World Psychiatry]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/wps.20568 |pmc=6127768 |pmid=30192087}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi hasashen cewa damuwa mai tsanani za a iya yadawa ga tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyar epigenetics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jawaid2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jawaid A, Roszkowski M, Mansuy IM |date=2018 |title=Transgenerational Epigenetics of Traumatic Stress |journal=Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science |volume=158 |pages=273–298 |doi=10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.03.003 |isbn=978-0-12-812592-2 |pmid=30072057}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yana da wuya a raba tasirin daga watsawar muhalli da al'adu kuma har yanzu ba a sami wata shaida mai gamsarwa da ke nuna cewa yana faruwa a cikin mutane ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yehuda2018&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Can Trauma Be Passed Down From One Generation to the Next? |url=https://www.psycom.net/epigenetics-trauma |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Psycom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1996 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horsthemke B |date=July 2018 |title=A critical view on transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.2973H |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05445-5 |pmc=6065375 |pmid=30061690}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heard E, Martienssen RA |date=March 2014 |title=Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=95–109 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.045 |pmc=4020004 |pmid=24679529}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa methylation na kwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa da damuwa a cikin ɗan adam na iya shafar ci gaba, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Peng H, Zhu Y, Strachan E, Fowler E, Bacus T, Roy-Byrne P, Goldberg J, Vaccarino V, Zhao J |date=September 2018 |title=Childhood Trauma, DNA Methylation of Stress-Related Genes, and Depression: Findings From Two Monozygotic Twin Studies |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=599–608 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0000000000000604 |pmc=6113110 |pmid=29781947}}&lt;/ref&gt; babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa waɗannan canje-canje a cikin ɗan adam ana yada su ga tsararraki masu zuwa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-30 |title=Can We Really Inherit Trauma? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/10/health/mind-epigenetics-genes.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKenna C |date=April 2020 |title=Kevin Mitchell |journal=BJPsych Bulletin |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=81–83 |doi=10.1192/bjb.2020.18 |pmc=7283122 |pmid=33858525}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawanci ana goge methylation lokacin da aka haɗu da ƙwayar ƙwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stenze2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stenz L, Schechter DS, Serpa SR, Paoloni-Giacobino A |date=December 2018 |title=Intergenerational Transmission of DNA Methylation Signatures Associated with Early Life Stress |journal=Current Genomics |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=665–675 |doi=10.2174/1389202919666171229145656 |pmc=6225454 |pmid=30532646}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anoni da bayanin ==
Raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki wani abu ne da ke shafar ƙungiyoyin mutane saboda asalin al'adunsu (misali, [[Ƙabilar|ƙabila]], ƙasa, ko asalin addini ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kolahdooz F, Nader F, Yi KJ, Sharma S |date=2015-07-16 |title=Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions |journal=Global Health Action |volume=8 |doi=10.3402/gha.v8.27968 |pmc=4506643 |pmid=26187697}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yanayinsa na gama gari, kalmar ba a saba amfani da ita ga iyalai marasa aure ko kuma ɗaiɗaikun iyaye da yara ba. Duk da haka, kamar waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin yara, kowannensu, waɗanda suka tsira kai tsaye daga raunin da ya faru da kuma waɗanda suka fito daga tsararraki masu zuwa na iya haifar da [[Rashin damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan rauni|rikice-rikicen damuwa bayan rauni]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeAngelis |first=Tori |date=February 2019 |title=The Legacy of Trauma |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/02/legacy-trauma |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.apa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya yada rauni ta hanyar zamantakewa (misali, ta hanyar ɗabi'un da aka koya) ko kuma ta hanyar tasirin damuwa akan ci gaba kafin haihuwa (tare da ƙaruwar shan taba/barasa). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Raunin tarihi ===
Rauni na tarihi, wani nau'in rauni na tsararraki, shine lalacewar da ta gabata wadda ke ci gaba da shafar al'umma a halin yanzu ta hanyar yaɗuwar tsararraki tsakanin tsararraki. Rauni na tarihi yana haifar da rauni ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki saboda wahalar kakannin da aka tattara a cikin tsararraki zuwa &quot;gado na nakasa ga zuri'ar zamani&quot;.  Kodayake ainihin abin da ya faru da kuma rukuni(rukuni) na abin da ya faru sun bambanta, duk raunin tarihi ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku: wani abin da ya faru na rauni, wahala ta gama gari da ta haifar, da kuma tasirin wannan raunin ga tsararraki da yawa. A tsawon lokaci, raunin da dangantaka da waɗanda abin ya shafa yawanci yana canzawa ta hanya iri ɗaya amma mafi rikitarwa ga hasashen kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da asarar asalin waɗanda abin ya shafa da kuma ƙarin haɗin kai cikin al'umma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ga waɗanda abin ya shafa, raunin tarihi yakan bayyana ta hanyoyi huɗu: baƙin ciki, saka ido sosai, samuwar haɗin gwiwa mai rauni, da kuma sake nuna raunin. Dangane da lura ta asibiti ta Selma Fraiberg, masu binciken raunin yara kamar Byron Egeland, Inge Bretherton, da Daniel Schechter sun gano hanyoyin tunani waɗanda ke fifita yaduwar tsakanin tsararraki, gami da rabuwar kai a cikin mahallin haɗewa, da &quot;sadarwa&quot;  game da abin da ya faru a baya na raunin da ya faru a matsayin tasirin ƙoƙarin iyaye na kiyaye iko a cikin mahallin [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] da canje-canje masu alaƙa a cikin hanyoyin fahimtar zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1141566&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fraiberg S, Adelson E, Shapiro V |date=1975 |title=Ghosts in the nursery. A psychoanalytic approach to the problems of impaired infant-mother relationships |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=387–421 |doi=10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61442-4 |pmid=1141566}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8958463&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Egeland B, Susman-Stillman A |date=November 1996 |title=Dissociation as a mediator of child abuse across generations |journal=Child Abuse &amp; Neglect |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=1123–1132 |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(96)00102-0 |pmid=8958463}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bretherton I |date=1990 |title=Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. |journal=Infant Mental Health Journal |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=237–251 |doi=10.1002/1097-0355(199023)11:3&lt;237::AID-IMHJ2280110306&gt;3.0.CO;2-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18007959&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Schechter DS, Zygmunt A, Coates SW, Davies M, Trabka K, McCaw J, Kolodji A, Robinson J |date=September 2007 |title=Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations on the MacArthur Story Stem Battery |journal=Attachment &amp; Human Development |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=187–205 |doi=10.1080/14616730701453762 |pmc=2078523 |pmid=18007959}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomin ==
Alamomin raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki koyaushe suna farawa ne da wanda ya tsira daga rauni, wanda galibi yakan bayyana a matsayin alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] . Sau da yawa rauni a cikin tsara ta biyu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin martani mai ban tsoro ga raunin da iyaye suka samu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weinberg MK, Cummins RA |date=2013-04-01 |title=Intergenerational Effects of the Holocaust: Subjective Well-Being in the Offspring of Survivors |journal=Journal of Intergenerational Relationships |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1080/15350770.2013.782745 |s2cid=144450498}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za a iya raba yaduwar cutar tsakanin iyaye da yaro zuwa matakai biyar: sadarwa, rikici, haɗin kai na iyali, dumin iyaye, da kuma shigar iyaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16845592&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harachi TW, Choi Y, Abbott RD, Catalano RF, Bliesner SL |date=December 2006 |title=Examining equivalence of concepts and measures in diverse samples |journal=Prevention Science |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=359–368 |doi=10.1007/s11121-006-0039-0 |pmc=3293252 |pmid=16845592}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban matakan damuwa na uwa suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da raunin aikin iyali kuma suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da halayyar karkacewa a tsakanin yara. Alamomin da aka fi sani a cikin yara sun haɗa da baƙin ciki, halin rashin zamantakewa, rashin adalci, da kuma halin rikici a makaranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017b&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sangalang CC, Jager J, Harachi TW |date=July 2017 |title=Effects of maternal traumatic distress on family functioning and child mental health: An examination of Southeast Asian refugee families in the U.S |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0k845983 |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |volume=184 |pages=178–186 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.032 |pmid=28515007 |s2cid=13943373 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu yara sun fuskanci kamuwa kai tsaye wanda raunin da ya faru ya samo asali ne daga hulɗa da dangantaka da iyayensu, yayin da wasu suka fuskanci kamuwa da cutar kai tsaye wanda raunin da ya faru ya samo asali ne daga laifi. Waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kai tsaye sun fi fuskantar fushi ta hanyar ayyukansu, yayin da waɗanda suka kamu da cutar ta hanyar bazata sun fi fuskantar baƙin ciki, damuwa, da laifi. &lt;ref name=&quot;O'Neill_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Neill L, Fraser T, Kitchenham A, McDonald V |date=June 2018 |title=Hidden Burdens: a Review of Intergenerational, Historical and Complex Trauma, Implications for Indigenous Families |journal=[[Journal of Child &amp; Adolescent Trauma]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=173–186 |doi=10.1007/s40653-016-0117-9 |pmc=7163829 |pmid=32318148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alamomin sun kuma bambanta dangane da ƙabila da nau'in raunin farko. [[Bauta]], [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]], [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankalin gida]], cin zarafin jima'i, da matsanancin talauci duk tushen rauni ne da ke haifar da rauni tsakanin tsararraki. Rashin magani kuma yana ƙara ta'azzara alamun kuma yana iya haifar da yaɗuwa. Misali, waɗanda suka tsira daga [[cin zarafin yara]] na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga tsararraki masu zuwa saboda raunin da suka gabata da ba a warware ba. Wannan na iya haifar da ƙaruwar rashin yarda, warewa, da kaɗaici. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frazier K, West-Olatunji C, St Juste S, Goodman R |date=2009 |title=Transgenerational Trauma and Child Sexual Abuse: Reconceptualizing Cases Involving Young Survivors of CSA |journal=Journal of Mental Health Counseling |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=22–33 |doi=10.17744/mehc.31.1.u72580m253524811}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuriyar waɗanda aka bautar lokacin da suka fuskanci tashin hankali da wariyar launin fata ta haifar, ƙananan zalunci, ko wariyar launin fata, suna amsawa kamar suna fuskantar raunin da aka haifar musu da shi ta hanyar tsararraki. Akwai nau'ikan damuwa iri-iri a rayuwar mutum waɗanda suka haifar da wannan martanin kamar PTSD kamar bambance-bambancen gogewa na wariyar launin fata, damuwa na yau da kullun, manyan abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa da suka shafi launin fata, ko wariyar launin fata ko rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10702849&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harrell SP |date=January 2000 |title=A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: implications for the well-being of people of color |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=42–57 |doi=10.1037/h0087722 |pmid=10702849}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma yana bayyana kansa a cikin salon iyaye . Goodman da West-Olatunji sun gabatar da yiwuwar raunin da zai iya faruwa bayan bala'o'i na halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodman R, West-Olatunji C |date=2008 |title=Transgenerational Trauma and Resilience: Improving Mental Health Counseling for Survivors of Hurricane Katrina |journal=Journal of Mental Health Counseling |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=121–136 |doi=10.17744/mehc.30.2.q52260n242204r84}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani mummunan yanayi da ya biyo bayan guguwar Katrina New Orleans, mazauna yankin sun ga ƙaruwar tashin hankali tsakanin mutane tare da ƙaruwar mace-mace.  An kuma ruwaito wannan lamari a cikin zuriyar ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar a makarantun zama, waɗanda aka kore su daga iyayensu da danginsu kuma ba su da tsarin kula da yara sakamakon haka. An hukunta su saboda faɗin yaren asali da kuma hana su yin al'adun gargajiya ya yi mummunan tasiri ga ɗalibai da yawa, kuma cin zarafin yara ya yi yawa a makarantu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haag AM |date=2007 |title=The Indian Boarding School Era and Its Continuing Impact on Tribal Families and the Provision of Government Services |url=http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol43/iss1/8/ |journal=Tulsa L. Rev. |volume=43 |page=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9842066&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brave Heart MY, DeBruyn LM |date=1998 |title=The American Indian Holocaust: healing historical unresolved grief |url=http://www.boardingschoolhealing.org/wp-content/uploads/82_YellowHorseBraveHeart_American_Indian_Holocaust_60-82_web.pdf |journal=American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=56–78 |pmid=9842066 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516141238/http://www.boardingschoolhealing.org/wp-content/uploads/82_YellowHorseBraveHeart_American_Indian_Holocaust_60-82_web.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-16 |access-date=2017-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

An gano alamun raunin da ya faru a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a tsakanin Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, dangane da tasirin bauta da wariyar launin fata. Wannan mutuwar rauni na iya samo asali ne daga ɓangaren iyali da kanta, ko kuma a same shi a cikin al'umma ta hanyar wariya da zalunci na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gump JP |date=January 2010 |title=Reality Matters: The Shadow of Trauma on African American Subjectivity. |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=48 |doi=10.1037/a0018639}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba lallai ne duk membobin iyali su fuskanci wannan mummunan lamari ba; illolin da za su iya wanzuwa har yanzu suna iya kasancewa kuma suna shafar zuriya daga abubuwan waje. Misali, shigar da yara baƙar fata cikin halayen wasu ga launin fatarsu yana bayyana a matsayin wani nau'i na rauni mai ɗorewa da kakanninsu suka fuskanta tun farko.   Wannan martani ga fata baƙar fata ya samo asali ne daga irin waɗannan halaye waɗanda suka haifar da yanayi mai ban tausayi da bautar bayi. Yara baƙar fata da matasa sun fi saurin kamuwa da raunin launin fata saboda har yanzu ba su sami ilimin fahimtar wariyar launin fata da tasirinsa ba. Duk da haka, waɗannan halayen masu ban tausayi da aka fuskanta a irin wannan ƙaramar shekaru suna nuna yadda yaro yake kula da yara. Yaro fari zai iya koyon halayen wariyar launin fata daga muhallinsa, amma ta wannan hanyar, yaro baƙar fata zai iya koyon tabbatar da baƙar fatarsa da kuma yadda zai mayar da martani ga kalaman wariyar launin fata da ayyukan iyayensa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jernigan MM, Daniel JH |date=April 2011 |title=Racial trauma in the lives of black children and adolescents: Challenges and clinical implications. |journal=[[Journal of Child &amp; Adolescent Trauma]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=123–41 |doi=10.1080/19361521.2011.574678 |s2cid=145288431}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin rauni suna da tasiri ga nasarar baƙar fata da sauran ƙananan yara a cikin yanayin ilimi. An kuma yi rikodin raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki da 'ya'yansu sosai a cikin 'yan gudun hijira da 'ya'yansu, wanda zai iya ɗaukar tsawon tsararraki da yawa. Irin waɗannan raunin na iya samo asali ne daga tashin hankali, tsanantawa ta siyasa, rashin kwanciyar hankali na iyali, da kuma wahalhalun ƙaura. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017a&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sangalang CC, Vang C |date=June 2017 |title=Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=745–754 |doi=10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7 |pmc=5362358 |pmid=27659490}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSangalangVang2017&quot;&gt;Sangalang CC, Vang C (June 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362358 &quot;Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;745–&lt;/span&gt;754. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7|10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362358 5362358]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659490 27659490].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa ==

=== Zuriyar mutanen da aka bautar ===
Gabaɗaya, baƙar fata 'yan Amurka waɗanda ke da wata matsalar tabin hankali ba sa iya samun magani saboda ƙyama, ra'ayoyi marasa kyau, da kuma tsoron wariya. Wannan yana rage adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa don neman taimako. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid25379272&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Malcoun E, Sawyer BA, Davis DM, Nouri LB, Bruce SL |date=June 2014 |title=Cultural adaptations of prolonged exposure therapy for treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder in african americans |journal=[[Behavioral Sciences]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=102–124 |doi=10.3390/bs4020102 |pmc=4219246 |pmid=25379272 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin magani yana sa alamun su ƙara ta'azzara wanda ke haifar da ƙarin damuwa da kuma ta'azzara lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coleman JA |date=July 2016 |title=Racial Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Personnel: Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma as a Theoretical Lens. |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment &amp; Trauma |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=564–565 |doi=10.1080/10926771.2016.1157842 |s2cid=148220622}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗanda abin ya shafa sakamakon rauni bisa ga launin fata sau da yawa ba sa neman magani ba kawai saboda ƙyama ba, har ma saboda tsoron cewa ƙwararren likita ba zai fahimci ra'ayinsu game da tsirarun da ba su da 'yancin yin aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ƙaiƙayin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ake da shi ya haifar da rashin bincike da kuma sakamakon haka magani. Duk da haka, rashin magani kuma ana iya danganta shi da kuskuren ganewar alamun. Alamun rauni da aka nuna a cikin yara baƙar fata galibi ana kiransu da nakasa ta ɗabi'a ko ilimi, wanda ke ba da damar a yi maganin raunin. Duk da cewa alamun rauni galibi suna bayyana a matsayin wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar baƙin ciki da damuwa, babban ganewar sau da yawa ba a yi magani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodman RD, West-Olatunji C |date=2010 |title=Educational hegemony, traumatic stress, and african american and latino american students. |journal=Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=176–178 |doi=10.1002/j.2161-1912.2010.tb00125.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yan Koriya ===
{{Lang|ko-latn|Han}} is a concept of an emotion, variously described as some form of grief or resentment, among others, that is said to be an essential element of Korean identity by some, and a modern post-colonial identity by others.

Michael D. Shin ya yi jayayya cewa babban ɓangaren {{Lang|ko-latn|han}} shine asarar asali, kuma yana bayyana ''{{Lang|ko-latn|han}}'' a matsayin &quot;rikitaccen motsin rai da ke faruwa sakamakon raunin da aka samu na asalin gama gari&quot;. ''{{Lang|ko-latn|Han}}'' galibi ana danganta shi da iyalai da suka rabu : iyalai da suka rabu a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya . A cewar Shin, duk 'yan Koriya na iya fuskantar ''{{Lang|ko-latn|han}}'', ko kuma &quot;jin daɗin zama ƙasa da cikakke&quot;, saboda rashin samun asalin gamayya sakamakon ci gaba da rarrabuwar Koriya . Bugu da ƙari, sabbin tsararraki na Koriya da alama sun gaji saboda girma a cikin ƙasa mai rarrabuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Han |url=https://www.koreasociety.org/education/item/1288-a-brief-history-of-han |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[The Korea Society]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yan Gudun Hijira ===
'Yan gudun hijira galibi suna fuskantar haɗarin fuskantar rauni na tsararraki daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Cécile}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa 'yan gudun hijira da yawa suna fuskantar wani irin asara da rauni, an tabbatar da cewa raunin da ya shafi yaƙi yana da tasiri mai ɗorewa ga [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]] kuma yana ɗaukar tsawon tsararraki da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017a&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sangalang CC, Vang C |date=June 2017 |title=Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=745–754 |doi=10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7 |pmc=5362358 |pmid=27659490}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSangalangVang2017&quot;&gt;Sangalang CC, Vang C (June 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362358 &quot;Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;745–&lt;/span&gt;754. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7|10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362358 5362358]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659490 27659490].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yara musamman suna fuskantar raunin da ya faru na sake tsugunar da su, saboda ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa na iya kawo cikas ga yarintarsu. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa suna fuskantar wahalar koyon sabon harshe, daidaitawa da sabon yanayi, da kuma kewaya tsarin zamantakewa na makarantar a ƙasar da suka karɓi baƙuncin. Kulawa ta yau da kullun yana lalacewa ta hanyar guduwa daga gidansu na asali, kuma yana iya ci gaba da kawo cikas sakamakon [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|alamun PTSD]] da ƙalubalen da iyayensu ke fuskanta a sabon gidansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ƙasashe da yawa masu masaukin baki ba sa samar da isasshen tsarin [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] ga 'yan gudun hijira, wanda zai iya ƙara ta'azzara alamun kuma ya haifar da yaduwar rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J |date=2005 |title=Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=365 |issue=9467 |pages=1309–1314 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6 |pmid=15823380 |s2cid=23060431 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, yaran 'yan gudun hijira sun nuna mafi girman matakan baƙin ciki, PTSD, [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]], [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ƙarancin kulawa]], damuwa, da sauran matsalolin tunani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017a&quot; /&gt; Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira da suka gudu daga gidajensu suna yin hakan ne don gujewa yaƙi, rikici, ko bala'o'i na halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Refugee |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/refugee/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa lafiyar ƙasar 'yan gudun hijira ba ta inganta ba, wanda hakan ke haifar da ci gaba da fuskantar raunin da ya samo asali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=About Refugees |url=https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types/refugee-trauma/about-refugees}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya bayyana wannan a matsayin raunin da ya faru na biyu kuma mutane da yawa suna iya fuskanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;nctsn.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Secondary Traumatic Stress - A Fact Sheet for Child-Serving Professionals |url=https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources/fact-sheet/secondary_traumatic_stress_child_serving_professionals.pdf |website=www.nctsn.org |publisher=[[National Child Traumatic Stress Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, 'ya'yan da suka sami rauni na baya-bayan nan da kuma raunin da ya faru na baya-bayan nan na iya fuskantar rauni na baya-bayan nan da kuma babban girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;nctsn.org&quot; /&gt;

==== Magani ====
Ma'aikatan lafiyar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke tunanin yin aiki tare da tsoffin sojoji waɗanda ke fama da PTSD da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na rauni ya kamata su sami gogewa wajen aiki tare da tsoffin sojoji da membobin soja. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Eugenia L. |last2=Coll |first2=Jose E. |last3=Gerbauer |first3=Jennifer |last4=Smiley |first4=Kate |last5=Carillo |first5=Ed |date=October 2010 |title=The Military Genogram: A Solution-Focused Approach for Resiliency Building in Service Members and Their Families |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1066480710378479 |journal=The Family Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=395–406 |doi=10.1177/1066480710378479 |issn=1066-4807 |s2cid=145341852 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jin daɗin al'adu wani fanni ne da za a yi la'akari da shi yayin aiki tare da wannan al'umma. Fahimtar al'adun soja da salon rayuwa yana da fa'ida yayin haɓaka dangantakar magani da tsare-tsaren magani. Wani abin la'akari da al'adu shine ɓangaren iyali. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ainihin dangin ma'aikacin ko dangin da suka zaɓa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Sojoji na iya haifar da damuwa mai yawa idan aka zo ga ma'aikacin soja da iyalinsa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, ƙaura zuwa wurare daban-daban akan ɗan lokaci, shirye-shiryen tura sojoji suna canzawa koyaushe, wahalar sauyawa lokacin dawowa daga aiki, da sauran abubuwan damuwa da yawa. Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci ma'aikacin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya fahimci rayuwar soja da gaske. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A yanayin PTSD, domin hana ko rage raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki, yana da mahimmanci iyalin su nemi ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gambardella LC |date=July 2008 |title=Role-exit theory and marital discord following extended military deployment |journal=Perspectives in Psychiatric Care |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=169–174 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-6163.2008.00171.x |pmid=18577122 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miji/abokin tarayya wanda ke karɓar ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma yana cikin mafi kyawun matsayi a rayuwarsa saboda waɗannan tsoma baki na iya taimakawa sashin iyali gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; A cikin dangin soja, ayyukan suna canzawa koyaushe saboda memba na rundunar yana kan aiki da wasu dalilai. Iyali, a matsayin rukuni, yana buƙatar daidaitawa da memba na rundunar da ke shigowa da fita daga rayuwarsu. Tare da sashin iyali mai lafiya, mijin/abokin tarayya ya zama abin da ke hasashen riƙe soja da sashin iyali mai aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; Juriya kuma na iya taka rawa a cikin wannan yanayin. Wasu abubuwa kaɗan na iya taimakawa wajen jurewa a cikin sashin iyali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sassauci/salon tsari, tsarin imani na iyali, da tsarin sadarwa.  Waɗannan abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci da za a nema da kuma gano su domin suna iya taimakawa wajen magance raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki. Ƙarfafa rukunin iyali zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa kowane memba na iyali, kuma tare za su iya shawo kan raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki a cikin iyali. Fahimtar al'adun soja na iya taimakawa iyalai ta hanyar shawo kan raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Baya ga tsarin genograms, an gano cewa maganin gajere mai mayar da hankali kan mafita (SFBT) ya yi nasara tare da iyalan sojoji. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Eugenia L. |last2=Coll |first2=Jose E. |last3=Gerbauer |first3=Jennifer |last4=Smiley |first4=Kate |last5=Carillo |first5=Ed |date=October 2010 |title=The Military Genogram: A Solution-Focused Approach for Resiliency Building in Service Members and Their Families |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1066480710378479 |journal=The Family Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=395–406 |doi=10.1177/1066480710378479 |issn=1066-4807 |s2cid=145341852 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWeissCollGerbauerSmiley2010&quot;&gt;Weiss, Eugenia L.; Coll, Jose E.; Gerbauer, Jennifer; Smiley, Kate; Carillo, Ed (October 2010). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1066480710378479 &quot;The Military Genogram: A Solution-Focused Approach for Resiliency Building in Service Members and Their Families&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Family Journal''. '''18''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;395–&lt;/span&gt;406. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1066480710378479|10.1177/1066480710378479]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1066-4807 1066-4807]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145341852 145341852].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana amfani da jaddada nasarorin abokin ciniki da ƙirƙirar ƙananan matakai waɗanda abokin ciniki zai iya cimmawa. Wannan nau'in maganin yana amfani da harshen abokin ciniki da ƙwarewarsa don magance abubuwa cikin tsari a cikin iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; SFBT, tare da tsarin genograms, na iya zama mai ba da labari ga abokin ciniki da likitan likita kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen sanar da makomar aikin. Kamar yadda tsarin genograms na iya taimakawa wajen ba da hoto bayyananne game da menene yanayin rauni a cikin iyali, SFBT na iya taimakawa wajen canza waɗannan tsare-tsare da kuma samar wa iyali hanyar rayuwa da aiki mafi koshin lafiya. Wannan nau'in maganin na iya taimakawa wajen ilmantar da abokin ciniki da iyalinsa game da abin da aka riga aka samu daga tsararraki da suka gabata. Hakanan yana iya sanar da iyali game da abin da yanzu ake fara yadawa kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen canza yanayin a nan gaba da canza ƙa'idodin motsi na iyali. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Watsawa ==
Akwai bincike da yawa na zamani da aka yi kan manya waɗanda suka fuskanci bala'o'i na halitta ko wahalhalu. Wani bincike ya gano cewa yaran da aka azabtar sun nuna alamun damuwa, baƙin ciki, damuwa bayan rauni, ƙarancin hankali, da matsalolin ɗabi'a fiye da rukunin kwatantawa na waɗanda ba su fuskanci takamaiman rauni ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Daud A, Skoglund E, Rydelius PA |date=2005-01-01 |title=Children in families of torture victims: transgenerational transmission of parents' traumatic experiences to their children |journal=International Journal of Social Welfare |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2397.2005.00336.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi wani bincike mai inganci kan yaran Brazil da suka tsira daga kisan Holocaust kuma an gabatar da wani tsari mai goyan baya na watsawar abubuwan da suka faru na rauni ta hanyar canzawar tsararraki amma kuma ɗaya daga cikin tsarin juriya, wanda za a iya yadawa tsakanin tsararraki kuma ya haɓaka cikin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22943578&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Braga LL, Mello MF, Fiks JP |date=September 2012 |title=Transgenerational transmission of trauma and resilience: a qualitative study with Brazilian offspring of Holocaust survivors |journal=[[BMC Psychiatry]] |volume=12 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-12-134 |pmc=3500267 |pmid=22943578 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Froma Walsh, ka'idar juriya ta nuna cewa martanin mutane da iyalai ga abubuwan da suka faru na rauni tsari ne mai canzawa wanda ya ƙunshi fallasa ƙalubale da haɓaka hanyoyin magancewa waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen iyawar mutum na shawo kan irin waɗannan ƙalubalen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=[[Froma Walsh|Walsh F]] |date=2002 |title=A Family Resilience Framework: Innovative Practice Applications |journal=Family Relations |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=130–137 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-3729.2002.00130.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da kuwa akwai haɗari, akwai kuma damar haɓaka juriya ta hanyar fallasa ga albarkatu masu ma'ana waɗanda ke tallafawa ikon mutum na shawo kan wahala.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2021)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;Ana buƙata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Masu binciken Cowan, Callaghan, da Richardson sun yi nazarin tasirin wahalhalun rayuwa a farkon lokaci ga mutane da zuriyarsu. Bincikensu ya kuma yi daidai da ka'idar yaduwar cutar inda bincikensu ya nuna cewa yanayin damuwa da aka bayyana a cikin mutanen da suka fuskanci wannan matsala an lura da shi a cikin yara har ma da jikoki. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid26482536&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cowan CS, Callaghan BL, Kan JM, Richardson R |date=January 2016 |title=The lasting impact of early-life adversity on individuals and their descendants: potential mechanisms and hope for intervention |journal=Genes, Brain and Behavior |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=155–168 |doi=10.1111/gbb.12263 |pmid=26482536 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaluncin da baƙar fata suka fuskanta ta hanyar bauta da wariyar launin fata yana da tasiri a kan yadda suke kallon nasara.  Dangane da fannoni na zamantakewa, hakan yana sa wa baƙar fata wahala su wuce wani matakin matsayi na zamantakewa, su tsere wa wata unguwa, ko su wuce wani salon rayuwa ko matsayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW |date=2016-06-22 |title=Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of 'Broken Windows' |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33010405 |journal=Social Psychology Quarterly |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=319–342 |doi=10.1177/019027250406700401 |s2cid=8626641}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ga 'Yan Asalin Amurkawa, manufofin gwamnati na baya da kuma ƙaura daga gidajensu ana hasashen suna da tasiri ko da tsararraki daga baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Torpy SJ |date=January 2000 |title=Native American Women and Coerced Sterilization: On the Trail of Tears in the 1970s |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2254n09g |journal=American Indian Culture and Research Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.17953/aicr.24.2.7646013460646042 |doi-broken-date=26 October 2025 |s2cid=143126892}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aiwatar da wariya ga jama'a yana sa a cire su daga al'umma gabaɗaya, su zama marasa ƙarfi kuma ba a gayyace su a gwamnati ba, kuma a bar su su yi abin da ya dace.  Yaɗuwar raunin mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na baya kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin da ke taimakawa wajen yawan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin Kanada ke fuskanta. Komawa da rashin adalci a lokacin mulkin mallaka sun haifar da mummunan tasiri ga yaran waɗanda suka tsira daga irin waɗannan abubuwan. Wannan ana yada shi ta hanyar tsararraki ta hanyar wariya da ke ci gaba da faruwa a zamantakewa da tashin hankali a gefe . Rashin al'adu da rashin haɗin kan al'umma da ke haifar da hakan yana ƙara zama ƙalubale ga ƙungiyoyi wajen magance raunin da ya faru a ƙarni na gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kirmayer_2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirmayer LJ, Brass GM, Tait CL |date=September 2000 |title=The mental health of Aboriginal peoples: transformations of identity and community |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=607–616 |doi=10.1177/070674370004500702 |pmid=11056823 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abincin uwa yana shafar yanayin tayin. Wannan tarihin muhalli na iya sa martanin ci gaban tayin ya canza don samar da yanayin rayuwa wanda ya dace da yanayin da ake tsammani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Gluckman PD, [[Karen A. Lillycrop|Lillycrop KA]], Vickers MH, Pleasants AB, Phillips ES, Beedle AS, Burdge GC, Hanson MA |date=July 2007 |title=Metabolic plasticity during mammalian development is directionally dependent on early nutritional status |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=104 |issue=31 |pages=12796–12800 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10412796G |doi=10.1073/pnas.0705667104 |pmc=1937546 |pmid=17646663 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi hasashen cewa yanayin uwa na iya shafar tayin, kodayake bincike kan wannan ya nuna sakamako daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsella_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kinsella MT, Monk C |date=September 2009 |title=Impact of maternal stress, depression and anxiety on fetal neurobehavioral development |journal=Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=425–440 |doi=10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181b52df1 |pmc=3710585 |pmid=19661759}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a san ko akwai wani tasiri da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa bayan haihuwa ba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Magani ==
Saboda raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki daban-daban wani nau'i ne na kamuwa da rauni a kaikaice, sau da yawa ba a gane shi ba ko kuma likitoci ba su gano shi da kyau ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30556334&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K |date=April 2019 |title=Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]] |volume=28 |issue=7–8 |pages=1100–1113 |doi=10.1111/jocn.14735 |pmid=30556334 |s2cid=58768942}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin samun damar magani na iya haifar da sakamako da dama kamar matsalolin lafiya, halayya, da zamantakewa waɗanda za su iya ci gaba a tsawon rayuwar mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9635069&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS |date=May 1998 |title=Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study |journal=[[American Journal of Preventive Medicine]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=245–258 |doi=10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 |pmid=9635069 |s2cid=26055600 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwarewar damuwa mai rauni na iya canza ayyukan fahimta, halayya, da na jiki, wanda zai iya ƙara saurin kamuwa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki.  Saboda raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki wani nau'i ne na damuwa mai rauni, yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan tunani kamar su matsalar damuwa bayan rauni, [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin kwanciyar hankali]], [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya]], [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], autism, da [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Alhassen S, Chen S, Alhassen L, Phan A, Khoudari M, De Silva A, Barhoosh H, Wang Z, Parrocha C, Shapiro E, Henrich C, Wang Z, Mutesa L, Baldi P, Abbott GW, Alachkar A |date=June 2021 |title=Intergenerational trauma transmission is associated with brain metabotranscriptome remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02255-2 |pmc=8225861 |pmid=34168265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gano cewa hanyoyi da dama na magani suna da tasiri wajen magance cututtuka daban-daban na rauni da damuwa, kamar maganin halayyar fahimta, maganin sarrafa fahimta, dogon lokaci na fallasa, maganin mayar da hankali kan tausayi, maganin halayyar dialectical, da maganin labari . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Asmundson GJ, Thorisdottir AS, Roden-Foreman JW, Baird SO, Witcraft SM, Stein AT, Smits JA, Powers MB |date=January 2019 |title=A meta-analytic review of cognitive processing therapy for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=Cognitive Behaviour Therapy |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/16506073.2018.1522371 |pmid=30332919 |s2cid=52986455 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Bohus M, Kleindienst N, Hahn C, Müller-Engelmann M, Ludäscher P, Steil R, Fydrich T, Kuehner C, Resick PA, Stiglmayr C, Schmahl C, Priebe K |date=December 2020 |title=Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD) Compared With Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in Complex Presentations of PTSD in Women Survivors of Childhood Abuse: A Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=[[JAMA Psychiatry]] |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=1235–1245 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148 |pmc=7376475 |pmid=32697288}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Choi-Kain |first=Lois |last2=Wilks |first2=Chelsey R. |last3=Ilagan |first3=Gabrielle S. |last4=Iliakis |first4=Evan A. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Early Life Trauma |journal=Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=111–124 |doi=10.1007/s40501-021-00242-2 |issn=2196-3061 |s2cid=233303826}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Craig C, Hiskey S, Spector A |date=April 2020 |title=Compassion focused therapy: a systematic review of its effectiveness and acceptability in clinical populations |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10094000/ |journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1080/14737175.2020.1746184 |pmid=32196399 |s2cid=214600120}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cramer |first=Saviona |title=Intergenerational narrative practice in response to intergenerational trauma |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.290475093760666 |journal=International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work |issue=1 |pages=1–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Foa EB |date=December 2011 |title=Prolonged exposure therapy: past, present, and future |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1043–1047 |doi=10.1002/da.20907 |pmid=22134957 |s2cid=28115857}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hoosain |first=Shanaaz |date=2018-06-01 |title=Decolonising social work research with families experiencing intergenerational trauma |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.25159/2415-5829/2471 |journal=Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.25159/2415-5829/2471 |s2cid=149938541}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Metzger IW, Anderson RE, Are F, Ritchwood T |date=February 2021 |title=Healing Interpersonal and Racial Trauma: Integrating Racial Socialization Into Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for African American Youth |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1177/1077559520921457 |pmc=8807349 |pmid=32367729}}&lt;/ref&gt; [  Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin yana da irin waɗannan abubuwan da ke da amfani wajen magance rauni, kamar [[Ilimin hankali|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], daidaita motsin rai da sarrafawa, sarrafa fahimta da sake ginawa, da sarrafa rauni. Ganin cewa rauni na tsararraki wani nau'i ne na musamman na fallasa rauni, irin waɗannan hanyoyin magani na iya zama masu tasiri wajen rage mummunan tasirinsa na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, akwai takamaiman sassan raunin tsararraki waɗanda dole ne a magance su kai tsaye duk da hanyar maganin da aka zaɓa. Saboda dangantakar haɗewa tsakanin iyaye ko mai kulawa da yaro hanya ce mai rinjaye wacce ake yada rauni na tsararraki, magani ya kamata ya mai da hankali kan mahimmancin tsarin iyali da na hulɗa da juna dangane da abokin ciniki, kuma ya yi amfani da hanyoyin da aka mayar da hankali kan haɗewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giladi |first=Lotem |last2=Bell |first2=Terece S. |date=2013 |title=Protective factors for intergenerational transmission of trauma among second and third generation Holocaust survivors. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0028455 |journal=Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.1037/a0028455 |issn=1942-969X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30556334&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K |date=April 2019 |title=Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]] |volume=28 |issue=7–8 |pages=1100–1113 |doi=10.1111/jocn.14735 |pmid=30556334 |s2cid=58768942}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIsobelGoodyearFurnessFoster2019&quot;&gt;Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K (April 2019). &quot;Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis&quot;. ''[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]]''. '''28''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1100–&lt;/span&gt;1113. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jocn.14735|10.1111/jocn.14735]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30556334 30556334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58768942 58768942].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingantacciyar magani ga waɗanda ke fuskantar raunin da ya faru a lokacin tsararraki kuma tana mai da hankali kan bincika, haɓakawa, da kuma kiyaye abubuwan kariya waɗanda za su iya rage mummunan tasirin raunin da ya faru a lokacin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giladi |first=Lotem |last2=Bell |first2=Terece S. |date=2013 |title=Protective factors for intergenerational transmission of trauma among second and third generation Holocaust survivors. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0028455 |journal=Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.1037/a0028455 |issn=1942-969X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiladiBell2013&quot;&gt;Giladi, Lotem; Bell, Terece S. (2013). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0028455 &quot;Protective factors for intergenerational transmission of trauma among second and third generation Holocaust survivors&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy''. '''5''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;384–&lt;/span&gt;391. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/a0028455|10.1037/a0028455]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1942-969X 1942-969X].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu abubuwan kariya sun haɗa da haɓaka haɗin kai mai aminci tsakanin iyaye da yaro, da kuma samun damar samun hanyoyin tallafi da dama (misali, iyali, takwarorinsu, al'umma). &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin samfuran magani da ke mai da hankali kan dangantakar iyaye da yara shine Tsarin Maganin Rauni Tsakanin Tsarara (ITTM). &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=Katreena L. |last2=Copping |first2=Valerie E. |date=2008 |title=Promising directions for the treatment of complex childhood trauma: The Intergenerational Trauma Treatment Model. |journal=The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=273–283 |doi=10.1037/h0100449 |issn=2155-8655 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ya haɗa da fasaloli da dama daga hanyoyin magani da ake tallafawa ta hanyar gwaji, kamar fallasa raunin da ya faru, sarrafa fahimta da sake fasalin, sarrafa damuwa, da ilimin iyaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; ITTM yana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga yanayin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tsararraki tsakanin tsararraki kuma yana mai da hankali kan ikon iyaye ko mai kula da su don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Haɓaka haɗin kai mai aminci da muhallin gida mai tallafi na iya rage tasirin mummunan tasirin raunin da ya faru a lokacin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30556334&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K |date=April 2019 |title=Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]] |volume=28 |issue=7–8 |pages=1100–1113 |doi=10.1111/jocn.14735 |pmid=30556334 |s2cid=58768942}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIsobelGoodyearFurnessFoster2019&quot;&gt;Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K (April 2019). &quot;Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis&quot;. ''[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]]''. '''28''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1100–&lt;/span&gt;1113. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jocn.14735|10.1111/jocn.14735]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30556334 30556334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58768942 58768942].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma gano cewa wasu hanyoyin magani marasa amfani suna da amfani wajen magance mummunan tasirin raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki. An gano cewa maganin kiɗa wani nau'in magani ne mai tasiri ga waɗanda suka shaida ko suka fuskanci wani mummunan lamari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Beck BD, Lund ST, Søgaard U, Simonsen E, Tellier TC, Cordtz TO, Laier GH, Moe T |date=May 2018 |title=Music therapy versus treatment as usual for refugees diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial |journal=Trials |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13063-018-2662-z |pmc=5977477 |pmid=29848343 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bronson |first=Hannah |last2=Vaudreuil |first2=Rebecca |last3=Bradt |first3=Joke |date=2018-10-31 |title=Music Therapy Treatment of Active Duty Military: An Overview of Intensive Outpatient and Longitudinal Care Programs |journal=Music Therapy Perspectives |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1093/mtp/miy006 |issn=0734-6875 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, an yi nasarar aiwatar da maganin kiɗa tare da sojoji, 'yan gudun hijira da suka ji rauni, da waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abrams |first=Brian |date=2021-05-27 |title=Encountering transgenerational trauma through analytical music therapy |journal=Nordic Journal of Music Therapy |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=197–218 |doi=10.1080/08098131.2020.1853801 |issn=0809-8131 |s2cid=233745526}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, an gano cewa maganin kiɗa na nazari (AMT) yana da tasiri wajen sauƙaƙe wani mataki na warkarwa ta hanyar binciken kai wanda ke rage mummunan tasirin raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; An ba da shawarar labaran warkar da rauni a matsayin nau'in magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Struik A |date=2017 |title=The Trauma Healing Story. Healing Chronically Traumatised Children Through Their Families/Whanau |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=613–626 |doi=10.1002/anzf.1271 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A waje da hanyoyin magani da aka bayyana, an gano cewa kayan aiki da dabaru da dama suna taimakawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki, da kuma rage tasirinsa a tunani. Misali, an yi amfani da Tambayoyin Rubutun Tsarin Halitta (TSQ) don ƙara wa zaman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kwarin gwiwa a matsayin hanyar taimakawa wajen haɓaka sanin tsarin iyali na ciki da na waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fornaro |first=Antonella |date=2019-10-02 |title=In Search of Transgenerational Footprints: The Transgenerational Script Questionnaire |journal=Transactional Analysis Journal |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=308–323 |doi=10.1080/03621537.2019.1650231 |issn=0362-1537 |s2cid=203063217}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gayol |first=Gloria Noriega |date=2019-10-02 |title=Untangling the Family Tree: Using the Transgenerational Script Questionnaire in the Psychotherapy of Transgenerational Trauma |journal=Transactional Analysis Journal |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=279–291 |doi=10.1080/03621537.2019.1650235 |issn=0362-1537 |s2cid=203049629}}&lt;/ref&gt; TSQ yana nufin rubutun tsararraki, waɗanda suke tsarin da ba a sani ba wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin iyalai da ƙungiyoyi, kuma ana ci gaba da shi ta hanyar motsin rai, imani, da halaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Sannan ana amfani da waɗannan rubutun don bincika fahimtar abokin ciniki a ɓoye da bayyane game da yanayin da tsarin iyalinsu yake ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Ta hanyar amfani da TSQ, likitan zai iya jagorantar abokin ciniki don raba abubuwan da kakanninsu suka fuskanta daga nasu. A cikin mafi rikitarwa na raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki, Tsarin Tsarin Rauni da Juriya na Tsarin Halitta (TTRG) zai iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar likitoci don fahimtar da kuma tantance tasirin irin wannan raunin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodman RD |date=2013-12-01 |title=The transgenerational trauma and resilience genogram |journal=Counselling Psychology Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=386–405 |doi=10.1080/09515070.2013.820172 |s2cid=144188999}}&lt;/ref&gt; TTRG tana mai da hankali kan sassa daban-daban da ke ba da gudummawa ga kula da raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki ta hanyar aiwatar da ra'ayi game da raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki, da kuma mai da hankali kan takamaiman damuwa game da siyasa ta zamantakewa. TTRG tana zana taswirar ɓangaren iyali, tana yiwa waɗanda suka fuskanci raunin da suka faru da kuma gogewarsu, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane, da kuma tsarin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Wannan tsari yana ba wa likitoci damar tantance asali da kuma kula da abubuwan da suka faru na raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki, wanda a ƙarshe ke ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar magani mai zurfi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A wajen fahimtar yadda ake magance matsalolin da suka shafi haihuwa da haihuwa, yana da muhimmanci a yi la'akari da hanyoyin da al'adu daban-daban ke tasiri kan yadda ake samun ko fahimtar jiyya daban-daban. Duk da cewa hanyoyin da suka shafi haihuwa da haihuwa sun yi daidai a tsakanin al'adu, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin matakin fahimtar al'adun zamantakewa waɗanda za su iya ƙara ta'azzara tasirin raunin da ya shafi haihuwa da haihuwa a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban da aka ware. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=Catherine So-kum}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sirikantraporn |first=Skultip |last2=Green |first2=Julii |date=2016-07-02 |title=Introduction: Multicultural Perspectives of Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment &amp; Trauma |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=559–560 |doi=10.1080/10926771.2016.1194941 |issn=1092-6771 |s2cid=151622401 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali dole ne su haɗa da hangen nesa na al'ada ga kowace hanyar maganin da suka zaɓa don aiwatarwa. Yana da mahimmanci ga masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali su mai da hankali kan kafa tushen aminci da aminci a cikin dangantakar magani, kamar yadda ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke da raunin da ya shafi haihuwa da haihuwa na iya haifar da babban rashin yarda a cikin hulɗar mutane, da kuma rashin amincewa da manyan ƙungiyoyi ko cibiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30556334&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K |date=April 2019 |title=Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]] |volume=28 |issue=7–8 |pages=1100–1113 |doi=10.1111/jocn.14735 |pmid=30556334 |s2cid=58768942}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIsobelGoodyearFurnessFoster2019&quot;&gt;Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K (April 2019). &quot;Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis&quot;. ''[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]]''. '''28''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1100–&lt;/span&gt;1113. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jocn.14735|10.1111/jocn.14735]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30556334 30556334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58768942 58768942].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sukar raunin da aka gada ta hanyar epigenetics ==
Wani samfurin da aka ƙi amincewa da shi ya nuna cewa raunin da iyaye ke fuskanta za a iya gada shi ta hanyar tsarin halittar halittu na epigenetic . Duk da cewa an yi ta yaɗa ra'ayin sosai a kafofin watsa labarai, amma ba a tabbatar da shi da hujjoji masu ƙarfi ba. 

Bincike a kan beraye ya nuna cewa ana iya ganin canje-canjen epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da axis na [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal]] (HPA), wanda ke daidaita tsarin amsawar damuwa na jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ |date=August 2004 |title=Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior |journal=[[Nature Neuroscience]] |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=847–854 |doi=10.1038/nn1276 |pmid=15220929 |s2cid=1649281}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Roth2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth TL, Sweatt JD |date=March 2011 |title=Epigenetic marking of the BDNF gene by early-life adverse experiences |journal=Hormones and Behavior |series=Special Issue: Behavioral Epigenetics |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=315–320 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.05.005 |pmc=2948595 |pmid=20483357}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stenze2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stenz L, Schechter DS, Serpa SR, Paoloni-Giacobino A |date=December 2018 |title=Intergenerational Transmission of DNA Methylation Signatures Associated with Early Life Stress |journal=Current Genomics |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=665–675 |doi=10.2174/1389202919666171229145656 |pmc=6225454 |pmid=30532646}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStenzSchechterSerpaPaoloni-Giacobino2018&quot;&gt;Stenz L, Schechter DS, Serpa SR, Paoloni-Giacobino A (December 2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6225454 &quot;Intergenerational Transmission of DNA Methylation Signatures Associated with Early Life Stress&quot;]. ''Current Genomics''. '''19''' (8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;665–&lt;/span&gt;675. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2174/1389202919666171229145656|10.2174/1389202919666171229145656]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6225454 6225454]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30532646 30532646].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma yi nazarin canje-canjen epigenetic da ba a gada ba dangane da damuwa a cikin birai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sanchez MM |date=November 2006 |title=The impact of early adverse care on HPA axis development: nonhuman primate models |journal=Hormones and Behavior |series=Translational Topics in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=623–631 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.012 |pmid=16914153 |s2cid=28263262}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yawancin tasirin epigenetic ba a yada su ga tsara mai zuwa ba, kuma yawancin canja wurin bayanai a cikin tsararraki ba ya haɗa da gadon epigenetic. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18767965&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngson NA, Whitelaw E |date=2008 |title=Transgenerational epigenetic effects |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=9 |pages=233–257 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164445 |pmid=18767965 |s2cid=2611836}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar masanin ilmin kwayoyin halitta Kevin Mitchell, &quot;a gaskiya waɗannan da'awar ba ta da ban mamaki, kuma ana ci gaba da su ne bisa ga shaidar da ba ta dace da ta yau da kullun ba.&quot; Ya ce &quot;Wannan cuta ce a kimiyyar zamani: da zarar da'awar ta zama mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki kuma a bayyane take ta juyin juya hali, to, ƙarancin shaidar da aka gina ta a kai, lokacin da akasin haka ya kamata ta zama gaskiya.&quot;  Mitchell ya ƙara da cewa mutane da yawa sun kalli hakan a matsayin &quot;fita daga katin kyauta na kwayoyin halitta&quot; kuma ya ƙara da cewa, &quot;Ina tsammanin mutane ba sa son ra'ayin, wasu mutane ko ta yaya, cewa an haife mu da wasu abubuwan da ke da wahalar canzawa.&quot; Ya ce abubuwan da suka faru ana bayyana su ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin neuroanatomy na ɗan adam, ba tsarin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta ba kuma ya ce masana kimiyya a wannan fanni sun ba da gudummawa ga binciken da ba shi da tushe a wannan fanni: &quot;Akwai masana'antar hayaniya a kusa da kimiyya, wanda ina tsammanin yana da illa. Kuma ina tsammanin masana kimiyya suna son shiga cikin sa ta hanyar da na ga yana da matuƙar ƙyama ga yadda jama'a ke fahimtar kimiyya saboda muna da wannan hayaniya koyaushe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKenna C |date=April 2020 |title=Kevin Mitchell |journal=BJPsych Bulletin |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=81–83 |doi=10.1192/bjb.2020.18 |pmc=7283122 |pmid=33858525}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcKenna2020&quot;&gt;McKenna C (April 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7283122 &quot;Kevin Mitchell&quot;]. ''BJPsych Bulletin''. '''44''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;81–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1192/bjb.2020.18|10.1192/bjb.2020.18]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7283122 7283122]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33858525 33858525].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ilimin halittu Ewan Birney ya soki wani takarda da ta yi amfani da samfurin mutum 32 don tallafawa ikirarinta cewa yaran da suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi sun nuna shaidar damuwa ta gado. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Daskalakis NP, Bierer LM, Bader HN, Klengel T, Holsboer F, Binder EB |date=September 2016 |title=Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=372–380 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005 |pmid=26410355 |s2cid=3522658 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi jayayya cewa wata hanyar gadon epigenetic a cikin mutane har yanzu ba ta da tabbas saboda wasu abubuwa da yawa masu tasiri ciki har da &quot;ƙarfin al'umma mai rikitarwa waɗanda ke ci gaba da wanzuwa akan lokaci&quot;, da kuma gaskiyar cewa mata masu tasowa na ɗan adam sun riga sun sami dukkan ƙwai a matsayin tayi a cikin mahaifa, kuma a ƙarshe cewa a tsawon rayuwar mutum ɗaya tasirin epigenetic ya kasance mai tasiri sosai har &quot;ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyin epigenetic&quot; shine abin da ke sa ƙwayoyin halittarmu iri ɗaya su bambanta zuwa takamaiman siffofinsu. Bugu da ƙari, har ma a cikin beraye, inda za a iya sarrafa waɗannan tasirin masu rikitarwa, &quot;gadon epigenetic na gaske na tsararraki yana da matuƙar wuya.&quot; 

Wani bita na 2026 da ya yi nazari kan gadon da aka samu bayan tashin hankali (PTSD) da kuma raunin da ya shafi yaƙi ya tabbatar da waɗannan iyakokin hanyoyin da aka bi a cikin wallafe-wallafen ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Džaferović-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Džaferović |first=Nerma |last2=Ašić |first2=Adna |date=December 2026 |title=Genetic heritage of war: exploring transgenerational inheritance of PTSD and its molecular background |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 |url-status=live |journal=[[Mammalian Genome]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 |pmid=41526709 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 April 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDžaferovićAšić2026&quot;&gt;Džaferović, Nerma; Ašić, Adna (December 2026). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 &quot;Genetic heritage of war: exploring transgenerational inheritance of PTSD and its molecular background&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Mammalian Genome]]''. '''37''' (1). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2|10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41526709 41526709]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa wasu nazarce-nazarce sun ba da rahoton bambancin methylation na DNA a cikin kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da damuwa (kamar ''FKBP5'', ''NR3C1'', ''NR3C2'', da ''BDNF'' ) tsakanin iyaye ko 'ya'yan da aka fallasa ga yaƙi ko kisan kare dangi, sakamakon a faɗin fagen ya kasance ba daidai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Džaferović-2026&quot; /&gt; Masu bitar sun kammala da cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da ainihin gadon epigenetic da sanadinsa ba, saboda yawancin nazarin ɗan adam da ake da su suna da iyaka sosai ta hanyar ƙananan girma na samfura, ƙira-sassa, da rashin iya sarrafa yadda ya kamata ga masu canjin yanayi da na zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Džaferović-2026&quot; /&gt;

Domin magance cece-kucen da ke ci gaba da haifar da matsaloli da kuma matsaloli a cikin samfuran dabbobi masu shayarwa, wallafe-wallafen da aka buga kwanan nan sun gabatar da tsauraran tsare-tsare na tabbatarwa. Wani bita na 2025 da ya binciki yaduwar kwayoyin halittar jijiyoyi da aka samu a cikin tsararraki ya jaddada cewa kafa ainihin gadon epigenetic na rauni yana buƙatar shawo kan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rudani, gami da kulawar bayan haihuwa, yanayin mahaifar uwa, da kuma sake tsara epigenetic na duniya wanda ke goge yawancin methylation na DNA a lokacin ci gaban tayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abou Merhi |first=Anas |last2=Sivan |first2=Vivek |last3=Koueik |first3=Joyce |last4=Walsh |first4=Alexandra |last5=Papale |first5=Ligia A. |last6=Alisch |first6=Reid S. |last7=Hogan |first7=Kirk |last8=Iskandar |first8=Bermans J. |date=December 2025 |title=Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 |url-status=live |journal=[[Neurochemistry International]] |volume=191 |doi=10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbou_MerhiSivanKoueikWalsh2025&quot;&gt;Abou Merhi, Anas; Sivan, Vivek; Koueik, Joyce; Walsh, Alexandra; Papale, Ligia A.; Alisch, Reid S.; Hogan, Kirk; Iskandar, Bermans J. (December 2025). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 &quot;Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights&quot;]. ''[[Neurochemistry International]]''. '''191''' 106088. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088|10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt; Marubutan sun yi suka game da yadda ake amfani da kalmar &quot;transgenerational&quot; akai-akai a cikin littattafan rauni, suna lura cewa bincike da yawa suna haɗa shi da gadon &quot;tsakanin tsararraki&quot; - inda tayin F1 ko ƙwayoyin halittar F2 ke fuskantar damuwa kai tsaye ga mahaifiya ''a cikin mahaifa'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot; /&gt; Domin tabbatar da cewa halayen da suka shafi ɗabi'a ko damuwa an gada su ta hanyar halittar jini maimakon ta zamantakewa ko ta hanyar halitta, an ba da shawarar cewa masu bincike su cika ƙa'idodi masu tsauri: yanayin halittar da alamomin kwayoyin halitta masu dacewa dole ne su ci gaba har zuwa tsararraki marasa fallasa (tsarin F2 don fallasa ga uba, ko F3 ga uwa), dole ne a ware yaduwar zuwa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ƙirar binciken dole ne ta yi amfani da cikakken iko kamar hadi da kuma takin zamani ''a cikin vitro'' don hana yaduwar muhalli. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin lura na ɗan adam ba makawa suna cikin rudani ta hanyar yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, da ayyukan iyaye, waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon ko ɓoye gadon epigenetic cikin sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abou Merhi |first=Anas |last2=Sivan |first2=Vivek |last3=Koueik |first3=Joyce |last4=Walsh |first4=Alexandra |last5=Papale |first5=Ligia A. |last6=Alisch |first6=Reid S. |last7=Hogan |first7=Kirk |last8=Iskandar |first8=Bermans J. |date=December 2025 |title=Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 |url-status=live |journal=[[Neurochemistry International]] |volume=191 |doi=10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbou_MerhiSivanKoueikWalsh2025&quot;&gt;Abou Merhi, Anas; Sivan, Vivek; Koueik, Joyce; Walsh, Alexandra; Papale, Ligia A.; Alisch, Reid S.; Hogan, Kirk; Iskandar, Bermans J. (December 2025). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 &quot;Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights&quot;]. ''[[Neurochemistry International]]''. '''191''' 106088. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088|10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt; Bitar ta kuma yi gargaɗi game da haɗarin ɗabi'a da zamantakewa na danganta raunin tabin hankali ko fahimta ga raunin epigenetic na kakanninmu; yin hakan ba tare da ingantaccen hujja na injiniya ba yana haifar da ƙyama ga iyalai ko zargin tsararraki da suka gabata ba daidai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki''', ko kuma '''raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki''', shine tasirin tunani da na jiki da raunin da mutane ke fuskanta akan tsararraki masu zuwa a cikin wannan rukunin. Babban hanyar yaduwar cutar ita ce yanayin iyali da jariri ke rayuwa tare, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|na tunani]], halayya da zamantakewa a cikin mutum.

Rauni na gama gari shine lokacin da [[Raunin kwakwalwa|raunin tunani da]] al'ummomi da ƙungiyoyin asali suka fuskanta ke ci gaba da faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tunawa da ƙungiyar da kuma fahimtar juna ta asali. Misali, waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Yahudawa da kuma waɗanda suka yi zamani da su a cikin [[Yahudawa|al'ummar Yahudawa]] sun fuskanci raunin gama gari. A matsayin wani misali, ' Yan Asalin Kanada sun fuskanci hakan a cikin tsarin makarantun zama na Indiyawan Kanada . [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka]] waɗanda [[Bauta a Amurka|aka bautar]] wani abu ne daban. Lokacin da wannan raunin gama gari ya shafi tsararraki masu zuwa, ana kiransa raunin gama gari . Misali, lokacin da [[Yahudawa]], waɗanda aka haifa a cikin tsararraki na gaba, suka koyi game da [[The Holocaust|kisan kare dangi]] (mai yiwuwa daga tsoffin 'yan uwa), sannan suka fuskanci matsananciyar damuwa ko kuma suka yi rayuwa cikin tsoron wani kisan kare dangi.

Raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki na iya zama wata matsala ta gama gari da ke shafar ƙungiyoyin mutane waɗanda ke da alaƙa da al'adu ( ''misali'', [[Ƙabilar|ƙabila]], ƙasa, ko asalin addini ). Haka kuma ana iya amfani da shi ga iyalai marasa aure ko kuma iyaye da yara. Misali, waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin yara da kuma waɗanda suka tsira kai tsaye daga raunin da ya faru da kuma waɗanda suka fito daga tsararraki masu zuwa kowannensu na iya haifar da [[Rashin damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan rauni|rikice-rikicen damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan raunin da ya faru]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Misalan wannan sun haɗa da raunin da zuriyar [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] suka fuskanta; wariya da dokokin [[Dokokin Jim Crow|Jim Crow]] a Amurka; wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu; [[Kasa Afrika|Scramble for Africa]], waɗanda suka tsira [[Armenian genocide|daga kisan kare dangi na Armenia]], waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Yahudawa da sauran membobin [[Yahudawa|al'ummar Yahudawa]] a lokacin; waɗanda suka tsira daga yaƙin Bosnia ; da mutanen farko na Kanada a cikin tsarin makarantun zama na Indiyawan Kanada ; da 'yan asalin Amurka lokacin da aka tilasta musu ƙaura aka kuma kore su daga ƙasarsu; da kuma, a Ostiraliya, [[Ƙungiyoyin da aka sace|Tsararrakin Sata]] da sauran wahalhalun da aka sha wa mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander . Zuriyar waɗanda suka tsira na iya fuskantar matsananciyar damuwa, wanda ke haifar da wasu sakamako daban-daban. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Duk da cewa raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa ya jawo hankali a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, hasashen tsarin halittar kwayoyin halitta har yanzu yana ci gaba da zama abin muhawara saboda rashin ingantattun sakamakon gwaji a kan mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tuscher |first=Jennifer J. |last2=Day |first2=Jeremy J. |date=1 December 2019 |title=Multigenerational epigenetic inheritance: One step forward, two generations back |journal=Neurobiology of Disease |volume=132 |doi=10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104591 |pmid=31470104 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yehuda |first=Rachel |last2=Lehrner |first2=Amy |date=October 2018 |title=Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/wps.20568 |pmc=6127768 |pmid=30192087}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abou Merhi |first=Anas |last2=Sivan |first2=Vivek |last3=Koueik |first3=Joyce |last4=Walsh |first4=Alexandra |last5=Papale |first5=Ligia A. |last6=Alisch |first6=Reid S. |last7=Hogan |first7=Kirk |last8=Iskandar |first8=Bermans J. |date=December 2025 |title=Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 |url-status=live |journal=[[Neurochemistry International]] |volume=191 |doi=10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Džaferović-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Džaferović |first=Nerma |last2=Ašić |first2=Adna |date=December 2026 |title=Genetic heritage of war: exploring transgenerational inheritance of PTSD and its molecular background |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 |url-status=live |journal=[[Mammalian Genome]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 |pmid=41526709 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Wannan fanni na bincike yana da ɗan ƙarami, amma an faɗaɗa shi a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19123747&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dekel R, Goldblatt H |date=July 2008 |title=Is there intergenerational transmission of trauma? The case of combat veterans' children |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=281–289 |doi=10.1037/a0013955 |pmid=19123747 |s2cid=12737543}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gane raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki a cikin yaran da suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;an buƙata ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A shekarar 1966, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun fara lura da adadi mai yawa na yaran da suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust suna neman taimakon kwakwalwa a asibitoci a Kanada. Jikokin waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust sun fi yawa da kashi 300% a cikin waɗanda aka tura zuwa asibitin tabin hankali idan aka kwatanta da wakilansu a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14735877&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fossion P, Rejas MC, Servais L, Pelc I, Hirsch S |date=2003 |title=Family approach with grandchildren of Holocaust survivors |journal=[[American Journal of Psychotherapy]] |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=519–527 |doi=10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.519 |pmid=14735877 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin, an lura da raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki daban-daban a tsakanin zuriyar [[Bauta a Amurka|Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka da aka tilasta wa bauta]],  waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na 'yan asalin Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration |title=Understanding Historical Trauma When Responding to an Event in Indian Country |url=https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4866.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722220524/https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4866.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-22 |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Samhsa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda suka tsira daga yaƙi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Castro-Vale I, Severo M, Carvalho D, Mota-Cardoso R |date=2019-08-09 |title=Intergenerational transmission of war-related trauma assessed 40 years after exposure |journal=[[Annals of General Psychiatry]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12991-019-0238-2 |pmc=6688296 |pmid=31413722 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017a&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sangalang CC, Vang C |date=June 2017 |title=Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=745–754 |doi=10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7 |pmc=5362358 |pmid=27659490}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda suka tsira daga [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankalin gida]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pears KC, Capaldi DM |date=November 2001 |title=Intergenerational transmission of abuse: a two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample |journal=Child Abuse &amp; Neglect |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1439–1461 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00286-1 |pmid=11766010}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka fuskanci matsala ta gama gari. 

Bincike kan hanyoyin halitta na gado na rauni ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yehuda2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Lehrner A |date=October 2018 |title=Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms |journal=[[World Psychiatry]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/wps.20568 |pmc=6127768 |pmid=30192087}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi hasashen cewa damuwa mai tsanani za a iya yadawa ga tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyar epigenetics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jawaid2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jawaid A, Roszkowski M, Mansuy IM |date=2018 |title=Transgenerational Epigenetics of Traumatic Stress |journal=Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science |volume=158 |pages=273–298 |doi=10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.03.003 |isbn=978-0-12-812592-2 |pmid=30072057}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yana da wuya a raba tasirin daga watsawar muhalli da al'adu kuma har yanzu ba a sami wata shaida mai gamsarwa da ke nuna cewa yana faruwa a cikin mutane ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yehuda2018&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Can Trauma Be Passed Down From One Generation to the Next? |url=https://www.psycom.net/epigenetics-trauma |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Psycom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1996 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horsthemke B |date=July 2018 |title=A critical view on transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.2973H |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05445-5 |pmc=6065375 |pmid=30061690}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heard E, Martienssen RA |date=March 2014 |title=Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=95–109 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.045 |pmc=4020004 |pmid=24679529}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa methylation na kwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa da damuwa a cikin ɗan adam na iya shafar ci gaba, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Peng H, Zhu Y, Strachan E, Fowler E, Bacus T, Roy-Byrne P, Goldberg J, Vaccarino V, Zhao J |date=September 2018 |title=Childhood Trauma, DNA Methylation of Stress-Related Genes, and Depression: Findings From Two Monozygotic Twin Studies |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=599–608 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0000000000000604 |pmc=6113110 |pmid=29781947}}&lt;/ref&gt; babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa waɗannan canje-canje a cikin ɗan adam ana yada su ga tsararraki masu zuwa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-30 |title=Can We Really Inherit Trauma? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/10/health/mind-epigenetics-genes.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKenna C |date=April 2020 |title=Kevin Mitchell |journal=BJPsych Bulletin |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=81–83 |doi=10.1192/bjb.2020.18 |pmc=7283122 |pmid=33858525}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawanci ana goge methylation lokacin da aka haɗu da ƙwayar ƙwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stenze2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stenz L, Schechter DS, Serpa SR, Paoloni-Giacobino A |date=December 2018 |title=Intergenerational Transmission of DNA Methylation Signatures Associated with Early Life Stress |journal=Current Genomics |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=665–675 |doi=10.2174/1389202919666171229145656 |pmc=6225454 |pmid=30532646}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anoni da bayanin ==
Raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki wani abu ne da ke shafar ƙungiyoyin mutane saboda asalin al'adunsu (misali, [[Ƙabilar|ƙabila]], ƙasa, ko asalin addini ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kolahdooz F, Nader F, Yi KJ, Sharma S |date=2015-07-16 |title=Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions |journal=Global Health Action |volume=8 |doi=10.3402/gha.v8.27968 |pmc=4506643 |pmid=26187697}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yanayinsa na gama gari, kalmar ba a saba amfani da ita ga iyalai marasa aure ko kuma ɗaiɗaikun iyaye da yara ba. Duk da haka, kamar waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin yara, kowannensu, waɗanda suka tsira kai tsaye daga raunin da ya faru da kuma waɗanda suka fito daga tsararraki masu zuwa na iya haifar da [[Rashin damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan rauni|rikice-rikicen damuwa bayan rauni]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeAngelis |first=Tori |date=February 2019 |title=The Legacy of Trauma |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/02/legacy-trauma |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.apa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya yada rauni ta hanyar zamantakewa (misali, ta hanyar ɗabi'un da aka koya) ko kuma ta hanyar tasirin damuwa akan ci gaba kafin haihuwa (tare da ƙaruwar shan taba/barasa). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Raunin tarihi ===
Rauni na tarihi, wani nau'in rauni na tsararraki, shine lalacewar da ta gabata wadda ke ci gaba da shafar al'umma a halin yanzu ta hanyar yaɗuwar tsararraki tsakanin tsararraki. Rauni na tarihi yana haifar da rauni ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki saboda wahalar kakannin da aka tattara a cikin tsararraki zuwa &quot;gado na nakasa ga zuri'ar zamani&quot;.  Kodayake ainihin abin da ya faru da kuma rukuni(rukuni) na abin da ya faru sun bambanta, duk raunin tarihi ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku: wani abin da ya faru na rauni, wahala ta gama gari da ta haifar, da kuma tasirin wannan raunin ga tsararraki da yawa. A tsawon lokaci, raunin da dangantaka da waɗanda abin ya shafa yawanci yana canzawa ta hanya iri ɗaya amma mafi rikitarwa ga hasashen kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da asarar asalin waɗanda abin ya shafa da kuma ƙarin haɗin kai cikin al'umma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ga waɗanda abin ya shafa, raunin tarihi yakan bayyana ta hanyoyi huɗu: baƙin ciki, saka ido sosai, samuwar haɗin gwiwa mai rauni, da kuma sake nuna raunin. Dangane da lura ta asibiti ta Selma Fraiberg, masu binciken raunin yara kamar Byron Egeland, Inge Bretherton, da Daniel Schechter sun gano hanyoyin tunani waɗanda ke fifita yaduwar tsakanin tsararraki, gami da rabuwar kai a cikin mahallin haɗewa, da &quot;sadarwa&quot;  game da abin da ya faru a baya na raunin da ya faru a matsayin tasirin ƙoƙarin iyaye na kiyaye iko a cikin mahallin [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] da canje-canje masu alaƙa a cikin hanyoyin fahimtar zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1141566&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fraiberg S, Adelson E, Shapiro V |date=1975 |title=Ghosts in the nursery. A psychoanalytic approach to the problems of impaired infant-mother relationships |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=387–421 |doi=10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61442-4 |pmid=1141566}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8958463&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Egeland B, Susman-Stillman A |date=November 1996 |title=Dissociation as a mediator of child abuse across generations |journal=Child Abuse &amp; Neglect |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=1123–1132 |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(96)00102-0 |pmid=8958463}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bretherton I |date=1990 |title=Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. |journal=Infant Mental Health Journal |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=237–251 |doi=10.1002/1097-0355(199023)11:3&lt;237::AID-IMHJ2280110306&gt;3.0.CO;2-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18007959&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Schechter DS, Zygmunt A, Coates SW, Davies M, Trabka K, McCaw J, Kolodji A, Robinson J |date=September 2007 |title=Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations on the MacArthur Story Stem Battery |journal=Attachment &amp; Human Development |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=187–205 |doi=10.1080/14616730701453762 |pmc=2078523 |pmid=18007959}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomin ==
Alamomin raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki koyaushe suna farawa ne da wanda ya tsira daga rauni, wanda galibi yakan bayyana a matsayin alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] . Sau da yawa rauni a cikin tsara ta biyu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin martani mai ban tsoro ga raunin da iyaye suka samu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weinberg MK, Cummins RA |date=2013-04-01 |title=Intergenerational Effects of the Holocaust: Subjective Well-Being in the Offspring of Survivors |journal=Journal of Intergenerational Relationships |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1080/15350770.2013.782745 |s2cid=144450498}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za a iya raba yaduwar cutar tsakanin iyaye da yaro zuwa matakai biyar: sadarwa, rikici, haɗin kai na iyali, dumin iyaye, da kuma shigar iyaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16845592&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harachi TW, Choi Y, Abbott RD, Catalano RF, Bliesner SL |date=December 2006 |title=Examining equivalence of concepts and measures in diverse samples |journal=Prevention Science |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=359–368 |doi=10.1007/s11121-006-0039-0 |pmc=3293252 |pmid=16845592}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban matakan damuwa na uwa suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da raunin aikin iyali kuma suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da halayyar karkacewa a tsakanin yara. Alamomin da aka fi sani a cikin yara sun haɗa da baƙin ciki, halin rashin zamantakewa, rashin adalci, da kuma halin rikici a makaranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017b&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sangalang CC, Jager J, Harachi TW |date=July 2017 |title=Effects of maternal traumatic distress on family functioning and child mental health: An examination of Southeast Asian refugee families in the U.S |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0k845983 |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |volume=184 |pages=178–186 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.032 |pmid=28515007 |s2cid=13943373 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu yara sun fuskanci kamuwa kai tsaye wanda raunin da ya faru ya samo asali ne daga hulɗa da dangantaka da iyayensu, yayin da wasu suka fuskanci kamuwa da cutar kai tsaye wanda raunin da ya faru ya samo asali ne daga laifi. Waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kai tsaye sun fi fuskantar fushi ta hanyar ayyukansu, yayin da waɗanda suka kamu da cutar ta hanyar bazata sun fi fuskantar baƙin ciki, damuwa, da laifi. &lt;ref name=&quot;O'Neill_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Neill L, Fraser T, Kitchenham A, McDonald V |date=June 2018 |title=Hidden Burdens: a Review of Intergenerational, Historical and Complex Trauma, Implications for Indigenous Families |journal=[[Journal of Child &amp; Adolescent Trauma]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=173–186 |doi=10.1007/s40653-016-0117-9 |pmc=7163829 |pmid=32318148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alamomin sun kuma bambanta dangane da ƙabila da nau'in raunin farko. [[Bauta]], [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]], [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankalin gida]], cin zarafin jima'i, da matsanancin talauci duk tushen rauni ne da ke haifar da rauni tsakanin tsararraki. Rashin magani kuma yana ƙara ta'azzara alamun kuma yana iya haifar da yaɗuwa. Misali, waɗanda suka tsira daga [[cin zarafin yara]] na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga tsararraki masu zuwa saboda raunin da suka gabata da ba a warware ba. Wannan na iya haifar da ƙaruwar rashin yarda, warewa, da kaɗaici. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frazier K, West-Olatunji C, St Juste S, Goodman R |date=2009 |title=Transgenerational Trauma and Child Sexual Abuse: Reconceptualizing Cases Involving Young Survivors of CSA |journal=Journal of Mental Health Counseling |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=22–33 |doi=10.17744/mehc.31.1.u72580m253524811}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuriyar waɗanda aka bautar lokacin da suka fuskanci tashin hankali da wariyar launin fata ta haifar, ƙananan zalunci, ko wariyar launin fata, suna amsawa kamar suna fuskantar raunin da aka haifar musu da shi ta hanyar tsararraki. Akwai nau'ikan damuwa iri-iri a rayuwar mutum waɗanda suka haifar da wannan martanin kamar PTSD kamar bambance-bambancen gogewa na wariyar launin fata, damuwa na yau da kullun, manyan abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa da suka shafi launin fata, ko wariyar launin fata ko rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10702849&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harrell SP |date=January 2000 |title=A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: implications for the well-being of people of color |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=42–57 |doi=10.1037/h0087722 |pmid=10702849}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma yana bayyana kansa a cikin salon iyaye . Goodman da West-Olatunji sun gabatar da yiwuwar raunin da zai iya faruwa bayan bala'o'i na halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodman R, West-Olatunji C |date=2008 |title=Transgenerational Trauma and Resilience: Improving Mental Health Counseling for Survivors of Hurricane Katrina |journal=Journal of Mental Health Counseling |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=121–136 |doi=10.17744/mehc.30.2.q52260n242204r84}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani mummunan yanayi da ya biyo bayan guguwar Katrina New Orleans, mazauna yankin sun ga ƙaruwar tashin hankali tsakanin mutane tare da ƙaruwar mace-mace.  An kuma ruwaito wannan lamari a cikin zuriyar ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar a makarantun zama, waɗanda aka kore su daga iyayensu da danginsu kuma ba su da tsarin kula da yara sakamakon haka. An hukunta su saboda faɗin yaren asali da kuma hana su yin al'adun gargajiya ya yi mummunan tasiri ga ɗalibai da yawa, kuma cin zarafin yara ya yi yawa a makarantu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haag AM |date=2007 |title=The Indian Boarding School Era and Its Continuing Impact on Tribal Families and the Provision of Government Services |url=http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol43/iss1/8/ |journal=Tulsa L. Rev. |volume=43 |page=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9842066&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brave Heart MY, DeBruyn LM |date=1998 |title=The American Indian Holocaust: healing historical unresolved grief |url=http://www.boardingschoolhealing.org/wp-content/uploads/82_YellowHorseBraveHeart_American_Indian_Holocaust_60-82_web.pdf |journal=American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=56–78 |pmid=9842066 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516141238/http://www.boardingschoolhealing.org/wp-content/uploads/82_YellowHorseBraveHeart_American_Indian_Holocaust_60-82_web.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-16 |access-date=2017-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

An gano alamun raunin da ya faru a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a tsakanin Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, dangane da tasirin bauta da wariyar launin fata. Wannan mutuwar rauni na iya samo asali ne daga ɓangaren iyali da kanta, ko kuma a same shi a cikin al'umma ta hanyar wariya da zalunci na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gump JP |date=January 2010 |title=Reality Matters: The Shadow of Trauma on African American Subjectivity. |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=48 |doi=10.1037/a0018639}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba lallai ne duk membobin iyali su fuskanci wannan mummunan lamari ba; illolin da za su iya wanzuwa har yanzu suna iya kasancewa kuma suna shafar zuriya daga abubuwan waje. Misali, shigar da yara baƙar fata cikin halayen wasu ga launin fatarsu yana bayyana a matsayin wani nau'i na rauni mai ɗorewa da kakanninsu suka fuskanta tun farko.   Wannan martani ga fata baƙar fata ya samo asali ne daga irin waɗannan halaye waɗanda suka haifar da yanayi mai ban tausayi da bautar bayi. Yara baƙar fata da matasa sun fi saurin kamuwa da raunin launin fata saboda har yanzu ba su sami ilimin fahimtar wariyar launin fata da tasirinsa ba. Duk da haka, waɗannan halayen masu ban tausayi da aka fuskanta a irin wannan ƙaramar shekaru suna nuna yadda yaro yake kula da yara. Yaro fari zai iya koyon halayen wariyar launin fata daga muhallinsa, amma ta wannan hanyar, yaro baƙar fata zai iya koyon tabbatar da baƙar fatarsa da kuma yadda zai mayar da martani ga kalaman wariyar launin fata da ayyukan iyayensa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jernigan MM, Daniel JH |date=April 2011 |title=Racial trauma in the lives of black children and adolescents: Challenges and clinical implications. |journal=[[Journal of Child &amp; Adolescent Trauma]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=123–41 |doi=10.1080/19361521.2011.574678 |s2cid=145288431}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin rauni suna da tasiri ga nasarar baƙar fata da sauran ƙananan yara a cikin yanayin ilimi. An kuma yi rikodin raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki da 'ya'yansu sosai a cikin 'yan gudun hijira da 'ya'yansu, wanda zai iya ɗaukar tsawon tsararraki da yawa. Irin waɗannan raunin na iya samo asali ne daga tashin hankali, tsanantawa ta siyasa, rashin kwanciyar hankali na iyali, da kuma wahalhalun ƙaura. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017a&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sangalang CC, Vang C |date=June 2017 |title=Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=745–754 |doi=10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7 |pmc=5362358 |pmid=27659490}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSangalangVang2017&quot;&gt;Sangalang CC, Vang C (June 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362358 &quot;Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;745–&lt;/span&gt;754. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7|10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362358 5362358]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659490 27659490].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa ==

=== Zuriyar mutanen da aka bautar ===
Gabaɗaya, baƙar fata 'yan Amurka waɗanda ke da wata matsalar tabin hankali ba sa iya samun magani saboda ƙyama, ra'ayoyi marasa kyau, da kuma tsoron wariya. Wannan yana rage adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa don neman taimako. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid25379272&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Malcoun E, Sawyer BA, Davis DM, Nouri LB, Bruce SL |date=June 2014 |title=Cultural adaptations of prolonged exposure therapy for treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder in african americans |journal=[[Behavioral Sciences]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=102–124 |doi=10.3390/bs4020102 |pmc=4219246 |pmid=25379272 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin magani yana sa alamun su ƙara ta'azzara wanda ke haifar da ƙarin damuwa da kuma ta'azzara lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coleman JA |date=July 2016 |title=Racial Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Personnel: Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma as a Theoretical Lens. |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment &amp; Trauma |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=564–565 |doi=10.1080/10926771.2016.1157842 |s2cid=148220622}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗanda abin ya shafa sakamakon rauni bisa ga launin fata sau da yawa ba sa neman magani ba kawai saboda ƙyama ba, har ma saboda tsoron cewa ƙwararren likita ba zai fahimci ra'ayinsu game da tsirarun da ba su da 'yancin yin aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ƙaiƙayin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ake da shi ya haifar da rashin bincike da kuma sakamakon haka magani. Duk da haka, rashin magani kuma ana iya danganta shi da kuskuren ganewar alamun. Alamun rauni da aka nuna a cikin yara baƙar fata galibi ana kiransu da nakasa ta ɗabi'a ko ilimi, wanda ke ba da damar a yi maganin raunin. Duk da cewa alamun rauni galibi suna bayyana a matsayin wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar baƙin ciki da damuwa, babban ganewar sau da yawa ba a yi magani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodman RD, West-Olatunji C |date=2010 |title=Educational hegemony, traumatic stress, and african american and latino american students. |journal=Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=176–178 |doi=10.1002/j.2161-1912.2010.tb00125.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yan Koriya ===
{{Lang|ko-latn|Han}} is a concept of an emotion, variously described as some form of grief or resentment, among others, that is said to be an essential element of Korean identity by some, and a modern post-colonial identity by others.

Michael D. Shin ya yi jayayya cewa babban ɓangaren {{Lang|ko-latn|han}} shine asarar asali, kuma yana bayyana ''{{Lang|ko-latn|han}}'' a matsayin &quot;rikitaccen motsin rai da ke faruwa sakamakon raunin da aka samu na asalin gama gari&quot;. ''{{Lang|ko-latn|Han}}'' galibi ana danganta shi da iyalai da suka rabu : iyalai da suka rabu a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya . A cewar Shin, duk 'yan Koriya na iya fuskantar ''{{Lang|ko-latn|han}}'', ko kuma &quot;jin daɗin zama ƙasa da cikakke&quot;, saboda rashin samun asalin gamayya sakamakon ci gaba da rarrabuwar Koriya . Bugu da ƙari, sabbin tsararraki na Koriya da alama sun gaji saboda girma a cikin ƙasa mai rarrabuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Han |url=https://www.koreasociety.org/education/item/1288-a-brief-history-of-han |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[The Korea Society]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yan Gudun Hijira ===
'Yan gudun hijira galibi suna fuskantar haɗarin fuskantar rauni na tsararraki daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Cécile}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa 'yan gudun hijira da yawa suna fuskantar wani irin asara da rauni, an tabbatar da cewa raunin da ya shafi yaƙi yana da tasiri mai ɗorewa ga [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]] kuma yana ɗaukar tsawon tsararraki da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017a&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sangalang CC, Vang C |date=June 2017 |title=Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=745–754 |doi=10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7 |pmc=5362358 |pmid=27659490}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSangalangVang2017&quot;&gt;Sangalang CC, Vang C (June 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362358 &quot;Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;745–&lt;/span&gt;754. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7|10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362358 5362358]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659490 27659490].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yara musamman suna fuskantar raunin da ya faru na sake tsugunar da su, saboda ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa na iya kawo cikas ga yarintarsu. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa suna fuskantar wahalar koyon sabon harshe, daidaitawa da sabon yanayi, da kuma kewaya tsarin zamantakewa na makarantar a ƙasar da suka karɓi baƙuncin. Kulawa ta yau da kullun yana lalacewa ta hanyar guduwa daga gidansu na asali, kuma yana iya ci gaba da kawo cikas sakamakon [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|alamun PTSD]] da ƙalubalen da iyayensu ke fuskanta a sabon gidansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ƙasashe da yawa masu masaukin baki ba sa samar da isasshen tsarin [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] ga 'yan gudun hijira, wanda zai iya ƙara ta'azzara alamun kuma ya haifar da yaduwar rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J |date=2005 |title=Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=365 |issue=9467 |pages=1309–1314 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6 |pmid=15823380 |s2cid=23060431 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, yaran 'yan gudun hijira sun nuna mafi girman matakan baƙin ciki, PTSD, [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]], [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ƙarancin kulawa]], damuwa, da sauran matsalolin tunani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sangalang_2017a&quot; /&gt; Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira da suka gudu daga gidajensu suna yin hakan ne don gujewa yaƙi, rikici, ko bala'o'i na halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Refugee |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/refugee/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa lafiyar ƙasar 'yan gudun hijira ba ta inganta ba, wanda hakan ke haifar da ci gaba da fuskantar raunin da ya samo asali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=About Refugees |url=https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types/refugee-trauma/about-refugees}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya bayyana wannan a matsayin raunin da ya faru na biyu kuma mutane da yawa suna iya fuskanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;nctsn.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Secondary Traumatic Stress - A Fact Sheet for Child-Serving Professionals |url=https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources/fact-sheet/secondary_traumatic_stress_child_serving_professionals.pdf |website=www.nctsn.org |publisher=[[National Child Traumatic Stress Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, 'ya'yan da suka sami rauni na baya-bayan nan da kuma raunin da ya faru na baya-bayan nan na iya fuskantar rauni na baya-bayan nan da kuma babban girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;nctsn.org&quot; /&gt;

==== Magani ====
Ma'aikatan lafiyar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke tunanin yin aiki tare da tsoffin sojoji waɗanda ke fama da PTSD da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na rauni ya kamata su sami gogewa wajen aiki tare da tsoffin sojoji da membobin soja. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Eugenia L. |last2=Coll |first2=Jose E. |last3=Gerbauer |first3=Jennifer |last4=Smiley |first4=Kate |last5=Carillo |first5=Ed |date=October 2010 |title=The Military Genogram: A Solution-Focused Approach for Resiliency Building in Service Members and Their Families |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1066480710378479 |journal=The Family Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=395–406 |doi=10.1177/1066480710378479 |issn=1066-4807 |s2cid=145341852 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jin daɗin al'adu wani fanni ne da za a yi la'akari da shi yayin aiki tare da wannan al'umma. Fahimtar al'adun soja da salon rayuwa yana da fa'ida yayin haɓaka dangantakar magani da tsare-tsaren magani. Wani abin la'akari da al'adu shine ɓangaren iyali. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ainihin dangin ma'aikacin ko dangin da suka zaɓa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Sojoji na iya haifar da damuwa mai yawa idan aka zo ga ma'aikacin soja da iyalinsa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, ƙaura zuwa wurare daban-daban akan ɗan lokaci, shirye-shiryen tura sojoji suna canzawa koyaushe, wahalar sauyawa lokacin dawowa daga aiki, da sauran abubuwan damuwa da yawa. Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci ma'aikacin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya fahimci rayuwar soja da gaske. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A yanayin PTSD, domin hana ko rage raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki, yana da mahimmanci iyalin su nemi ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gambardella LC |date=July 2008 |title=Role-exit theory and marital discord following extended military deployment |journal=Perspectives in Psychiatric Care |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=169–174 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-6163.2008.00171.x |pmid=18577122 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miji/abokin tarayya wanda ke karɓar ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma yana cikin mafi kyawun matsayi a rayuwarsa saboda waɗannan tsoma baki na iya taimakawa sashin iyali gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; A cikin dangin soja, ayyukan suna canzawa koyaushe saboda memba na rundunar yana kan aiki da wasu dalilai. Iyali, a matsayin rukuni, yana buƙatar daidaitawa da memba na rundunar da ke shigowa da fita daga rayuwarsu. Tare da sashin iyali mai lafiya, mijin/abokin tarayya ya zama abin da ke hasashen riƙe soja da sashin iyali mai aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; Juriya kuma na iya taka rawa a cikin wannan yanayin. Wasu abubuwa kaɗan na iya taimakawa wajen jurewa a cikin sashin iyali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sassauci/salon tsari, tsarin imani na iyali, da tsarin sadarwa.  Waɗannan abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci da za a nema da kuma gano su domin suna iya taimakawa wajen magance raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki. Ƙarfafa rukunin iyali zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa kowane memba na iyali, kuma tare za su iya shawo kan raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki a cikin iyali. Fahimtar al'adun soja na iya taimakawa iyalai ta hanyar shawo kan raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Baya ga tsarin genograms, an gano cewa maganin gajere mai mayar da hankali kan mafita (SFBT) ya yi nasara tare da iyalan sojoji. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Eugenia L. |last2=Coll |first2=Jose E. |last3=Gerbauer |first3=Jennifer |last4=Smiley |first4=Kate |last5=Carillo |first5=Ed |date=October 2010 |title=The Military Genogram: A Solution-Focused Approach for Resiliency Building in Service Members and Their Families |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1066480710378479 |journal=The Family Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=395–406 |doi=10.1177/1066480710378479 |issn=1066-4807 |s2cid=145341852 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWeissCollGerbauerSmiley2010&quot;&gt;Weiss, Eugenia L.; Coll, Jose E.; Gerbauer, Jennifer; Smiley, Kate; Carillo, Ed (October 2010). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1066480710378479 &quot;The Military Genogram: A Solution-Focused Approach for Resiliency Building in Service Members and Their Families&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Family Journal''. '''18''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;395–&lt;/span&gt;406. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1066480710378479|10.1177/1066480710378479]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1066-4807 1066-4807]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145341852 145341852].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana amfani da jaddada nasarorin abokin ciniki da ƙirƙirar ƙananan matakai waɗanda abokin ciniki zai iya cimmawa. Wannan nau'in maganin yana amfani da harshen abokin ciniki da ƙwarewarsa don magance abubuwa cikin tsari a cikin iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; SFBT, tare da tsarin genograms, na iya zama mai ba da labari ga abokin ciniki da likitan likita kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen sanar da makomar aikin. Kamar yadda tsarin genograms na iya taimakawa wajen ba da hoto bayyananne game da menene yanayin rauni a cikin iyali, SFBT na iya taimakawa wajen canza waɗannan tsare-tsare da kuma samar wa iyali hanyar rayuwa da aiki mafi koshin lafiya. Wannan nau'in maganin na iya taimakawa wajen ilmantar da abokin ciniki da iyalinsa game da abin da aka riga aka samu daga tsararraki da suka gabata. Hakanan yana iya sanar da iyali game da abin da yanzu ake fara yadawa kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen canza yanayin a nan gaba da canza ƙa'idodin motsi na iyali. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Watsawa ==
Akwai bincike da yawa na zamani da aka yi kan manya waɗanda suka fuskanci bala'o'i na halitta ko wahalhalu. Wani bincike ya gano cewa yaran da aka azabtar sun nuna alamun damuwa, baƙin ciki, damuwa bayan rauni, ƙarancin hankali, da matsalolin ɗabi'a fiye da rukunin kwatantawa na waɗanda ba su fuskanci takamaiman rauni ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Daud A, Skoglund E, Rydelius PA |date=2005-01-01 |title=Children in families of torture victims: transgenerational transmission of parents' traumatic experiences to their children |journal=International Journal of Social Welfare |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2397.2005.00336.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi wani bincike mai inganci kan yaran Brazil da suka tsira daga kisan Holocaust kuma an gabatar da wani tsari mai goyan baya na watsawar abubuwan da suka faru na rauni ta hanyar canzawar tsararraki amma kuma ɗaya daga cikin tsarin juriya, wanda za a iya yadawa tsakanin tsararraki kuma ya haɓaka cikin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22943578&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Braga LL, Mello MF, Fiks JP |date=September 2012 |title=Transgenerational transmission of trauma and resilience: a qualitative study with Brazilian offspring of Holocaust survivors |journal=[[BMC Psychiatry]] |volume=12 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-12-134 |pmc=3500267 |pmid=22943578 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Froma Walsh, ka'idar juriya ta nuna cewa martanin mutane da iyalai ga abubuwan da suka faru na rauni tsari ne mai canzawa wanda ya ƙunshi fallasa ƙalubale da haɓaka hanyoyin magancewa waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen iyawar mutum na shawo kan irin waɗannan ƙalubalen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=[[Froma Walsh|Walsh F]] |date=2002 |title=A Family Resilience Framework: Innovative Practice Applications |journal=Family Relations |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=130–137 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-3729.2002.00130.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da kuwa akwai haɗari, akwai kuma damar haɓaka juriya ta hanyar fallasa ga albarkatu masu ma'ana waɗanda ke tallafawa ikon mutum na shawo kan wahala.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2021)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;Ana buƙata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Masu binciken Cowan, Callaghan, da Richardson sun yi nazarin tasirin wahalhalun rayuwa a farkon lokaci ga mutane da zuriyarsu. Bincikensu ya kuma yi daidai da ka'idar yaduwar cutar inda bincikensu ya nuna cewa yanayin damuwa da aka bayyana a cikin mutanen da suka fuskanci wannan matsala an lura da shi a cikin yara har ma da jikoki. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid26482536&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cowan CS, Callaghan BL, Kan JM, Richardson R |date=January 2016 |title=The lasting impact of early-life adversity on individuals and their descendants: potential mechanisms and hope for intervention |journal=Genes, Brain and Behavior |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=155–168 |doi=10.1111/gbb.12263 |pmid=26482536 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaluncin da baƙar fata suka fuskanta ta hanyar bauta da wariyar launin fata yana da tasiri a kan yadda suke kallon nasara.  Dangane da fannoni na zamantakewa, hakan yana sa wa baƙar fata wahala su wuce wani matakin matsayi na zamantakewa, su tsere wa wata unguwa, ko su wuce wani salon rayuwa ko matsayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW |date=2016-06-22 |title=Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of 'Broken Windows' |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33010405 |journal=Social Psychology Quarterly |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=319–342 |doi=10.1177/019027250406700401 |s2cid=8626641}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ga 'Yan Asalin Amurkawa, manufofin gwamnati na baya da kuma ƙaura daga gidajensu ana hasashen suna da tasiri ko da tsararraki daga baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Torpy SJ |date=January 2000 |title=Native American Women and Coerced Sterilization: On the Trail of Tears in the 1970s |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2254n09g |journal=American Indian Culture and Research Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.17953/aicr.24.2.7646013460646042 |doi-broken-date=26 October 2025 |s2cid=143126892}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aiwatar da wariya ga jama'a yana sa a cire su daga al'umma gabaɗaya, su zama marasa ƙarfi kuma ba a gayyace su a gwamnati ba, kuma a bar su su yi abin da ya dace.  Yaɗuwar raunin mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na baya kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin da ke taimakawa wajen yawan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin Kanada ke fuskanta. Komawa da rashin adalci a lokacin mulkin mallaka sun haifar da mummunan tasiri ga yaran waɗanda suka tsira daga irin waɗannan abubuwan. Wannan ana yada shi ta hanyar tsararraki ta hanyar wariya da ke ci gaba da faruwa a zamantakewa da tashin hankali a gefe . Rashin al'adu da rashin haɗin kan al'umma da ke haifar da hakan yana ƙara zama ƙalubale ga ƙungiyoyi wajen magance raunin da ya faru a ƙarni na gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kirmayer_2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirmayer LJ, Brass GM, Tait CL |date=September 2000 |title=The mental health of Aboriginal peoples: transformations of identity and community |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=607–616 |doi=10.1177/070674370004500702 |pmid=11056823 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abincin uwa yana shafar yanayin tayin. Wannan tarihin muhalli na iya sa martanin ci gaban tayin ya canza don samar da yanayin rayuwa wanda ya dace da yanayin da ake tsammani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Gluckman PD, [[Karen A. Lillycrop|Lillycrop KA]], Vickers MH, Pleasants AB, Phillips ES, Beedle AS, Burdge GC, Hanson MA |date=July 2007 |title=Metabolic plasticity during mammalian development is directionally dependent on early nutritional status |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=104 |issue=31 |pages=12796–12800 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10412796G |doi=10.1073/pnas.0705667104 |pmc=1937546 |pmid=17646663 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi hasashen cewa yanayin uwa na iya shafar tayin, kodayake bincike kan wannan ya nuna sakamako daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsella_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kinsella MT, Monk C |date=September 2009 |title=Impact of maternal stress, depression and anxiety on fetal neurobehavioral development |journal=Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=425–440 |doi=10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181b52df1 |pmc=3710585 |pmid=19661759}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a san ko akwai wani tasiri da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa bayan haihuwa ba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Magani ==
Saboda raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki daban-daban wani nau'i ne na kamuwa da rauni a kaikaice, sau da yawa ba a gane shi ba ko kuma likitoci ba su gano shi da kyau ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30556334&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K |date=April 2019 |title=Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]] |volume=28 |issue=7–8 |pages=1100–1113 |doi=10.1111/jocn.14735 |pmid=30556334 |s2cid=58768942}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin samun damar magani na iya haifar da sakamako da dama kamar matsalolin lafiya, halayya, da zamantakewa waɗanda za su iya ci gaba a tsawon rayuwar mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9635069&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS |date=May 1998 |title=Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study |journal=[[American Journal of Preventive Medicine]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=245–258 |doi=10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 |pmid=9635069 |s2cid=26055600 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwarewar damuwa mai rauni na iya canza ayyukan fahimta, halayya, da na jiki, wanda zai iya ƙara saurin kamuwa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki.  Saboda raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki wani nau'i ne na damuwa mai rauni, yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan tunani kamar su matsalar damuwa bayan rauni, [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin kwanciyar hankali]], [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya]], [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], autism, da [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Alhassen S, Chen S, Alhassen L, Phan A, Khoudari M, De Silva A, Barhoosh H, Wang Z, Parrocha C, Shapiro E, Henrich C, Wang Z, Mutesa L, Baldi P, Abbott GW, Alachkar A |date=June 2021 |title=Intergenerational trauma transmission is associated with brain metabotranscriptome remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02255-2 |pmc=8225861 |pmid=34168265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gano cewa hanyoyi da dama na magani suna da tasiri wajen magance cututtuka daban-daban na rauni da damuwa, kamar maganin halayyar fahimta, maganin sarrafa fahimta, dogon lokaci na fallasa, maganin mayar da hankali kan tausayi, maganin halayyar dialectical, da maganin labari . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Asmundson GJ, Thorisdottir AS, Roden-Foreman JW, Baird SO, Witcraft SM, Stein AT, Smits JA, Powers MB |date=January 2019 |title=A meta-analytic review of cognitive processing therapy for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=Cognitive Behaviour Therapy |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/16506073.2018.1522371 |pmid=30332919 |s2cid=52986455 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Bohus M, Kleindienst N, Hahn C, Müller-Engelmann M, Ludäscher P, Steil R, Fydrich T, Kuehner C, Resick PA, Stiglmayr C, Schmahl C, Priebe K |date=December 2020 |title=Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD) Compared With Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in Complex Presentations of PTSD in Women Survivors of Childhood Abuse: A Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=[[JAMA Psychiatry]] |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=1235–1245 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148 |pmc=7376475 |pmid=32697288}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Choi-Kain |first=Lois |last2=Wilks |first2=Chelsey R. |last3=Ilagan |first3=Gabrielle S. |last4=Iliakis |first4=Evan A. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Early Life Trauma |journal=Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=111–124 |doi=10.1007/s40501-021-00242-2 |issn=2196-3061 |s2cid=233303826}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Craig C, Hiskey S, Spector A |date=April 2020 |title=Compassion focused therapy: a systematic review of its effectiveness and acceptability in clinical populations |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10094000/ |journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1080/14737175.2020.1746184 |pmid=32196399 |s2cid=214600120}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cramer |first=Saviona |title=Intergenerational narrative practice in response to intergenerational trauma |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.290475093760666 |journal=International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work |issue=1 |pages=1–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Foa EB |date=December 2011 |title=Prolonged exposure therapy: past, present, and future |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1043–1047 |doi=10.1002/da.20907 |pmid=22134957 |s2cid=28115857}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hoosain |first=Shanaaz |date=2018-06-01 |title=Decolonising social work research with families experiencing intergenerational trauma |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.25159/2415-5829/2471 |journal=Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.25159/2415-5829/2471 |s2cid=149938541}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Metzger IW, Anderson RE, Are F, Ritchwood T |date=February 2021 |title=Healing Interpersonal and Racial Trauma: Integrating Racial Socialization Into Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for African American Youth |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1177/1077559520921457 |pmc=8807349 |pmid=32367729}}&lt;/ref&gt; [  Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin yana da irin waɗannan abubuwan da ke da amfani wajen magance rauni, kamar [[Ilimin hankali|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], daidaita motsin rai da sarrafawa, sarrafa fahimta da sake ginawa, da sarrafa rauni. Ganin cewa rauni na tsararraki wani nau'i ne na musamman na fallasa rauni, irin waɗannan hanyoyin magani na iya zama masu tasiri wajen rage mummunan tasirinsa na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, akwai takamaiman sassan raunin tsararraki waɗanda dole ne a magance su kai tsaye duk da hanyar maganin da aka zaɓa. Saboda dangantakar haɗewa tsakanin iyaye ko mai kulawa da yaro hanya ce mai rinjaye wacce ake yada rauni na tsararraki, magani ya kamata ya mai da hankali kan mahimmancin tsarin iyali da na hulɗa da juna dangane da abokin ciniki, kuma ya yi amfani da hanyoyin da aka mayar da hankali kan haɗewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giladi |first=Lotem |last2=Bell |first2=Terece S. |date=2013 |title=Protective factors for intergenerational transmission of trauma among second and third generation Holocaust survivors. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0028455 |journal=Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.1037/a0028455 |issn=1942-969X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30556334&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K |date=April 2019 |title=Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]] |volume=28 |issue=7–8 |pages=1100–1113 |doi=10.1111/jocn.14735 |pmid=30556334 |s2cid=58768942}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIsobelGoodyearFurnessFoster2019&quot;&gt;Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K (April 2019). &quot;Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis&quot;. ''[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]]''. '''28''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1100–&lt;/span&gt;1113. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jocn.14735|10.1111/jocn.14735]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30556334 30556334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58768942 58768942].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingantacciyar magani ga waɗanda ke fuskantar raunin da ya faru a lokacin tsararraki kuma tana mai da hankali kan bincika, haɓakawa, da kuma kiyaye abubuwan kariya waɗanda za su iya rage mummunan tasirin raunin da ya faru a lokacin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giladi |first=Lotem |last2=Bell |first2=Terece S. |date=2013 |title=Protective factors for intergenerational transmission of trauma among second and third generation Holocaust survivors. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0028455 |journal=Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.1037/a0028455 |issn=1942-969X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiladiBell2013&quot;&gt;Giladi, Lotem; Bell, Terece S. (2013). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0028455 &quot;Protective factors for intergenerational transmission of trauma among second and third generation Holocaust survivors&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy''. '''5''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;384–&lt;/span&gt;391. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/a0028455|10.1037/a0028455]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1942-969X 1942-969X].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu abubuwan kariya sun haɗa da haɓaka haɗin kai mai aminci tsakanin iyaye da yaro, da kuma samun damar samun hanyoyin tallafi da dama (misali, iyali, takwarorinsu, al'umma). &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin samfuran magani da ke mai da hankali kan dangantakar iyaye da yara shine Tsarin Maganin Rauni Tsakanin Tsarara (ITTM). &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=Katreena L. |last2=Copping |first2=Valerie E. |date=2008 |title=Promising directions for the treatment of complex childhood trauma: The Intergenerational Trauma Treatment Model. |journal=The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=273–283 |doi=10.1037/h0100449 |issn=2155-8655 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ya haɗa da fasaloli da dama daga hanyoyin magani da ake tallafawa ta hanyar gwaji, kamar fallasa raunin da ya faru, sarrafa fahimta da sake fasalin, sarrafa damuwa, da ilimin iyaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; ITTM yana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga yanayin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tsararraki tsakanin tsararraki kuma yana mai da hankali kan ikon iyaye ko mai kula da su don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Haɓaka haɗin kai mai aminci da muhallin gida mai tallafi na iya rage tasirin mummunan tasirin raunin da ya faru a lokacin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30556334&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K |date=April 2019 |title=Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]] |volume=28 |issue=7–8 |pages=1100–1113 |doi=10.1111/jocn.14735 |pmid=30556334 |s2cid=58768942}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIsobelGoodyearFurnessFoster2019&quot;&gt;Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K (April 2019). &quot;Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis&quot;. ''[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]]''. '''28''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1100–&lt;/span&gt;1113. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jocn.14735|10.1111/jocn.14735]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30556334 30556334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58768942 58768942].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma gano cewa wasu hanyoyin magani marasa amfani suna da amfani wajen magance mummunan tasirin raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki. An gano cewa maganin kiɗa wani nau'in magani ne mai tasiri ga waɗanda suka shaida ko suka fuskanci wani mummunan lamari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Beck BD, Lund ST, Søgaard U, Simonsen E, Tellier TC, Cordtz TO, Laier GH, Moe T |date=May 2018 |title=Music therapy versus treatment as usual for refugees diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial |journal=Trials |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13063-018-2662-z |pmc=5977477 |pmid=29848343 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bronson |first=Hannah |last2=Vaudreuil |first2=Rebecca |last3=Bradt |first3=Joke |date=2018-10-31 |title=Music Therapy Treatment of Active Duty Military: An Overview of Intensive Outpatient and Longitudinal Care Programs |journal=Music Therapy Perspectives |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1093/mtp/miy006 |issn=0734-6875 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, an yi nasarar aiwatar da maganin kiɗa tare da sojoji, 'yan gudun hijira da suka ji rauni, da waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abrams |first=Brian |date=2021-05-27 |title=Encountering transgenerational trauma through analytical music therapy |journal=Nordic Journal of Music Therapy |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=197–218 |doi=10.1080/08098131.2020.1853801 |issn=0809-8131 |s2cid=233745526}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, an gano cewa maganin kiɗa na nazari (AMT) yana da tasiri wajen sauƙaƙe wani mataki na warkarwa ta hanyar binciken kai wanda ke rage mummunan tasirin raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; An ba da shawarar labaran warkar da rauni a matsayin nau'in magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Struik A |date=2017 |title=The Trauma Healing Story. Healing Chronically Traumatised Children Through Their Families/Whanau |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=613–626 |doi=10.1002/anzf.1271 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A waje da hanyoyin magani da aka bayyana, an gano cewa kayan aiki da dabaru da dama suna taimakawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki, da kuma rage tasirinsa a tunani. Misali, an yi amfani da Tambayoyin Rubutun Tsarin Halitta (TSQ) don ƙara wa zaman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kwarin gwiwa a matsayin hanyar taimakawa wajen haɓaka sanin tsarin iyali na ciki da na waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fornaro |first=Antonella |date=2019-10-02 |title=In Search of Transgenerational Footprints: The Transgenerational Script Questionnaire |journal=Transactional Analysis Journal |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=308–323 |doi=10.1080/03621537.2019.1650231 |issn=0362-1537 |s2cid=203063217}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gayol |first=Gloria Noriega |date=2019-10-02 |title=Untangling the Family Tree: Using the Transgenerational Script Questionnaire in the Psychotherapy of Transgenerational Trauma |journal=Transactional Analysis Journal |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=279–291 |doi=10.1080/03621537.2019.1650235 |issn=0362-1537 |s2cid=203049629}}&lt;/ref&gt; TSQ yana nufin rubutun tsararraki, waɗanda suke tsarin da ba a sani ba wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin iyalai da ƙungiyoyi, kuma ana ci gaba da shi ta hanyar motsin rai, imani, da halaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Sannan ana amfani da waɗannan rubutun don bincika fahimtar abokin ciniki a ɓoye da bayyane game da yanayin da tsarin iyalinsu yake ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Ta hanyar amfani da TSQ, likitan zai iya jagorantar abokin ciniki don raba abubuwan da kakanninsu suka fuskanta daga nasu. A cikin mafi rikitarwa na raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki, Tsarin Tsarin Rauni da Juriya na Tsarin Halitta (TTRG) zai iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar likitoci don fahimtar da kuma tantance tasirin irin wannan raunin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodman RD |date=2013-12-01 |title=The transgenerational trauma and resilience genogram |journal=Counselling Psychology Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=386–405 |doi=10.1080/09515070.2013.820172 |s2cid=144188999}}&lt;/ref&gt; TTRG tana mai da hankali kan sassa daban-daban da ke ba da gudummawa ga kula da raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki ta hanyar aiwatar da ra'ayi game da raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki, da kuma mai da hankali kan takamaiman damuwa game da siyasa ta zamantakewa. TTRG tana zana taswirar ɓangaren iyali, tana yiwa waɗanda suka fuskanci raunin da suka faru da kuma gogewarsu, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane, da kuma tsarin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Wannan tsari yana ba wa likitoci damar tantance asali da kuma kula da abubuwan da suka faru na raunin da ya faru a cikin tsararraki, wanda a ƙarshe ke ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar magani mai zurfi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A wajen fahimtar yadda ake magance matsalolin da suka shafi haihuwa da haihuwa, yana da muhimmanci a yi la'akari da hanyoyin da al'adu daban-daban ke tasiri kan yadda ake samun ko fahimtar jiyya daban-daban. Duk da cewa hanyoyin da suka shafi haihuwa da haihuwa sun yi daidai a tsakanin al'adu, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin matakin fahimtar al'adun zamantakewa waɗanda za su iya ƙara ta'azzara tasirin raunin da ya shafi haihuwa da haihuwa a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban da aka ware. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=Catherine So-kum}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sirikantraporn |first=Skultip |last2=Green |first2=Julii |date=2016-07-02 |title=Introduction: Multicultural Perspectives of Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment &amp; Trauma |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=559–560 |doi=10.1080/10926771.2016.1194941 |issn=1092-6771 |s2cid=151622401 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali dole ne su haɗa da hangen nesa na al'ada ga kowace hanyar maganin da suka zaɓa don aiwatarwa. Yana da mahimmanci ga masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali su mai da hankali kan kafa tushen aminci da aminci a cikin dangantakar magani, kamar yadda ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke da raunin da ya shafi haihuwa da haihuwa na iya haifar da babban rashin yarda a cikin hulɗar mutane, da kuma rashin amincewa da manyan ƙungiyoyi ko cibiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30556334&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K |date=April 2019 |title=Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]] |volume=28 |issue=7–8 |pages=1100–1113 |doi=10.1111/jocn.14735 |pmid=30556334 |s2cid=58768942}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIsobelGoodyearFurnessFoster2019&quot;&gt;Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K (April 2019). &quot;Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis&quot;. ''[[Journal of Clinical Nursing]]''. '''28''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1100–&lt;/span&gt;1113. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jocn.14735|10.1111/jocn.14735]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30556334 30556334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58768942 58768942].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sukar raunin da aka gada ta hanyar epigenetics ==
Wani samfurin da aka ƙi amincewa da shi ya nuna cewa raunin da iyaye ke fuskanta za a iya gada shi ta hanyar tsarin halittar halittu na epigenetic . Duk da cewa an yi ta yaɗa ra'ayin sosai a kafofin watsa labarai, amma ba a tabbatar da shi da hujjoji masu ƙarfi ba. 

Bincike a kan beraye ya nuna cewa ana iya ganin canje-canjen epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da axis na [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal]] (HPA), wanda ke daidaita tsarin amsawar damuwa na jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ |date=August 2004 |title=Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior |journal=[[Nature Neuroscience]] |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=847–854 |doi=10.1038/nn1276 |pmid=15220929 |s2cid=1649281}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Roth2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth TL, Sweatt JD |date=March 2011 |title=Epigenetic marking of the BDNF gene by early-life adverse experiences |journal=Hormones and Behavior |series=Special Issue: Behavioral Epigenetics |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=315–320 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.05.005 |pmc=2948595 |pmid=20483357}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stenze2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stenz L, Schechter DS, Serpa SR, Paoloni-Giacobino A |date=December 2018 |title=Intergenerational Transmission of DNA Methylation Signatures Associated with Early Life Stress |journal=Current Genomics |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=665–675 |doi=10.2174/1389202919666171229145656 |pmc=6225454 |pmid=30532646}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStenzSchechterSerpaPaoloni-Giacobino2018&quot;&gt;Stenz L, Schechter DS, Serpa SR, Paoloni-Giacobino A (December 2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6225454 &quot;Intergenerational Transmission of DNA Methylation Signatures Associated with Early Life Stress&quot;]. ''Current Genomics''. '''19''' (8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;665–&lt;/span&gt;675. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2174/1389202919666171229145656|10.2174/1389202919666171229145656]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6225454 6225454]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30532646 30532646].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma yi nazarin canje-canjen epigenetic da ba a gada ba dangane da damuwa a cikin birai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sanchez MM |date=November 2006 |title=The impact of early adverse care on HPA axis development: nonhuman primate models |journal=Hormones and Behavior |series=Translational Topics in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=623–631 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.012 |pmid=16914153 |s2cid=28263262}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yawancin tasirin epigenetic ba a yada su ga tsara mai zuwa ba, kuma yawancin canja wurin bayanai a cikin tsararraki ba ya haɗa da gadon epigenetic. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18767965&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngson NA, Whitelaw E |date=2008 |title=Transgenerational epigenetic effects |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=9 |pages=233–257 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164445 |pmid=18767965 |s2cid=2611836}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar masanin ilmin kwayoyin halitta Kevin Mitchell, &quot;a gaskiya waɗannan da'awar ba ta da ban mamaki, kuma ana ci gaba da su ne bisa ga shaidar da ba ta dace da ta yau da kullun ba.&quot; Ya ce &quot;Wannan cuta ce a kimiyyar zamani: da zarar da'awar ta zama mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki kuma a bayyane take ta juyin juya hali, to, ƙarancin shaidar da aka gina ta a kai, lokacin da akasin haka ya kamata ta zama gaskiya.&quot;  Mitchell ya ƙara da cewa mutane da yawa sun kalli hakan a matsayin &quot;fita daga katin kyauta na kwayoyin halitta&quot; kuma ya ƙara da cewa, &quot;Ina tsammanin mutane ba sa son ra'ayin, wasu mutane ko ta yaya, cewa an haife mu da wasu abubuwan da ke da wahalar canzawa.&quot; Ya ce abubuwan da suka faru ana bayyana su ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin neuroanatomy na ɗan adam, ba tsarin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta ba kuma ya ce masana kimiyya a wannan fanni sun ba da gudummawa ga binciken da ba shi da tushe a wannan fanni: &quot;Akwai masana'antar hayaniya a kusa da kimiyya, wanda ina tsammanin yana da illa. Kuma ina tsammanin masana kimiyya suna son shiga cikin sa ta hanyar da na ga yana da matuƙar ƙyama ga yadda jama'a ke fahimtar kimiyya saboda muna da wannan hayaniya koyaushe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKenna C |date=April 2020 |title=Kevin Mitchell |journal=BJPsych Bulletin |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=81–83 |doi=10.1192/bjb.2020.18 |pmc=7283122 |pmid=33858525}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcKenna2020&quot;&gt;McKenna C (April 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7283122 &quot;Kevin Mitchell&quot;]. ''BJPsych Bulletin''. '''44''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;81–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1192/bjb.2020.18|10.1192/bjb.2020.18]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7283122 7283122]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33858525 33858525].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ilimin halittu Ewan Birney ya soki wani takarda da ta yi amfani da samfurin mutum 32 don tallafawa ikirarinta cewa yaran da suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi sun nuna shaidar damuwa ta gado. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Daskalakis NP, Bierer LM, Bader HN, Klengel T, Holsboer F, Binder EB |date=September 2016 |title=Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=372–380 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005 |pmid=26410355 |s2cid=3522658 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi jayayya cewa wata hanyar gadon epigenetic a cikin mutane har yanzu ba ta da tabbas saboda wasu abubuwa da yawa masu tasiri ciki har da &quot;ƙarfin al'umma mai rikitarwa waɗanda ke ci gaba da wanzuwa akan lokaci&quot;, da kuma gaskiyar cewa mata masu tasowa na ɗan adam sun riga sun sami dukkan ƙwai a matsayin tayi a cikin mahaifa, kuma a ƙarshe cewa a tsawon rayuwar mutum ɗaya tasirin epigenetic ya kasance mai tasiri sosai har &quot;ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyin epigenetic&quot; shine abin da ke sa ƙwayoyin halittarmu iri ɗaya su bambanta zuwa takamaiman siffofinsu. Bugu da ƙari, har ma a cikin beraye, inda za a iya sarrafa waɗannan tasirin masu rikitarwa, &quot;gadon epigenetic na gaske na tsararraki yana da matuƙar wuya.&quot; 

Wani bita na 2026 da ya yi nazari kan gadon da aka samu bayan tashin hankali (PTSD) da kuma raunin da ya shafi yaƙi ya tabbatar da waɗannan iyakokin hanyoyin da aka bi a cikin wallafe-wallafen ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Džaferović-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Džaferović |first=Nerma |last2=Ašić |first2=Adna |date=December 2026 |title=Genetic heritage of war: exploring transgenerational inheritance of PTSD and its molecular background |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 |url-status=live |journal=[[Mammalian Genome]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 |pmid=41526709 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 April 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDžaferovićAšić2026&quot;&gt;Džaferović, Nerma; Ašić, Adna (December 2026). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2 &quot;Genetic heritage of war: exploring transgenerational inheritance of PTSD and its molecular background&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Mammalian Genome]]''. '''37''' (1). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2|10.1007/s00335-025-10192-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41526709 41526709]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa wasu nazarce-nazarce sun ba da rahoton bambancin methylation na DNA a cikin kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da damuwa (kamar ''FKBP5'', ''NR3C1'', ''NR3C2'', da ''BDNF'' ) tsakanin iyaye ko 'ya'yan da aka fallasa ga yaƙi ko kisan kare dangi, sakamakon a faɗin fagen ya kasance ba daidai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Džaferović-2026&quot; /&gt; Masu bitar sun kammala da cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da ainihin gadon epigenetic da sanadinsa ba, saboda yawancin nazarin ɗan adam da ake da su suna da iyaka sosai ta hanyar ƙananan girma na samfura, ƙira-sassa, da rashin iya sarrafa yadda ya kamata ga masu canjin yanayi da na zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Džaferović-2026&quot; /&gt;

Domin magance cece-kucen da ke ci gaba da haifar da matsaloli da kuma matsaloli a cikin samfuran dabbobi masu shayarwa, wallafe-wallafen da aka buga kwanan nan sun gabatar da tsauraran tsare-tsare na tabbatarwa. Wani bita na 2025 da ya binciki yaduwar kwayoyin halittar jijiyoyi da aka samu a cikin tsararraki ya jaddada cewa kafa ainihin gadon epigenetic na rauni yana buƙatar shawo kan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rudani, gami da kulawar bayan haihuwa, yanayin mahaifar uwa, da kuma sake tsara epigenetic na duniya wanda ke goge yawancin methylation na DNA a lokacin ci gaban tayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abou Merhi |first=Anas |last2=Sivan |first2=Vivek |last3=Koueik |first3=Joyce |last4=Walsh |first4=Alexandra |last5=Papale |first5=Ligia A. |last6=Alisch |first6=Reid S. |last7=Hogan |first7=Kirk |last8=Iskandar |first8=Bermans J. |date=December 2025 |title=Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 |url-status=live |journal=[[Neurochemistry International]] |volume=191 |doi=10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbou_MerhiSivanKoueikWalsh2025&quot;&gt;Abou Merhi, Anas; Sivan, Vivek; Koueik, Joyce; Walsh, Alexandra; Papale, Ligia A.; Alisch, Reid S.; Hogan, Kirk; Iskandar, Bermans J. (December 2025). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 &quot;Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights&quot;]. ''[[Neurochemistry International]]''. '''191''' 106088. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088|10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt; Marubutan sun yi suka game da yadda ake amfani da kalmar &quot;transgenerational&quot; akai-akai a cikin littattafan rauni, suna lura cewa bincike da yawa suna haɗa shi da gadon &quot;tsakanin tsararraki&quot; - inda tayin F1 ko ƙwayoyin halittar F2 ke fuskantar damuwa kai tsaye ga mahaifiya ''a cikin mahaifa'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot; /&gt; Domin tabbatar da cewa halayen da suka shafi ɗabi'a ko damuwa an gada su ta hanyar halittar jini maimakon ta zamantakewa ko ta hanyar halitta, an ba da shawarar cewa masu bincike su cika ƙa'idodi masu tsauri: yanayin halittar da alamomin kwayoyin halitta masu dacewa dole ne su ci gaba har zuwa tsararraki marasa fallasa (tsarin F2 don fallasa ga uba, ko F3 ga uwa), dole ne a ware yaduwar zuwa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ƙirar binciken dole ne ta yi amfani da cikakken iko kamar hadi da kuma takin zamani ''a cikin vitro'' don hana yaduwar muhalli. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin lura na ɗan adam ba makawa suna cikin rudani ta hanyar yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, da ayyukan iyaye, waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon ko ɓoye gadon epigenetic cikin sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abou Merhi |first=Anas |last2=Sivan |first2=Vivek |last3=Koueik |first3=Joyce |last4=Walsh |first4=Alexandra |last5=Papale |first5=Ligia A. |last6=Alisch |first6=Reid S. |last7=Hogan |first7=Kirk |last8=Iskandar |first8=Bermans J. |date=December 2025 |title=Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 |url-status=live |journal=[[Neurochemistry International]] |volume=191 |doi=10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbou_MerhiSivanKoueikWalsh2025&quot;&gt;Abou Merhi, Anas; Sivan, Vivek; Koueik, Joyce; Walsh, Alexandra; Papale, Ligia A.; Alisch, Reid S.; Hogan, Kirk; Iskandar, Bermans J. (December 2025). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018625001615 &quot;Transgenerational non-genomic transmission of acquired nervous system Phenotypes: Narrative review and epigenetic insights&quot;]. ''[[Neurochemistry International]]''. '''191''' 106088. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088|10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106088]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: url-status ([[:Category:CS1 maint: url-status|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt; Bitar ta kuma yi gargaɗi game da haɗarin ɗabi'a da zamantakewa na danganta raunin tabin hankali ko fahimta ga raunin epigenetic na kakanninmu; yin hakan ba tare da ingantaccen hujja na injiniya ba yana haifar da ƙyama ga iyalai ko zargin tsararraki da suka gabata ba daidai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abou Merhi-2025&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ngonye</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1126261533|Ngonye Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ngonye Falls''', tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara ginawa a fadin [[Kogin Zambezi]] a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Tashar wutar lantarki za ta sami matsakaicin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|180|MW}} idan aka haɓaka shi gaba ɗaya. Za a sayar da makamashin ga ZESCO a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=EleQtra |date=March 2021 |title=Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia |url=https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=EleQtra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya masa suna ne bayan [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|magudanar ruwa ta Ngonye]] da ke kusa.

== Wuri ==
Za a gina tashar wutar lantarki a gabashin [[kogin Zambezi]], kusa da garin [[Sioma]], a gundumar Sioma da ke lardin yammacin Zambia. Sioma tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|175|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu da birnin Mongu, babban birnin lardin. 

Wannan kimanin {{Convert|140|km|0}} ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin garin [[Sesheke]] a kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da Caprivi Strip na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . 

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance nau'in ruwa mai gudana daga kogi, ba tare da madatsar ruwa mai toshewa ko babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ba. {{Convert|3|km|0}} magudanar ruwa a gefen yammacin kogin Zambezi za ta karkatar da ruwan da ke gudana cikin sauri zuwa tashar wutar lantarki, inda ruwan zai juya injinan turbines don samar da wutar lantarki. Sabuwar hanyar watsa wutar lantarki mai karfin kilo 220Volt za ta isar da wutar lantarki zuwa garin Sesheke da ke kan iyaka, inda makamashin zai shiga layin wutar lantarki na kasa. Yayin da aka yi niyyar amfani da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a lardin Yammacin Zambia, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya fitarwa ga membobin Tafkin Wutar Lantarki na Kudancin Afirka . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ngonye Falls wacce ake ginawa, mallakar ''Western Power Company Limited ce'' kuma ana sa ran za ta kula da kuma sarrafa ta, kamfanin kera motoci na musamman wanda ƙungiyar masu zuba jari a tashar wutar lantarki ta kafa. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna membobin ƙungiyar . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=EleQtra |date=March 2021 |title=Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia |url=https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=EleQtra.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEleQtra2021&quot;&gt;EleQtra (March 2021). [https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/ &quot;Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia&quot;]. ''EleQtra.com''. London, United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=InfraCo Africa |date=September 2021 |title=Zambia: Western Power: Harnessing the power of waterfalls |url=https://infracoafrica.com/project/western-power/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=InfraCo.Africa.com |place=London, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ngonye Falls''', tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara ginawa a fadin [[Kogin Zambezi]] a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Tashar wutar lantarki za ta sami matsakaicin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|180|MW}} idan aka haɓaka shi gaba ɗaya. Za a sayar da makamashin ga ZESCO a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki ta dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=EleQtra |date=March 2021 |title=Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia |url=https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=EleQtra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya masa suna ne bayan [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|magudanar ruwa ta Ngonye]] da ke kusa.

== Wuri ==
Za a gina tashar wutar lantarki a gabashin [[kogin Zambezi]], kusa da garin [[Sioma]], a gundumar Sioma da ke lardin yammacin Zambia. Sioma tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|175|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu da birnin Mongu, babban birnin lardin. 

Wannan kimanin {{Convert|140|km|0}} ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin garin [[Sesheke]] a kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da Caprivi Strip na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . 

== Bayani ==
Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance nau'in ruwa mai gudana daga kogi, ba tare da madatsar ruwa mai toshewa ko babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ba. {{Convert|3|km|0}} magudanar ruwa a gefen yammacin kogin Zambezi za ta karkatar da ruwan da ke gudana cikin sauri zuwa tashar wutar lantarki, inda ruwan zai juya injinan turbines don samar da wutar lantarki. Sabuwar hanyar watsa wutar lantarki mai karfin kilo 220Volt za ta isar da wutar lantarki zuwa garin Sesheke da ke kan iyaka, inda makamashin zai shiga layin wutar lantarki na kasa. Yayin da aka yi niyyar amfani da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a lardin Yammacin Zambia, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya fitarwa ga membobin Tafkin Wutar Lantarki na Kudancin Afirka . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ngonye Falls wacce ake ginawa, mallakar ''Western Power Company Limited ce'' kuma ana sa ran za ta kula da kuma sarrafa ta, kamfanin kera motoci na musamman wanda ƙungiyar masu zuba jari a tashar wutar lantarki ta kafa. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna membobin ƙungiyar . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=EleQtra |date=March 2021 |title=Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia |url=https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=EleQtra.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEleQtra2021&quot;&gt;EleQtra (March 2021). [https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/ &quot;Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia&quot;]. ''EleQtra.com''. London, United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=InfraCo Africa |date=September 2021 |title=Zambia: Western Power: Harnessing the power of waterfalls |url=https://infracoafrica.com/project/western-power/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=InfraCo.Africa.com |place=London, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Valencia</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345094152|Valencia Theatre]]&quot;</comment>
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'''[[Theatre|gidan wasan kwaikwayo]] na Valencia''' (tsohon Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Loew) coci ne kuma tsohon gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 165-11 Jamaica Avenue a unguwar Jamaica ta Queens, Birnin New York . John Eberson ne ya tsara shi a matsayin fadar fim, an buɗe shi a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1929, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Loew mai ban mamaki guda biyar a yankin Birnin New York. Gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya mamaye Tabernacle of Prayer for All People tun 1977. Alamar da aka tsara a Birnin New York ce.

The Valencia Theatre occupies an L-shaped site and is divided into two sections: the lobby section and the auditorium. The lobby section, decorated in a Spanish and Mexican [[Baroque]] style, has an elaborate brick-and-terracotta facade with a marquee and ornate finials. The entrance leads to a lobby and foyer, which are also decorated in Spanish styles. The auditorium has 3,500 seats on two levels, with an elaborately decorated proscenium arch, walls, and ceilings. Like the other Wonder Theaters, the Valencia Theatre featured a &quot;Wonder Morton&quot; theater pipe organ manufactured by the Robert Morton Organ Company, though the organ has since been removed.

In December 1926, the builder Ralph Riccardo acquired the site and leased it to Paramount-Publix. Allied Owners Inc. took over the theater site and developed it starting in 1928, leasing the venue to Loew's Theatres. The Valencia Theatre originally presented films and live shows, and it had a regional monopoly on the first runs of films. The live shows were discontinued within five years of the theater's opening. The theater slowly declined after World War II, and it closed in June 1977 due to high costs and low attendance. The Tabernacle of Prayer took over the theater for a nominal fee and spent $250,000 on renovations, moving into the theater in October 1977. Since then, the Valencia has functioned as a church. Over the years, the theater has been praised for its architecture.

== Description ==
The Valencia Theatre is located at 165-11 Jamaica Avenue in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens, New York City.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; It consists of a narrow lobby section along Jamaica Avenue, as well as an auditorium and stage house in the rear.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; The L-shaped site wraps around another building at 165-17 Jamaica Avenue (on the northwest corner of Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Boulevard), extending half the length of the block toward 89th Avenue. The building has a frontage of {{Convert|39.4|ft}} on Jamaica Avenue to the south and {{Convert|210|ft}} on Merrick Boulevard to the east.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; The theater abuts the 165th Street Bus Terminal immediately to the north.

The theater was one of five Loew's Wonder Theatres in the New York City area, along with the Jersey Theatre in Jersey City, the 175th Street Theatre in Manhattan, the Paradise Theatre in the Bronx, and the Kings Theatre in Brooklyn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Nathaniel |date=January 16, 2015 |title=Across the New York Area, Restoring 'Wonder Theater' Movie Palaces to Glory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/nyregion/across-the-new-york-area-restoring-wonder-theater-movie-palaces-to-glory.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126083319/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/nyregion/across-the-new-york-area-restoring-wonder-theater-movie-palaces-to-glory.html |archive-date=November 26, 2023 |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Paradise and Valencia, along with the [[Lane Theater (Staten Island)|Lane Theater]] on Staten Island, are the only atmospheric theaters in New York City designed by John Eberson.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray a994&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=November 19, 2006 |title=Loew's Paradise Is Once Again Worthy of Its Name |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/realestate/19scap.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202224417/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/realestate/19scap.html |archive-date=December 2, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly to the Paradise Theatre, the Valencia is decorated in a Spanish style.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=March 11, 2007 |title=The Kings Is Dead! Long Live the Kings! |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/realestate/11SCAP.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110071510/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/realestate/11SCAP.html |archive-date=November 10, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Facade ===
The brick-and-terracotta facade is decorated in a Spanish and Mexican [[Baroque]] style,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maurer 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maurer |first=Daniel |date=December 4, 2005 |title=Now Showing: God |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217005116/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; similarly to the facades of the Indiana Theatre in Indianapolis and the Majestic Theatre in [[San Antonio]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; The metal-and-glass doors are recessed slightly from the facade, and an octagonal ticket booth protrudes from the middle of the entrance. The booth has cast metal columns topped by finials, as well as a fret motif near the bottom. The doors are flanked by volutes, which support a metal panel with foliate decorations on its soffit, though both the volutes and panel are covered by signage. There is a marquee above the entrance, which originally spelled the name &quot;Loew's Valencia&quot; and had decorative motifs made of zinc; the marquee has also been covered up.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The upper stories of the Jamaica Avenue facade are clad with yellow brick and are divided vertically into three bays.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are terracotta decorations such as cherub heads.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maurer 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maurer |first=Daniel |date=December 4, 2005 |title=Now Showing: God |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217005116/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMaurer2005&quot;&gt;Maurer, Daniel (December 4, 2005). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-limited&quot; title=&quot;Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html &quot;Now Showing: God&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211217005116/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html Archived] from the original on December 17, 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In the outer bays, the bricks are laid in a diaper pattern, with protruding bricks that form diagonal lines; there are lighter-colored bricks where the diagonal lines intersect. There are also lancet windows in the outer bays at the second story. The center bay has a large opening with a terracotta frame, which is divided into a central window measuring five panes wide and a pair of outer windows each measuring two panes wide. The terracotta pilasters on either side contain decorations like swags, cherubs' heads, volutes, and half-shells. Above the outer windows are spiral volutes, which in turn flank a central window with a curved gable. The gable is topped by terracotta panels with floral motifs and sphinxes. At the top of the facade is an elaborate curving parapet, with three finials above the center bay and a single finial above each of the outer bays. A vertical sign is also attached to the facade.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Jamaica_Queens_Nov_2025_132.jpg|thumb|The Merrick Boulevard elevation]]
The Merrick Boulevard and northern elevations are also visible from the street.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; On Merrick Boulevard, the facade is made mostly of red and black brick, although the water table at the bottom of the facade is made of stone. Some of the bricks are laid so that their header surfaces face outward; these bricks are stacked vertically to give the impression of rectangular brick panels. There is a fire stair leading from the balcony level, as well as an emergency-exit doorway with six doors at ground level near the south end of the facade. At ground level, the middle of the Merrick Boulevard facade contains a brick niche, with a grate leading to a sidewalk vault; in addition, there are three rectangular blind openings and two more emergency-exit doors. The northern end of the Merrick Boulevard facade has two archways, as well as a two-story service annex with a garage door and windows.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; The northern elevation is also covered in red and brown brick, with rectangular brick panels; the service annex protrudes from the bottom of the northern elevation. There is a water tower atop the building, which is visible from the north.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Interior ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;The interior is adorned in Spanish Colonial and pre–Columbian styles,&lt;ref name=&quot;cinematreasures.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loew's Valencia Theatre in Jamaica, NY |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622051401/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 |archive-date=June 22, 2011 |access-date=September 5, 2015 |website=[[Cinema Treasures]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; with a gold, ruby, cobalt, and turquoise color scheme.&lt;ref name=&quot;xanadus&quot; /&gt; The main lobby measured {{Convert|50|by|100|ft}} across, and its ceiling was nearly four stories high. The center of the ceiling was flat, while the sides of the ceiling were splayed outward, with trusses made of iron and wood. Pieces of Spanish pottery were placed in niches on either side of the lobby.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 29, 1928 |title=New Jamaica Theatre Ready |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=64 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A marble-and-wrought iron staircase ascended from the lobby, and there was a stone fountain with multicolored tiles next to the stair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt; Next to the lobby was a two-story foyer with Spanish-style columns supporting a set of arches and a vaulted ceiling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt; The foyer was illuminated by soft blue lamps&lt;ref name=&quot;Kahn 1971&quot; /&gt; and also had a carpet.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Herald Tribune 1929&quot; /&gt; There was also a goldfish pond in the foyer.&lt;ref name=&quot;xanadus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=April 13, 2001 |title=Xanadus Rise to a Higher Calling |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214180952/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The auditorium itself seats around 3,500 people&lt;ref name=&quot;Topousis 1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Topousis |first=Tom |date=August 8, 1985 |title=Born-Again Buildings |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Newsday |pages=164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169] |language=en-US |issn=2574-5298}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|According to {{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999|page=10}}, contemporary news sources cite the theater as having about 4,000 seats,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 10&quot; /&gt; a claim also repeated in a 1986 ''New York Daily News'' article.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2, 1986 |title=Pastor Washington to Be Memorialized |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-pastor-washington-to-be-memor/159750435/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |first=Jack |last=Leahy |page=116 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |language=en-US }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Theatre Historical Society of America]] and a 1987 ''New York Times'' article cite 3,554 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 10&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999|ps=.|page=10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |title=Movie Theaters: Facts and Figures |website=The New York Times |date=June 26, 1987 |url-access=limited |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/26/movies/movie-theaters-facts-and-figures.html |access-date=November 25, 2024 |archive-date=February 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227202252/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/26/movies/movie-theaters-facts-and-figures.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} and is decorated to resemble a Spanish garden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 29, 1928 |title=New Jamaica Theatre Ready |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=64 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ &quot;New Jamaica Theatre Ready&quot;]. ''Times Union''. December 29, 1928. p.&amp;nbsp;64&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The seats are split across an orchestra level and a balcony,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; with 2,500 seats on the orchestra level.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shepard 1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shepard |first=Richard F. |date=March 9, 1978 |title=Loew's Valencia in Queens. Goes From Movie House to House of God |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112225557/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The auditorium walls are adorned with statues, parapets, and towers, asymmetrically arranged, while the ceiling remains unadorned. The proscenium arch is decorated in a Spanish style and is topped by a large niche with a sculpture inside.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt; There are smaller backlit arches on either side of the central niche above the proscenium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray 1990&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt; The side walls have decorations such as windows, railings, balconies, and turrets, which were intended to give the appearance of 17th-century Spanish buildings.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shepard 1978&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Topousis 1985&quot; /&gt; The decorations are arranged in sloped tiers and are designed in the Churrigueresque style.&lt;ref name=&quot;xanadus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=April 13, 2001 |title=Xanadus Rise to a Higher Calling |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214180952/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunlap2001&quot;&gt;Dunlap, David W. (April 13, 2001). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-limited&quot; title=&quot;Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html &quot;Xanadus Rise to a Higher Calling&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211214180952/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html Archived] from the original on December 14, 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 7,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Statues of nude figures are placed high above the walls.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shepard 1978&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leahy 1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Jack |date=February 26, 1978 |title=Church Faithful to Decor of Old Valencia Theater |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-church-faithful-to-decor-of-o/159747383/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=New York Daily News |page=397 |language=en-US |issn=2692-1251}}&lt;/ref&gt; On either side of the proscenium is an organ loft.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt;

The rear walls of the organ loft are painted blue to resemble the sky,&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 29, 1928 |title=New Jamaica Theatre Ready |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=64 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ &quot;New Jamaica Theatre Ready&quot;]. ''Times Union''. December 29, 1928. p.&amp;nbsp;64&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and the ceiling is mostly painted blue, giving the impression that the auditorium is open-air.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=James |last2=Murray |first2=Karla |date=November 6, 2018 |title=Behind the Scenes at Queens' Loew's Valencia, once the most successful Wonder Theatre in NYC |url=https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004185044/https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ |archive-date=October 4, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=6sqft}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceiling also has painted stars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray 2018&quot; /&gt; There was also a cloud machine, which generated cloud-like mists that moved across the ceiling, but the machine had broken down by the 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leahy 1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Jack |date=February 26, 1978 |title=Church Faithful to Decor of Old Valencia Theater |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-church-faithful-to-decor-of-o/159747383/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=New York Daily News |page=397 |language=en-US |issn=2692-1251}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy1978&quot;&gt;Leahy, Jack (February 26, 1978). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-church-faithful-to-decor-of-o/159747383/ &quot;Church Faithful to Decor of Old Valencia Theater&quot;]. ''New York Daily News''. p.&amp;nbsp;397. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251 2692-1251]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Three chandeliers were hung from the ceiling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kahn 1971&quot; /&gt; A fourth chandelier with 360 lights, measuring {{Convert|15|ft}} across and {{Convert|18.5|ft}} high, was installed in the 1970s; this chandelier was imported from Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leahy 1978&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shepard 1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shepard |first=Richard F. |date=March 9, 1978 |title=Loew's Valencia in Queens. Goes From Movie House to House of God |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112225557/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShepard1978&quot;&gt;Shepard, Richard F. (March 9, 1978). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html &quot;Loew's Valencia in Queens. Goes From Movie House to House of God&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241112225557/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html Archived] from the original on November 12, 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 11,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Like the other Wonder Theaters, the Loew's Valencia Theatre featured a &quot;Wonder Morton&quot; theater pipe organ manufactured by the Robert Morton Organ Company.&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists 1929&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1929 |title=Loew's Valencia Theatre |url=https://www.nycago.org/Organs/Qns/html/LoewsValenciaTheatre.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721163622/http://www.nycago.org/Organs/Qns/html/LoewsValenciaTheatre.html |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists}}&lt;/ref&gt; The organ featured a console with 4 manuals and 23 ranks of pipes.&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists 1929&quot; /&gt; The organ was disassembled in the 1960s&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=James |last2=Murray |first2=Karla |date=November 6, 2018 |title=Behind the Scenes at Queens' Loew's Valencia, once the most successful Wonder Theatre in NYC |url=https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004185044/https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ |archive-date=October 4, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=6sqft}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMurrayMurray2018&quot;&gt;Murray, James; Murray, Karla (November 6, 2018). [https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ &quot;Behind the Scenes at Queens' Loew's Valencia, once the most successful Wonder Theatre in NYC&quot;]. ''6sqft''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241004185044/https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ Archived] from the original on October 4, 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and relocated to the Balboa Theatre in [[San Diego]], where it was restored and debuted in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;cinematreasures.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loew's Valencia Theatre in Jamaica, NY |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622051401/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 |archive-date=June 22, 2011 |access-date=September 5, 2015 |website=[[Cinema Treasures]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 &quot;Loew's Valencia Theatre in Jamaica, NY&quot;]. ''[[Cinema Treasures]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622051401/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 Archived] from the original on June 22, 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ATOS: Balboa Theatre |url=http://www.atos.org/Balboa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110325/http://www.atos.org/Balboa |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=September 6, 2015 |website=www.atos.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[Fayil:Jamaica_Tabernackle_of_Prayer;_2019-11-21.jpg|thumb|The front of the theater seen from Jamaica Avenue]]
Movie palaces became common in the 1920s between the end of World War I and the beginning of the Great Depression.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL (2016) pp. 5–6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the New York City area, only a small number of operators were involved in the construction of movie palaces. These theaters' designers included the legitimate-theater architects Thomas W. Lamb, C. Howard Crane, and John Eberson.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL (2016) pp. 5–6&quot; /&gt; By the late 1920s, numerous movie palaces were being developed in outlying neighborhoods in New York City; previously, the city's movie palaces had been concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. The five Wonder Theatres were developed by Loew's Inc., which at the time was competing with Paramount-Publix. In 1927, Loew's president Nicholas Schenck agreed to take over five sites from Paramount-Publix, in exchange for agreeing not to build competing theaters in Chicago; these five sites became the Wonder Theatres.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS p. 16&quot; /&gt;

=== Development and opening ===
In December 1926, the builder Ralph Riccardo acquired a {{Convert|140|by|206|ft}} site at the northwest corner of Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Road (now Merrick Boulevard) from A. L. Werner and Steuart/Hirschman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 26, 1926 |title=Jamaica Parcel Brings Big Price |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-jamaica-parcel-brings-big/159492803/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |page=39 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a contemporary advertisement, the site had previously contained a wooden residence. Riccardo soon sold half of the site to Paramount-Publix,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1927&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 20, 1927 |title=Office Building to Adjoin Theatre |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-office-building/159493318/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=46 |language=en-US |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=April 10, 1927 |title=Plans Office Building Near Big Theatre |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-plans-office-building-near-b/159493014/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; which reportedly paid $1 million for the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=5}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In exchange, Paramount-Publix was required to build a theater on the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 12, 1928 |title=Largest Jamaica Structure Rapidly Nearing Completion |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-largest-jamaica/159496324/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=38 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allied Owners Inc., which was established in 1927 to develop the Kings, Paramount, Pitkin, and Valencia theaters,&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times 1933&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2, 1933 |title=Zukor Tells of Aid by Allied Owners; He Appears as Witness in Ex- amination of Bankrupt Concern in Brooklyn. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111004910/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; took over the site at Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Road&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1935&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=35}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; as part of an agreement with Paramount.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1934&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=7, 25}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In March 1927, Paramount-Publix announced that it would build a theater at Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Road.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=4, 14}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The Jamaica theater was planned to cost $2.25 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 20, 1927 |title=Auditorium Seating 3,920 Is to Have No Balcony Overhang |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-auditorium-seating-3920-is/159491177/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=19 |language=en-US |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=March 26, 1927 |title=$2,500,000 Theatre Planned for Flatbush |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-2500000-theatre-planned-for/159491613/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Chat |page=73 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; with about 2,500 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=14}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The theater was one of nine that Paramount-Publix planned to develop in outlying New York City neighborhoods, though the company later dropped plans for four of the other theaters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=4}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Riccardo also hired Rapp and Rapp to develop a six-story commercial building abutting the theater.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1927&quot; /&gt;

Paramount-Publix reassigned its leases of the Kings, Pitkin, and Valencia theaters to Loew's in November 1927.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1934&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=7, 25}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Pictures: Paramount Retains B'klyn Par For 20 Yrs. as Part of $23,644,255 Claim Settlement with Allied Corp&quot;. ''Variety''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;116, no.&amp;nbsp;10. November 20, 1934. pp.&amp;nbsp;7, 25. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1475806627 1475806627].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Loew's took over the site in February 1928, after the blueprints had been approved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=15}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Loew's was still required to develop the site as a theater.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 12, 1928 |title=Largest Jamaica Structure Rapidly Nearing Completion |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-largest-jamaica/159496324/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=38 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-largest-jamaica/159496324/ &quot;Largest Jamaica Structure Rapidly Nearing Completion&quot;]. ''The Brooklyn Daily Times''. August 12, 1928. p.&amp;nbsp;38&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For the theater's construction, Loew's Inc. agreed to pay Allied Owners Inc. $19,000 a month for 181 months, in exchange for receiving financing from Allied Owners Inc.,&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times 1933&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2, 1933 |title=Zukor Tells of Aid by Allied Owners; He Appears as Witness in Ex- amination of Bankrupt Concern in Brooklyn. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111004910/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html &quot;Zukor Tells of Aid by Allied Owners; He Appears as Witness in Ex- amination of Bankrupt Concern in Brooklyn&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New York Times''. November 2, 1933. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241111004910/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html Archived] from the original on November 11, 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 11,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and Paramount-Publix agreed to guarantee the Valencia Theatre's construction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooklyn Eagle 1934&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 18, 1934 |title=Allied Owners Files Its Plan to Reorganize |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-allied-owners-files-its-p/158810495/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111010840/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-allied-owners-files-its-p/158810495/ |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |page=3 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loew's Inc. was to have taken ownership of the property in 1945, once the bonds had been paid off.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1935&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=35}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Pictures: Valencia, Jamaica, Kings and Pitkin, B'klyn, 100% Loew's&quot;. ''Variety''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;119, no.&amp;nbsp;7. July 31, 1935. p.&amp;nbsp;35. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1475846228 1475846228].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Loew's announced in early 1928 that it would begin constructing four of the theaters, including the theater in Jamaica.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=14}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Pictures: Loew's 4 New N.Y. Neighb'hoods; 1st Presentations in Suburbs&quot;. ''Variety''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;90, no.&amp;nbsp;6. February 22, 1928. p.&amp;nbsp;14. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1475748363 1475748363].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The Thompson-Starrett Company began erecting the theater in June 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot; /&gt; John Eberson's son Drew, who assisted in the theater's construction, sketched out the stars on the auditorium's ceiling by copying an issue of ''National Geographic'' magazine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Topousis 1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Topousis |first=Tom |date=August 8, 1985 |title=Born-Again Buildings |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Newsday |pages=164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169] |language=en-US |issn=2574-5298}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTopousis1985&quot;&gt;Topousis, Tom (August 8, 1985). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ &quot;Born-Again Buildings&quot;]. ''Newsday''. pp.&amp;nbsp;164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-5298 2574-5298]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; By that August, the theater was known as the Valencia;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1928&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Daily News 1928&quot; /&gt; this name, derived from Spanish, was chosen because it sounded exotic.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot; /&gt; The theater was to be Long Island's largest cinema with 4,000 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1928&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Daily News 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 25, 1928 |title=Occupancy of Huge Jamaica Building Near |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-occupancy-of-huge-jamaica-bui/159496768/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=New York Daily News |page=77 |language=en-US |issn=2692-1251}}&lt;/ref&gt; A furniture store, Ludwig Baumann &amp; Co., leased the neighboring commercial building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 25, 1928 |title=Ludwig Baumann Co. Leases Six-Story Jamaica Building |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-ludwig-baumann/159496622/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=6 |language=en-US |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 1, 1928 |title=Ludwig Baumann &amp; Co. Take Lease of Jamaica Building |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-ludwig-baumann-co-take-lease/159496672/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Chat |page=5 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Valencia opened on January 12, 1929,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooklyn Eagle 1929&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 1929 |title=Loew's Valencia Theater Has Opening in Jamaica |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-loews-valencia-theater-h/159501642/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |page=57 |language=en-US |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=January 13, 1929 |title=New Valencia Theatre, Loew House, Opens |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-new-valencia-theatr/159500909/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Citizen |page=12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was the first of the five Wonder Theaters to be completed. Its first-ever patron had waited several hours to buy her ticket. Loew's invited officials from every town and reporters from every newspaper on Long Island to the theater's dedication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 11, 1929 |title=Valencia Theatre All Ready For Its Opening Tomorrow |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-valencia-theatr/159500121/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=104 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first film to screened there was the 1928 talking film ''White Shadows in the South Seas'', accompanied by vaudeville performances on stage.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooklyn Eagle 1929&quot; /&gt; Initially, the Valencia hosted stage shows and films that had been shown at Manhattan's Capitol Theatre,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 30, 1928 |title=Loew's Valencia Opens at Jamaica Jan. 12 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-loews-valencia/159498209/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; which cost between 25 and 65 cents a ticket.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 6&quot; /&gt; The theater accommodated 17,000 patrons on opening day&lt;ref name=&quot;Topousis 1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Topousis |first=Tom |date=August 8, 1985 |title=Born-Again Buildings |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Newsday |pages=164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169] |language=en-US |issn=2574-5298}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTopousis1985&quot;&gt;Topousis, Tom (August 8, 1985). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ &quot;Born-Again Buildings&quot;]. ''Newsday''. pp.&amp;nbsp;164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-5298 2574-5298]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 6&quot; /&gt; and 33,000 in its first week.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''[[Theatre|gidan wasan kwaikwayo]] na Valencia''' (tsohon Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Loew) coci ne kuma tsohon gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 165-11 Jamaica Avenue a unguwar Jamaica ta Queens, Birnin New York . John Eberson ne ya tsara shi a matsayin fadar fim, an buɗe shi a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1929, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Loew mai ban mamaki guda biyar a yankin Birnin New York. Gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya mamaye Tabernacle of Prayer for All People tun 1977. Alamar da aka tsara a Birnin New York ce.

The Valencia Theatre occupies an L-shaped site and is divided into two sections: the lobby section and the auditorium. The lobby section, decorated in a Spanish and Mexican [[Baroque]] style, has an elaborate brick-and-terracotta facade with a marquee and ornate finials. The entrance leads to a lobby and foyer, which are also decorated in Spanish styles. The auditorium has 3,500 seats on two levels, with an elaborately decorated proscenium arch, walls, and ceilings. Like the other Wonder Theaters, the Valencia Theatre featured a &quot;Wonder Morton&quot; theater pipe organ manufactured by the Robert Morton Organ Company, though the organ has since been removed.

In December 1926, the builder Ralph Riccardo acquired the site and leased it to Paramount-Publix. Allied Owners Inc. took over the theater site and developed it starting in 1928, leasing the venue to Loew's Theatres. The Valencia Theatre originally presented films and live shows, and it had a regional monopoly on the first runs of films. The live shows were discontinued within five years of the theater's opening. The theater slowly declined after World War II, and it closed in June 1977 due to high costs and low attendance. The Tabernacle of Prayer took over the theater for a nominal fee and spent $250,000 on renovations, moving into the theater in October 1977. Since then, the Valencia has functioned as a church. Over the years, the theater has been praised for its architecture.

== Description ==
The Valencia Theatre is located at 165-11 Jamaica Avenue in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens, New York City.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; It consists of a narrow lobby section along Jamaica Avenue, as well as an auditorium and stage house in the rear.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; The L-shaped site wraps around another building at 165-17 Jamaica Avenue (on the northwest corner of Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Boulevard), extending half the length of the block toward 89th Avenue. The building has a frontage of {{Convert|39.4|ft}} on Jamaica Avenue to the south and {{Convert|210|ft}} on Merrick Boulevard to the east.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; The theater abuts the 165th Street Bus Terminal immediately to the north.

The theater was one of five Loew's Wonder Theatres in the New York City area, along with the Jersey Theatre in Jersey City, the 175th Street Theatre in Manhattan, the Paradise Theatre in the Bronx, and the Kings Theatre in Brooklyn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Nathaniel |date=January 16, 2015 |title=Across the New York Area, Restoring 'Wonder Theater' Movie Palaces to Glory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/nyregion/across-the-new-york-area-restoring-wonder-theater-movie-palaces-to-glory.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126083319/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/nyregion/across-the-new-york-area-restoring-wonder-theater-movie-palaces-to-glory.html |archive-date=November 26, 2023 |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Paradise and Valencia, along with the [[Lane Theater (Staten Island)|Lane Theater]] on Staten Island, are the only atmospheric theaters in New York City designed by John Eberson.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray a994&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=November 19, 2006 |title=Loew's Paradise Is Once Again Worthy of Its Name |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/realestate/19scap.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202224417/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/realestate/19scap.html |archive-date=December 2, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly to the Paradise Theatre, the Valencia is decorated in a Spanish style.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=March 11, 2007 |title=The Kings Is Dead! Long Live the Kings! |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/realestate/11SCAP.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110071510/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/realestate/11SCAP.html |archive-date=November 10, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Facade ===
The brick-and-terracotta facade is decorated in a Spanish and Mexican [[Baroque]] style,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maurer 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maurer |first=Daniel |date=December 4, 2005 |title=Now Showing: God |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217005116/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; similarly to the facades of the Indiana Theatre in Indianapolis and the Majestic Theatre in [[San Antonio]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; The metal-and-glass doors are recessed slightly from the facade, and an octagonal ticket booth protrudes from the middle of the entrance. The booth has cast metal columns topped by finials, as well as a fret motif near the bottom. The doors are flanked by volutes, which support a metal panel with foliate decorations on its soffit, though both the volutes and panel are covered by signage. There is a marquee above the entrance, which originally spelled the name &quot;Loew's Valencia&quot; and had decorative motifs made of zinc; the marquee has also been covered up.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The upper stories of the Jamaica Avenue facade are clad with yellow brick and are divided vertically into three bays.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are terracotta decorations such as cherub heads.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maurer 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maurer |first=Daniel |date=December 4, 2005 |title=Now Showing: God |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217005116/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMaurer2005&quot;&gt;Maurer, Daniel (December 4, 2005). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-limited&quot; title=&quot;Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html &quot;Now Showing: God&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211217005116/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/nyregion/new-york-in-focus-now-showing-god.html Archived] from the original on December 17, 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In the outer bays, the bricks are laid in a diaper pattern, with protruding bricks that form diagonal lines; there are lighter-colored bricks where the diagonal lines intersect. There are also lancet windows in the outer bays at the second story. The center bay has a large opening with a terracotta frame, which is divided into a central window measuring five panes wide and a pair of outer windows each measuring two panes wide. The terracotta pilasters on either side contain decorations like swags, cherubs' heads, volutes, and half-shells. Above the outer windows are spiral volutes, which in turn flank a central window with a curved gable. The gable is topped by terracotta panels with floral motifs and sphinxes. At the top of the facade is an elaborate curving parapet, with three finials above the center bay and a single finial above each of the outer bays. A vertical sign is also attached to the facade.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Jamaica_Queens_Nov_2025_132.jpg|thumb|The Merrick Boulevard elevation]]
The Merrick Boulevard and northern elevations are also visible from the street.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; On Merrick Boulevard, the facade is made mostly of red and black brick, although the water table at the bottom of the facade is made of stone. Some of the bricks are laid so that their header surfaces face outward; these bricks are stacked vertically to give the impression of rectangular brick panels. There is a fire stair leading from the balcony level, as well as an emergency-exit doorway with six doors at ground level near the south end of the facade. At ground level, the middle of the Merrick Boulevard facade contains a brick niche, with a grate leading to a sidewalk vault; in addition, there are three rectangular blind openings and two more emergency-exit doors. The northern end of the Merrick Boulevard facade has two archways, as well as a two-story service annex with a garage door and windows.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; The northern elevation is also covered in red and brown brick, with rectangular brick panels; the service annex protrudes from the bottom of the northern elevation. There is a water tower atop the building, which is visible from the north.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Interior ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;The interior is adorned in Spanish Colonial and pre–Columbian styles,&lt;ref name=&quot;cinematreasures.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loew's Valencia Theatre in Jamaica, NY |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622051401/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 |archive-date=June 22, 2011 |access-date=September 5, 2015 |website=[[Cinema Treasures]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; with a gold, ruby, cobalt, and turquoise color scheme.&lt;ref name=&quot;xanadus&quot; /&gt; The main lobby measured {{Convert|50|by|100|ft}} across, and its ceiling was nearly four stories high. The center of the ceiling was flat, while the sides of the ceiling were splayed outward, with trusses made of iron and wood. Pieces of Spanish pottery were placed in niches on either side of the lobby.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 29, 1928 |title=New Jamaica Theatre Ready |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=64 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A marble-and-wrought iron staircase ascended from the lobby, and there was a stone fountain with multicolored tiles next to the stair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt; Next to the lobby was a two-story foyer with Spanish-style columns supporting a set of arches and a vaulted ceiling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt; The foyer was illuminated by soft blue lamps&lt;ref name=&quot;Kahn 1971&quot; /&gt; and also had a carpet.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Herald Tribune 1929&quot; /&gt; There was also a goldfish pond in the foyer.&lt;ref name=&quot;xanadus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=April 13, 2001 |title=Xanadus Rise to a Higher Calling |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214180952/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The auditorium itself seats around 3,500 people&lt;ref name=&quot;Topousis 1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Topousis |first=Tom |date=August 8, 1985 |title=Born-Again Buildings |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Newsday |pages=164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169] |language=en-US |issn=2574-5298}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|According to {{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999|page=10}}, contemporary news sources cite the theater as having about 4,000 seats,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 10&quot; /&gt; a claim also repeated in a 1986 ''New York Daily News'' article.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2, 1986 |title=Pastor Washington to Be Memorialized |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-pastor-washington-to-be-memor/159750435/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |first=Jack |last=Leahy |page=116 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |language=en-US }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Theatre Historical Society of America]] and a 1987 ''New York Times'' article cite 3,554 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 10&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999|ps=.|page=10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |title=Movie Theaters: Facts and Figures |website=The New York Times |date=June 26, 1987 |url-access=limited |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/26/movies/movie-theaters-facts-and-figures.html |access-date=November 25, 2024 |archive-date=February 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227202252/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/26/movies/movie-theaters-facts-and-figures.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} and is decorated to resemble a Spanish garden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 29, 1928 |title=New Jamaica Theatre Ready |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=64 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ &quot;New Jamaica Theatre Ready&quot;]. ''Times Union''. December 29, 1928. p.&amp;nbsp;64&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The seats are split across an orchestra level and a balcony,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; with 2,500 seats on the orchestra level.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shepard 1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shepard |first=Richard F. |date=March 9, 1978 |title=Loew's Valencia in Queens. Goes From Movie House to House of God |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112225557/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The auditorium walls are adorned with statues, parapets, and towers, asymmetrically arranged, while the ceiling remains unadorned. The proscenium arch is decorated in a Spanish style and is topped by a large niche with a sculpture inside.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt; There are smaller backlit arches on either side of the central niche above the proscenium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray 1990&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt; The side walls have decorations such as windows, railings, balconies, and turrets, which were intended to give the appearance of 17th-century Spanish buildings.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shepard 1978&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Topousis 1985&quot; /&gt; The decorations are arranged in sloped tiers and are designed in the Churrigueresque style.&lt;ref name=&quot;xanadus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=April 13, 2001 |title=Xanadus Rise to a Higher Calling |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214180952/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunlap2001&quot;&gt;Dunlap, David W. (April 13, 2001). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-limited&quot; title=&quot;Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html &quot;Xanadus Rise to a Higher Calling&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211214180952/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/movies/xanadus-rise-to-a-higher-calling.html Archived] from the original on December 14, 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 7,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Statues of nude figures are placed high above the walls.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shepard 1978&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leahy 1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Jack |date=February 26, 1978 |title=Church Faithful to Decor of Old Valencia Theater |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-church-faithful-to-decor-of-o/159747383/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=New York Daily News |page=397 |language=en-US |issn=2692-1251}}&lt;/ref&gt; On either side of the proscenium is an organ loft.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt;

The rear walls of the organ loft are painted blue to resemble the sky,&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 29, 1928 |title=New Jamaica Theatre Ready |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=64 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-jamaica-theatre-ready/159498490/ &quot;New Jamaica Theatre Ready&quot;]. ''Times Union''. December 29, 1928. p.&amp;nbsp;64&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and the ceiling is mostly painted blue, giving the impression that the auditorium is open-air.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=James |last2=Murray |first2=Karla |date=November 6, 2018 |title=Behind the Scenes at Queens' Loew's Valencia, once the most successful Wonder Theatre in NYC |url=https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004185044/https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ |archive-date=October 4, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=6sqft}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceiling also has painted stars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times Union 1928&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray 2018&quot; /&gt; There was also a cloud machine, which generated cloud-like mists that moved across the ceiling, but the machine had broken down by the 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leahy 1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Jack |date=February 26, 1978 |title=Church Faithful to Decor of Old Valencia Theater |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-church-faithful-to-decor-of-o/159747383/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=New York Daily News |page=397 |language=en-US |issn=2692-1251}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy1978&quot;&gt;Leahy, Jack (February 26, 1978). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-church-faithful-to-decor-of-o/159747383/ &quot;Church Faithful to Decor of Old Valencia Theater&quot;]. ''New York Daily News''. p.&amp;nbsp;397. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251 2692-1251]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Three chandeliers were hung from the ceiling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kahn 1971&quot; /&gt; A fourth chandelier with 360 lights, measuring {{Convert|15|ft}} across and {{Convert|18.5|ft}} high, was installed in the 1970s; this chandelier was imported from Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leahy 1978&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shepard 1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shepard |first=Richard F. |date=March 9, 1978 |title=Loew's Valencia in Queens. Goes From Movie House to House of God |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112225557/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShepard1978&quot;&gt;Shepard, Richard F. (March 9, 1978). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html &quot;Loew's Valencia in Queens. Goes From Movie House to House of God&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241112225557/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/new-jersey-pages-loews-valencia-in-queens-goes-from-movie-house-to.html Archived] from the original on November 12, 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 11,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Like the other Wonder Theaters, the Loew's Valencia Theatre featured a &quot;Wonder Morton&quot; theater pipe organ manufactured by the Robert Morton Organ Company.&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists 1929&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1929 |title=Loew's Valencia Theatre |url=https://www.nycago.org/Organs/Qns/html/LoewsValenciaTheatre.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721163622/http://www.nycago.org/Organs/Qns/html/LoewsValenciaTheatre.html |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists}}&lt;/ref&gt; The organ featured a console with 4 manuals and 23 ranks of pipes.&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists 1929&quot; /&gt; The organ was disassembled in the 1960s&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=James |last2=Murray |first2=Karla |date=November 6, 2018 |title=Behind the Scenes at Queens' Loew's Valencia, once the most successful Wonder Theatre in NYC |url=https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004185044/https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ |archive-date=October 4, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=6sqft}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMurrayMurray2018&quot;&gt;Murray, James; Murray, Karla (November 6, 2018). [https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ &quot;Behind the Scenes at Queens' Loew's Valencia, once the most successful Wonder Theatre in NYC&quot;]. ''6sqft''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241004185044/https://www.6sqft.com/behind-the-scenes-at-queens-loews-valencia-once-the-most-successful-wonder-theatre-in-nyc/ Archived] from the original on October 4, 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and relocated to the Balboa Theatre in [[San Diego]], where it was restored and debuted in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;cinematreasures.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loew's Valencia Theatre in Jamaica, NY |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622051401/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 |archive-date=June 22, 2011 |access-date=September 5, 2015 |website=[[Cinema Treasures]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 &quot;Loew's Valencia Theatre in Jamaica, NY&quot;]. ''[[Cinema Treasures]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622051401/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/903 Archived] from the original on June 22, 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ATOS: Balboa Theatre |url=http://www.atos.org/Balboa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110325/http://www.atos.org/Balboa |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=September 6, 2015 |website=www.atos.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[Fayil:Jamaica_Tabernackle_of_Prayer;_2019-11-21.jpg|thumb|The front of the theater seen from Jamaica Avenue]]
Movie palaces became common in the 1920s between the end of World War I and the beginning of the Great Depression.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL (2016) pp. 5–6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the New York City area, only a small number of operators were involved in the construction of movie palaces. These theaters' designers included the legitimate-theater architects Thomas W. Lamb, C. Howard Crane, and John Eberson.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL (2016) pp. 5–6&quot; /&gt; By the late 1920s, numerous movie palaces were being developed in outlying neighborhoods in New York City; previously, the city's movie palaces had been concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. The five Wonder Theatres were developed by Loew's Inc., which at the time was competing with Paramount-Publix. In 1927, Loew's president Nicholas Schenck agreed to take over five sites from Paramount-Publix, in exchange for agreeing not to build competing theaters in Chicago; these five sites became the Wonder Theatres.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS p. 16&quot; /&gt;

=== Development and opening ===
In December 1926, the builder Ralph Riccardo acquired a {{Convert|140|by|206|ft}} site at the northwest corner of Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Road (now Merrick Boulevard) from A. L. Werner and Steuart/Hirschman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 26, 1926 |title=Jamaica Parcel Brings Big Price |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-jamaica-parcel-brings-big/159492803/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |page=39 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a contemporary advertisement, the site had previously contained a wooden residence. Riccardo soon sold half of the site to Paramount-Publix,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1927&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 20, 1927 |title=Office Building to Adjoin Theatre |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-office-building/159493318/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=46 |language=en-US |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=April 10, 1927 |title=Plans Office Building Near Big Theatre |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-plans-office-building-near-b/159493014/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; which reportedly paid $1 million for the site.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=5}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In exchange, Paramount-Publix was required to build a theater on the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 12, 1928 |title=Largest Jamaica Structure Rapidly Nearing Completion |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-largest-jamaica/159496324/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=38 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allied Owners Inc., which was established in 1927 to develop the Kings, Paramount, Pitkin, and Valencia theaters,&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times 1933&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2, 1933 |title=Zukor Tells of Aid by Allied Owners; He Appears as Witness in Ex- amination of Bankrupt Concern in Brooklyn. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111004910/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; took over the site at Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Road&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1935&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=35}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; as part of an agreement with Paramount.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1934&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=7, 25}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In March 1927, Paramount-Publix announced that it would build a theater at Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Road.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=4, 14}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The Jamaica theater was planned to cost $2.25 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 20, 1927 |title=Auditorium Seating 3,920 Is to Have No Balcony Overhang |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-auditorium-seating-3920-is/159491177/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Times Union |page=19 |language=en-US |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=March 26, 1927 |title=$2,500,000 Theatre Planned for Flatbush |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-2500000-theatre-planned-for/159491613/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Chat |page=73 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; with about 2,500 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=14}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The theater was one of nine that Paramount-Publix planned to develop in outlying New York City neighborhoods, though the company later dropped plans for four of the other theaters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=4}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Riccardo also hired Rapp and Rapp to develop a six-story commercial building abutting the theater.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1927&quot; /&gt;

Paramount-Publix reassigned its leases of the Kings, Pitkin, and Valencia theaters to Loew's in November 1927.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1934&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=7, 25}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Pictures: Paramount Retains B'klyn Par For 20 Yrs. as Part of $23,644,255 Claim Settlement with Allied Corp&quot;. ''Variety''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;116, no.&amp;nbsp;10. November 20, 1934. pp.&amp;nbsp;7, 25. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1475806627 1475806627].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Loew's took over the site in February 1928, after the blueprints had been approved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=15}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Loew's was still required to develop the site as a theater.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 12, 1928 |title=Largest Jamaica Structure Rapidly Nearing Completion |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-largest-jamaica/159496324/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=38 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-largest-jamaica/159496324/ &quot;Largest Jamaica Structure Rapidly Nearing Completion&quot;]. ''The Brooklyn Daily Times''. August 12, 1928. p.&amp;nbsp;38&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For the theater's construction, Loew's Inc. agreed to pay Allied Owners Inc. $19,000 a month for 181 months, in exchange for receiving financing from Allied Owners Inc.,&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times 1933&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2, 1933 |title=Zukor Tells of Aid by Allied Owners; He Appears as Witness in Ex- amination of Bankrupt Concern in Brooklyn. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111004910/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html &quot;Zukor Tells of Aid by Allied Owners; He Appears as Witness in Ex- amination of Bankrupt Concern in Brooklyn&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The New York Times''. November 2, 1933. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241111004910/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/02/archives/zukor-tells-of-aid-by-allied-owners-he-appears-as-witness-in-ex.html Archived] from the original on November 11, 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 11,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and Paramount-Publix agreed to guarantee the Valencia Theatre's construction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooklyn Eagle 1934&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 18, 1934 |title=Allied Owners Files Its Plan to Reorganize |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-allied-owners-files-its-p/158810495/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111010840/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-allied-owners-files-its-p/158810495/ |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |page=3 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loew's Inc. was to have taken ownership of the property in 1945, once the bonds had been paid off.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1935&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=35}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Pictures: Valencia, Jamaica, Kings and Pitkin, B'klyn, 100% Loew's&quot;. ''Variety''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;119, no.&amp;nbsp;7. July 31, 1935. p.&amp;nbsp;35. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1475846228 1475846228].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Loew's announced in early 1928 that it would begin constructing four of the theaters, including the theater in Jamaica.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=14}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Pictures: Loew's 4 New N.Y. Neighb'hoods; 1st Presentations in Suburbs&quot;. ''Variety''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;90, no.&amp;nbsp;6. February 22, 1928. p.&amp;nbsp;14. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation magazine cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1475748363 1475748363].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The Thompson-Starrett Company began erecting the theater in June 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot; /&gt; John Eberson's son Drew, who assisted in the theater's construction, sketched out the stars on the auditorium's ceiling by copying an issue of ''National Geographic'' magazine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Topousis 1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Topousis |first=Tom |date=August 8, 1985 |title=Born-Again Buildings |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Newsday |pages=164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169] |language=en-US |issn=2574-5298}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTopousis1985&quot;&gt;Topousis, Tom (August 8, 1985). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ &quot;Born-Again Buildings&quot;]. ''Newsday''. pp.&amp;nbsp;164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-5298 2574-5298]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; By that August, the theater was known as the Valencia;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1928&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Daily News 1928&quot; /&gt; this name, derived from Spanish, was chosen because it sounded exotic.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot; /&gt; The theater was to be Long Island's largest cinema with 4,000 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brooklyn Daily Times 1928&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Daily News 1928&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 25, 1928 |title=Occupancy of Huge Jamaica Building Near |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-occupancy-of-huge-jamaica-bui/159496768/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=New York Daily News |page=77 |language=en-US |issn=2692-1251}}&lt;/ref&gt; A furniture store, Ludwig Baumann &amp; Co., leased the neighboring commercial building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 25, 1928 |title=Ludwig Baumann Co. Leases Six-Story Jamaica Building |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-ludwig-baumann/159496622/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=6 |language=en-US |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 1, 1928 |title=Ludwig Baumann &amp; Co. Take Lease of Jamaica Building |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-ludwig-baumann-co-take-lease/159496672/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Chat |page=5 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Valencia opened on January 12, 1929,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooklyn Eagle 1929&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 1929 |title=Loew's Valencia Theater Has Opening in Jamaica |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-loews-valencia-theater-h/159501642/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |page=57 |language=en-US |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=January 13, 1929 |title=New Valencia Theatre, Loew House, Opens |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-new-valencia-theatr/159500909/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Citizen |page=12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was the first of the five Wonder Theaters to be completed. Its first-ever patron had waited several hours to buy her ticket. Loew's invited officials from every town and reporters from every newspaper on Long Island to the theater's dedication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 11, 1929 |title=Valencia Theatre All Ready For Its Opening Tomorrow |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-valencia-theatr/159500121/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=104 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first film to screened there was the 1928 talking film ''White Shadows in the South Seas'', accompanied by vaudeville performances on stage.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooklyn Eagle 1929&quot; /&gt; Initially, the Valencia hosted stage shows and films that had been shown at Manhattan's Capitol Theatre,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 30, 1928 |title=Loew's Valencia Opens at Jamaica Jan. 12 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-times-loews-valencia/159498209/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=The Brooklyn Daily Times |page=27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; which cost between 25 and 65 cents a ticket.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 6&quot; /&gt; The theater accommodated 17,000 patrons on opening day&lt;ref name=&quot;Topousis 1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Topousis |first=Tom |date=August 8, 1985 |title=Born-Again Buildings |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Newsday |pages=164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169] |language=en-US |issn=2574-5298}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTopousis1985&quot;&gt;Topousis, Tom (August 8, 1985). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749736/ &quot;Born-Again Buildings&quot;]. ''Newsday''. pp.&amp;nbsp;164, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749843/ 165], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-born-again-buildings/159749874/ 169]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-5298 2574-5298]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCL p. 6&quot; /&gt; and 33,000 in its first week.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zengamina</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355522952|Zengamina]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3069" sha1="sf4ki7ls7kunre5i4qlejnrvoeu3fbc" xml:space="preserve">'''Zengamina''' ƙaramar masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa kusa da Tudun Kalene, Gundumar Ikelenge a arewa maso yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . An gina ta tsakanin 2004 da 2008 akan kimanin dala miliyan 3, ko kuma dala 4,285 a kowace kilowatt na wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micro Hydro Costs Compared |url=http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052825/http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/ |archive-date=2012-04-26 |access-date=2011-12-16 |publisher=Panza Path}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Kafin a buɗe tashar wutar lantarki, yawancin mutane ba su da wutar lantarki, suna amfani da itace ko kananzir don girki. Waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗinta sun yi amfani da janareta na dizal don samar da wutar lantarki.  Layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa na Zambia ya ƙare da {{Convert|380|km}} daga yankin Ikelenge.  Mutanen yankin sun makale a cikin mawuyacin hali na talauci, suna rayuwa ta hanyar noma mai cike da yanke-yanke da ƙonawa mara dorewa . 

Aikin Zengamina ya yi nufin samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki tare da ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] a wani wuri mai sauri kusa da tushensa.  Zambezi a wannan wuri yana faɗi {{Convert|17|m}} sama da {{Convert|350|m}} tsawon ruwan sama.  An gano yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki a kan ruwan sama na Zambezi a shekarar 1964, amma ba tare da tallafi ba babu abin da aka yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Potipher Tembo |date=30 June 2005 |title=Zengamina Hydro Power Project, a Dream Come True for North-Western |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200506300668.html |access-date=2011-12-16 |website=Times of Zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Dakta Peter Gill, wani likitan ƙashi a Burtaniya, ya ƙaddamar da wani asusu don ɗaukar nauyin aikin. Babban dalilin shine rage farashin samar da wutar lantarki ga asibitin Kalene, wanda ke kula da mutane a Angola da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da kuma Zambia, a lokacin da farashin man dizal ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Geoff Stark |date=October 2006 |title=Zengamina Hydro Electric Project, Zambezi Rapids, Zambia |url=http://www.kalenehospital.com/articles/article12.htm |access-date=2011-12-16 |publisher=Kalene Hospital}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Zambia ta ba da wasu kuɗaɗen iri, kuma ƙungiyoyin coci a Burtaniya sun sami nasarar tara wasu dala miliyan 2.5 don biyan kuɗin gini. 

== fa'idodi ==
Da zarar an fara aiki, tashar wutar lantarki ta samar wa Asibitin Kalene wutar lantarki mai dorewa, da kuma asibitoci na gida, gidan marayu na Kalene Farm, makarantu da gidaje 1,000.  Ana sa ran fa'idodi da yawa daga ingantaccen samar da wutar lantarki fiye da inganta cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Ana sa ran ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni za su kafa, kamar su gwangwani abarba, ƙara yawan aiki. Wutar lantarki za ta taimaka wajen inganta ruwan sha da tsarin tsafta, ƙara yawan lafiya. Ingantaccen haske da dare zai taimaka wa ɗalibai kuma ya ba da damar yin aiki da yamma, da sauransu. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3081" sha1="2thrk00uzqrfzey1yptf6wndg70ol8s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Zengamina''' ƙaramar masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa kusa da Tudun Kalene, Gundumar Ikelenge a arewa maso yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . An gina ta tsakanin 2004 da 2008 akan kimanin dala miliyan 3, ko kuma dala 4,285 a kowace kilowatt na wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micro Hydro Costs Compared |url=http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052825/http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/ |archive-date=2012-04-26 |access-date=2011-12-16 |publisher=Panza Path}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Kafin a buɗe tashar wutar lantarki, yawancin mutane ba su da wutar lantarki, suna amfani da itace ko kananzir don girki. Waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗinta sun yi amfani da janareta na dizal don samar da wutar lantarki.  Layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa na Zambia ya ƙare da {{Convert|380|km}} daga yankin Ikelenge.  Mutanen yankin sun makale a cikin mawuyacin hali na talauci, suna rayuwa ta hanyar noma mai cike da yanke-yanke da ƙonawa mara dorewa . 

Aikin Zengamina ya yi nufin samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki tare da ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] a wani wuri mai sauri kusa da tushensa.  Zambezi a wannan wuri yana faɗi {{Convert|17|m}} sama da {{Convert|350|m}} tsawon ruwan sama.  An gano yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki a kan ruwan sama na Zambezi a shekarar 1964, amma ba tare da tallafi ba babu abin da aka yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Potipher Tembo |date=30 June 2005 |title=Zengamina Hydro Power Project, a Dream Come True for North-Western |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200506300668.html |access-date=2011-12-16 |website=Times of Zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Dakta Peter Gill, wani likitan ƙashi a Burtaniya, ya ƙaddamar da wani asusu don ɗaukar nauyin aikin. Babban dalilin shine rage farashin samar da wutar lantarki ga asibitin Kalene, wanda ke kula da mutane a Angola da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da kuma Zambia, a lokacin da farashin man dizal ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Geoff Stark |date=October 2006 |title=Zengamina Hydro Electric Project, Zambezi Rapids, Zambia |url=http://www.kalenehospital.com/articles/article12.htm |access-date=2011-12-16 |publisher=Kalene Hospital}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Zambia ta ba da wasu kuɗaɗen iri, kuma ƙungiyoyin coci a Burtaniya sun sami nasarar tara wasu dala miliyan 2.5 don biyan kuɗin gini. 

== fa'idodi ==
Da zarar an fara aiki, tashar wutar lantarki ta samar wa Asibitin Kalene wutar lantarki mai dorewa, da kuma asibitoci na gida, gidan marayu na Kalene Farm, makarantu da gidaje 1,000.  Ana sa ran fa'idodi da yawa daga ingantaccen samar da wutar lantarki fiye da inganta cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Ana sa ran ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni za su kafa, kamar su gwangwani abarba, ƙara yawan aiki. Wutar lantarki za ta taimaka wajen inganta ruwan sha da tsarin tsafta, ƙara yawan lafiya. Ingantaccen haske da dare zai taimaka wa ɗalibai kuma ya ba da damar yin aiki da yamma, da sauransu. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Baitalami Hydro</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1176726185|Bethlehem Hydro]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Bethlehem Hydro''' tana da kuma gudanar da ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu na ruwa da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Dihlabang ( Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality ) a lardin Free State na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Shirin yana amfani da ruwan da ake samarwa a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar [[Shirin Ruwa na Highlands|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], wanda ke fitar da ruwa zuwa Kogin As ta hanyar hanyar rami kusa da garin Clarens . Afirka ta Kudu tana da ƙarancin damar samar da makamashin ruwa saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kamar Bethlehem Hydro. An gano aikin a shekarar 1999 kuma NuPlanet Project Development ta haɓaka shi. Tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu da ke cikin shirin za su rage [[Rashin iskar gas|fitar da hayakin carbon dioxide]] da tan 33,000 a kowace shekara ta hanyar rage buƙatar [[Tashar samar da man fetur|tashoshin wutar lantarki na gargajiya na man fetur]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Engineering News Article |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/bethlehem-hydro-project-roars-towards-completion-2008-07-25 |access-date=11 October 2012 |publisher=Creamer Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sol Plaatje ==
[[Fayil:Sol_Plaatje_Power_Station.jpg|thumb|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sol Plaatje tana kusa da tsohuwar bangon madatsar ruwa]]
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sol Plaatje ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta kasuwanci ta farko da aka gina a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] tsawon shekaru 22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Infrastructure news Article |url=http://www.infrastructurene.ws/2012/05/02/151/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012191407/http://www.infrastructurene.ws/2012/05/02/151/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=11 October 2012 |publisher=Infrastructure news}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aikinta a watan Nuwamba na 2009 kuma tana kusa da Bethlehem, Free State . An gina tashar wutar lantarki kusa da bangon madatsar ruwa na Sol Plaatje. Tashar wutar lantarki tana da karfin wutar lantarki na 3.&amp;nbsp;MW &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem Hydro Brochure |url=http://www.bethlehemhydro.co.za/docs/Bethlehem_Hydro_Brochure_10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129073602/http://www.bethlehemhydro.co.za/docs/Bethlehem_Hydro_Brochure_10.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-29 |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=Bethlehem Hydro |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana da injin turbine na Kaplan mai tsari biyu.

== Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Merino ==
[[Fayil:Merino_Power_Station.jpg|thumb|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Merino wata matatar ruwa ce da ke kwarara daga kogi tare da magudanar ruwa]]
Merino Power tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa wacce ke gudana a kogi, wacce ke da lamba 10.&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga mashigar ramin aikin ruwa na Lesotho Highlands. Tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙunshi injin ɗaukar kaya, mai ƙarfin 600&amp;nbsp;tashar wutar lantarki mai injin turbine na Kaplan mai tsari biyu. Tashar wutar lantarki tana da ƙarfin shigarwa na 4&amp;nbsp;MW. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem Hydro Brochure |url=http://www.bethlehemhydro.co.za/docs/Bethlehem_Hydro_Brochure_10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129073602/http://www.bethlehemhydro.co.za/docs/Bethlehem_Hydro_Brochure_10.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-29 |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=Bethlehem Hydro |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Bethlehem Hydro''' tana da kuma gudanar da ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu na ruwa da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Dihlabang ( Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality ) a lardin Free State na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Shirin yana amfani da ruwan da ake samarwa a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar [[Shirin Ruwa na Highlands|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], wanda ke fitar da ruwa zuwa Kogin As ta hanyar hanyar rami kusa da garin Clarens . Afirka ta Kudu tana da ƙarancin damar samar da makamashin ruwa saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kamar Bethlehem Hydro. An gano aikin a shekarar 1999 kuma NuPlanet Project Development ta haɓaka shi. Tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu da ke cikin shirin za su rage [[Rashin iskar gas|fitar da hayakin carbon dioxide]] da tan 33,000 a kowace shekara ta hanyar rage buƙatar [[Tashar samar da man fetur|tashoshin wutar lantarki na gargajiya na man fetur]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Engineering News Article |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/bethlehem-hydro-project-roars-towards-completion-2008-07-25 |access-date=11 October 2012 |publisher=Creamer Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sol Plaatje ==
[[Fayil:Sol_Plaatje_Power_Station.jpg|thumb|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sol Plaatje tana kusa da tsohuwar bangon madatsar ruwa]]
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sol Plaatje ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta kasuwanci ta farko da aka gina a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] tsawon shekaru 22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Infrastructure news Article |url=http://www.infrastructurene.ws/2012/05/02/151/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012191407/http://www.infrastructurene.ws/2012/05/02/151/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=11 October 2012 |publisher=Infrastructure news}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aikinta a watan Nuwamba na 2009 kuma tana kusa da Bethlehem, Free State . An gina tashar wutar lantarki kusa da bangon madatsar ruwa na Sol Plaatje. Tashar wutar lantarki tana da karfin wutar lantarki na 3.&amp;nbsp;MW &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem Hydro Brochure |url=http://www.bethlehemhydro.co.za/docs/Bethlehem_Hydro_Brochure_10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129073602/http://www.bethlehemhydro.co.za/docs/Bethlehem_Hydro_Brochure_10.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-29 |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=Bethlehem Hydro |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana da injin turbine na Kaplan mai tsari biyu.

== Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Merino ==
[[Fayil:Merino_Power_Station.jpg|thumb|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Merino wata matatar ruwa ce da ke kwarara daga kogi tare da magudanar ruwa]]
Merino Power tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa wacce ke gudana a kogi, wacce ke da lamba 10.&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga mashigar ramin aikin ruwa na Lesotho Highlands. Tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙunshi injin ɗaukar kaya, mai ƙarfin 600&amp;nbsp;tashar wutar lantarki mai injin turbine na Kaplan mai tsari biyu. Tashar wutar lantarki tana da ƙarfin shigarwa na 4&amp;nbsp;MW. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem Hydro Brochure |url=http://www.bethlehemhydro.co.za/docs/Bethlehem_Hydro_Brochure_10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129073602/http://www.bethlehemhydro.co.za/docs/Bethlehem_Hydro_Brochure_10.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-29 |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=Bethlehem Hydro |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1084456184|Ngonyezi Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ngonyezi da aka yi amfani da ita wajen adana wutar lantarki''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ngonyezi''', an tsara za ta samar da {{Convert|2000|MWh}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, a fadin [[Kogin Odzi]], wani magudanar ruwa ta [[Ajiye Kogin (Afirka)|Kogin Save]], a [[Zimbabwe]] . ''Ngonyezi Projects Limited'' (NPL), wani kamfani da ke Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu, yana haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki. NPL kuma za ta gina gonar hasken rana mai iyo a kan ma'ajiyar [[Rashin ruwa na Osborne|Osborne Dam]] da ke akwai mai ƙarfin megawatts 300. A ranakun rana, gonar hasken rana za ta samar da makamashi kai tsaye ga tashar wutar lantarki. Lokacin da rana ta faɗi ko a ranakun gajimare/ruwa ko a lokacin damina, za a kunna ruwan da aka adana a cikin babban ma'ajiyar don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar juya turbines, yayin da yake kwarara zuwa ƙaramin ma'ajiyar. Bayan ma'ajiyar sama ta ɓace, gonar hasken rana za ta samar da makamashi don sake tura ruwan zuwa babban ma'ajiyar kuma ta fara zagayowar da zarar ta fara aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=20 November 2019 |title=Zimbabwe: Solar powered pumped hydroelectric energy storage plant by Ngonyezi |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zimbabwe-solar-powered-pumped-hydroelectric-energy-storage-plant-by-ngonyezi/ |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin za ta kasance a gundumar Mutasa, a lardin Manicaland a gabashin ƙasar, kusa da kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Tashar wutar lantarkin za ta kasance a wurin da ake da [[Rashin ruwa na Osborne|madatsar ruwa ta Osborne Multipurpose]], mai nisan kimanin {{Convert|37|km|0}} ta hanya, arewa maso yammacin [[Mutare]], babban birni mafi kusa da kuma babban birnin lardin.  Wannan kimanin {{Convert|250|km|0}} ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin birnin [[Harare]], babban birnin ƙasa kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar. 

Daidaito tsakanin yankin Osborne Multipurpose Dam shine 18°46'41.0&quot;S, 32°29'14.0&quot;E (Latitude:-18.778056; Longitude:32.487222). 

== Bayani ==
Ana ci gaba da haɓaka wannan tashar wutar lantarki, musamman don &quot;bayar da tallafi ga tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa&quot;. An yi nufin tallafawa ƙarfin hanyar sadarwa a lokutan da ake yawan aiki, lokacin da ke ɗaukar kimanin awanni 8.5 a kowace rana a Zimbabwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=20 November 2019 |title=Zimbabwe: Solar powered pumped hydroelectric energy storage plant by Ngonyezi |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zimbabwe-solar-powered-pumped-hydroelectric-energy-storage-plant-by-ngonyezi/ |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (20 November 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zimbabwe-solar-powered-pumped-hydroelectric-energy-storage-plant-by-ngonyezi/ &quot;Zimbabwe: Solar powered pumped hydroelectric energy storage plant by Ngonyezi&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simone Liedtke |date=25 November 2019 |title=Zim set to benefit from pumped hydroelectric energy storage power plant |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/zim-set-to-benefit-from-pumped-hydroelectric-energy-storage-power-plant-2019-11-25 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=Engineering News South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Za a gina wata gona mai amfani da hasken rana mai karfin megawatts 300 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tashar wutar lantarki, don samar da wutar lantarki ga tashar wutar lantarki a ranakun rana da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ga famfunan da ke canja wurin ruwa daga tankin ƙasa zuwa tankin sama. Za a gina bangarorin hasken rana a saman ma'ajiyar ruwa ta madatsar ruwa. Wannan zai sanyaya bangarorin kuma ta haka zai ƙara ingancinsu. Saboda inuwar da inuwarsu za ta samar a saman ma'ajiyar, bangarorin hasken rana za su rage ƙafewar ruwa daga ma'ajiyar da kimanin {{Convert|20000000|m3|0}} kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;

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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ngonyezi da aka yi amfani da ita wajen adana wutar lantarki''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ngonyezi''', an tsara za ta samar da {{Convert|2000|MWh}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, a fadin [[Kogin Odzi]], wani magudanar ruwa ta [[Ajiye Kogin (Afirka)|Kogin Save]], a [[Zimbabwe]] . ''Ngonyezi Projects Limited'' (NPL), wani kamfani da ke Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu, yana haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki. NPL kuma za ta gina gonar hasken rana mai iyo a kan ma'ajiyar [[Rashin ruwa na Osborne|Osborne Dam]] da ke akwai mai ƙarfin megawatts 300. A ranakun rana, gonar hasken rana za ta samar da makamashi kai tsaye ga tashar wutar lantarki. Lokacin da rana ta faɗi ko a ranakun gajimare/ruwa ko a lokacin damina, za a kunna ruwan da aka adana a cikin babban ma'ajiyar don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar juya turbines, yayin da yake kwarara zuwa ƙaramin ma'ajiyar. Bayan ma'ajiyar sama ta ɓace, gonar hasken rana za ta samar da makamashi don sake tura ruwan zuwa babban ma'ajiyar kuma ta fara zagayowar da zarar ta fara aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=20 November 2019 |title=Zimbabwe: Solar powered pumped hydroelectric energy storage plant by Ngonyezi |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zimbabwe-solar-powered-pumped-hydroelectric-energy-storage-plant-by-ngonyezi/ |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin za ta kasance a gundumar Mutasa, a lardin Manicaland a gabashin ƙasar, kusa da kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Tashar wutar lantarkin za ta kasance a wurin da ake da [[Rashin ruwa na Osborne|madatsar ruwa ta Osborne Multipurpose]], mai nisan kimanin {{Convert|37|km|0}} ta hanya, arewa maso yammacin [[Mutare]], babban birni mafi kusa da kuma babban birnin lardin.  Wannan kimanin {{Convert|250|km|0}} ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin birnin [[Harare]], babban birnin ƙasa kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar. 

Daidaito tsakanin yankin Osborne Multipurpose Dam shine 18°46'41.0&quot;S, 32°29'14.0&quot;E (Latitude:-18.778056; Longitude:32.487222). 

== Bayani ==
Ana ci gaba da haɓaka wannan tashar wutar lantarki, musamman don &quot;bayar da tallafi ga tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa&quot;. An yi nufin tallafawa ƙarfin hanyar sadarwa a lokutan da ake yawan aiki, lokacin da ke ɗaukar kimanin awanni 8.5 a kowace rana a Zimbabwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=20 November 2019 |title=Zimbabwe: Solar powered pumped hydroelectric energy storage plant by Ngonyezi |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zimbabwe-solar-powered-pumped-hydroelectric-energy-storage-plant-by-ngonyezi/ |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019&quot;&gt;Jean Marie Takouleu (20 November 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zimbabwe-solar-powered-pumped-hydroelectric-energy-storage-plant-by-ngonyezi/ &quot;Zimbabwe: Solar powered pumped hydroelectric energy storage plant by Ngonyezi&quot;]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simone Liedtke |date=25 November 2019 |title=Zim set to benefit from pumped hydroelectric energy storage power plant |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/zim-set-to-benefit-from-pumped-hydroelectric-energy-storage-power-plant-2019-11-25 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=Engineering News South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Za a gina wata gona mai amfani da hasken rana mai karfin megawatts 300 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tashar wutar lantarki, don samar da wutar lantarki ga tashar wutar lantarki a ranakun rana da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ga famfunan da ke canja wurin ruwa daga tankin ƙasa zuwa tankin sama. Za a gina bangarorin hasken rana a saman ma'ajiyar ruwa ta madatsar ruwa. Wannan zai sanyaya bangarorin kuma ta haka zai ƙara ingancinsu. Saboda inuwar da inuwarsu za ta samar a saman ma'ajiyar, bangarorin hasken rana za su rage ƙafewar ruwa daga ma'ajiyar da kimanin {{Convert|20000000|m3|0}} kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Rashin kwanciyar hankali na fasaha</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347102095|Relaxation technique]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Dabarun shakatawa''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''horar da shakatawa''' ) kowace hanya ce, tsari, tsari, ko aiki da ke taimaka wa mutum ya huta; ya sami yanayin ƙarin kwanciyar hankali ; ko kuma rage matakan zafi, [[Anxiety|damuwa]], [[Damuwa (biology)|damuwa]] ko fushi . Ana amfani da dabarun shakatawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban shirin kula da damuwa kuma suna iya rage tashin hankali na tsoka, rage hawan jini, da jinkirin bugun zuciya da numfashi, da sauran fa'idodin lafiya. 

Ana iya amfani da maganin shakatawa, wato amfani da dabarun shakatawa, a wurare daban-daban don ƙara wa magani ga damuwa, damuwa, baƙin ciki, da ciwo. Yana magance tasirin damuwa ta fuskar tunani da ta jiki kamar ƙaruwar bugun zuciya, gumi, da tashin hankali na tsoka.  Akwai bambance-bambancen dabarun shakatawa da yawa, gami da [[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba]], horon autogenic, hotunan jagora, shakatawar da aka taimaka wa biofeedback, da sauran dabaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Toussaint |first=Loren |last2=Nguyen |first2=Quang Anh |last3=Roettger |first3=Claire |last4=Dixon |first4=Kiara |last5=Offenbächer |first5=Martin |last6=Kohls |first6=Niko |last7=Hirsch |first7=Jameson |last8=Sirois |first8=Fuschia |date=2021-07-02 |editor-last=Taylor-Piliae |editor-first=Ruth |title=Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |language=en |volume=2021 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2021/5924040 |issn=1741-4288 |pmc=8272667 |pmid=34306146 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biofeedback - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/biofeedback/about/pac-20384664#:~:text=Biofeedback%20helps%20you%20make%20slight,ways%20to%20control%20your%20body. |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jcs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Robert L.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda haka, dabarun shakatawa suna da amfani ga ko dai ciwon motsin rai da damuwa, fushi, damuwa, da yanayin baƙin ciki ke haifarwa, ko ciwo mai ɗorewa da damuwa ke haifarwa, amfani da tsoka a gefe ɗaya, matsayi mara kyau, ƙuntata motsi a wasu sassan kashin baya, rashin tsari yayin motsa jiki, da kuma yanayin damuwa.  Dabaru da yawa na shakatawa suna da ƙa'ida ta asali don rage tashin hankali na tsoka da rage ciwon jiki ko na hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dabaru na shakatawa gabaɗaya suna da aminci ga mutane masu lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chou |first=Roger |last2=Deyo |first2=Richard |last3=Friedly |first3=Janna |last4=Skelly |first4=Andrea |last5=Hashimoto |first5=Robin |last6=Weimer |first6=Melissa |last7=Fu |first7=Rochelle |last8=Dana |first8=Tracy |last9=Kraegel |first9=Paul |last10=Griffin |first10=Jessica |last11=Grusing |first11=Sara |last12=Brodt |first12=Erika D. |year=2017 |title=Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=166 |issue=7 |pages=493–505 |doi=10.7326/M16-2459 |pmid=28192793 |s2cid=20451068 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai lokutan da mutane suka ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako bayan sun sami dabarun shakatawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relaxation Techniques for Health |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/relaxation-techniques-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=NCCIH |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Masu bincike na yanzu da na baya sun binciki alaƙar da ke tsakanin cututtukan jiki da na hankali ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma sun binciki tasirin dabarun shakatawa. Bitar wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya ta gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da sabbin binciken da aka gano, wanda ke ba da tushe don fahimtar dabarun shakatawa.

Claude Bernard, wani masanin kimiyya a shekarar 1865, ya lura cewa kiyaye muhallin cikin gida akai-akai, yanayin cikinmu, lokacin da muke fuskantar canje-canje a muhallin waje da yanayi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga rayuwa da walwala . 

Bugu da ƙari, masu haifar da damuwa na yau da kullun na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako, kuma sun fi yawa a cikin mutane, wataƙila saboda ƙarfin fahimtarsu mai girma, wanda zai iya haifar da ci gaba da martanin damuwa ga yanayi daban-daban na rayuwa da aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schneiderman |first=Neil |last2=Ironson |first2=Gail |last3=Siegel |first3=Scott D. |year=2005 |title=Stress and Health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=1 |pages=607–628 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 |pmc=2568977 |pmid=17716101}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu haifar da damuwa ta psychosocial da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun tana da rikitarwa kuma tana da tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, kamar nau'in, adadi, da tsawon lokacin masu haifar da damuwa, tare da raunin yanayin halittar mutum (kamar kwayoyin halitta da halayen da ke cikinsa) da hanyoyin da suka koya na jurewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa dabarun shakatawa, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga numfashi mai zurfi ba, hotuna masu jagora, tunani, da kuma shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba, hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don rage damuwa, wanda ke nuna cewa dabarun shakatawa suna da tasiri wajen haɓaka shakatawa ta jiki da ta hankali. 

Binciken da aka fitar a shekarun 1980 ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin damuwa da lafiya kuma ya nuna fa'idodi daga fannoni daban-daban na shakatawa fiye da yadda aka sani a da. Wannan binciken ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa, gami da wani labarin jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' a shekarar 1986. 

Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa mahalarta da suka yi aikin shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba, numfashi mai zurfi, da hotuna masu jagora sun sami ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci a cikin shakatawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Toussaint |first=Loren |last2=Nguyen |first2=Quang Anh |last3=Roettger |first3=Claire |last4=Dixon |first4=Kiara |last5=Offenbächer |first5=Martin |last6=Kohls |first6=Niko |last7=Hirsch |first7=Jameson |last8=Sirois |first8=Fuschia |year=2021 |title=Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2021 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2021/5924040 |pmc=8272667 |pmid=34306146 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a matakan shakatawa kafin horo, duk ƙungiyoyin shiga tsakani sun nuna matakan shakatawa mafi girma bayan horo idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, akwai alaƙa mai layi tsakanin shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba &amp; hotunan jagora da shakatawar jiki, yayin da ƙungiyar numfashi mai zurfi da farko ta nuna ƙaruwar motsin jiki kafin ta koma matakan farko cikin sauri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan binciken sun goyi bayan binciken da ake da shi kan ingancin dabarun shakatawa, wanda zai iya inganta yanayin shakatawa ta fuskar tunani da ta jiki.

 
Saboda haka, ana amfani da dabarun shakatawa kuma an tsara su don taimakawa mutane su rage damuwa da damuwa, ta jiki da ta hankali, ta hanyar haifar da &quot;amsar shakatawa&quot; ta jiki, wanda ke da alaƙa da jinkirin numfashi, rage hawan jini, da kuma jinkirin bugun zuciya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relaxation Techniques for Health |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/relaxation-techniques-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=NCCIH |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan dabarun sune [[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba]], horon autogenic, hotunan jagora, da kuma shakatawa mai taimako ta hanyar biofeedback .

== Dabaru ==

=== Ragewar tsoka mai ci gaba (PMR) ===
[[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|Ragewar tsoka mai ci gaba]] (PMR) tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dabarun shakatawa da sauƙin koya da Dr. Edmund Jacobson ya ƙirƙira a shekarun 1920, wanda ya kafa harsashin haɓaka dabarun shakatawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Toussaint |first=Loren |last2=Nguyen |first2=Quang Anh |last3=Roettger |first3=Claire |last4=Dixon |first4=Kiara |last5=Offenbächer |first5=Martin |last6=Kohls |first6=Niko |last7=Hirsch |first7=Jameson |last8=Sirois |first8=Fuschia |date=2021-07-02 |editor-last=Taylor-Piliae |editor-first=Ruth |title=Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |language=en |volume=2021 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2021/5924040 |issn=1741-4288 |pmc=8272667 |pmid=34306146 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙunshi sassautawa mai inganci da maimaitawa na ƙungiyoyin tsoka 14 daban-daban kuma an yi amfani da shi don magance damuwa, ciwon kai na tashin hankali, migraines, TMJ, ciwon wuya, rashin barci, matsalar bipolar, damuwa, ciwon baya, hawan jini, da sauransu.  PMR aiki ne mai matakai biyu wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar tashin hankali a cikin takamaiman ƙungiyoyin tsoka sannan a sake shi don gina wayar da kan jama'a game da jin daɗin tashin hankali da annashuwa mai zurfi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VA.gov {{!}} Veterans Affairs |url=https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/progressive-muscle-relaxation.asp |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.va.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da shawarar a maimaita wannan tsari sau da yawa kuma a yi aiki akai-akai don haifar da annashuwa ta jiki a farkon alamun damuwa.

Bayan fara aikin PMR, ƙungiyoyin tsoka da dama na iya buƙatar ƙarin tausa da annashuwa don cimma matsakaicin tasiri. Dr. Edmund yawanci yana ba da shawarar rage matakin tashin hankali na tsoka don &quot;horar&quot; jiki don amsawa nan take da ci gaba. 

Ana ba da shawarar waɗannan matakai don yin PMR mai tasiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Toussaint |first=Loren |last2=Nguyen |first2=Quang Anh |last3=Roettger |first3=Claire |last4=Dixon |first4=Kiara |last5=Offenbächer |first5=Martin |last6=Kohls |first6=Niko |last7=Hirsch |first7=Jameson |last8=Sirois |first8=Fuschia |date=2021-07-02 |editor-last=Taylor-Piliae |editor-first=Ruth |title=Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |language=en |volume=2021 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2021/5924040 |issn=1741-4288 |pmc=8272667 |pmid=34306146 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFToussaintNguyenRoettgerDixon2021&quot;&gt;Toussaint, Loren; Nguyen, Quang Anh; Roettger, Claire; Dixon, Kiara; Offenbächer, Martin; Kohls, Niko; Hirsch, Jameson; Sirois, Fuschia (2021-07-02). Taylor-Piliae, Ruth (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8272667 &quot;Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation&quot;]. ''Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. '''2021''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1–&lt;/span&gt;8. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1155/2021/5924040|10.1155/2021/5924040]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-4288 1741-4288]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8272667 8272667]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34306146 34306146].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

# Da farko, don yin aikin PMR, nemi wuri mai daɗi inda ba za a dame ka ba na tsawon mintuna 10-15.
# Fara da mai da hankali kan kowace ƙungiyar tsoka da kuma ƙara musu ƙarfi na tsawon daƙiƙa biyar yayin da suke numfashi, sannan su saki jiki su huta yayin da suke lura da jin daɗin annashuwa.
# Maimaita wannan tsari ga kowace ƙungiyar tsoka yayin da a hankali ake rage yawan tashin hankali da ake amfani da shi don zurfafa jin daɗin shakatawa.
# Canjawa zuwa ƙungiyar tsoka ta gaba da zarar ka ji annashuwa a cikin na yanzu.
# Ana ba da shawarar a fara daga wani ɓangare na jiki a motsa jiki cikin tsari, kuma kada a riƙe numfashi ko tsokoki masu tauri waɗanda ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi.

=== Hotunan da aka jagoranta ===
Hoto mai jagora (GI) wata dabara ce da aka kafa don rage damuwa da damuwa. Ya ƙunshi maye gurbin tunanin da ke damu da kyawawan hotunan tunani ta hanyar tsarin hulɗar ji da kuma martanin ɗabi'a da na jiki.  Ana jagorantar dabarar ta hanyar malami ko rikodin sauti wanda ke jagorantar mahalarta su yi tunanin yanayi mai natsuwa ko daɗi, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi abubuwan jin daɗi masu yawa kamar sautuka, ƙamshi, da cikakkun bayanai na gani. 

Ta hanyar amfani da hankali sosai da kuma mai da hankali kan takamaiman bayanai game da mahallin, hotunan da aka shirya suna ba wa mutane damar ƙirƙirar hotuna masu haske da na gaske waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarfin fahimtar kasancewa da nutsewa cikin yanayin da aka yi tunanin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen karkatar da hankali daga tunani da ji mara kyau, kuma yana haɓaka jin daɗin annashuwa da natsuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=Barbara L. |year=1995 |title=Effect of Relaxation with Guided Imagery on Anxiety, Depression, and Self-Esteem in Primiparas |journal=Journal of Holistic Nursing |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=255–267 |doi=10.1177/089801019501300307 |pmid=7650352 |s2cid=29229003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da shakatawa na tsoka mai ci gaba (PMR), hanyar PMR-GI hanya ce mai matuƙar tasiri don magance alamun tashin zuciya da amai, da kuma inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa ta marasa lafiya gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kapogiannis |first=August |last2=Tsoli |first2=Sofia |last3=Chrousos |first3=George |date=2018-03-01 |title=Investigating the Effects of the Progressive Muscle Relaxation-Guided Imagery Combination on Patients with Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550830717300319 |journal=Explore |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=137–143 |doi=10.1016/j.explore.2017.10.008 |issn=1550-8307 |pmid=29506956 |s2cid=4923110 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tsarin halitta vs tsarin GI na gargajiya ====
Nazarin ya gano alaƙa da dama tsakanin fallasa ga muhallin halitta da sakamakon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Stephen |date=September 1995 |title=The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0272494495900012 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=169–182 |doi=10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2 |s2cid=4993000 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ulrich |first=Roger S. |last2=Simons |first2=Robert F. |last3=Losito |first3=Barbara D. |last4=Fiorito |first4=Evelyn |last5=Miles |first5=Mark A. |last6=Zelson |first6=Michael |date=September 1991 |title=Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272494405801847 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=201–230 |doi=10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, akwai shaidu masu ƙarfi da ke haɗa fallasa ga yanayi da haɓakawa a cikin aikin fahimi, aikin kwakwalwa, hawan jini, lafiyar kwakwalwa, aikin jiki, da barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jimenez |first=Marcia P. |last2=DeVille |first2=Nicole V. |last3=Elliott |first3=Elise G. |last4=Schiff |first4=Jessica E. |last5=Wilt |first5=Grete E. |last6=Hart |first6=Jaime E. |last7=James |first7=Peter |date=2021-04-30 |title=Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=18 |issue=9 |page=4790 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18094790 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=8125471 |pmid=33946197 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ƙila ba koyaushe zai yiwu a rage alamun damuwa ta hanyar ɓatar da lokaci a wurare na halitta ba, ya danganta da yanayin da mahallin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nguyen |first=Jessica |last2=Brymer |first2=Eric |date=2018-10-02 |title=Nature-Based Guided Imagery as an Intervention for State Anxiety |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |page=1858 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01858 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6176042 |pmid=30333777 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin ya nuna cewa haɗa hanyoyin GI na halitta na iya shawo kan shingen iyakance damar shiga muhallin halitta da haɓaka ingancin hanyoyin GI. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; An nuna cewa dabarun GI na halitta suna da tasiri sosai wajen sarrafa damuwa, yayin da kuma suna ba da fa'idodin kasancewa mai araha da sauƙin samu, suna ba da babban madadin GI na gargajiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Shakatawa mai alaƙa da Biofeedback ===
Biofeedback wata dabara ce da ke ba mutane damar yin canje-canje a jikinsu, kamar sassauta tsokoki, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen rage radadi da rage tashin hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biofeedback - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/biofeedback/about/pac-20384664#:~:text=Biofeedback%20helps%20you%20make%20slight,ways%20to%20control%20your%20body. |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da taimakon na'urar lantarki wadda ke ba da ra'ayi da bayanai na ainihin lokaci kan canje-canje a bugun zuciya, hawan jini, ko tashin hankali na tsoka, mutane za su iya koyon sa ido kan matakin shakatawarsu da kuma gane da kuma daidaita martanin jikinsu ga damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike sun gano dabarun shakatawa masu alaƙa da Biofeedback don rage damuwar gwaji a cikin ɗaliban jinya, rage matsakaicin glucose na jini, A1C, tashin hankali na tsoka, da rage [[hawan jini]] sosai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prato |first=Catherine A. |last2=Yucha |first2=Carolyn B. |date=March 2013 |title=Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation Training to Decrease Test Anxiety in Nursing Students |url=https://journals.lww.com/neponline/Abstract/2013/03000/Biofeedback_Assisted_Relaxation_Training_to.3.aspx |journal=Nursing Education Perspectives |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=76–81 |doi=10.5480/1536-5026-34.2.76 |issn=1536-5026 |pmid=23763019 |s2cid=35253272 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGinnis |first=Ronald A. |last2=McGrady |first2=Angele |last3=Cox |first3=Stephen A. |last4=Grower-Dowling |first4=Kimber A. |date=2005 |title=Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation in Type 2 Diabetes |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=2145–2149 |doi=10.2337/diacare.28.9.2145 |pmid=16123481}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yucha |first=Carolyn B. |last2=Tsai |first2=Pei-Shan |last3=Calderon |first3=Kristine S. |last4=Tian |first4=Lili |date=2005 |title=Biofeedback-assisted Relaxation Training for Essential Hypertension |journal=The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=198–205 |doi=10.1097/00005082-200505000-00012 |pmid=15870591}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran dabaru ===
Mutane suna amfani da dabaru daban-daban don inganta yanayin shakatawarsu. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin ana yin su ne kawai; wasu suna buƙatar taimakon wani mutum (sau da yawa ƙwararren masani); wasu suna buƙatar motsi, wasu suna mai da hankali kan natsuwa; yayin da wasu hanyoyin sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban.

Wasu dabarun shakatawa da aka sani da &quot;darussan shakatawa na yau da kullun da na wucin gadi&quot; galibi ana yin su ne yayin zaune ko kwanciya a hankali, ba tare da motsi mai yawa ba, kuma suna ɗauke da &quot;wani matakin janyewa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;jcs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Robert L.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeher,_Woolfolk_&amp;_Sime_(eds.)2007&quot;&gt;Smith, Jonathan C. (2007). &quot;Ch. 3: The Psychology of Relaxation&quot;. In Lehrer, Paul M.; Woolfolk, Robert L.; Sime, Wesley E. (eds.). ''Principles and Practice of Stress Management'' (3rd&amp;nbsp;ed.). Guilford Press. p.&amp;nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=T-hUvwUNjvUC&amp;pg=PA38 38]. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-828-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-60623-828-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

* Horar da kai ta atomatik
* Ra'ayin Rayuwa
* Numfashi mai zurfi
* Hotunan da aka jagoranta
* Hypnosis
* Bimbini
* Pranayama
* [[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|Sakin tsoka mai ci gaba]]
* Qigong
* ''Amsar Shakatawa''
* Dabarar Tunani Mai Zurfi
* Yoga Nidra
* Zen Yoga

Hanyoyin shakatawa na motsa jiki sun haɗa da [[motsa jiki]] kamar tafiya, aikin lambu, yoga, tai chi, qigong, da sauransu. Wasu nau'ikan aikin jiki suna da amfani wajen haɓaka yanayin annashuwa. Misalan sun haɗa da tausa, acupuncture, hanyar Feldenkrais, myotherapy, da reflexology. 

Ana iya amfani da wasu hanyoyin shakatawa yayin wasu ayyuka, misali, ba da shawara kai tsaye da addu'a . Akalla wani bincike ya nuna cewa sauraron wasu nau'ikan kiɗa, musamman waƙoƙin zamani na zamani da waƙoƙin gargajiya, na iya ƙara jin daɗin da ke tattare da annashuwa, kamar kwanciyar hankali da jin daɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Robert L.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata dabara da ke ƙara shahara ita ce amfani da tankin ruwa mai iyo wanda ake ajiye ruwan gishirin Epsom a zafin fata don samar da isasshen iyo. Bincike a Amurka da Sweden ya nuna cewa yana da ƙarfi da kuma sassauƙa bayan mintuna ashirin. A wasu lokuta, iyo na iya rage zafi da damuwa kuma an nuna cewa yana fitar da [[endorphins]] .

An nuna cewa har ma da ayyuka masu sauƙi kamar yawo a wurin shakatawa suna taimakawa jin daɗin hutawa, ba tare da la'akari da dalilin farko na ziyarar ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Irvine |first=KN |last2=Warber |first2=SL |last3=Devine-Wright |first3=P |last4=Gaston |first4=K |year=2013 |title=Understanding urban green space as a health resource: A qualitative comparison of visit motivation and derived effects among park users in Sheffield, UK |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=417–42 |doi=10.3390/ijerph10010417 |pmc=3564151 |pmid=23340602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gano cewa wani sabon kwas na dabarun shakatawa, wanda aka tsara musamman ga ɗaliban likitanci a jami'o'i, yana da tasiri wajen rage damuwa, gajiya, da baƙin ciki, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a aikin ilimi da kuma ma'aunin da aka kimanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Katharina |last2=Scholz |first2=Michael |last3=Ropohl |first3=Axel |last4=Bräuer |first4=Lars |last5=Paulsen |first5=Friedrich |last6=Burger |first6=Pascal H. M. |date=2014-12-17 |title=Strategies against Burnout and Anxiety in Medical Education – Implementation and Evaluation of a New Course on Relaxation Techniques (Relacs) for Medical Students |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k4967W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0114967 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4269409 |pmid=25517399 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabatar da wannan kwas ɗin yana da mahimmanci saboda yawan matsalolin kwakwalwa da suka shafi damuwa a cikin ɗaliban likitanci ya fi yawa fiye da na jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Illolin da ke tattare da hakan ==
Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar dabarun shakatawa lafiya ga mutane masu lafiya, inda yawancin binciken bincike suka ba da rahoton babu wani mummunan sakamako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chou |first=Roger |last2=Deyo |first2=Richard |last3=Friedly |first3=Janna |last4=Skelly |first4=Andrea |last5=Hashimoto |first5=Robin |last6=Weimer |first6=Melissa |last7=Fu |first7=Rochelle |last8=Dana |first8=Tracy |last9=Kraegel |first9=Paul |last10=Griffin |first10=Jessica |last11=Grusing |first11=Sara |last12=Brodt |first12=Erika D. |year=2017 |title=Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=166 |issue=7 |pages=493–505 |doi=10.7326/M16-2459 |pmid=28192793 |s2cid=20451068 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, akwai lokutan da mutane suka ba da rahoton abubuwan da ba su da kyau kamar tashin hankali mai yawa, [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunanin shiga tsakani]], ko tsoron rasa iko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goessl |first=V. C. |last2=Curtiss |first2=J. E. |last3=Hofmann |first3=S. G. |year=2017 |title=The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback training on stress and anxiety: A meta-analysis |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=47 |issue=15 |pages=2578–2586 |doi=10.1017/S0033291717001003 |pmid=28478782 |s2cid=4710497 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Musamman ma, wasu dabarun shakatawa ba za su dace da mutanen da ke da wasu matsalolin lafiya ko na tabin hankali ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hopper |first=Susan I. |last2=Murray |first2=Sherrie L. |last3=Ferrara |first3=Lucille R. |last4=Singleton |first4=Joanne K. |year=2019 |title=Effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing for reducing physiological and psychological stress in adults |journal=JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=1855–1876 |doi=10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003848 |pmid=31436595 |s2cid=201275251 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta masu wuya, waɗannan dabarun na iya ƙara ta'azzara alamun da ake da su. Misali, an sami rahotannin cewa wasu hanyoyin shakatawa na iya haifar da ko ƙara ta'azzara alamun a cikin mutanen da ke fama da farfadiya, cututtukan tabin hankali, ko tarihin cin zarafi ko rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relaxation Techniques for Health |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/relaxation-techniques-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=NCCIH |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Dabarun shakatawa''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''horar da shakatawa''' ) kowace hanya ce, tsari, tsari, ko aiki da ke taimaka wa mutum ya huta; ya sami yanayin ƙarin kwanciyar hankali ; ko kuma rage matakan zafi, [[Anxiety|damuwa]], [[Damuwa (biology)|damuwa]] ko fushi . Ana amfani da dabarun shakatawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban shirin kula da damuwa kuma suna iya rage tashin hankali na tsoka, rage hawan jini, da jinkirin bugun zuciya da numfashi, da sauran fa'idodin lafiya. 

Ana iya amfani da maganin shakatawa, wato amfani da dabarun shakatawa, a wurare daban-daban don ƙara wa magani ga damuwa, damuwa, baƙin ciki, da ciwo. Yana magance tasirin damuwa ta fuskar tunani da ta jiki kamar ƙaruwar bugun zuciya, gumi, da tashin hankali na tsoka.  Akwai bambance-bambancen dabarun shakatawa da yawa, gami da [[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba]], horon autogenic, hotunan jagora, shakatawar da aka taimaka wa biofeedback, da sauran dabaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Toussaint |first=Loren |last2=Nguyen |first2=Quang Anh |last3=Roettger |first3=Claire |last4=Dixon |first4=Kiara |last5=Offenbächer |first5=Martin |last6=Kohls |first6=Niko |last7=Hirsch |first7=Jameson |last8=Sirois |first8=Fuschia |date=2021-07-02 |editor-last=Taylor-Piliae |editor-first=Ruth |title=Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |language=en |volume=2021 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2021/5924040 |issn=1741-4288 |pmc=8272667 |pmid=34306146 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biofeedback - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/biofeedback/about/pac-20384664#:~:text=Biofeedback%20helps%20you%20make%20slight,ways%20to%20control%20your%20body. |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jcs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Robert L.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda haka, dabarun shakatawa suna da amfani ga ko dai ciwon motsin rai da damuwa, fushi, damuwa, da yanayin baƙin ciki ke haifarwa, ko ciwo mai ɗorewa da damuwa ke haifarwa, amfani da tsoka a gefe ɗaya, matsayi mara kyau, ƙuntata motsi a wasu sassan kashin baya, rashin tsari yayin motsa jiki, da kuma yanayin damuwa.  Dabaru da yawa na shakatawa suna da ƙa'ida ta asali don rage tashin hankali na tsoka da rage ciwon jiki ko na hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dabaru na shakatawa gabaɗaya suna da aminci ga mutane masu lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chou |first=Roger |last2=Deyo |first2=Richard |last3=Friedly |first3=Janna |last4=Skelly |first4=Andrea |last5=Hashimoto |first5=Robin |last6=Weimer |first6=Melissa |last7=Fu |first7=Rochelle |last8=Dana |first8=Tracy |last9=Kraegel |first9=Paul |last10=Griffin |first10=Jessica |last11=Grusing |first11=Sara |last12=Brodt |first12=Erika D. |year=2017 |title=Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=166 |issue=7 |pages=493–505 |doi=10.7326/M16-2459 |pmid=28192793 |s2cid=20451068 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai lokutan da mutane suka ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako bayan sun sami dabarun shakatawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relaxation Techniques for Health |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/relaxation-techniques-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=NCCIH |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Masu bincike na yanzu da na baya sun binciki alaƙar da ke tsakanin cututtukan jiki da na hankali ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma sun binciki tasirin dabarun shakatawa. Bitar wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya ta gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da sabbin binciken da aka gano, wanda ke ba da tushe don fahimtar dabarun shakatawa.

Claude Bernard, wani masanin kimiyya a shekarar 1865, ya lura cewa kiyaye muhallin cikin gida akai-akai, yanayin cikinmu, lokacin da muke fuskantar canje-canje a muhallin waje da yanayi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga rayuwa da walwala . 

Bugu da ƙari, masu haifar da damuwa na yau da kullun na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako, kuma sun fi yawa a cikin mutane, wataƙila saboda ƙarfin fahimtarsu mai girma, wanda zai iya haifar da ci gaba da martanin damuwa ga yanayi daban-daban na rayuwa da aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schneiderman |first=Neil |last2=Ironson |first2=Gail |last3=Siegel |first3=Scott D. |year=2005 |title=Stress and Health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=1 |pages=607–628 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 |pmc=2568977 |pmid=17716101}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu haifar da damuwa ta psychosocial da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun tana da rikitarwa kuma tana da tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, kamar nau'in, adadi, da tsawon lokacin masu haifar da damuwa, tare da raunin yanayin halittar mutum (kamar kwayoyin halitta da halayen da ke cikinsa) da hanyoyin da suka koya na jurewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa dabarun shakatawa, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga numfashi mai zurfi ba, hotuna masu jagora, tunani, da kuma shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba, hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don rage damuwa, wanda ke nuna cewa dabarun shakatawa suna da tasiri wajen haɓaka shakatawa ta jiki da ta hankali. 

Binciken da aka fitar a shekarun 1980 ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin damuwa da lafiya kuma ya nuna fa'idodi daga fannoni daban-daban na shakatawa fiye da yadda aka sani a da. Wannan binciken ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa, gami da wani labarin jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' a shekarar 1986. 

Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa mahalarta da suka yi aikin shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba, numfashi mai zurfi, da hotuna masu jagora sun sami ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci a cikin shakatawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Toussaint |first=Loren |last2=Nguyen |first2=Quang Anh |last3=Roettger |first3=Claire |last4=Dixon |first4=Kiara |last5=Offenbächer |first5=Martin |last6=Kohls |first6=Niko |last7=Hirsch |first7=Jameson |last8=Sirois |first8=Fuschia |year=2021 |title=Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2021 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2021/5924040 |pmc=8272667 |pmid=34306146 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a matakan shakatawa kafin horo, duk ƙungiyoyin shiga tsakani sun nuna matakan shakatawa mafi girma bayan horo idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, akwai alaƙa mai layi tsakanin shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba &amp; hotunan jagora da shakatawar jiki, yayin da ƙungiyar numfashi mai zurfi da farko ta nuna ƙaruwar motsin jiki kafin ta koma matakan farko cikin sauri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan binciken sun goyi bayan binciken da ake da shi kan ingancin dabarun shakatawa, wanda zai iya inganta yanayin shakatawa ta fuskar tunani da ta jiki.

 
Saboda haka, ana amfani da dabarun shakatawa kuma an tsara su don taimakawa mutane su rage damuwa da damuwa, ta jiki da ta hankali, ta hanyar haifar da &quot;amsar shakatawa&quot; ta jiki, wanda ke da alaƙa da jinkirin numfashi, rage hawan jini, da kuma jinkirin bugun zuciya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relaxation Techniques for Health |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/relaxation-techniques-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=NCCIH |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan dabarun sune [[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba]], horon autogenic, hotunan jagora, da kuma shakatawa mai taimako ta hanyar biofeedback .

== Dabaru ==

=== Ragewar tsoka mai ci gaba (PMR) ===
[[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|Ragewar tsoka mai ci gaba]] (PMR) tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dabarun shakatawa da sauƙin koya da Dr. Edmund Jacobson ya ƙirƙira a shekarun 1920, wanda ya kafa harsashin haɓaka dabarun shakatawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Toussaint |first=Loren |last2=Nguyen |first2=Quang Anh |last3=Roettger |first3=Claire |last4=Dixon |first4=Kiara |last5=Offenbächer |first5=Martin |last6=Kohls |first6=Niko |last7=Hirsch |first7=Jameson |last8=Sirois |first8=Fuschia |date=2021-07-02 |editor-last=Taylor-Piliae |editor-first=Ruth |title=Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |language=en |volume=2021 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2021/5924040 |issn=1741-4288 |pmc=8272667 |pmid=34306146 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙunshi sassautawa mai inganci da maimaitawa na ƙungiyoyin tsoka 14 daban-daban kuma an yi amfani da shi don magance damuwa, ciwon kai na tashin hankali, migraines, TMJ, ciwon wuya, rashin barci, matsalar bipolar, damuwa, ciwon baya, hawan jini, da sauransu.  PMR aiki ne mai matakai biyu wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar tashin hankali a cikin takamaiman ƙungiyoyin tsoka sannan a sake shi don gina wayar da kan jama'a game da jin daɗin tashin hankali da annashuwa mai zurfi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VA.gov {{!}} Veterans Affairs |url=https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/progressive-muscle-relaxation.asp |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.va.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da shawarar a maimaita wannan tsari sau da yawa kuma a yi aiki akai-akai don haifar da annashuwa ta jiki a farkon alamun damuwa.

Bayan fara aikin PMR, ƙungiyoyin tsoka da dama na iya buƙatar ƙarin tausa da annashuwa don cimma matsakaicin tasiri. Dr. Edmund yawanci yana ba da shawarar rage matakin tashin hankali na tsoka don &quot;horar&quot; jiki don amsawa nan take da ci gaba. 

Ana ba da shawarar waɗannan matakai don yin PMR mai tasiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Toussaint |first=Loren |last2=Nguyen |first2=Quang Anh |last3=Roettger |first3=Claire |last4=Dixon |first4=Kiara |last5=Offenbächer |first5=Martin |last6=Kohls |first6=Niko |last7=Hirsch |first7=Jameson |last8=Sirois |first8=Fuschia |date=2021-07-02 |editor-last=Taylor-Piliae |editor-first=Ruth |title=Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |language=en |volume=2021 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2021/5924040 |issn=1741-4288 |pmc=8272667 |pmid=34306146 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFToussaintNguyenRoettgerDixon2021&quot;&gt;Toussaint, Loren; Nguyen, Quang Anh; Roettger, Claire; Dixon, Kiara; Offenbächer, Martin; Kohls, Niko; Hirsch, Jameson; Sirois, Fuschia (2021-07-02). Taylor-Piliae, Ruth (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8272667 &quot;Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation&quot;]. ''Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. '''2021''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1–&lt;/span&gt;8. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1155/2021/5924040|10.1155/2021/5924040]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-4288 1741-4288]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8272667 8272667]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34306146 34306146].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

# Da farko, don yin aikin PMR, nemi wuri mai daɗi inda ba za a dame ka ba na tsawon mintuna 10-15.
# Fara da mai da hankali kan kowace ƙungiyar tsoka da kuma ƙara musu ƙarfi na tsawon daƙiƙa biyar yayin da suke numfashi, sannan su saki jiki su huta yayin da suke lura da jin daɗin annashuwa.
# Maimaita wannan tsari ga kowace ƙungiyar tsoka yayin da a hankali ake rage yawan tashin hankali da ake amfani da shi don zurfafa jin daɗin shakatawa.
# Canjawa zuwa ƙungiyar tsoka ta gaba da zarar ka ji annashuwa a cikin na yanzu.
# Ana ba da shawarar a fara daga wani ɓangare na jiki a motsa jiki cikin tsari, kuma kada a riƙe numfashi ko tsokoki masu tauri waɗanda ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi.

=== Hotunan da aka jagoranta ===
Hoto mai jagora (GI) wata dabara ce da aka kafa don rage damuwa da damuwa. Ya ƙunshi maye gurbin tunanin da ke damu da kyawawan hotunan tunani ta hanyar tsarin hulɗar ji da kuma martanin ɗabi'a da na jiki.  Ana jagorantar dabarar ta hanyar malami ko rikodin sauti wanda ke jagorantar mahalarta su yi tunanin yanayi mai natsuwa ko daɗi, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi abubuwan jin daɗi masu yawa kamar sautuka, ƙamshi, da cikakkun bayanai na gani. 

Ta hanyar amfani da hankali sosai da kuma mai da hankali kan takamaiman bayanai game da mahallin, hotunan da aka shirya suna ba wa mutane damar ƙirƙirar hotuna masu haske da na gaske waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarfin fahimtar kasancewa da nutsewa cikin yanayin da aka yi tunanin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen karkatar da hankali daga tunani da ji mara kyau, kuma yana haɓaka jin daɗin annashuwa da natsuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=Barbara L. |year=1995 |title=Effect of Relaxation with Guided Imagery on Anxiety, Depression, and Self-Esteem in Primiparas |journal=Journal of Holistic Nursing |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=255–267 |doi=10.1177/089801019501300307 |pmid=7650352 |s2cid=29229003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da shakatawa na tsoka mai ci gaba (PMR), hanyar PMR-GI hanya ce mai matuƙar tasiri don magance alamun tashin zuciya da amai, da kuma inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa ta marasa lafiya gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kapogiannis |first=August |last2=Tsoli |first2=Sofia |last3=Chrousos |first3=George |date=2018-03-01 |title=Investigating the Effects of the Progressive Muscle Relaxation-Guided Imagery Combination on Patients with Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550830717300319 |journal=Explore |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=137–143 |doi=10.1016/j.explore.2017.10.008 |issn=1550-8307 |pmid=29506956 |s2cid=4923110 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tsarin halitta vs tsarin GI na gargajiya ====
Nazarin ya gano alaƙa da dama tsakanin fallasa ga muhallin halitta da sakamakon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Stephen |date=September 1995 |title=The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0272494495900012 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=169–182 |doi=10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2 |s2cid=4993000 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ulrich |first=Roger S. |last2=Simons |first2=Robert F. |last3=Losito |first3=Barbara D. |last4=Fiorito |first4=Evelyn |last5=Miles |first5=Mark A. |last6=Zelson |first6=Michael |date=September 1991 |title=Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272494405801847 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=201–230 |doi=10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, akwai shaidu masu ƙarfi da ke haɗa fallasa ga yanayi da haɓakawa a cikin aikin fahimi, aikin kwakwalwa, hawan jini, lafiyar kwakwalwa, aikin jiki, da barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jimenez |first=Marcia P. |last2=DeVille |first2=Nicole V. |last3=Elliott |first3=Elise G. |last4=Schiff |first4=Jessica E. |last5=Wilt |first5=Grete E. |last6=Hart |first6=Jaime E. |last7=James |first7=Peter |date=2021-04-30 |title=Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=18 |issue=9 |page=4790 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18094790 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=8125471 |pmid=33946197 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ƙila ba koyaushe zai yiwu a rage alamun damuwa ta hanyar ɓatar da lokaci a wurare na halitta ba, ya danganta da yanayin da mahallin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nguyen |first=Jessica |last2=Brymer |first2=Eric |date=2018-10-02 |title=Nature-Based Guided Imagery as an Intervention for State Anxiety |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |page=1858 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01858 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6176042 |pmid=30333777 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin ya nuna cewa haɗa hanyoyin GI na halitta na iya shawo kan shingen iyakance damar shiga muhallin halitta da haɓaka ingancin hanyoyin GI. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; An nuna cewa dabarun GI na halitta suna da tasiri sosai wajen sarrafa damuwa, yayin da kuma suna ba da fa'idodin kasancewa mai araha da sauƙin samu, suna ba da babban madadin GI na gargajiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Shakatawa mai alaƙa da Biofeedback ===
Biofeedback wata dabara ce da ke ba mutane damar yin canje-canje a jikinsu, kamar sassauta tsokoki, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen rage radadi da rage tashin hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biofeedback - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/biofeedback/about/pac-20384664#:~:text=Biofeedback%20helps%20you%20make%20slight,ways%20to%20control%20your%20body. |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da taimakon na'urar lantarki wadda ke ba da ra'ayi da bayanai na ainihin lokaci kan canje-canje a bugun zuciya, hawan jini, ko tashin hankali na tsoka, mutane za su iya koyon sa ido kan matakin shakatawarsu da kuma gane da kuma daidaita martanin jikinsu ga damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike sun gano dabarun shakatawa masu alaƙa da Biofeedback don rage damuwar gwaji a cikin ɗaliban jinya, rage matsakaicin glucose na jini, A1C, tashin hankali na tsoka, da rage [[hawan jini]] sosai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prato |first=Catherine A. |last2=Yucha |first2=Carolyn B. |date=March 2013 |title=Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation Training to Decrease Test Anxiety in Nursing Students |url=https://journals.lww.com/neponline/Abstract/2013/03000/Biofeedback_Assisted_Relaxation_Training_to.3.aspx |journal=Nursing Education Perspectives |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=76–81 |doi=10.5480/1536-5026-34.2.76 |issn=1536-5026 |pmid=23763019 |s2cid=35253272 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGinnis |first=Ronald A. |last2=McGrady |first2=Angele |last3=Cox |first3=Stephen A. |last4=Grower-Dowling |first4=Kimber A. |date=2005 |title=Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation in Type 2 Diabetes |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=2145–2149 |doi=10.2337/diacare.28.9.2145 |pmid=16123481}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yucha |first=Carolyn B. |last2=Tsai |first2=Pei-Shan |last3=Calderon |first3=Kristine S. |last4=Tian |first4=Lili |date=2005 |title=Biofeedback-assisted Relaxation Training for Essential Hypertension |journal=The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=198–205 |doi=10.1097/00005082-200505000-00012 |pmid=15870591}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran dabaru ===
Mutane suna amfani da dabaru daban-daban don inganta yanayin shakatawarsu. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin ana yin su ne kawai; wasu suna buƙatar taimakon wani mutum (sau da yawa ƙwararren masani); wasu suna buƙatar motsi, wasu suna mai da hankali kan natsuwa; yayin da wasu hanyoyin sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban.

Wasu dabarun shakatawa da aka sani da &quot;darussan shakatawa na yau da kullun da na wucin gadi&quot; galibi ana yin su ne yayin zaune ko kwanciya a hankali, ba tare da motsi mai yawa ba, kuma suna ɗauke da &quot;wani matakin janyewa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;jcs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Robert L.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeher,_Woolfolk_&amp;_Sime_(eds.)2007&quot;&gt;Smith, Jonathan C. (2007). &quot;Ch. 3: The Psychology of Relaxation&quot;. In Lehrer, Paul M.; Woolfolk, Robert L.; Sime, Wesley E. (eds.). ''Principles and Practice of Stress Management'' (3rd&amp;nbsp;ed.). Guilford Press. p.&amp;nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=T-hUvwUNjvUC&amp;pg=PA38 38]. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-828-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-60623-828-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

* Horar da kai ta atomatik
* Ra'ayin Rayuwa
* Numfashi mai zurfi
* Hotunan da aka jagoranta
* Hypnosis
* Bimbini
* Pranayama
* [[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|Sakin tsoka mai ci gaba]]
* Qigong
* ''Amsar Shakatawa''
* Dabarar Tunani Mai Zurfi
* Yoga Nidra
* Zen Yoga

Hanyoyin shakatawa na motsa jiki sun haɗa da [[motsa jiki]] kamar tafiya, aikin lambu, yoga, tai chi, qigong, da sauransu. Wasu nau'ikan aikin jiki suna da amfani wajen haɓaka yanayin annashuwa. Misalan sun haɗa da tausa, acupuncture, hanyar Feldenkrais, myotherapy, da reflexology. 

Ana iya amfani da wasu hanyoyin shakatawa yayin wasu ayyuka, misali, ba da shawara kai tsaye da addu'a . Akalla wani bincike ya nuna cewa sauraron wasu nau'ikan kiɗa, musamman waƙoƙin zamani na zamani da waƙoƙin gargajiya, na iya ƙara jin daɗin da ke tattare da annashuwa, kamar kwanciyar hankali da jin daɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Robert L.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata dabara da ke ƙara shahara ita ce amfani da tankin ruwa mai iyo wanda ake ajiye ruwan gishirin Epsom a zafin fata don samar da isasshen iyo. Bincike a Amurka da Sweden ya nuna cewa yana da ƙarfi da kuma sassauƙa bayan mintuna ashirin. A wasu lokuta, iyo na iya rage zafi da damuwa kuma an nuna cewa yana fitar da [[endorphins]] .

An nuna cewa har ma da ayyuka masu sauƙi kamar yawo a wurin shakatawa suna taimakawa jin daɗin hutawa, ba tare da la'akari da dalilin farko na ziyarar ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Irvine |first=KN |last2=Warber |first2=SL |last3=Devine-Wright |first3=P |last4=Gaston |first4=K |year=2013 |title=Understanding urban green space as a health resource: A qualitative comparison of visit motivation and derived effects among park users in Sheffield, UK |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=417–42 |doi=10.3390/ijerph10010417 |pmc=3564151 |pmid=23340602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gano cewa wani sabon kwas na dabarun shakatawa, wanda aka tsara musamman ga ɗaliban likitanci a jami'o'i, yana da tasiri wajen rage damuwa, gajiya, da baƙin ciki, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a aikin ilimi da kuma ma'aunin da aka kimanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Katharina |last2=Scholz |first2=Michael |last3=Ropohl |first3=Axel |last4=Bräuer |first4=Lars |last5=Paulsen |first5=Friedrich |last6=Burger |first6=Pascal H. M. |date=2014-12-17 |title=Strategies against Burnout and Anxiety in Medical Education – Implementation and Evaluation of a New Course on Relaxation Techniques (Relacs) for Medical Students |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k4967W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0114967 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4269409 |pmid=25517399 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabatar da wannan kwas ɗin yana da mahimmanci saboda yawan matsalolin kwakwalwa da suka shafi damuwa a cikin ɗaliban likitanci ya fi yawa fiye da na jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Illolin da ke tattare da hakan ==
Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar dabarun shakatawa lafiya ga mutane masu lafiya, inda yawancin binciken bincike suka ba da rahoton babu wani mummunan sakamako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chou |first=Roger |last2=Deyo |first2=Richard |last3=Friedly |first3=Janna |last4=Skelly |first4=Andrea |last5=Hashimoto |first5=Robin |last6=Weimer |first6=Melissa |last7=Fu |first7=Rochelle |last8=Dana |first8=Tracy |last9=Kraegel |first9=Paul |last10=Griffin |first10=Jessica |last11=Grusing |first11=Sara |last12=Brodt |first12=Erika D. |year=2017 |title=Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=166 |issue=7 |pages=493–505 |doi=10.7326/M16-2459 |pmid=28192793 |s2cid=20451068 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, akwai lokutan da mutane suka ba da rahoton abubuwan da ba su da kyau kamar tashin hankali mai yawa, [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunanin shiga tsakani]], ko tsoron rasa iko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goessl |first=V. C. |last2=Curtiss |first2=J. E. |last3=Hofmann |first3=S. G. |year=2017 |title=The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback training on stress and anxiety: A meta-analysis |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=47 |issue=15 |pages=2578–2586 |doi=10.1017/S0033291717001003 |pmid=28478782 |s2cid=4710497 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Musamman ma, wasu dabarun shakatawa ba za su dace da mutanen da ke da wasu matsalolin lafiya ko na tabin hankali ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hopper |first=Susan I. |last2=Murray |first2=Sherrie L. |last3=Ferrara |first3=Lucille R. |last4=Singleton |first4=Joanne K. |year=2019 |title=Effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing for reducing physiological and psychological stress in adults |journal=JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=1855–1876 |doi=10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003848 |pmid=31436595 |s2cid=201275251 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta masu wuya, waɗannan dabarun na iya ƙara ta'azzara alamun da ake da su. Misali, an sami rahotannin cewa wasu hanyoyin shakatawa na iya haifar da ko ƙara ta'azzara alamun a cikin mutanen da ke fama da farfadiya, cututtukan tabin hankali, ko tarihin cin zarafi ko rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relaxation Techniques for Health |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/relaxation-techniques-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=NCCIH |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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